Microelectronics (ELCT 703)

Chapter 4:(Continued)

Active RC Filters Design Techniques

Winter 2007

6.(ii) Infinite Gain Multiple Negative Feedback Topology

In this section, we shall study a class of biquads (second order sections) that use primary a single op-amp as infinite-gain voltage amplifier in conjunction with RC network. In RC network, two or more elements provide negative feedback in the arrangement. This class of biquades shall be called the multiple feedback biquads (MFB).

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

Microelectronics Winter 2007 2

Multiple Feedback Band pass Filter: Analysis and Design

By the direct analysis; the Transfer function of MFB BPF is given by:

V T (S ) = o = Vi

1 1 [ + ] 1 1 R1 R3 S +( + )S + R2C1 R2C2 R2C1C2

2

S R1C2

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

Microelectronics Winter 2007 3

V T (S ) = o = Vi

1 1 [ + ] 1 1 R R 3 S2 +( + )S + 1 R 2 C1 R 2 C 2 R2 C1C 2

S R1C 2

o =

1 1 + ] R1 R3 R2C1C2

o
;

1 1 + R2C1 R2C2

&

T ( j o ) =

( R2 / R1 ) C 1+ 2 C1

Notes: To design the filter for a given values of o, Q and the center frequency gain, we have to calculate R1,R2, R3 C1, and C2 ( 5 unknowns) we have 2 degree of freedom). For equal R equal C design

o =

2 RC

Q=

1 2

T ( j o ) =

1 2

This design is not suitable for High selective BPF filter

Microelectronics Winter 2007 4

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

V S T ( S ) = out = 2 Example: (i) Realize BPF with: Vin S + 0.2 S + 1 Using equal C(C1=C2=1F) design. (ii) Transform the passive filter to realize an active RC filter with (Frequency scaling by 1000) (iii) Make Magnitude scaling by 10,000
(i) From T(s)

o=

1000rad/s.

o = 1rad / sec ;

Q=5 &

T ( jo = 5

For equal C (C1=C2=1F)design, we have:

[ 1 1 + ] R1 R3 =1 R2

o =

R3=(1/9) R2=10

C2 = 1F

o
Q

2 1 = R2 5
( R2 / R1 ) =5 2

R1 = 1
1 9

C1 = 1F

R2 = 10

R3 =

T ( j o ) =

R1=1
Microelectronics Winter 2007 5

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

(ii) Frequency scaling by (

1000

rad/sec )

(iii) Magnitude scaling by 10,000 R3=(1/9) R2=10 R1=1 C1=C2=1F R3=(1/9) R2=10 R1=1 C1=C2=10-3F
C2 = 0.1F

Frequency Scaling

Magnitude Scaling

R3=(10/9)K R2=100K

By

103

By 104

R1=10K C1=C2=0.1F

R1 = 10K
R3 = 10 K 9

C1 = 0.1F

R2 =100 K

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

Microelectronics Winter 2007 6

PSPICE Simulation
fo=159.2HZ

Magnitude and phase Responses of the MFB BPF with :

Center Freq.Gain =5

f o = 159.2 Hz

Q=5

T ( j o ) = 5
C2 = 0.1F

R1 = 10K
R3 = 10 K 9

C1 = 0.1F

R2 =100 K

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

Microelectronics Winter 2007 7

6.(iii) State Variable Biquad Filters (Multiple Amplifier Biquad Filters)

The development of this class of biquades can be related to the methods of realizing a systems function using integrators. These realization procedures aw well developed in systems theory. The standard techniques of realizing systems functions typically make use of the state-variable method of describing the functions. In this section we shall study two very famous multiple amplifier biquads; 1. Tow Thomas Filter (TT) 2. Kerwin - Huelsman Newcomb Filter (KHN)
Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department Microelectronics Winter 2007 8

1. Tow Thomas Filter (TT): Two Integrators loop Filter

By the direct analysis; the Transfer function of LP and BP outputs are given by:

1 VLP R2 R4C1C2 = 1 Vin S 2 + [ 1 ]S + R1C1 R2 R3C1C2

S VBP R4C1 = 1 1 Vin S2 +[ ]S + R1C1 R2 R3C1C2

Microelectronics Winter 2007 9

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

o =

1 VLP R2 R4C1C2 = 1 Vin S 2 + [ 1 ]S + R1C1 R2 R3C1C2

S VBP R4C1 = 1 1 Vin S2 +[ ]S + R1C1 R2 R3C1C2

o,

From the above transfer functions, we can get follows:

1 R2 R3C1C2 ;

Q and the gains as

R3 R4 R1 R4

o
Q

1 R1C1

Q = R1

C1 / C2 R2 R3

TLP (0) =

& TBP ( jo ) =

Let R2= R3= R, C1= C2= C

o =
1 RC

o
Q

1 R1C

Q=

R1 R

TLP (0) =

R R4

& TBP ( jo ) =

R1 R4

Therefore o can be controlled by C without disturbing Q and the gains, Q can be controlled by R1 without disturbing o and the gains, the LP and BP gains can be controlled by R4 without disturbing o and Q
Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department Microelectronics Winter 2007 10

2. Kerwin - Huelsman Newcomb Filter (KHN)

2 R4 ( )S 2 VHP R3 + R4 = 1 Vin S 2 + [( 2 R3 )( 1 )]S + R3 + R4 R1C1 R1 R2C1C2

2 R4 S ( )( ) VBP R3 + R4 R1C1 = 2 R3 1 1 Vin S 2 + [( )( )]S + R3 + R4 R1C1 R1 R2C1C2

2 R4 1 )( ) VLP R3 + R4 R1 R2C1C2 = 1 Vin S 2 + [( 2 R3 )( 1 )]S + R3 + R4 R1C1 R1 R2C1C2 (

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department Microelectronics Winter 2007 11

VHP Vin

2 R4 )S 2 R3 + R4 = 2 R3 1 1 S 2 + [( )( )]S + R3 + R4 R1C1 R1 R2C1C2 (

2 R4 S ( )( ) VBP R3 + R4 R1C1 = 2 R3 1 1 Vin S 2 + [( )( )]S + R3 + R4 R1C1 R1 R2C1C2

2 R4 1 ( )( ) VLP R3 + R4 R1 R2C1C2 = 1 Vin S 2 + [( 2 R3 )( 1 )]S + R3 + R4 R1C1 R1 R2C1C2

From the above transfer functions, we can get follows:

1 R1 R2C1C2

o,

Q and the gains as

( R3 + R4 ) 2 R3 R1C1 R2C2

o =

o
Q

2 R3 1 ( R3 + R4 ) R1C1

Q=

TLP (0) = 2

R4 R3 + R4

TBP ( jo ) =

R4 R3

&

THP () = 2

R4 R3 + R4

Note: The Quality factor and the gains are dependent.

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department Microelectronics Winter 2007 12