Error Analysis

Physics Lab Report # 1

Submitted to Sir Waqar Azeem

Group Members
Mehrunnisa Irfan Imtisal e Noor Taibah Jaffery Zubia Saleem Anum Yousaf Arooj Fatima Rida Altaf

ABSTRACT The Main objective of this lab is Error analysis. We determined the error in the value of length and width and then selected the possible value of error. Whereas in the second exercise we worked on a pendulum swing system and studied and calculated maximum sources of error. EQUIPMENT Stopwatch Meter rod Metal bob String Metal stand EXERCISE 1 1. Measure the length and width of your table using a meter rod. Each member of the team should repeat the measurement at least 3 times. Also write the error for each measurement. Reading 1 2 3 Length(cm) 214.8 214.9 215 Width(cm) 77 77 76.4 (L-L)2 0.01 0.0009 0.0169 = 0.0278 (W-W)2 0.04 0.04 0.16 = 0.24

L=mean of length=214.87 cm W=mean of width= 76.8 cm

= 0.118 for length = 0.35 for width

2. Combine your data and get the mean value of the length and the associated error. Associated Error = = s/N Mean of length= 214.86 cm N= 3 Associated Error = 0.118/3 = 0.068 3. Calculate the perimeter length of the table and report the error. Mean of length = 214.86 cm Mean of Width = 76.8 cm Perimeter = 2(L+ W) = 583.32 cm Error = f = (f/x)2x2 + (f/y)2y2 f/x = 2, f/y = 2 x= associated error of length= 0.068 y= associated error of width= 0.202 Error = 0.43 4. Calculate the area of the table and report the error. Area = L x W = 16501.24 cm2 Error = f /f= (x/x)2 + (y/y)2 x= associated error of length= 0.068 y= associated error of width= 0.202 Error = 0.0027 EXERCISE 2 1. What is the reaction time of each member? Mehrunnisa Irfan = 2 inches

Zubia Saleem = 2 inches Imtisal e Noor = 1 inch Hiba Mujeeb = 2.5 inches Rida altaf = 2.5 inches Anum Yousaf = 2.5 inches Taibah Jaffer = 4 inches Arooj Fatima = 2 inches 2. Use the stop watch to measure the time for one swing of the pendulum as precisely as possible. State the result with error. Time for one swing= 1.13 seconds, 1.22 seconds, 1.23 seconds Mean time = 1.19 seconds Error = uncertainty/measured value Uncertainty = Least count of the stopwatch= 1/100= 0.01 seconds Error = 0.0084 3. What are the dominant sources of error in this activity? Pivot point doesnt offer smooth swing Air friction Personal error Human reaction error

4. Measure the time for 3 swings. State your result with error. Time for 3 swings = 3.4 seconds, 3.67 seconds, 3.7 seconds Mean Time = 3.59 seconds Error = uncertainty/measured value Error =0.0027 5. Calculate the time period with your last result. Comment on the error in the value of the time period. Time period= time for three swings/3 =3.59/3= 1.19 0.002

6. Each member of the team should repeat the last activity at least twice independently. Take these numbers for the value of the time period and calculate the mean and the associated error.

Seriol No 1 2 3

Time for 3 swings (seconds) 3.4 3.67 3.7

Time Period 1.13 1.22 1.23

Error

Time Period with Error 1.130.0088 1.220.0082 1.230.0081

0.0088 0.0082 0.0081

0.0361 0.0064 0.012 X= 0.055

X=(T-T)2

= 0.165 Associated Error = = s/N = 0.095 7. You now have several values of the error in the time period obtained in the last activity. Which one will you choose to represent this quantity properly? We will choose the error value with least deviation from the mean i.e. 1.230.0081 8. Measure the length l of the pendulum as precisely as possible. State your results with error. Length of Pendulum = 43.5 cm, 43.4cm, 43.4 cm

Mean = 43.43 cm Least Count of scale =1/100 = 0.01 Seriol No 1 2 3 Length (cm) 43.5 43.4 43.4 0.00023 0.00023 0.00023 0.0049 0.0009 0.0009 X= 0.0067 X=(L-L)2 Error X

= 0.058 9. What are the dominant sources of error in this activity? Error occur due to Human Error Random Error Air friction 10. Find the value of the acceleration due to gravity from the measurements you have just made and report your result with error. T = 2L/G g = 1133 cm2/sec Error = g = (g/l)2l2 + (g/T)2T2 g/l = 26.09, g/T = -1842.7

Associated error = l = 0.0334 Associated error = T = 0.095 Error = 4 Standard Error = g/N = 2.31 CONCLUSION The results of theoretical calculations slightly differ from the actual experimental calculations. We get to know about what type of error are likely to occur during experimental calculations.