Cliffs

cliffs 95-96
contents
English sentence............................................................................................................ 7 Subject .............................................................................................................................. 7 I. Danh t m c .....................................................................................................7 II. Qun t .......................................................................................................................8
1. Qun t bt nh A v AN ........................................................................................................ 8 2. Qun t xc nh THE ................................................................................................................ 9 3. Mt s trng hp c bit ................................................................................................... 14
II. Cch s dng another v other ............................................................................14 III. Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few .................................................................15 IV. S hu cch............................................................................................................16 Verb.................................................................................................................................. 17 I. Present........................................................................................................................17
1. Simple Present .......................................................................................................................... 17 2. Present Progressive................................................................................................................... 17 3. Present Perfect ......................................................................................................................... 18 4. Present Perfect Progressive ..................................................................................................... 20
II. Past ............................................................................................................................20

1. Simple past................................................................................................................................ 20 2. Past Progressive ........................................................................................................................ 21 3. Past perfect .............................................................................................................................. 21 4. Past perfect progressive.......................................................................................................... 22
III. Future ........................................................................................................................22

1. Simple future ............................................................................................................................. 22 2. Near future................................................................................................................................ 23 3. Future progressive .................................................................................................................... 23 4. Future perfect ........................................................................................................................... 24
S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t................................................................. 24 I. Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t ..............................................25 II. Cc danh t lun i hi cc ng t & i t theo sau ngi th 3 s t.....25 III. Cch s dng none v no.....................................................................................26 IV. Cu trc either ... or..., neither ... nor... ................................................................27 V. Verb-ing dng lm ch ng ..................................................................................27 VI. Cch s dng a number of, the number of........................................................29 VII. Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu .....................................................................30 VIII. Thnh ng there is / there are .............................................................................30 i t ............................................................................................................................... 32 I. i t nhn xng ch ng.......................................................................................32 II. i t nhn xng tn ng.......................................................................................33
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III. Tnh t s hu ...........................................................................................................33 IV. i t s hu ...........................................................................................................33 V. i t phn thn.....................................................................................................34 Tn ng .......................................................................................................................... 34 I. ng t nguyn th lm tn ng...........................................................................35 II. Verb-ing lm tn ng ..............................................................................................35 III. ng t theo sau n c th l nguyn th hoc verb-ing ...............................36 IV. Bn ng t c bit ............................................................................................36
1. Stop............................................................................................................................................ 36 2. Remember ................................................................................................................................ 36 3. Forget ........................................................................................................................................ 37 4. Regret ........................................................................................................................................ 37
V. Cc ng t ng sau gii t ...............................................................................37 VI. Vn cc i t ng trc to verb hoc verb-ing dng lm tn ng......39 Cch s dng hai ng t bn khuym khuyt................................................. 40 I. Need ..........................................................................................................................40
1. Need c dng nh mt ng t thng ......................................................................... 40 2. Need c s dng nh mt ng t khuym khuyt....................................................... 41
II. Dare ...........................................................................................................................41

1. Khi dng vi ngha l "dm" ................................................................................................... 41 2. Dare c dng nh mt ngoi ng t ............................................................................. 42
Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp c bit............................. 42 Cch s dng to get trong trng hp c bit ..................................... 44 1. To get + PII ................................................................................................................44 2. Get + verb-ing = start + verb-ing............................................................................44 3. Get smb / sth + verb-ing .........................................................................................44 4. Get + to + verb.........................................................................................................44 5. Get + to + verb (ch hnh ng) = come + to + verb .........................................44 Cu hi ........................................................................................................................... 45 I. Cu hi Yes / No ......................................................................................................45 II. Cu hi thng bo ..................................................................................................45
1. Who v what lm ch ng ..................................................................................................... 45 2. Whom v what lm tn ng................................................................................................... 46 3. Cu hi nhm vo cc b ng when, where, how v why .............................................. 46
III. Cu hi gin tip ....................................................................................................46 IV. Cu hi c ui......................................................................................................47 Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh ............................................................ 48 I. Li ni ph ho khng nh.....................................................................................48
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II. Li ni ph ho ph nh ........................................................................................49 Cu ph nh................................................................................................................. 50 Mnh lnh thc ............................................................................................................ 53 ng t khuym khuyt............................................................................................. 54 I. Cu iu kin ............................................................................................................54
1. iu kin c th thc hin c hin ti .......................................................................... 54 2. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti.................................................................... 54 3. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh .................................................................. 55
II. Cch s dng cc ng t will, would, could, should sau if.............................55 III. Mt s cch dng thm ca if ngoi mnh iu kin.................................56
1. If ... then = Nu ... th. ............................................................................................................... 56 2. If dng trong dng cu khng phi iu kin ..................................................................... 56 3. If ... should = If ... happen to = If ... should happen to: ........................................................ 56 4. If + was/were + to + verb ........................................................................................................ 56 5. If + it + to be + not + for ........................................................................................................... 57 6. Not ............................................................................................................................................. 57 7. It would + subject + would ...................................................................................................... 57 8. If ... 'd have ...'d have .............................................................................................................. 57 9. If + propesition + noun/verb.................................................................................................... 57 10. If ... any/ anything/ ever/ not................................................................................................ 58
IV. Cch s dng thnh ng as if ... as though ........................................................58 V. Cch s dng ng t to hope, to wish ..............................................................59
1. iu kin c tht tng lai .................................................................................................. 59 2. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti.................................................................... 60 3. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh .................................................................. 60 4. Lu ........................................................................................................................................... 60
VI. Cch s dng thnh ng used to,
to get used to ..........................................61 to be
VII. Cch s dng thnh ng would rather ..............................................................61

1. Loi cu c mt ch ng ....................................................................................................... 62 a. Hin ti................................................................................................................................. 62 b. Thi qu kh........................................................................................................................ 62 2. Loi cu c 2 ch ng ............................................................................................................ 62 a. Loi cu gi nh hin ti .............................................................................................. 63 b. Loi cu khng th thc hin c hin ti ............................................................... 63 c. Loi cu khng th thc hin c qu kh.............................................................. 63
VIII. Cch s dng thnh ng would like ..................................................................64 VIIII. Cch s dng cc t khuym khuyt din t cc trng thi hti....65
1. Could/May/Might + [verb in simple form]............................................................................. 65 2. Should + [verb in simple form] ................................................................................................ 65 3. Must + [verb in simple form] .................................................................................................... 66 4. Have to...................................................................................................................................... 66
X. Cch s dng cc verb khuym khuyt din t cc trng thi qu kh..67

1. Could/May/Might + have + PII ................................................................................................ 67
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2. Could have + PII ........................................................................................................................ 67 3. Might have been + verb-ing................................................................................................... 67 4. Should have + PII....................................................................................................................... 67 5. Must have + PII .......................................................................................................................... 67 6. Must have been + verb-ing..................................................................................................... 67
XI. Cc vn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th ..........................68 Tnh t .............................................................................................................................. 69 Ph t.............................................................................................................................. 69 ng t ni .................................................................................................................. 70 Cc dng so snh ca tnh t v ph t ........................................................... 71 I. So snh bng ............................................................................................................71 II. So snh hn km......................................................................................................73 III. So snh hp l..........................................................................................................75 IV. So snh c bit ....................................................................................................75 V. So snh a bi.........................................................................................................76 VI. So snh kp.............................................................................................................76 VII. Cu trc no sooner than: va mi th ..........................................77 VIII. So snh gia hai ngi, hai vt...........................................................................78 IX. So snh bc nht ...................................................................................................78 Danh t dng lm tnh t ......................................................................................... 79 Mt s trng hp c th dng much, many .................................................. 80 Mt s trng hp dng vi much v many................................................... 81 Phn bit thm v cch dng a lot/lots of/plenty/a great deal so vi many/much .. 82 Mt s cch dng c th ca more v most .................................................. 83 Cch dng long, a long time v for a long time ......................................... 84 T ni............................................................................................................................... 85 I. Because/ Because of ...............................................................................................85 II. T ni ch mc ch v kt qu..............................................................................85 III. T ni ch nguyn nhn v kt qu ......................................................................86 IV. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin khc ..............................................................87 Cu b ng.................................................................................................................. 89 ng t gy nguyn nhn ..................................................................................... 91 Cu phc hp v i t quan h thay th........................................................... 93 I. That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph.............................................................93 II. That v Which lm tn ng ca cu ph trc .............................................93
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III. Who lm ch ng ca cu ph ............................................................................94 IV. Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph ........................................................................94 V. Mnh ph bt buc v khng bt buc.......................................................94
1. Mnh ph bt buc .......................................................................................................... 94 2. Mnh khng bt buc ...................................................................................................... 95
VI. Tm quan trng ca vic s dng du phy i mi M ph........................95 VII. Cch s dng all / both / some / several / most / few of whom / which ......96 VIII. Whose ....................................................................................................................96 IX. Cch loi b mnh ph ..................................................................................96 Cch s dng phn t trong mt s trng hp ......................................... 97 I. Dng vi mt s cu trc ng t .........................................................................97 II. Phn t mt c s dng rt ngn nhng cu di.....................................99 Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh............................................................. 99 Nhng cch s dng khc ca that................................................................. 100 I. That dng vi t cch l mt lin t (rng).........................................................100 II. Mnh c that....................................................................................................101 Cu gi nh ............................................................................................................... 101 I. Dng vi would rather that....................................................................................101 II. Dng vi cc ng t sau ....................................................................................102 III. Dng vi tnh t .....................................................................................................102 IV. Cu gi nh dng vi mt s cc trng hp khc......................................103 V. Cu gi nh dng vi It to be + time ................................................................105 Li ni bao hm ......................................................................................................... 105 I. Not only ... but also .................................................................................................105 II. As well as.................................................................................................................106 III. Both ... and.............................................................................................................106 To know, to know how .......................................................................................... 107 Mnh nhng b................................................................................................. 107 I. Despite/ Inspite of ...................................................................................................107 II. Although/ Even though/ though..........................................................................107 III. However+adjective+subject+link verb ...............................................................108 IV. Although/ Albeit + adjective/ adverb/adverbial modifier..............................108 Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln....................................................................... 108 Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi cc ng t trn ................................... 110 Mt s cc ng t c bit khc ................................................................... 111
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Ting anh vit.............................................................................................................. 112 Cch s dng to say, to tell................................................................................. 113 i t nhn xng one v you............................................................................... 114 T i trc gii thiu .......................................................................................... 115 Cch s dng cc phn t u mnh ph ............................................. 116 Phn t dng lm tnh t........................................................................................ 119 I. Phn t mt (verbing) ............................................................................................119 II. Phn t 2 (verb-ed)................................................................................................119 Cu tha ...................................................................................................................... 120 Cu trc cu song song ...................................................................................... 120 Thng tin trc tip v gin tip ............................................................................ 121 I. Cu trc tip v cu gin tip .............................................................................121 II. ng t vi hai tn ng trc tip v gin tip...................................................122 S o ngc ph t.............................................................................................. 123 Cch loi b nhng cu tr li khng ng trong bi ng php....... 126 I. Kim tra cc li ng php c bn .......................................................................126 II. Loi b nhng cu tr li mang tnh rm r.....................................................126 III. Phi chc chn rng tt c cc t trong cu c chn u phi ... ........126 IV. Phi loi b nhng cu tr li bao hm ting lng.........................................127 Nhng t d gy nhm ln.................................................................................... 127 Mt s nhng t d gy nhm ln khc.......................................................... 129 Gii t............................................................................................................................ 131 1. During......................................................................................................................131 2. From.........................................................................................................................131 3. Out of ......................................................................................................................131 4. By .............................................................................................................................131 5. In ..............................................................................................................................132 6. On............................................................................................................................132 7. At .............................................................................................................................133 8. Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi gii t ..............................................................134 Ng ng t............................................................................................................... 135
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cliffs 95-96
This Grammar Review was prepared based on i) the Cliffs Preparation Guide book and ii) my hand-written notebook from an English course. Thus, this material is provided to you as is, without any warranty of accuracy, correctness and reliability. Hanoi, 23 June 2002 Nguyen Thanh Hoan
[7-12-2001] English sentence Mt cu trong ting Anh bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
Subject - verb as predicate - complement - modifier (Object) Direct Indirect
Subject Ch ng c th l mt ng t nguyn th, Verb-ing, i t, xong nhiu nht vn l danh t. Bao gi cng ng u cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t. V l danh t nn lin quan n: danh t m c v khng m c.
I. Danh t m c
(1) (2)
Danh t m c: dng c vi s m. Do , n c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N c th dng c vi a v the. Danh t khng m c: khng dng c vi s m, do khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. Khng th dng c vi a, cn the ch trong mt s trng hp c bit. Mt s cc danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit, v d:
person - people foot - feet woman - women child - children mouse - mice tooth - teeth man - men
(3)
(4)
Mt s cc danh t m c c dng s t v nhiu ging nhau, ch phn bit c a v khng c a.

Ex: a fish fish, a sheep sheep, an aircraft aircraft, a species species.
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(5)
Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, card, water i khi c dng nh cc danh t s nhiu ch cc dng, cc loi khc nhau ca danh t .
Ex: This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat. (indicates a particular type of food) He studies meats. (for example, beef, pork, lamb, etc.)
(7)
Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian th n l danh t khng m c, nhng khi dng vi ngha thi i hay s ln th n li l danh t m c.
Ancient times, modern times
(8)
Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh t m c v khng m c. WITH COUNT NOUNS WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS
a(n), the, some, any this, that, these, those none, one, two, three,... many a lot of the, some, any this, that none much (usually in negatives or question) a lot of a large amount of (a) little less ... than more ... than
large a number of great

(a) few fewer ... than more ... than
(9)
NOTE: Vic xc nh danh t m c v khng m c l ht sc quan trng, l bc m u cho cc bi nghe v ng php ca TOEFL.
II. Qun t
1. Qun t bt nh A v AN AN dng trc mt danh t bt u bng: * 4 nguyn m: a, e, i, o; * 2 bn nguyn m: u, y; * Nhng danh t bt u bng h cm (an hour); * Nhng t m u bng mt ch ci vit tt c coi nh mt nguyn m (ex: an SOS). A - Lu : ng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni phi dng a (a university).
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- Dng a trc mt danh t bt u bng mt ph m. (1) c dng trc mt danh t khng c xc nh v mt v tr, tnh cht, c im hoc c nhc n ln u tin trong cu: a book, a apple, ... Dng cho cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh: a lot of, a great of, a couple, a dozen... Dng trc nhng s m nht nh, thng l hng ngn, trm:
A one hundred, a one thousand...
(2)
(3)
(4)
Dng trc half khi n i theo sau mt n v nguyn vn.

A kilo and a half.
(5)
Khi n i vi mt danh t khc ch na phn, khi vit phi c gch ni:

A half-share, a half-holiday...
(6)
Dng vi cc n v phn s.
1/3 = a/ one third, 1/5 = a/ one fifth...
(7)
Dng trc cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.

$ 5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, ...
(8)
Dng trc cc danh t s t m c vi cm thn.

What a nice day! Such a long line! (Mt ngy di i l di!)
(9)
A + Mr/Mrs/Ms + Family name = mt ng, b, c no khng quen bit.
2. Qun t xc nh THE (1) Dng trc mt danh t c xc nh c th v mt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c nhc n trong cu.
The earth is round.
(2)
The + Noun + Preposition + Noun:

The girl in blue..., the Gulf of Mexico (vnh M xi c)
(3)
Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc mt hoc only.

The only way, the best day.
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(4)
Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nhin).

In the 1990s (t 90 n 99)
(5)
The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph.

The man to whom you have just talked is chairman of the company.
(6)
Trc mt danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.

She in the (her) garden.
(7)
The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt.

The whale = whales, the deep freeze...
(8)
Lu : i vi man khi mang ngha loi ngi khng c dng the ng trc.
Since man lived on the Earth...
(9)
Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong x hi.

The small shopkeeper / the top offical
(gii ch tim nh / gii quan chc cao cp) (10) The + tnh t tng trng cho mt nhm ngi. Chng khng bao gi c php s nhiu nhng c xem l cc danh t s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.
The old = the old people, the unemployed (nhng ngi tht nghip) The disabled are often very hard in their moving.
(11)
The + tn cc vng, khu vc ni ting v mt a l, lch s.

The Sahara (desert), the Seberia (tundra).
(12)
The + East/West/North + Noun:

The South/North pole; the East End of London.
(13)
Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ny nu n i vi tn chu lc hoc quc gia.

West Germany, North America...
(14)
The + tn gi cc i hp xng, dn nhc c in, ban nhc ph thng.
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The Bach Choir, the Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra, the Beatles...
(15)
The + tn gi cc t bo (khng phi tp ch) tu bin, cc kinh kh cu.

The Times, the Hindenberg, the Titanic...
(16)
The + h mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh.

The Smiths.
(17)
Dng trc tn h ca mt ngi xc nh ngi trong s nhng ngi trng tn.

There are three Susan Parkers in Parker that I know lives on First Avenue. the telephone directory. The Susan
(18)
Khng c dng the trc cc ba n trong ngy, tr cc trng hp c bit:

We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning. The dinner that you invited me last week was delicious.
(19)
Khng c dng the trc cc danh t: home, bed, church, hospital, class, school, college, university, market... khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t chuyn ng, ch i n hoc ra khi v mc ch chnh.
Students go to school everyday; the patient was released from hospital.
Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh bt buc phi dng the.

Students go to the school for a class party. We went to the hospital to visit a friend who was seek/ill (BE).
(20)
Lu (Important): trong AE, hospital v university bt buc phi dng vi the.

He was in the hospital. (in hospital as a patient.) She was unhappy at the university. (at university as a student)
Bng s dng THE v khng s dng THE trong mt s trng hp in hnh TT 1 C THE Khng c THE
Dng trc tn cc i dng, sng ngi, Trc mt tn h. bin, vnh v cc h ( s nhiu). HonKim Lake the Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Rersian Gulf, the Great Lakes
Grammar review 11
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Trc tn cc dy ni. the Rocky Mountains, the Andes Trc tn vt th duy nht trong v tr hoc trn th gii. The Great Wall, the Pyramids of Egypt The + schools, colleges, university + danh t ring. the University of Florida, the college of Arts and Sciences
Trc tn mt ngn ni Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley Trc tn cc hnh tinh v cc chm sao. Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc l mt tn ring Santa Fe Community College
(tip theo) TT 5 C THE

The + s th t + danh t the First World war, the third chapter Trc tn cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu kin tn khu vc phi c tnh t ho the Korean War, the Vietmanese War Trc tn nhng nc c 2 t tr ln, ngoi tr Great Britain. The United States, the United Kingdom Trc tn nhng nc c coi l mt qun o hoc mt qun o. The Philippins, the Virgin island, the Hawais. Trc tn cc ti liu hoc cc s kin lch s. the Constitution Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s the Indians, the Aztecs Trc tn bt k mt mn th thao no Trc cc danh t tru tng happy, love...(tr mt s trng hp c bit) the freedom that God gives is precious Trc tn cc mn hc c th Trc tn cc mn hc ni chung. math, physic, ... Trc tn cc ngy l, tt Trc tn cc nc bt u bng New hay t ch hng hoc ch c mt t New Zealand, South Africa, North Korea Trc tn cc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh ph, qun, huyn,... Florida, Ohio, California...
Khng c THE
Tn cc danh t i cng vi s m World War One, chapter three
9 10 11 12
13 14
the Solid matter physics, the applied mathematics
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Christmas, Thanhksgiving
15
Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc nhc c ni chung hay chi cc nhc c . the violin is difficult to play who is that on the piano
Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc c trong cc hnh thc m nhc c th. to perform jazz on trumpet an piano
16
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3. Mt s trng hp c bit Ting Anh

go to work to be at work to be hard at work go to the office to be in the office to be out of office go to sea go to the sea to be the sea to be sea go to town to be in town
Ngha ting Vit i lm ang lm vic/ nhiu vic lm lm vic chm ch n s lm ang ng chc mn nhim i bin (nh nhng thu th) ra bin (thng ngh) gn bin trn bin (trong mt chuyn hi hnh) i ph trung tm
Khi town trong 2 trng hp trn l ca ngi ni. [Exercises: 3, 4; 10-12-2001]

II. Cch s dng another v other
Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

WITH COUNT NOUNS an + other + singular noun (one more) another pencil = one more pencil the other + singular noun (last of the set) the other pencil = the last pencil present other + plural noun (more of the set) other pencils = some more pencils the other + plural noun (the rest of the set) the other pencils = all remaining pencils WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS
other + non - count nouns (more of the set) other water =some more water the other + non - count noun (all the rest) the other water = the remaining water
(1)
Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. Nu ch ng v danh t c xc nh n trn th di ch cn dng another hoc other nh mt i t l . Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th other chuyn thnh others, khng bao gi c dng others + danh t s nhiu, ch c dng mt trong hai. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng i t thay th ones hoc one sau other hoc another.
(2)
(3)
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(4)
Lu : this, that c th dng vi one nhng these v those khng c dng vi ones. Other ... than: khc ... ngoi
You will have time to visit other places than those in itinerary. Other women than Sally would have said nothing.
(5)
(6)
Other than (gii t) dng sau mt cu ph nh = ngoi tr, tr phi, ngoi.

She has no closed friend other than him. He never speaks to me other than to ask for something.
(7)
Other than (gii t) = khc hn ... khng/ngoi

I have never known him behave other than selfishly She seldom appears other than happy (c y ch my khi bun).
(8) (9)
Each other: ln nhau (dng cho hai ngi, hai vt). One another: ln nhau (t 3 tr ln).
III. Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few
(1)
Little + Danh t khng m c: rt t khng (c khuynh hng ph nh).

I have little money, not enough to buy groceries. (thc phm).
(2)
A little + Danh t khng m c: c mt cht

I have a little money, enough to buy groceries. (thc phm).
(3)
Few + Danh t m c s nhiu: c rt t, khng (c khuynh hng ph nh).

I have few books, not enough for reference reading.
(4)
A few + Danh t m c s nhiu: c mt cht .

I have a few books, enough for reference reading.
(5)
Trong mt s trng hp khi danh t trn c nhc n th pha di ch dng little hoc few nh mt i t l .
Are you ready in money. Yes. a little.
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(6)
Quite a few (m c) = quite a bit (khng m c) = quite a lot: nhiu lm.
IV. S hu cch
A/the + noun's + noun (1) Ch c dng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho danh t ch vt.
The student's book; the cat's leg.
(2)
i vi danh t s nhiu c sn s ui ch cn dng du phy.

The students' book.
(3)
Nhng i vi danh t s nhiu c bit khng c s ui vn phi i bnh thng.

The children's toys.
(4)
Nu c hai danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu.

Paul and Peter's room.
(5)
i vi nhng tn ring hay danh t c sn s ui, c th ch cn dng du phy v nhn vo ui khi c hoc dng s hu cch nhng phi thay i cch c. Tn ring khng dng the trc.
The boss' car = the boss's car; Agnes' house = Agnes's house.
(6)
N c dng cho thi gian (nm, thng, thp nin, th k..)

The 1990's th k 21.) events the 21st century's prospects. (nhng vin cnh ca
(7)
C th dng cho cc ma trong nm (tr ma xun v ma thu), nu dng s hu cch cho hai ma ny th ngi vit nhn cch ho chng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng cc ma trong nm nh mt tnh t cho cc danh t ng sau, t dng s hu cch.
The summer's hot day; the winter's cold day; the spring's return (s tr li ca cha xun); the Autumn's leaving (nng thu ra i).
(8)
Dng cho tn cc cng ty, quc gia.
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China's food, the Rocket feller's products.
(9)
Vi cc ca hiu c ngh nghip c trng ch cn dng danh t vi du s hu.

At a hairdresser's.
(10)
c bit l i vi cc tim n.
The Antonis's; Mc Donald's.
(11)
ng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch trong mt s thnh ng.

A ston's throw from. (ch cch my bc chn.)
Verb ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi k chnh: qu kh - hin ti - tng lai. Mi thi chnh li chia lm nhiu thi nh din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.
I. Present
1. Simple Present (1) Khi chia ng t ngi s 3 s t phi c s tn cng v m phi c c ln.
He walks; She watches TV.
(2)
N dng din t hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra hin ti, khng xc nh c th v mt thi gian. Hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh quy lut.
Every day I love you.
(3)
Thng dng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh: today, present day, nowaday... c bit n dng vi ph t ch tn s: always, somtime, often, every + thi gian.
(4)
2. Present Progressive Be + Verb-ing
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(1)
Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca hin ti. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng mt s cc ph t nh: now, right now, at this moment, v.v...
John is eating dinner now.
(2)
Dng thay th cho th tng lai gn, c bit l cho nhng hnh ng c xp xp hay tnh ton t trc.
We are leaving for the theater at seven o'clock.
(3)
c bit lu nhng ng t bng sau khng c php dng th tip din cho d l bt c thi no khi chng l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thi, cm gic ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tnh cht ca s vt s vic nhng khi chng sang hng ng t hnh ng th li c php dng th tip din. know believe hear see smell wish understand hate love like want sound have need appear seem taste own
She has a lot of books / She is having dinner now. I think they will come / I am thinking of my test tomorrow.
3. Present Perfect Have + PII (1) Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra t trong qu kh ko di n hin ti v chm dt hin ti. Thi im hnh ng hon ton khng c xc nh trong cu.
John has traveled around the world.
(2)
Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh, ko di n hin ti.

George has seen this movie three times.
(3)
Dng hai gii t since / for + thi gian.

John has lived in this house since 1972.
(4)
Dng already trong cu khng nh, lu rng already c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu.
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has Subject + + already + [verb in past participle] have

We have already written our reports; Gabriel has already read the entire book.
(5)
Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh. Yet thng xuyn ng cui cu.

has Subject + + not + [verb in past participle] + yet have
We haven't written our reports yet. The president hasn't decided what to do yet.
(6)
Dng vi yet trong cu nghi vn.

Have you sent the letter for me yet?
(7)
Trong mt s trng hp ph nh, yet c th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng php: not mt i v phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.
has Subject + + yet + [verb in infinitive] have
John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learned the material yet We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven't decided what to do with the money yet.
Lu : this use of yet should not be confused with the coordinating conjunction yet, which meens but. [Ex: I don't have the money, yet I really need the computer.] (8) Dng vi now that (gi y khi m) ng u cu.
Now that you have passed the TOEFL exam successfully you can scholarship at a US university. apply for a
(9)
Dng vi mt s cc ph t nh: til, now, so far, until now (cho n tn by gi) cc thnh ng ny c th ng tn cui cu.
So far the problem has not been resolved.
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(10)
Dng vi Recently/lately (gn y). Nhng thnh ng ny c th ng u/cui.

I have not seen him recently.
(11)
Dng vi before ng cui cu.

I have seen him before.
4. Present Perfect Progressive have/has + been + verb-ing (1) Dng ging ht nh Present Perfect nhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin ti m vn tip tc tip din. Thng xuyn dng vi since / for + thi gian. Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive
Hnh ng chm dt hin ti, do Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c c kt qu r rt. kh nng lan ti tng lai do khng c kt qu r rt. I have been waited for you for half an I have been waiting for you for half an hour. (and now I stop waiting because hour. (and now I am still waiting, hoping that you will come.) you didn't come.)
II. Past
1. Simple past (1)
[verb + ed]
Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c dng ng t dng simple past v past perfect nh nhau. Ngi Anh thng dng past simple v past perfect lm tnh t hoc trong dng b ng.
to light -> lighted, lit: He lighted the candles on his birthday. From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.
(2)
N din t mt hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu kh, khng lin quan n hin ti. Thi im trong cu c xc nh r rt bng mt s ph t ch thi gian: yesterday, last + time v.v...
John went to Spain last year.
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[Exercises: 5; 14-12-2001] 2. Past Progressive (1) N dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca qu kh. Thi im ny c biu t c th bng ngy, gi.
Henry was eating a snack at midnight last night. When Mary came home, her husband was cooking dinner.
(2)
Dng kt hp vi mt simple past thng qua 2 ph t ch thi gian l when v while ch mt hnh ng ang tip din trong qu kh th mt hnh ng khc chen vo. N tng ng vi cu trc ting Vit: khi ang ... th.
subject 1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past progressive...

Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.
subject 1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 + simple past...

He was walking to his car when somebody hit him on the head.
(3)
Mnh c when, while c th p ng bt k v tr no trong cu nhng sau when phi l simple past, sau while phi l past progressive. N din t hai hnh ng lin tip xy ra trong qu kh ni vi nhau bng while v when.
(4)
subject 1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past progressive...

Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner in the kitchen.
(5)
Mnh quan h khng c while c th simple past nhng t khi v d b nhm ln.
3. Past perfect have/has + PII (1) (2) Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng trong qu kh. Trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng. Dng kt hp vi mt simple past thng qua hai ph t ch thi gian after v before.
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subject1 + simple past + after + subject 2 + past perfect...

John went home after he had gone to the store.
subject1 + past perfect + before + subject 2 + simple past...

John had gone to the store before he went home
(3)
Mnh after v before c th ng u v cui cu. Sau after phi l past perfect, sau before phi l simple past. Before hoc after c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trong cu bao gi cn c 2 hnh ng 1 trc, 1 sau.
The police came when the robbers had gone away.
(4)
4. Past perfect progressive had been + verb-ing (1) Dng ging ht past perfect duy c iu hot ng din ra lin tc cho n tn simple past. N thng kt hp vi simple past thng qua ph t before. Trong cu thng xuyn c since/before.
She had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.
(2)
Th ny ngy nay t dng, ngi ta thay th n bng past perfect v ch dng khi no cn din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.
III. Future
1. Simple future
will/shall + verb in simple form Can/May
(1)
Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l ng php M chp nhn vic dng will cho tt c cc ngi, cn shall ch dng cho ngi I, we trong mt s trng hp nh sau: a ra ngh mt cch lch s: Shall I take your coat? ( ti ct o cho.)
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Dng mi mc ngi khc mt cch lch s: Shall we go out for lunch? (Bn mnh i n tra i.) Dng ng gi trong khi mc c, mua bn:
Shall we say: $50. Shall we say I will pay for the main course and you will pay for the dessert.
Dng cui mt vn bn mang tnh php quy buc cc bn phi thi hnh cc iu khon.
All students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dormitory rule.
(2) (3)
Trong ting Anh bnh dn ngi ta thay shall bng must. Dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng khng xc nh c th. Thng dng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the future (trong tng lai), in future = for now on (t nay tr i).
Tomorrow we will have a science test.
2. Near future To be going to do sth (1) Din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai gn thng dng vi cc ph t di dng in a moment (lt na), at 2 o'clock this afternoon (vo lc 2 gi chiu nay).
We are going to have a reception in a moment.
(2)
Ch mt s vic chc chn s xy ra trong d tnh d l tng lai xa.

We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.
(3)
Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng present progressive dng cu ny.
3. Future progressive will/shall + be + verb-ing (1) Din t mt vic s xy ra trong tng lai mt thi im nht nh.
At 8 am tomorrow morning we will be attending a lecture.
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(2)
Dng kt hp vi mt present progressive din t 2 hnh ng ang song song xy ra: mt hin ti, mt tng lai.
Now we are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending a meeting at the club.
(3)
c dng cp n cc s kin trong tng lai c quyt nh hoc c xc nh nhng khng mang ngha tip din.
Professor Becker will be giving another lecture on Roman glass-making at the same time next week.
(4)
Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l (nhng khng din t nh ca c nhn ngi ni).
You will be hearing from my parents.
(5)
D on cho tng lai.

Don't phone now, they will be having dinner.
(6)
Din t li ngh nh nhn mun bit v k hoch ca ngi khc.

You will be staying in for the dinner this evening.
4. Future perfect will/shall + have + PII (1) Ch mt hnh ng s phi c hon tt vo mt thi im nhtnh trong tng lai. N thng c dng vi cc ph t ch thi gian di dng by the end of, by the time + sentence.
We will have a completed the TOEFL test-taking skill by the end of this year. By the time Haley's comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive today will have passed away.
S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t Trong mt cu ting Anh, thng thng ch ng ng lin ngang vi ng t v quyt nh vic chia ng t, nhng khng phi lun lun nh vy.
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I. Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t
(1)
Xen vo gia l mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u kt hp vi cc danh t theo sau) cc ng gii t ny khng h c quyt nh g n vic chia ng t, ng t phi chia theo ngi ch ng chnh. Subject + [prepositional phrase] + verb
The study of languages is very interesting. Several theories on this subject have been proposed.
(2)
Cc thnh ng bng sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng. N s ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t, tch ra khi hai thnh phn bng hai du phy v khng c quyt nh g n vic chia ng t. together with (cng vi) accompanied by (i km bi) along with (theo cng vi) as well as (cng nh)
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
(3)
Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (they).

The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.
(4)
Tuy nhin nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng "or" th ng t phi da theo danh t ng sau "or". Nu danh t l s t th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.
The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview. The actress or her parents are going to answer the interview.
II. Cc danh t lun i hi cc ng t v i t theo sau chng ngi th 3 s t
(1)
l cc danh t trong bng di, hay cn gi l cc i t phim ch. any + no + some + singular noun singular noun singular noun anybody nobody somebody anyone no one someone anything nothing something every + singular noun each + singular noun everybody everyone either* everything neither*
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* Either and neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor.
Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in this line. Something was under the house. If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work. Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk. (note the singular pronoun) No problem is harder to solve than this one. Nobody works harder than John does.
(2)
Either (mt trong hai) ch dng cho hai ngi, hai vt. Nu 3 ngi 3 vt tr ln phi dng any.
If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work. Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk. (note the singular pronoun)
(3)
Neither (khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu t 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi dng not any.
Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground. Not any of these pens is able to be used.
III. Cch s dng none v no
(1)
Nu sau none of the l mt danh t khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t. none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb
None of the counterfeit money has been found.
(2)
Nhng nu sau none of the l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu. none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb
None of the students have finished the exam yet.
(3)
Nu sau no l mt danh t m c s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t.

singular no + + singular verb non count noun
No example is relevant to this case.
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(4)
Nu sau no l mt danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu. no + plural noun + plural verb
No examples are relevant to this case.
IV. Cu trc either ... or..., neither ... nor...
Di y l cch s dng cu trc either ... or... (hoc ... hoc); neither ... nor...(khng... m cng khng) (1) iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sau "or" hoc "nor". Nu danh t l s t th danh t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.
neither nor + noun + + plural noun + plural verb either or
Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today. Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
neither nor + noun + + singular noun + singular verb either or

Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today. Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
[Exercises: 6-9; 17-12-2001]

V. Verb-ing dng lm ch ng
(1)
Khi Verb-ing lm ch ng th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

Knowing her has made him what she is.
(2)
Ngi ta s dng verb-ing khi mun din t mt hnh ng c th xy ra nht thi. Nhng khi mun din t bn cht s vt, s vic phi dng danh t.
Dieting is very popular today. Diet is for those who suffer from a certain disease. Struggle for survival.
Correct:
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Incorrect:
Struggle for surviving.
(3)
ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ng t sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Ngi ta hay dng ch ng gi "it" m u cu.
To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.
(4)
Cc danh t tp th: l cc danh bng di dng ch mt nhm ngi hoc mt t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng danh t s t. Do vy cc i t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngi th 3 s t. Congress family group committee class organization team army club crowd government jury majority* minority public
The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal. The family was elated by the news. The crowd was wild with excitement. Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation. The organization has lost many members this year. Our team is going to win the game.
Examples of collective nouns:
(5)
Tuy nhin nu ng t sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu th cu m ch cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ng ring r.
Congress votes for the bill. (Congress as whole) Congress are discussing about the bill. (some agree but some don't)
Lu : TOEFL khng bt li ny. (6) Danh t the majority c dng tu theo thnh phn i sau n chia ng t. *Majority can be singular or plural. If it is alone it is usually singular; if it is followed by a plural noun, it is usually plural.
The majority + singular verb

The majority believes that we are in no danger.
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The majority of the + plural noun + plural verb

The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
(7)
The police/sheep/fish + plural verb

The sheep are breaking away. (cu chy ton lon) The police come only to see the bodies and ruin in the bank.
(8)
A couple + singular verb.

A couple is walking on the path.
(9)
The couple + plural verb.

The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.
(10)
Cc cm t bng sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc gia sc cho d sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu th ng t vn phi da theo ch ng chnh: ngi th 3 s t. flock of birds, sheep school of fish herd of cattle pride of lions pack of dogs
The flock of birds is circling overhead. The herd of cattle is breaking away. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
(11)
Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u c xem l mt danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theo sau chng phi ngi th 3 s t.
He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another 50. Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt. Fifty minutes isn't enough time to finish this test. Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder. Two miles is too much to run in one day.
VI. Cch s dng a number of, the number of
(1)
A number of = mt s ln nhng. Nu i vi s nhiu th ng t s nhiu. Nhng the number of = mt s, c coi l mt tng th s t. Do cho d sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t vn phi chia ngi th 3 s t. a number of + plural noun + plural verb...
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the number of + plural noun + singular verb...

A number of students are going to the class picnic (a number of = The number of days in a week is seven. many)
VII. Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu
(1)
Bng di y l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th. Do vy cc i t v ng t i cng vi chng cng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu. Nu mun bin chng ngi s t, dng a pair of. scissors trousers shorts eyeglasses pants pliers jeans tweezers tongs
(2)
The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer. The pliers were on the table. The pair of pliers was on the table. These scissors are dull. This pair of scissors is dull.
VIII. Thnh ng there is / there are
(1) (2) (3)
Ch s tn ti ca ngi hay vt ti mt ni no . Ch ng l danh t i sau. Nu l danh t s t th ng t to be chia ngi th 3 s it v ngc li. Mi bin i v thi v th u nm to be, cn there gi nguyn. Lu cc cu trc there is certain/sure/likely/bound+ to be = chc chn l, s c.
There is a sure to be trouble when she get his letter. Do you think there to be likely to be snow?
(4)
Trong dng ting Anh chun, mt s cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s dng vi there. * ng t trng thi: * ng t ch s n: live, exist, stand, lie enter, go, come, follow.
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state there + verb of + noun as subject arrival

In a small town in Germany there once lived a pour shoemaker. ( mt th trn nh ca nc c tng c mt anh th giy ngho sng) There remains nothing more to be done. (Chng cn g lm) Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black. There followed an uncomfortable silence.
(5)
There + subject + pronoun + go / come / be = ka, th l, ri th.

There he comes (Anh ta n ri ka.) There you are. I have been waiting for you for an hour. (Anh y ri, ti ang ch anh hn mt ting ri y.)
(6) (7)
There + be + name of people = th c ... y thi. There + be + always + noun = th lc no m ch c. Hai cu trc trn nhm gi cho ta s ch n mt gii php kh d cho mt vn .
- Whom could we ask? (mnh hi ai by gi nh) - Well, there is James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue. ( th lc no ch c Jame, Miranda, Ann hay Sue y thi) - Where can he sleep? Well, there is always the attic (gc xp).
(8)
There was this + noun...: chnh l ci ny y. ( m u cho mt cu chuyn).

There was this man, she and he could not get up early in the morning so he ...
(9)
There (lm tnh t): chnh ci/con/ngi y.

Give that book there, please. (Lm n a cho ti chnh cun sch .) That's there dog. (Chnh con ch y.) That's there girl. She broke two records of speed.
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i t i t trong ting Anh chia lm 5 loi vi cc chc nng s dng khc nhau.
I. i t nhn xng ch ng
I you he she it (1) (2)
we you they
ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t. ng sau ng t to be.

It was she who called you. The teacher who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.
(3)
ng sau cc ph t so snh as, than (li c bn).

She is as tall as I.
(4)
ng sau cc ngi s nhiu we, you... c quyn dng danh t s nhiu trc tip ng sau.
We students are going to have a party. (Chng ti, nhng sinh vin chun b i d tic.) When do you guys come in? (Bn my vo khi no y.)
(5)
You/we/they + all/both
We all go to school now. They both bought the insurance. You all come shopping.
(6)
Nhng nu all hoc both i vi nhng i t ny dng cu c i t kp (ng t thi kp: future, perfect progressive) th all hoc both s phi ng sau tr ng t.
We will all go to school next week. They have both bought the insurance.
(7)
All v both cng phi ng sau to be, trc tnh t.

We are all ready to go swimming.
(8)
Dng she/he thay th cho nhng vt nui nu chng c xem l c tnh cch thng minh hoc tnh cm (ch, mo, nga...) hoc nhng dng dng lu tr thnh thn thuc.
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Go and find the cat. It's where she stays in. How's your new car terrific. She's running beautifully.
(9)
Tn nc c thay th trang trng bng she (ngy nay t dng).

England is an island country and she is governed by a monarch.
II. i t nhn xng tn ng
me you him her it (1)
us you them
ng ng sau cc ng t v gii t lm tn ng.

They called us on the telephone. Do you believe in me?
(2)
Us / you / them + all / both.

They invited us all (all of us) to the party last night.
(3)
ng sau us c th dng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip.

The teacher has made a lot of question for us students.
III. Tnh t s hu
my your his her its (1)
us your their
ng trc mt danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh t .

John is eating his dinner.
IV. i t s hu
mine yours his hers its (1)
ours yours theirs
Ngi ta dng i t s hu trnh khi phi nhc li tnh t s hu v danh t ni trn.

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(2)
ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

Ours are heavy. Theirs are too small. Yours is the same as his.
(3)
ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as

Your car is the same as hers.
(4)
ng sau "to be".

This is mine.
(5)
ng sau mt ng t hnh ng lm tn ng.

I forgot mine.
V. i t phn thn
myself yourself himself herself itself (1)
ourselves yourselves themselves
Dng din t ch ng lm mt vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ng t hoc gii t for cui cu.
I washed myself. You can see the difference for yourselves.
(2)
Dng nhn mnh ch ng t lm ly mt vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ch ng. Trong mt s trng hp n c th ng cui cu, khi ni hi ngng li mt cht. By oneself = mt mnh (alone).
(3)
[Exercises: 10,11,12; 21-12-2001] Tn ng (ng t dng lm tn ng) Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng u i hi tn ng sau n l mt danh t. Mt s cc ng t li i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm hai loi.
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I. ng t nguyn th lm tn ng
(1)
Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th khc. Chng tun theo nhng mu cu sau:
Expect to do sth. Desire to do sth.
agree desire hope plan strive
attempt expect intend prepare tend
claim fail learn pretend want
decide forget need refuse wish
demand hesitate offer seem
Here are some examples:

John expects to begin studying law next semester. Mary learned to swim when she was very young. The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting. The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next four years. The soldiers are preparing to attack the village. Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.
II. Verb-ing lm tn ng
(1)
Bng di l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt verb-ing. Chng tun theo nhng cu trc sau: admit doing sth (th nhn lm g). admit delay miss report suggest appreciate deny postpone resent avoid enjoy practice resist can't help finish quit resume consider mind recall risk

John admitted stealing the jewels. We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years. You shouldn't risk entering that building in its present condition. Michael was considering buying a new car until the prices went up. The Coast Guard has reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits. Would you mind not smoking in this office?
(2)
doing sth Lu rng trong bng ny c mu ng t can' t help (khng th but do sth khng lm g).
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With such good oranges, we can't help buying / [but buy] 2 kilos at a time. (Vi cam ngon nh vy, chng ti khng th khng mua ngay 2 cn.)
(3)
Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh cho cc ng t nguyn th dng lm tn ng trn y phi t not trc nguyn th hoc verb-ing.
John decided not to buy the car. John admitted not stealing the jewels. We regretted not going to the party last night.
III. ng t theo sau n c th l nguyn th hoc verb-ing
(1)
Bng di l nhng ng t theo sau n c th l nguyn th hoc verb-ing m ngha khng thay i: start to do sth = start doing sth.
begin hate can't stand like start continue love dread prefer
He started to study after dinner. OR He started studying after dinner. Joan hates to ride her bicycle to school. OR Joan hates riding her bicycle to school.
IV. Bn ng t c bit (stop, remember, regret, forget)
l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s i khc hon ton khi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th hoc verb-ing. 1. Stop (1) Stop to do sth: dng li lm g.
He stops to get gasoline.
(2)
Stop doing sth: dng lm vic g.

I stop writing and go out for some fresh air.
2. Remember (1) Remember to do sth: nh s phi lm g.

I remember to send a letter at the post office tomorrow morning.
(2)
Remember doing sth: nh l lm g.

I remember locking the door before leaving but now I can't find the key.
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c bit thng c dng vi mu cu: Subject + still+remember+verbing : vn cn nh mi l .

I still remember buying the first motorbike.
3. Forget (1) Forget to do sth: qun s phi lm g.

I forgot to pick up my child after school.
(2)
Forget doing sth: qun lm g. Ch c dng trong mu cu ph nh. Hin nay ch cn thu hp vo mu cu : subject + will + never + forget + verb-ing: s khng bao gi qun c l .
She will never forget meeting the Queen.
4. Regret (1) Regret to do sth: ly lm tic l phi (thng bo tin xu, thng dng vi cc ng t to inform, to tell, to say).
We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was cancelled because of the inclement weather.
(2)
Regret doing sth: ly lm tic v .

He regrets leaving school early - it's a big mistake.
V. Cc ng t ng sau gii t
(1)
Tt c cc ng t ng sau gii t u phi dng verb-ing. verb / noun / adjective + preposition + verb-ing
Bng di y l cc ng t i km vi gii t:
approve of give up rely on worry about be better off insist on succeed in count on keep on think about depend on put off think of

John gave up smoking because of his doctor's advice. Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane. Henry is thinking of going to France in August. You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.
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Mt s ng t thng i km vi gii t to, khng c nhm ln gii t ny vi to ca ng t nguyn th. object to look forward to confess to
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels. We are not looking forward to going back to school.
Bng di y l cc tnh t i km vi gii t:

accustomed to intent on afraid of interested in capable of successful in fond of tired of

Mitch is afraid of getting married now. We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends. Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament. Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year. Craig is fond of dancing. We are interested in seeing this film.
Bng di y l cc danh t i km vi gii t:

choice of possibility of excuse for intention of reason for method for (method of)

George has no excuse for dropping out of school. There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price. There is no reason for leaving this early. Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem. After leaving the party, Ali drove home. He should have stayed in New York instead of moving to Maine.
(2)
Khng phi bt k tnh t no cng u i hi sau n l mt gii t + verbing. Nhng tnh t bng di y li i hi sau n phi l mt ng t nguyn th.
anxious eager pleased usual boring easy prepared common dangerous good ready difficult hard strange able*
Examples of adjectives followed by infinitives:

Mohammad is eager to see his family. It is dangerous to drive in this weather. We are ready to leave now.
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It is difficult to pass this test It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country. Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.
(3)
Lu : *Able means the same as capable in many instances, but the grammar is very different. While able is followed by the infinitive, capable is followed by of + [verb + ing].
These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems. These students arc not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
VI. Vn cc i t ng trc ng t nguyn th hoc verb-ing dng lm tn ng
(1)
ng trc mt ng t nguyn th th dng ca i t v danh t s l tn ng.

pronuon subject + verb + complement form + [to + verb]... noun

Joe asked Mary to call him when she woke up. We ordered him to appear in court. I urge you to reconsider your decision. They were trying to persuade him to change his mind. The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late. You should prepare your son to take this examination.
(2)
Tuy nhin ng trc mt verb-ing lm tn ng th dng ca i t v danh t s l s hu cch.
possessive form of noun subject + verb + + [verb + ing ]... possessive adjective
We understand your not being able to stay longer. He regrets her leaving. We are looking forward to their coming next year. We don't approve of John's buying this house. We resent the teacher's not announcing the test sooner. We object to their calling at this hour.
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Cch s dng hai ng t bn khuym khuyt

I. Need
1. Need c dng nh mt ng t thng c s dng ra sao cn tu vo ch ng ca n. (1) Khi ch ng ca n l mt ng vt:

subject as a living thing + need + [ verb in infinitive ]...

John and his brother need to paint the house. My friend needs to learn Spanish. He will need to drive alone tonight.
(2)
Khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt:
to be + PII subject as an inanimate thing + need + ... verb ing

The grass needs cutting. OR The grass needs to be cut. The television needs repairing. OR The television needs to be repaired. The composition needs rewriting. OR The composition needs to be rewritten.
(3)
Want v Require cng c dng theo mu cu ny khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt v chng mang ngha cn.
want + verb ing require
Your hair wants cutting. All cars need servicing regularly.
(4)
Need = to be in need of + noun

Jill is in need of money. (Jill needs money.) The roof is in need of repair. (The roof needs to be repaired.) The organization was in need of volunteers (The organization needed volunteers.)
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2. Need c s dng nh mt ng t khuym khuyt (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Lun dng hin ti. Ngi th 3 s t khng c s tn cng. Ch dng th nghi vn hoc ph nh. Khng dng vi tr ng t to do. Sau need phi l mt ng t b to.
We needn't reserve the seats. There will be plenty of room. Need I fill out the form?
(6)
Dng sau cc t nh if, whether, only, scarcely, hardly, no one v.v...

I wonder if I need fill out the form. This is the only form you need fill out.
(7)
Needn't + have + PII = l ra khng cn phi

You needn't have come so early - only waste your time.
(8)
Lu : needn't = khng cn phi, trong khi mustn't = khng c php.
II. Dare
1. Khi dng vi ngha l "dm" (1) Ch dng th nghi vn v ph nh. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc vi chnh bn thn n. ng t sau n v l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b.
Did they dare (to) do such a thing? = Dare they do such a thing? He didn't dare (to) say anything = He dared not say anything.
(2)
I dare say Dare khng c dng th khng nh ngoi tr thnh ng: vi I daresay hai ngha nh sau:
- Ti cho rng - Ti tha nhn l
: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train. : I daresay you are right.
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(3)
How dare / dared + subject + verb in simple form = sao ... dm (t s gin
gi).
How dared you open my letter?
2. Dare c dng nh mt ngoi ng t (1) Trong mu cu Dare smb to do sth: thch ai lm g.

They dare the boy to swim across the river in such a cold weather.
Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp c bit (1) To be of + noun = to have = c (dng ch tnh cht hoc tnh cm).
Mary is of a gentle nature. (Mary c mt bn cht t t)
(2)
To be of + noun: nhn mnh cho danh t ng sau.

The newly-opened restaurant is of the Leicester square.
(3)
To be + to + verb: l dng cu to c bit c s dng trong nhng trng hp nh sau: truyn t cc mnh lnh hoc ch dn t ngi th 1 qua ngi th 2 qua ngi th 3.
No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.
Dng vi mnh if khi mnh chnh din t mt cu tin iu kin: mt iu phi xy ra trc nu mun mt iu khc xy ra = nu mun ... th phi.
If we are to get there by lunch time, we have better hurried. He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass the exam.
c dng thng bo nhng yu cu xin ch dn.

He asked the air-traffic control where he was to land.
c dng rt ph bin truyn t mt d nh, mt sp t c bit khi n l chnh thc.

She is to get married next month. The expedition is to start in a week. We are to get a ten percent wage in June.
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(4)
Cu trc ny rt thng dng trn bo ch v khi l mt ta bo th ng t to be c b i tit kim ch.

The Prime Minister (is) to make a statement tomorrow.
[Exercises: 13,14; 24-12-2001] (5) Din t mt gi thuyt: th nu.

were + subject + [verb in infinitive] = if + subject + were + [verb in infinitive] was
Was I to tell you he passed his exam, could you believe me? (Nu tao bo l hn thi qua ri th myc tin tao khng?)
(6)
Was/were + [verb in infinitive] : din t tng v mt s mnh nh sn.

They said goodbye, without knowing that they were never to meet again. They were destined not to meet again forever. Since 1840 American presidents elected in years ending with zero were to be dead in office. (were destined to die) (K t nm 1840, cc tng thng M trng c vo cc nm c s 0 cui s mnh bt phi cht khi ang nhim chc).
(7)
To be + about to + verb = near future: xp sa

They are about to leave.
(8)
Dng trong mt s dng cu c bit. Be + adjective : m u cho mt ng = t ra.

Be careless in a national park where there are bears around and the result is most likely to be tragical indeed.
noun Be + subject + noun phrase = cho d l. adjective

Societies have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it the Renaissance system of royal support of the sailptors and painters of period or the Japanese tradition of passing artistic knowledge from father to son. To have technique is to possess the physical expertise to perform whatever steps a given dance may contain, be they simple or complex.
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Cch s dng to get trong trng hp c bit

1. To get + PII
Get + washed/dressed/prepared/lost/drowned/engaged/married/divorced: (1) Ch vic ch ng t lm ly:

You will have 5 minutes to get dressed (t mc qun o ly).
(2)
Ch trng thi ca ch ng ang trong .

He got lost in the maze of this old town yesterday. (Anh ta b lc trong khu bn c ph c).
Tuyt nhin khng c ln trng hp ny vi ng t b ng. (3) To be cng c th c dng thay th trong trng hp ny:
He was lost in the maze of this old town yesterday.
2. Get + verb-ing = start + verb-ing: bt u lm g

We'd better get moving. It's late.
3. Get smb / sth + verb-ing: lm ai/ci g bt u

Please get him talking about the main task. When we get the hitter running, the whole car will start to warm up.
4. Get + to + verb
(1)
Tm c cch.
We could get to enter the stadium without ticket. (Chng ti tm c cch vo sn vn ng m cc cn v.)
(2)
C c may.
When do we get to have a promotion? (Khi no ti c c may tng lng y?)
(3)
c php.
At last we got to meet the general director to make an interview.
5. Get + to + verb (ch hnh ng) = come + to + verb (ch nhn thc):
dn dn i n ch
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We will get to speak English more easily at the time goes by. He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult.
Cu hi Trong ting Anh c nhiu loi cu hi, bao gm cc chc nng v mc ch khc nhau.
I. Cu hi Yes / No
auxiliary be + subject + verb... do, does, did

S d gi nh vy nh vy v khi tr li c dng Yes v No u cu. Nn nh rng yes + positive verb v no + negative verb. Tuyt i khng c tr li theo kiu cu ting Vit. Here are some examples:
Is Mary going to school today? Was Mary sick yesterday? Have you seen this movie before? Will the committee decide on the proposal today? Do you want to use the telephone? Does George like peanut butter? Did you go to class yesterday?
[Exercises: / ; 28-12-2001]
II. Cu hi thng bo
L loi cu hi dng vi mt loi t nghi vn. 1. Who v what lm ch ng

who + verb + (complement) + (modifier) what
(1)
ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t. ng t sau n nu thi hin ti phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

Who opened the door? (Someone opened the door.) What happened last night? (Something happened last night.)
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(2)
NOTE: It is NOT CORRECT to say:

Who did open the door? What did happen last night?
2. Whom v what lm tn ng
whom auxiliary + + subject + verb + (modifier) what do , does , did
(1)
Chng vn ng u cu nhng lm tn ng cho cu hi. Nn nh rng trong ting Anh quy chun, bt buc phi dng whom, mc d trong vn ni c th dng who thay cho whom. (li c bn)
Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? (Ahmad knows someone from Venezuela.) What did George buy at the store? (George bought something at the store.)
3. Cu hi nhm vo cc b ng when, where, how v why
when where auxiliary how + do, does, did + subject + (verb) + (complement) + (modifier)... why
When did John move to Jacksonville? Where does Mohainmad live? Why did George leave so early? How did Maria get to school today? Where has Henry gone? When will Bertha go back to Mexico?
III. Cu hi gin tip
Cng thc chung cho loi cu ny l
subject + verb(phrase) + question word + subject + verb auxilary + subject + verb + question word + subject + verb
(1) Loi cu ny c nhng c tnh nh sau: Cu c 2 thnh phn ni vi nhau bng mt i t nghi vn.
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(2) (3)
ng t mnh 2 phi t xui theo ch ng, khng c cu to dng cu hi. i t nghi vn khng ch l mt t m cn bao gm 2 hoc 3 t: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, & what kind. i t nghi vn c th l mt ng danh t.
(4)
Here are the formula and some examples:
subject + verb(phrase) + question word + subject + verb

Questions: Embedded question: Questions: Embedded question: Where will the meeting take place? We haven't ascertained where the meeting will take place Why did the plane land at the wrong airport? The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.
auxilary + subject + verb + question word + subject + verb

Do you know where he went? Could you tell me what time it is? The professor didn't know how many students would be in her afternoon class I have no idea how long the interview will take. Do they know how often the bus runs at night? Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college? I'll tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best. The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.
IV. Cu hi c ui
(1) (2) (3)
Chia lm 2 thnh phn, tch nhau bng du phy. Nu ng t thnh phn chnh chia th khng nh th ng t phn ui chia th ph nh v ngc li. ng t thng dng vi tr ng t to do. Cc ng t thi kp dng vi chnh tr ng t ca n. ng t to be c php dng trc tip. Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is c dng li phn ui. Trong ting Anh ca ngi M, to have l ng t thng, do vy n phi dng vi tr ng t to do.
(4) (5)
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There are only twenty-eight days in February, aren't there? It's raining now, isn't it? It isn't raining now, is it? The boys don't have class tomorrow, do they? You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didn't we? You won't be leaving for another hour, will you? Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, haven't they? You have two children, don't you?
In British English, you would be correct to say:

You have two children, haven't you?
On TOEFL, which tests standard American English, you must use a form of do it have is the main verb in the sentence.
She has an exam tomorrow, doesn't she?
Note: Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng ngi hi ch nhm khng nh kin ca mnh bit ch khng nhm hi. Do , khi chm cu hiu trong TOEFL phi da vo th ng t ca mnh chnh ch khng da vo th ng t ca phn ui.
John can get Mary to play this, can't he? Correct answer: John believes that Mary will play this for us.
Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh
I. Li ni ph ho khng nh
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
L li ni phu ho li khng nh ca ngi khc tng ng vi cu trc ting Vit: cng th. Cu trc c dng s l so v too. ng t to be c php dng trc tip. ng t thng dng vi tr ng t to do. Cc ng t thi kp dng vi chnh tr ng t ca n.
Di y l cc cng thc v v d:
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subject + verb(be)+ too affirmativ e statement(be) + and + so + verb(be)+ subject

I am happy, and you are too. I am happy, and so are you.
affirmative statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too so + auxiliary only + subject (compound verb)
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too. They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
affirmative statement + and + (single verb except be)
subject + do, does, ordi + too so + do, does, ordid + subject
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too. Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.
Additional examples:
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too. John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we. I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too. I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they. He has seen her plays, and the girls have too. He has seen her plays, and so have the girls. We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too. We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy. She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too. She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we. Velazquez was a famous painter, and Rubens was too. Velazquez was a famous painter, and so was Rubens.
II. Li ni ph ho ph nh
(1) (2)
ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc tng ng vi cu trc ting Vit: cng khng. Thnh ng c s dng l either v neither. Nn nh rng negative verb + either v neither + positive verb. S dng ging li ni ph ho khng nh vi 3 loi: to be, ng t thng v cc ng t kp.
(3)
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subject + negative auxiliary or be + either negative statement + and + neithe + positive auxiliary or be + subject
(4) Lu : cc li ni me too (ti cng th) v me neither (ti cng khng) ch c dng trong vn ni, khng c dng trong vn vit.
I didn't see Mary this morning. John didn't see Mary this morning. I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either. I didn't see Man' this morning, and neither did John. She won't be going to the conference. Her colleagues won't be going to the conference She won't be going to the conference, and her colleagues won't either. She won't be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues. John hasn't seen the new movie yet. I haven't seen the new movie yet. John hasn't seen the new movie yet, and I haven't either. John hasn't seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
Cu ph nh cu to cu ph nh t not sau: (1) (2) ng t to be - tr ng t to do ca ng t thng - cc tr ng t thi kp. t any ng trc danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh. Nn nh rng trong ting Anh ca ngi M: not ... any + noun = not ... a single + noun.
He did not sell a single magazine yesterday = He did not sell any magazine yesterday.
(3) (4)
Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh vo ph nh ngi ta ng t th khng nh v t no trc danh t. Lc no = not ... at all. Mt s cc cu hi dng ph nh s mang 2 ngha: Nhn mnh cho s khng nh ca ngi ni:
Shouldn't you put on your hat, too? (Th anh i lun m vo i nh) Didn't you say that you would come to the party tonight? (Th anh ch ni danh s i d tic l g?)
Dng tn dng:
Wasn't the weather beautiful yesterday. (Thi tit hm qua p tuyt vi.) Wouldn't it be nice if we didn't have to work on Friday. (Tht l tuyt vi nu mnh khng phi lm vic ngy th su.)
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(5)
Negative + Negative = Positive (nhn mnh).

It's unbelievable that he isn't rich.
(6)
Negative + Comparative (more/less) = superlative

I couldn't agree with you less. (Ti ch ng vi anh t ch no c.) (absulutely disagree) You couldn't have gone to the beach on a better day. the best day to go to the beach (Anh khng th chn ngy no tt hn ngy hm nay ra bin.)
(7)
Nhng phi ht sc cn thn khi dng cu trc ny m sau n li km mt cu trc ph nh khc.

He couldn't have been more unfriendly when I met him. The most unfriendly (N khng th no ght ti hn c na khi ti gp n.) The surgery couldn't have been more unnecessary. absolutely unecessary (Cuc phu thut tuyt i l khng cn thit.)
(8)
even less noun Negative... , + still less + verb in simple form = Khng ... m li cng much less khng.
Those students don't like reading novels, much less textbooks. (Nhng sinh vin ny khng thch c tiu thuyt m li cng khng thch c sch gio khoa.) It's really unbelievable how he could have survived such a free fall, much less live to tell about it on television. (Tht s khng th no tin c l n li c th sng st c sau mt c ri t do nh th, li cng khng th sng m ni trn ti vi c.)
(9)
Mt s ph t mang ngha ph nh. Khi dng n trong cu tuyt i khng th cu to th ph nh ca ng t na.
hardly almost nothing rarely or barely mean seldom mean almost never almost not at all scarcely hardly ever
John rarely comes to class on time. (John usually does not come to class on time.) Jerry hardly studied last night. Jerry studied very little last night).
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She scarcely remembers the accident. (She almost doesn't remember the accident.) We seldom see photos of these animals. (We almost never see photos of these animals.) Jane barely arrived on time. (Jane almost didn't arrive on time.) I hardly ever go to sleep before midnight. (I usually don't go to sleep before midnight.)
(10)
Lu rng cc ph t ny khng mang ngha ph nh hon ton m mang ngha gn nh ph nh. c bit l nhng t barely v scarcely khi i vi nhng t enough v only hoc nhng thnh ng ch s chnh xc.
She barely makes it to class on time. (C ta n lp va vn ng gi.) Do you have enough money for the tuition fee? Only barely/Scarcely enough (My c tin ng hc ph khng? Ch va .)
(11)
i vi nhng ng t to think, believe, suppose + that + sentence phi cu to ph nh cc ng t , khng c cu to ph nh mnh th 2.

I didn't think you came to class yesterday. I don't believe she stays home now. (BE: stays at home)
(12)
Trong dnh informal standard English, mt cu trc ph nh nhng khng mang ngha ph nh i khi c s dng sau nhng ch s nghi ng hoc khng chc chn, c bit l ph nh kp.
I shouldn't be surprised if they didn't get married soon = If they got married soon. I wonder whether I ought to go and see a doctor. I'm feeling a bit tired.
(13)
No matter + who / what / which / where / when / how + subject + verb in present = d c ... i chng na th.
No matter who telephone, say I'm out. No matter where you are, you will find a Coca Cola.
(14)
NOTE: No matter who = whoever, No matter what = whatever.

No matter what (whatever) you say I won't believe you.
Cc cu trc ny c th ng cui cu m khng cn c mnh theo sau.

I will always love you no matter what.
(15)
Not ... at all : chng ... cht no.

I didn't understand anything at all. (Tao chng hiu m t g c.) She was hardly frightened at all. (C y chng s cht no.)
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(16)
At all cn c dng trong cu hi, c bit vi nhng t If, any.

Do you play football at all? You can come whenever you like - any time at all.
(17) (18)
Not at all = khng c chi ( p li li cm n). Subject + link verb in negative + at all + adjective.
He isn't at all satisfied with his final paper. (N hon ton khng hi lng vi bi vit cui cng ca n.)
Mnh lnh thc (1) Cng thc chung:

subject + verb + complement + ( not) + [verb in infinitive ]
Mnh lnh thc gin tip thng dng vi mt s ng t.
to order/ask/say/tell smb to do/ not to do sth

John told Mary to close the door. Jack asked Jill to turn on the light. The teacher told Christoper to open the window. John ordered Bill to close his hook. The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet. Jack asked Jill not to turn off the light. The teacher told Christoper not to open the window. Please tell Jaime not to leave the room. John ordered Bill not to close his book.
(2)
Let's = chng ta hy i. Let's go. (mnh i thi) Let us go = hy chng ti i.
(3)
Cu hi c ui ca let's l shall we. Let's go out for dinner, shall we?
[Exercises: 15-20, mini test 1; 30-12-2001 (hc b ti th 2 vo sng CN)]
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ng t khuym khuyt l nhng ng t bng di y, mang nhng c im sau: (1) (2) (3) (4) Khng c tiu t to ng trc ng t no i sau n phi b to. Khng cn dng vi tr ng t m dng vi chnh bn thn n trong cc dng cu nghi vn v ph nh. Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i cng nhau. Nu c th ng t th 2 phi bin dng mt dng khc.
will have to / will be able to / will be allowed can may must
(5)
Lu rng can ch kh nng t thn cn may ch kh nng t bn ngoi cho php.

I can speak English. May I come in. (ch s ng ca ngi khc)
ng t khuym khuyt vi nhng chc nng sau y:

I. Cu iu kin
1. iu kin c th thc hin c hin ti

will can if + subject + simple present tense... + may + [verb in simple form] must
If I have time, I will go shopping with you.
2. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti
would if + subject + simple past tense... + should + [verb in simple form] could might
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house. (But I don't.)
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ng t to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.
3. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh (1) Cng thc chung:
would if + subject + past perfect... + should + have + [verb in past participle] could might
If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it. (But de didn't.)
(2)
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b If i v o had ln trc ch ng.
had + subject + [verb in past participle] ...

Had we known that you were there, we would have written your letter. Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
(3)
Lu , cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo iu kin trn. Trong mt s trng hp, mt v ca cu iu kin ng t thi qu kh, v cn li do thi gian quy nh.
If she had caught the train, she would be here by now. (by now qui nh would be)
II. Cch s dng cc ng t will, would, could, should sau if
(1) (2)
Thng thng cc ng t ny khng c s dng vi if sau cu iu kin, tuy nhin vn c ngoi l. If you will/would = nu ... vui lng: thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s (would lch s hn will).
If you will / would wait for a moment. I will go and see if Mr. Connor is here.
(3)
If + subject + will/would = nu ... chu: din t t nguyn.

If she will listen to me, I can help her. (Nu c y chu lng nghe, ti s gip.)
(4)
Will cn c dng theo mu cu ny din t s ngoan c: nu ... nht nh, nu ... c.

If you will turn on the music loudly late the night, no wonder why your neighbors complain.
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(5)
If you could = xin vui lng: din t lch s mt yu cu m ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng nh mt l ng nhin.
If you could open your book please!
(6)
If + subject + should..., imperative = nhc bng, v phng nh: din t mt tnh hung c th xy ra c nhng rt kh, ngi ni a ra kin ch phng h.
If you should find any difficulty in using that TV, please call me this number. (V phng nh anh cn thy kh khn trong vic s dng ci ti vi th c gi in cho ti.)
(7)
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b If, o should ln trc ch ng.

Should you find any...
III. Mt s cch dng thm ca if ngoi mnh iu kin
1. If ... then = Nu ... th.

If she can't come to us, then we will have to go and see her.
2. If dng trong dng cu khng phi iu kin ng t cc mnh din bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh n.
If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice. If you did not do much math at school, you will find economics difficult to understand. If that was Mary, why didn't she stop and say hello?
3. If ... should = If ... happen to = If ... should happen to: din t s khng chc chn.
If you should happen to pass the supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. (Ng nh anh c qua ch, hy mua mt t trng.)
4. If + was/were + to + verb (1) Din t iu kin khng c tht hoc tng tng tng lai.
If the boss was/were to come in now (=if the boss came in now), we would be in real trouble. (By gi m xp n th rc ri to [thc t bit l xp ang rt xa]) What would we do if I was/were to lose may job? (Chng ta s lm g nu anh mt vic nh [cng vic hin ti ang rt tt, y ch l mt ngh tng tng])
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(2)
Hoc din t mt lch s khi a ra mt ngh.

If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down. (Nu anh vui lng dch gh ra mt cht, chng ta c th cng ngi c.)
(3)
Cu trc ny tuyt i khng c dng vi cc ng t tnh hoc ch trng thi t duy.

Correct: Incorrect: If I knew her name, I would tell you. If I was/were to know her name, I would tell you.
5. If + it + to be + not + for = Nu khng v, nu khng nh vo. (1) Hin ti:

If it wasn't/weren't for the children that couple wouldn't have anything to talk about. (Nu khng v nhng a con, v chng nh chng c g ni.)
(2)
Qu kh:
If it hadn't been with your help, I didn't know we would have done.
6. Not: i khi c thm vo sau If by t s nghi ng, khng chc chn = c nn ... hay khng.
I wonder if we should not ask the doctor to look at Mary. (Ti bn khon khng bit c nn hi bc s n khm cho Mary hay khng.)
7. It would + subject + would = s l ... nu (khng c dng trong vn vit).

If would be better if they would tell everybody. How would we feel if this would happen to our family?
8. If ... 'd have ...'d have Dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit. Din t iu kin khng th xy ra qu kh.
If I'd have known, I have told you. If she'd have recognized, I would have been funny.
9. If + propesition + noun/verb (subject + be b lc b).

If in doubt (= If you are in doubt), ask for help. If about to go along journey (If you are about to go on...), try to have a good night's sleep.
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10. If dng kh ph bin vi mt s t nh any/anything/ever/not din t ph nh.

There is a little if any good evidence for flight sources. I'm not angry if anything, I feel a little surprised. He seldom if ever travels abroad. (Anh y ch my khi ra nc ngoi.) Usually, if not always, we write "can not" as one word. (Thng thng, nu khng phi l lun lun nh vy, th can not c vit thnh mt t.)
(1) (2)
Thnh ng If anything cn din t m th. If + adjective = although: cho d l. Ngha khng mnh bng although, dng din t quan im ring hoc vn g khng quan trng.
He's style if simple is he present to read. (Vn phong cho d l n gin nhng rt d c.) The profit if little lower than last year's are still extremely wealthy. (Li nhun d c gim so vi nm ngoi nhng vn l rt ln.)
(3)
Cu trc ny c th thay bng may ... but.

He's style may be simple but it is present to read.
IV. Cch s dng thnh ng as if ... as though : chng nh l, nh th
l. (1) Mnh ng sau hai thnh ng ny thng xuyn dng iu kin khng th thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 2 thi. Thi hin ti: nu ng t mnh trc chia hin ti n gin th ng t mnh sau chia qu kh n gin. ng t to be phi chia bng were tt c cc ngi.
as if subject + verb (present) + + subject + verb (past)... as though
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter.) Angelique walks as though she studied modeling. (She didn't study modeling) He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich.)
Thi qu kh: nu ng t mnh trc chia qu kh n gin th ng t mnh sau chia qu kh hon thnh.
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as if subject + verb (past) + + subject + verb (past prefect)... as though

Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. (She didn't win the grand prize.) Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. (He didn't see a ghost.) He looked as though he had run ten miles. (He didn't run ten miles.)
(3)
NOTE: mnh sau as if, as though khng phi lc no cng tun theo quy lut trn nu iu kin trong cu l c tht hoc theo quan nim ca ngi ni l c tht. Lc 2 cng thc trn khng c s dng. ng t mnh sau din bin bnh thng theo mi quan h vi ng t mnh chnh.
He looks as if he has finished the test. (Perhaps he has finished.) He looked as though he was leaving. (Perhaps he was leaving.)
V. Cch s dng ng t to hope, to wish
(1) (2)
Hai ng t ny tuy gn ng ngha nhng khc nhau v cch s dng v bn cht ng php. ng t mnh sau hope (hy vng rng) s din bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh mnh .
We hope that they will come.
(3)
Nhng ng t mnh sau wish bt buc phi dng iu kin khng th thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 3 thi:
1. iu kin c tht tng lai ng t mnh sau wish c dng would/could/were + verb-ing. future wish
could + verb subject * + wish + (that) + subject * + would + verb ... were + [ verb + ing]
* Subject can be the same or different.
We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can't come.)
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I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably won't stop.) She wishes that she were coming with us. (She is not coming with us.)
2. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti ng t mnh sau wish s chia simple past, ng t to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi. present wish
subject + wish + (that) + subject + simple past tense...

I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. (I don't have enough time.) We wish that he were old enough to come with us. (He is not old enough.) They wish that they didn't have to go to class today. (They have to go to class)
3. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh ng t sau wish s chia past perfect hoc could have + PII. past wish
past perfect subject + wish + (that) + subject + could have + [verb in past particilpe]
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. (I didn't wash the clothes.) She wishes that she could have been there. (She couldn't be there.) We wish that we had had more time last night. (We didn't have more time.)
4. Lu (1) ng t mnh sau wish ch c th b nh hng ca wish v bt buc dng iu kin khng th thc hin c nhng iu kin y thi no li ph thuc vo chnh thi gian ca bn thn mnh ch khng ph thuc vo thi ca ng t wish.
She wishes that she could have come earlier yesterday. He wished that he would come to visit us next week. The photographer wished we stood together closer than we are standing now.
(2)
Cn phn bit wish vi ngha: mong g, c g vi wish theo ngha chc trong mu cu: To wish sbm sth: chc ai ci g.
I wish you a happy birthday.
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To wish smb to do sth: mun ai lm g.

The government does not wish Dr. Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a foreign university. (Chnh ph khng mun ng TS. Jekyll Hyde nhn mt chn GS mt trng nc ngoi.)
Wish to do sth: mun lm g.

I wish to see the manager to make a complain. (Ti mun gp ngi qun l khiu ni.)
Wish (lch s, trang trng nht) = would like (lch s) = want (thn mt)
[Exercises: mini test 1; 4-1-2002]

VI. Cch s dng thnh ng used to,
to get used to to be
(1)
Used to + verb = thng hay, tng; ch mt thi quen, mt hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra trong qu kh.
When David was young, he used to swim once a day. (Past time habit)
(2)
Dng nghi vn:
Did + subject + use to + verb = Used + subject + to + verb

(3) Dng ph nh:
Subject + did not use to + verb = subject + used not to + verb

(4) Lu : used to + verb c th thay bng would, nhng t khi v d b nhm ln.
When David was young, he would swim once a day.
(5)
to get verb ing used to + = tr nn quen vi. to be noun

He got used to American food now.
VII. Cch s dng thnh ng would rather
(1)
Would rather ... than ... = Prefer ... to : thch ... hn l.
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(2)
ng sau would rather bt buc phi l ng t b to, nhng sau prefer l mt verb-ing v c th b i c.
John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice. John prefers drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.
(3)
Khi would rather ... than mang ngha: th ... cn hn l th prefer ... to khng th thay th c. Lc ny would rather ... than = would sooner ... than...
They would rather die in freedom than live in slavery. He prefers dogs to cats. / He would rather have dogs than cats. (Anh ta thch ch hn mo.) / (Anh ta th nui ch hn l nui mo.)
(4)
Vic s dng would rather cn tu thuc vo s ch ng v ngha ca cu.
1. Loi cu c mt ch ng Cu trc s dng cho li cu ny l would rather ... than..., l loi cu iu kin khng th thc hin c v chia 2 thi.
a. Hin ti Sau would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not di nguyn th b to.
subject + would rather + [verb in simple form]...

Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today. Jim would rather not go to class tomorrow than today.
b. Thi qu kh ng t sau would rather phi l have + PII. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh, t not sau rather.
subject + would rather + have + [verb in past participle]...

Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today. Jim would rather not have gone to class yesterday than today.
2. Loi cu c 2 ch ng Loi cu ny dng thnh ng would rather that (c g, mong g) v ng trong mt s trng hp sau:
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a. Loi cu gi nh hin ti (1) (2) (3) L loi cu ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm vic g nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc ngi th 2. Trong trng hp ny ng t mnh 2 dng nguyn th b to. Th ph nh: t not trc nguyn th b to.
subject 1 + would rather that + subject 2 + [verb in simple form]
I would rather that you call me tomorrow. We would rather that he take this train. I would rather that you not call me tomorrow. We would rather that he not take this train.
(4)
Ng php hin i ngy nay, c bit l ng php M cho php b that trong cu ny m vn gi nguyn hnh thc gi nh.
He would rather (that) he not take this train.
b. Loi cu khng th thc hin c hin ti (1) ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia simple past. ng t to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.
subject 1 + would rather that + subject 2 + [verb in simple past tense]
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does. (His girlfriend does not work in the same department.) Jane would rather that it were winter now. (It is not winter now.)
(2)
Th ph nh: dng didn't + verb hoc were not sau ch ng 2.

Henry would rather that his girlfriend didn't work in the same department as he does. Jane would rather that it were not winter now.
c. Loi cu khng th thc hin c qu kh (1) ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia past perfect.

subject 1 + would rather that + subject 2 + past perfect...
Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(2)
Th ph nh: dng hadn't + PII.
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Jim would rather that Jill had not gone to class yesterday.
3)
Lu : trong li ni bnh thng hng ngy dng wish thay cho would rather that.
VIII. Cch s dng thnh ng would like
(1) (2) (3)
Din t mt cch lch s li mi mc hay mnh mun g. Khng dng do you want khi mun mi mc ngi khc. Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh, nu din t s u thch ca ch ng th sau like l mt verb-ing.
He does like reading novel.
(4)
Nhng din t s lu chn hoc thi quen th sau like l ng t nguyn th.
Between soccer and tennis, I like to see the former. (choice) When making tea, he usually likes to put some sugar and a slice of lemon in first. (habit)
(5) (6)
Nhng trong ting Anh ca ngi M, khng c s phn bit ny. Tt c sau like u l ng t nguyn th. Would not like = khng a, trong khi: Do not want = khng mun.
Polite: Impolite: Would you like some more coffee? No, thanks / Thank you, I don't want any more. I wouldn't like. (Tao thm vo.)
(7)
Lu rng, khi like c dng vi ngha cho l ng, l hay, l khn ngoan th theo sau bao gi cng phi l mt nguyn th c to.
She likes the children to play in the garden. (She thinks they are saved in that place.) I like to go to the dentist twice a year.
(8)
Would like/ would care/would love/would hate/would prefer + to + verb: khi din t iu kin cho mt hnh ng c th tng lai.
Would you like/care to come with me? I'd love too / I'd hate too. (Ti xin v php.)
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(9)
Would like/ would care for / would enjoy + verb-ing : khi din t khu v, thch ni chung ca ch ng.
She would like / would you enjoy riding horses. If she could ride better. I wonder if Tom would care for / would enjoy hang-gliding. (tu ln)
VIIII. Cch s dng cc ng t khuym khuyt din t cc trng thi hin ti
1. Could/May/Might + [verb in simple form] = c l, c th. Ch kh nng c th xy ra hin ti nhng ngi ni khng dm chc. (C 3 ng t u c gi tr nh nhau).
It might rain tomorrow. It may rain tomorrow. = It could rain tomorrow. It will possibly rain tomorrow. OR Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
NOTE: Maybe is a combination of may and be, but it is one word and is not an auxiliary. It means the same as perhaps.
2. Should + [verb in simple form] = (1) Nn: din t mt li khuyn, s gi , s bt buc nhng khng mnh lm.
You should study tonight. One should exercise daily. Maria should go on a diet. You should see a doctor about this problem.
(2)
C khi, c l: din t ngi ni mong mun iu s xy ra ( = expect)

I should rain tomorrow.
(3)
Cc thnh ng bng di u tng ng vi should, vi iu kin ng t to be trong thnh ng be supposed to phi chia hin ti.
had better should subject + ought to + [ verb in simple form]... be supposed to
John should study tonight. John had better study tonight. John ought to study tonight. John is supposed to study tonight.
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(4)
Lu : thnh ng be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn ngha : bt buc phi, quy nh phi.
We are supposed to have a science test this afternoon but it was postponed because the teacher had to attend a conference. (Cng ti c quy nh l phi c mt bi kim tra ...)
3. Must + [verb in simple form] (1) Phi: mang ngha bt buc, rt mnh.
An automobile must have gasoline to run.
(2)
Hn l: ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht hin ti.
John's lights are out. He must be asleep.
4. Have to (1) Ngi ta dng have to thay cho must trong cc trng hp sau: Qu kh: had to
George had to call his insurance agent yesterday.
(2)
Tng lai: will have to

He will have to take an exam next week.
(3)
Hin ti: have to c dng thay cho must hi xem bn thn mnh bt buc phi lm g, hoc din t s bt buc do khch quan em li lm gim nh tnh bt buc ca must.
Do I have to leave a deposit? No, you needn't. But you have to leave your ID card number written down in this register. I'm sorry. But that's the way it is. (Ti xin li, ci l y n th y .)
(4)
Lu : have got to + verb thng dng nhiu trong vn ni. Thng xuyn dng cho cc hnh ng n l.
I have to work every day except Sunday. But I don't have to work a full day on Saturday.
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X. Cch s dng cc ng t khuym khuyt din t cc trng thi qu kh
1. Could/May/Might + have + PII = c l Din t mt kh nng c th qu kh xong ngi ni khng dm chc.

It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure. The cause of death could have been bacteria. John might have gone to the movies yesterday.
2. Could have + PII = l ra c th (trn thc t l khng)

He could have gotten the tickets for the concert last night.
3. Might have been + verb-ing = c l lc y ang.

I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
4. Should have + PII =l ra phi, l ra nn. Ch mt vic l ra phi xy ra trong qu kh xong v l do no li khng xy ra.
John should have gone to the post office this morning. (He did not go to the post office.) Maria shouldn't have called John last night. (Maria did call him last night.) The policeman should have made a report about the burglary. (He did not make a report.)
NOTE: should have PII = was/were supposed to [verb in simple form]
5. Must have + PII = hn l . Ch s suy on logic da trn hin tng c tht qu kh.
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night. (It probably rained last night.) Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied. (She probably studied.)
6. Must have been + verb-ing : hn l lc y ang

I didn't hear you knock. I must have been gardening behind the house.
[Exercises: 21-25; 7-1-2002]

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XI. Cc vn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th
(1)
Din t kt qu ca mt yu t tng tng: s / c khi s.

If I were asked to work on Sunday. I should resign.
(2)
Dng trong mnh c that sau n tnh t ch trng thi: anxious, sorry, concern, happy, delighted = ly lm ... rng.../ ly lm ... v...
I'm anxious that she should be well cared for. (Ti ly lm lo lng rng liu c y c c chm sc tt hay khng.) We are sorry that you should fell uncomfortable. (Chng ti ly lm tic v anh khng c thoi mi.) That you should speak to him like that is a quite surprising.
(3)
Dng vi if / in case ch mt iu kh c th xy ra. Ngi ta a ra kin ch phng nga.

If you should change your mind (=should you change your mind.), please let me know. (Ng nh anh c thay i kin, lm n xin cho ti bit.) In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody will be there to meet her. (Ng nh anh ta qun khng ra sn bay, s chng c ai n c y.)
(4)
Dng sau so that, in order that ch mc ch (thay cho would, could)

He puts the suitcases in the car so that he should able to make an earlier start. (Anh y t va li vo xe c th khi hnh sm.) She repeated the introduction slowly in order that the foreigner should understand.
(5)
Dng cho nhng li yu cu lch s.

I should like to make a phone call, if possible. (Ti xin php c dng in thoi, nu c th.)
(6)
Dng vi imagine, say, think a ra li ngh = thit tng, cho l.

I should imagine it will take about 3 hours. (Ti thit tng ...) I should say she is over forty. (Ti cho l b ta ngoi 40.)
(7)
Dng trong cu hi din t s nghi ng, thiu quan tm.

How should I know? (Lm sao ti bit c?) Why should he think like that? (Sao n li ngh vy?)
(8)
Dng vi cc i t nghi vn what, who din t s ngc nhin. Thng dng vi but v trong mt s trng hp should o ln trn ch ng.
I was thinking of going to see John. When who should appear but John himself.
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(Ti ang tnh l n thm John th ngi xut hin li chnh l anh y.) What should I find but an enormous spider. (Ci m ti nhn thy li chnh l mt con nhn khng l.)
Tnh t (1) (2) Mt tnh t lun b ngha cho mt danh t v ch mt danh t. N lun ng trc danh t c b ngha. Trong ting Anh c duy nht mt tnh t ng sau danh t l galore: nhiu, di do, phong ph.
There were errors galore in the final test. (C v s li trong bi kim tra cui cng.)
(3)
Tnh t cng ng sau cc i t phim ch: something, anything, anybody.

It's something strange. He's somebody quite unknown.
Ph t (1) Mt ph t lun b ngha cho mt ng t, mt tnh t hoc mt ph t khc.

John is reading carefully. Rita drank too much coffee.
(2)
Adjective + ly = adverb nhng phi cn thn v mt s tnh t cng c tn cng l ui ly (lovely, friendly...). Ph t ca nhng tnh t ny c cu to bng cch sau: In a dajective + way/ mamer.
He behaves me in a friendly way.
(3)
Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. Ngoi ra cn mt s cc cm t cng c coi l ph t. N bao gm mt gii t m du kt hp vi cc danh t i sau ch: a im (at home), thi gian (at 5 pm), phng tin (by bus, with pencil), tnh hung hnh ng (in a very difficult situation). Tt c cc cm t ny u c xem l ph t. V tr ca ph t trong cu ting Anh tng i thoi mi v phc tp, xong c mt s quy lut nh sau:
(4)
(5)
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Nu cha bit c ph t u th v tr thng xuyn ca n l cui cu. c bit l cc ph t ui ly. Cc ph t v cm ph t lm b ng ng cui cu theo th t sau: ch phng thc hnh ng - a im - thi gian - phng tin hnh ng - tnh hung hnh ng. Khng bao gi mt ph t hoc cm ph t c xen vo gia ng t v tn ng. Nu trong cu khng c ph t no khc ngoi ph t ch thi gian th c th a n ln u cu.
In 1980, he graduated and found a job.

Cc ph t ch tn s nh always, sometimes, often, ... lun ng trc ng t hnh ng nhng phi ng sau ng t to be.
ng t ni l nhng ng t bng di, mang tnh cht nh sau:

be become remain stay appear seem sound feel look smell taste
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Khng din t hnh ng m din t trng thi hoc bn cht s vt, s vic. ng sau chng phi l mt tnh t, khng c l mt ph t. Khng c chia th tip din d bt c thi no. Lu rng, trong bng ny c cc cp ng t:
to seem = to happen to appear = to chance [dng nh]. Chng c th thay th ln cho nhau nhng khng th thay th cho nhau hay thay th ngang.
(5)
Cc ng t ny c dng theo mu cu nh sau: Dng vi ch ng gi it.

It seems / appears that they have passed the exam. = It happens / chances that they have passed the exam. (Dng nh l h vt qua c k thi.)
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Dng vi ch ng tht.
They seem / appear to have passed the exam. = They happen / chance to have passed the exam.
Ngoi ngha dng nh, happen v chance cn mang ngha tnh c, ngu nhin, may m.
She happened to be out / it happened that she was out when he called. (Ngu nhin c ta khng c nh khi anh y gi.) She chanced to be in / [it happened that she was in] when he called. (May m c ta c nh khi anh y gi in.)
(6)
Ba ng t to be, to become, to remain trong mt s trng hp c mt danh t hoc mt ng danh t theo sau khi chng mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni.
Doug remained chairman of the board despite the opposition. Christine became class president after a long, hard campaign. Ted will be prom king this year.
(7)
Bn ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng hp c th l mt ngoi ng t i hi mt tn ng i theo sau n, lc ny: n mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni - c th c mt ph t ni i km - n thay i v mt ng ngha ( to feel = s nm khm, to look = nhn, to smell = ngi, to taste = nm), chng c php chia tip din.
The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly.
Cc dng so snh ca tnh t v ph t

I. So snh bng
(1)
Cng thc:
adjective noun subject + verb + as + adverb + as + pronoun

(2) Nu l ph nh: as th nht c th thay bng so (ch d c).
He is not as (so) tall as his father.
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(3)
Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong trng hp ny nhng nn nh rng trc khi so snh phi m bo rng danh t phi c cc tnh t tng ng.
Adjective heavy, light wide, narrow deep, shallow long, short big, small nouns weight width depth length size
Cng thc chung l:

noun subject + verb + the same + (noun ) + as + pronoun
My house is as high as his. My house is the same height as his.
(4) (5)
Ngc vi ngha the same ... as l different from. Lu : trong AE, different than cng c th c dng nu sau chng l mt mnh hon chnh. Tuy nhin trng hp ny khng ph bin v khng c a vo cc bi thi ng php.
His appearance is different than I have expected. His appearance is different from what I have expected.
(6)
[Negative] + so + adjective + a/an + noun + as smb/sth = l mt ... bng (thng dng ph nh).
He is not so good a tennis player as his wife.
(7)
[Negative] + adjective + a/an + singular count noun = mt ... n nh th. (thng dng ph nh)
I have never before met so gentle a person (= such a gentle person). (Ti cha bao gi gp mt ngi t t n nh th.)
(8)
Just as ..., so ... : ging ht nh ...th cng.

Just as the Industrial Revolution unleaded forces that destroyed the old agricultural order, so the Information Revolution is creating a new global devising of labor with farreaching consequences for the fortunes of nations and individuals. (Ging ht nh cuc cch mng cng nghip ..., th cuc cch mng tin hc cng to ra s phn chia li lao ng ton cu ...)
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II. So snh hn km
(1) (2) (3)
Trong loi so snh ny, ngi ta chia lm 2 dng: tnh t v ph t ngn (c ln ch c mt vn) - tnh t v ph t di (hai vn tr ln). i vi tnh t v ph t ngn ch cn cng ui er. i vi nhng tnh t ngn ch c mt nguyn m kp gia hai ph m, phi gp i ph m cui trnh thay i cch c. (hot hotter, red redder) i vi nhng tnh t c tn cng l y, d c 2 vn vn b coi l tnh t ngn v phi i y ier. (happy happier, dry drier) Trng hp c bit: strong -> stronger, friendly -> friendlier than/ more friendly than. i vi tnh t v ph t di phi dng more / less. Sau than phi l i t nhn xng ch ng, khng c l tn ng.
adjective + er adverb + er * noun subject + verb + + than + pronoun more + adjective / adverb less + adjective / adverb
(4)
(5)
(6) (7)
(8)
Lu : trng hp c bit kt hp gia so snh bng v hn km. To be + as + adjective, if not more + adjective, than = ... nu ... khng ni l hn.
The prices at chain stores are as reasonable, if not more reasonable than those at discount stores. (Gi ti cc ca hng chui cng hp l, nu khng mun ni l hp l hn gi c ti cc ca hng bn h gi.)
[Exercises: 26,27; 11-1-2002] (9) Khi so snh mt ngi, mt vt vi tt c nhng ngi hoc vt khc phi thm else sau anything, anybody.
He's smatter than anybody else in the class.
(10)
nhn mnh cho so snh c th nhn mnh bng cch dng much, far trc so snh.
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far adjective noun subject + verb + + + er + than + much adverb pronoun
far more adjective noun subject + verb + + + + than + much less adverb pronoun
Harry's watch is far more expensive than mine. That move we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television. A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon. She dances much more artistically than her predecessor. He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish. His car is far better than yours.
(11)
Danh t cng c th dng so snh bng hoc hn km nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh xem l danh t m c hay khng m c, v ng trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t .
many much noun subject + verb + as + + noun + as + pronoun little few
more noun subject + verb + as + fewer + noun + than + pronoun less

I have more books than she. February has fewer days than March. He earns as much money as his brother. They have as few classes as we. Their job allows them less freedom than ours does. Before payday, I have as little money as my brother.
NOTE: (quan trng) ng sau as v than ca cc mnh so snh c th loi b ch ng nu n trng hp vi ch ng th nht, c bit l khi ng t sau than v as dng b ng. Lc ny than v as cn c thm chc nng ca mt i t quan h thay th.
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Their marriage was as strong as had been expected. (Incorrect: ...as it had been expected) Ann is going to join us, as was agreed last week. (Incorrect: ...as it was agreed) He worries more than was good for him. (Incorrect: than it/what was good for him)
Hoc cc tn ng cng c th b loi b sau cc mnh ng t sau than.

John loses your passport as I did last year. (Incorrect: as I did it last year) She gets the meat from the same butter as I go to. (Incorrect: as I go to him)
III. So snh hp l
(1) (2)
Khi so snh nn nh rng cc mc dng so snh phi tng ng nhau: ngi vi ngi, vt vi vt. Do vy, ba mc so snh hp l s l: s hu cch - that of (cho s t) - those of (cho s nhiu).
IV. So snh c bit
(1)
Bng sau y l nhng dng so snh c bit ca tnh t v ph t.

ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB far little COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
farther further
less more better worse
farthest furthest
least most best worst
much many good well bad badly
(2)
Trong , lu rng farther dng cho khong cch cn further dng cho thng tin hoc mt s cc trng hp tru tng khc.
The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine. If you want further (more) information, please call the agent. Next year he will come to the US for his further education.
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I feel much better today than I did last week. The university is farther than the mall. He has less time now than he had before. Marjorie has more books than Sue. This magazine is better than that one. He acts worse now than ever before.
V. So snh a bi
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Tng ng cu trc ting Vit: gp ri, gp i, Khng c s dng so snh hn km m phi s dng so snh bng. Ng php hin i ngy nay, c bit l ng php M cho php dng so snh, hn km t gp 3 ln tr ln nhng i vi gp i v mt na th khng. Cc li ni twices that many, twices that much = gp i ngn y ch nn dng trong khu ng, khng nn dng vit.
We had expected 80 people at the rally, but twice that many showed up. (twice as many as that number)
(5)
Half as many/much again gp ri.

They aren't enough chairs for the meeting. We need half as many again. I'd like this photograph enlarged so that it's half as big again. (Ti mun phng bc nh ny ln, sao cho n tng gp ri).
VI. So snh kp
(1) (2)
L loi so snh tng ng vi cu trc cng bao nhiu , cng by nhiu. Cc tnh t v ph t so snh phi ng u cu, ng trc chng phi c the:
the + comparative + subject + verb + the + comparative + subject + verb
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel. The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel. The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
(3)
Nu ch c mt v c tnh t so snh th v cn li c th dng the more:
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the more + subject + verb + the + comparativ e + subject + verb

The more you study, the smarter you will become. The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got. The more he slept, the more irritable he became.
(4)
Sau the more v mt c th dng that nhng khng nht thit.

The more (that) we know about it, the more we are assured. (Chng ta cng bit n bao nhiu th chng ta cng c bo m by nhiu.)
(5)
Trong trng hp c hai v l thnh ng It is th phi b chng i.

The shorter (it is), the better (it is).
(6)
Hoc nu c hai v u l ng t to be th cng phi b n i.

The closer to one of the Earth's poles (is), the greater the gravitational force (is).
(7)
Cc thnh ng all the better (cng tt hn), all the more (cng hn), not any the more (chng hn t no), none the more (chng cht no dng nhn rt mnh cho cc tnh t hoc ph t c so snh sau. N ch c dng vi cc tnh t tru tng.
Sunday mornings were nice. I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast. (Ti li cng thch hn na v Sue gh qua n sng). He explains it carefully but I was the still none the wise.
(8)
Cu trc ny tuyt i khng c dng vi cc tnh t c th.

Incorrect: Correct: Those pills have made him all the slimmer. Those pills have made him ever slimmer.
VII. Cu trc no sooner than: va mi th
(1) (2)
Ch dng cho qu kh v hin ti, khng dng cho tng lai. No sooner ng u mnh , theo sau n l mt tr ng t o ln trc nhn mnh, than ng u mnh cn li.
no sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb
No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain. No sooner will he arrive than he will want to leave. No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of somebody else.
(3)
No sooner than = hardlly/scarely when.
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(4)
No longer = not any more

subject + no longer + positive verb ...
John no longer studies at the university. (John does not study at the university any more.) Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired. (Cynthia may not use the library anymore.)
VIII. So snh gia hai ngi, hai vt
(1)
Khi so snh gia hai ngi, hai vt ch c dng so snh hn km, khng c dng so snh bc nht mc d trong mt s dng vn ni v thm ch c vn vit i khi vn s dng (li c bn). Trc tnh t v ph t so snh phi c the. Trong cu c thnh ng of the two + noun, thnh ng ny c th ng u hoc cui cu.
subject + verb + the + comparativ e + of the two + (noun) of the two + (noun) + subject + verb + the + comparative
Harvey is the smarter of the two boys. Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier. Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake. Of the two landscapes that you have shown me, this one is the more picturesque. Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.
(2)
IX. So snh bc nht
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Dng khi so snh t ba ngi, ba vt tr ln. i vi tnh t v ph t ngn, dng ui est. i vi tnh t v ph t di dng most hoc least. ng trc so snh phi c the. Dng in vi danh t s t v of vi danh t s nhiu.
adjective + est in + singular count noun subject + verb + the + most + adjective + least + adjective of + plural count noun
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John is the tallest boy in the family. Deana is the shortest of the three sisters. These shoes are the least expensive of all. Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.
(7)
Sau thnh ng one of the + so snh bc nht phi m bo chc chn rng danh t l s nhiu v ng t phi chi ngi th ba s t.
One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjorn Borg. Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
(8)
Mt s cc tnh t hoc ph t mang tnh tuyt i khng nn dng so snh bc mt, v hn ch dng so snh hn, km. Nu buc phi dng th phi b more. (Unique / Perfect / Extreme / Top / Absolute / Prime / Primary).
These drawings are perfect (better) than mine.
(9) (10)
Preferable to sth / smb: c a thchs hn ci g / ai.

Superior to smt / smb (Siu ng/ H ng hn ci g/ai) Inferior
Danh t dng lm tnh t (1) Trong ting Anh c hin tg mt danh t ng trc mt danh t khc, lm nhim v ca mt tnh t. lm c chc nng , chng phi bo m tnh nng sau: ng ngay trc danh t m n b ngha; Khng c php c hnh thi so nhiu tr mt s trng hp c bit; Nu c 2 danh t cng i lm tnh t th gia chng phi c du gch ni.
We took a tour that lasted five weeks. We took a five-week tour.
(2) (3)
Trng hp c bit: sports/sport car; no-frills store, small claims court. Trong mt s trng hp, nu dng danh t lm tnh t th mang ngha en.
A gold watch = a watch made of gold. A golden opportunity = a chance that is very precious and rare.
(4)
Khng c dng tnh t b tr cho danh t khi n ch tnh cht ngh nghip hoc ni dung.
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A mathematics teacher (khc mathematic teacher), a biology book.
(5) -
Cch s dng enough: Lun ng sau mt tnh t v mt ph t nhng li phi ng trc mt danh t.
adjective + enough adverb
Are those French fries crisp enough for you? She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter. It is not cold enough to wear a heavy jacket.
enough + noun
Do you have enough sugar for the cake? Jake bought enough red paint to finish the barn. He does not have enough money to attend the concert.
Trong mt s trng hp, nu danh t c nhc n trn th di c quyn dng enough nh mt i t l .

I forgot my money. Do you have enough?
adverb-ly + enough = thn t:

Strangely enough (l lng thay)
[Exercises: 28-32; 14-1-2001] Mt s trng hp c th dng much, many (1) Many/much + noun/noun phrase dng nh mt nh ng:
She didn't eat much breakfast. There aren't many large glasses left.
(2)
Tuy nhin, much of + tn ngi/a danh c th c dng m khng cn nh ng i km theo danh t ng sau.
I haven't seen much of Howard lately. Not much of Denmark is hilly. (an mch khng nhiu i ni.)
(3)
Many/much of + nh ng (a, the, this, mine) + noun.
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You can't see much of a country in a week. I won't pass the exam. I have missed many of my lessons.
(4)
Many v much dng nhiu trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn nhng trong cu khng nh nn dng cc loi t khc: plenty of, a lot of, lots of thay th.
How much money have you got? I have got plenty. He gets lots of man friend, but he doesn't know many women.
(5)
Tuy nhin, trong formal English, much v many vn c dng bnh thng trong cu khng nh.
Much has been written about the courses of unemployment in the opinion of many economic.
(6)
Much dng nh mt ph t.
I don't travel much these days.
(7)
Much c th dng trc mt s ng t din t s a thch v mt s tng t, c bit trong dng formal English.
I much appreciate your help. We much prefer the country to the town. Janet much enjoyed her stay with your family.
(8)
i vi mt s ng t : like, dislike ch nn dng much sau very v trong cu trc ph nh. Tuy nhin chng vn phi t trc nhng ng t ny.
I very much like your brother. I don't much like your dog, it's very cruel.
Mt s trng hp dng vi much v many (1) Much / too much / many / so many dng c lp sau mnh trc danh t m n b ng.
The cost of a thirty-second commercial on a network television station is $ 300,000, much too much for most business.
(2)
Many + a + singular noun + singular verb = bit bao nhiu.

Many a strong man has disheartened before such a challenge.
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I have been to the top of the Effeil many a time.
(3)
smb who Many' s the + + singular + verb = bit bao nhiu (ngha mnh hn). smt that
Many's the student who wasn't able to follow the post-graduate courses at universities under the pressure of money. Many's the promise that has been broken.
Phn bit thm v cch dng a lot / lots of / plenty / a great deal so vi many/much (1) (2) Cc thnh ng trn tng ng vi: much / many (nhiu), most (a phn). A lot of, lots of (informal) = a great deal = a large number of = much = many. Khng c g khc gia a lot of v lots of. Ch ng chnh sau 2 thnh ng ny s quyt nh vic chia ng t.
A lot of non - count noun + singular verb + Lots of plural count noun + plural verb
A lot of time is needed to learn a language. Lots of us think it's time for an election.
(3)
(4)
Plenty of c dng ph bin trong informal English.

Don't rush, there's plenty of time. Plenty of shops take cheque / checks.
(5)
A large a mount of = a great deal of + non-count noun (formal English)

I have thrown a large amount of old clothes. Mr. John has spent a great deal of time in the Far East.
(6)
A lot v a great deal c th c dng lm ph t v v tr ca n l cui cu.

On holiday, we walk and swim a lot. The government seems to change its mind a great deal.
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Mt s cch dng c th ca more v most (1) More + noun / noun phrase: dng nh mt nh ng.
We need more time. More university students are having to borrow money these days.
(2)
More of + tn ngi / a danh.

It would be nice to see more of Ray and Barbara 500 years ago, much more of Britain was covered with trees.
(3)
More of + nh ng / i t (a, the, my, this, him, them)

He's more of a fool than I thought. Three more of the missing climbers have been found. Could I have some more of that smoke fish? I don't think any more of them want to come.
(4)
One more / two more + danh t / ng danh t

There is just one more river to cross.
(5)
Nhng phi dng s m + danh t + more nu more mang ngha thm na.
He has contributed and now he wants to contribute $ 50 more.
(6)
Most + noun = a phn, a s

Most cheese is made from cow milk.
(7)
Most + nh ng / i t (a, the, this, my, him) = hu ht

He has eaten 2 pizzas and most of a cold chicken. Most of my friends leave aboard. She has eaten most of that cake. Most of us thought he was wrong.
(8)
Most c dng nh mt danh t nu trn danh t hoc ch ng c nhc ti.

Some people had difficulty with the lecture, but most understood. Ann and Robby found a lot of black berries, but Susan found the most.
(9)
Most + tnh t khi mang ngha very.

That is most kind of you. Thank you for a most interesting after noon.
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Cch dng long, a long time v for a long time (1) Long c dng trong cu hi v cu ph nh.
Have you been waiting long? It does not take long to get to her house. She seldom stays long.
(2)
A long time v for a long time dng trong cu khng nh.

I have waited for a long time, but she didn't arrive. It takes a long time to get to her house.
(3)
Long cng c dng trong cu khng nh khi i vi too, enough, as, so.
The meeting went on much too long. I've been working here long enough time to get a new job. You can stay as long as you want. Sorry! I took so long.
(4)
Long befor = lu trc khi/ Long after = mi sau khi/ Long ago = cch y lu.
We used to live in Paris, but that was long before you were born. Long after the accident, he used to dream that he was dying. Long ago, in a distance country, there lived a beautiful Princess.
(5)
Long phi t sau tr ng t th nht.

This is a problem that has long been recognised.
(6)
All day, all night, all week, all year long = sut c
She sits dreaming all day long. (C ta ngi m m mng sut c ngy.)
(7)
Before long = ngay by gi, chng bao lu na.

I will be back before long (soon).
(8)
Trong cu ph nh for a long time = lu, trong mt thi gian di, for long (ngn, khng di, chc lt) cn phi phn bit r ngha.
She didn't speak for long = she only spoke for a short time. (C y ni rt t.) She didn't speak for a long time = She was silence for a long time.
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(9)
How long have you been here for l cu hi bao gm hoc cp n c tng lai. hiu ngha cu hi ny tng lai hay hin ti phi cn c vo cu tr li.
How long have you been here for? Until the end of next week. (Anh s y trong bao lu?) How long have you been here for? Since last Monday. (Anh y cho n gi l bao nhiu ri?)
T ni l nhng loi t ni gia 2 mnh trong cng mt cu.

I. Because/ Because of
(1)
Sau because l mt cu hon chnh, sau because of l mt ng danh t.

subject + verb ... because + there + verb + subject
because of + noun (phrase) Jan was worried because it had started to rain. Jan was worried because of the rain. The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam.
(2) (3)
Because of = no a count of = due to Nhng nn dng due to sau to be cho chun.

The accident was due to the heavy rain.
(4)
Dng as a result of nhn mnh vo hu qu ca hnh ng hoc s vt, s vic.

He was blinded as a result of a terrible accident.
[18-1-2002]
II. T ni ch mc ch v kt qu
(1)
Trong cu trc ny, dng cu trc so that (sao cho, cho). ng t mnh sau so that phi th tng lai so vi th ca ng t trc so that.
subject + verb + so that + subject + verb He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
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(2)
Phi phn bit so that trong cu trc ny vi so that mang ngha do (=therefore). Cch phn bit duy nht l ng t sau so that mang ngha do din bin bnh thng so vi thi ca ng t trc so that.
We heard nothing from her so that (=therefore) we wondered if she moved away.
III. T ni ch nguyn nhn v kt qu
(1)
Trong loi t ni ny dng so/ such that = qu n ni m v chia lm nhiu loi s dng. Dng vi tnh t v ph t:
adjective subject + verb + so + + that + subject + verb adverb
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more. The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him. Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
(2)
Dng vi danh t s nhiu: so that nhng phi dng many hoc few trc danh t .
many subject + verb + so + + plural count noun + that + subject + verb few
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team. I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
(3)
Dng vi danh t khng m c: so that nhng phi dng much hoc little vi danh t .
much subject + verb + so + + non count noun + that + subject + verb little
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now. The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
(4)
Dng vi tnh t + danh t s t: such a that. C th dng so nhng phi a a xung di tnh t (t ph bin hn).
subject + verb + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that...
OR
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subject + verb + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that...

It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
(5)
Dng vi tnh t + danh t s nhiu / khng m c cu trc: such that. Tuyt i khng dng so.
plural count noun subject + verb + such + adjective + + that + subject + verb non - count noun
She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her. They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one. Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble. This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
(6)
So + adjective + as to do sth: n mc lm g.
She was so good as to phone a taxi for me. Would you be so kind as to help me?
IV. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin khc
(1)
Even if + negative verb = cho d l

You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready.
(2)
Whether or not (d c hay khng) + positive verb.

You must go tomorrow whether or not you are ready.
(3)
Cc i t nghi vn u cu cng dng lm t ni v ng t theo sau chng phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

Whether he goes out tonight depends on his girlfriend. Why these pupils cannot solve this math problem makes the teachers confused.
(4)
Mt s cc t ni c quy lut ring nu kt hp vi nhau: And more over, and for the more, and in addition, and therefore, and thus but nevertheless ... but any way, or other way. Nu ni gia hai mnh , ng trc chng phi c du phy.
He was exhausted, and therefore his judgement was not very good. (Anh ta mt mi, do phn quyt ca anh ta l thiu sng sut.)
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Nhng nu ni gia 2 t n th khng.

The missing piece is small but nevertheless significant.
(5)
Unless + positive verb = If not = tr phi, nu khng.

You will be late unless you start at once.
(6)
But for that + unreal condition = nu khng th. Hin ti:

My father pays my fees but for that I couldn't be here. (But he is here learning.)
Qu kh:
My car broke down but for that we would have been her in time.
(7)
Otherwise + unreal condition = Ko nu khng th. Hin ti:

Her father supports her finance, otherwise she couldn't conduct the experiment.
Qu kh:
I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken me longer with the calculation. (But he didn't take any longer.)
NOTE: trong ting Anh thng tc ngi ta thng dng "or else thay th cho otherwise Provided / Providing that = vi iu kin l / min l = as long as.
You can camp here providing (that) you leave no mess.
(8)
(9)
Suppose/supposing = What if = gi s th sao.

Suppose the plane is late = what (will happen) if the plane is late.
NOTE: Suppose cn c th c dng a ra li gi .

Suppose you ask him = Why don't you ask him?
(10)
Thnh ng What if I am = Tao th th lm sao no (mang tnh thch thc).

If only + subject + simple present = hope that = hy vng rng. will + verb
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If only he comes in time = we hope that he comes in time. If only he will learn harder for the test next month.
(11)
If only + subject + would + verb. Din t mt hnh ng khng th xy ra hin ti.

If only he would drive more slowly = we wish he drove more slowly.
Din t mt c mun v vng v tng lai.

If only it would stop raining (but it will continue raining.)
(12)
Immerdiatly = as soon as = the moment / the minute that = the instant that = directly = ngay lp tc, ngay khi m.
Tell me immediately (as soon as) you have any news. Phone me the moment that you get the results. I like the furniture the instant that I saw it. Directly I walk in the door I smelt smoke.
(13)
Just as there is/ there are + noun/noun phrase as subject, so too are there/ is there +noun/ noun phrase as subject = trong khi m, th cng c.
Just as there are occupations that require college degree, so too are there occupations for which technical training is necessary.
Cu b ng Ngi ta dng cu b ng nhn mnh vo tn ng ca cu ch ng. (1) (2) Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tun theo thi ca ng t cu ch ng. Nu l loi ng t c 2 tn ng, mun nhn mnh vo tn ng no ngi ta a tn ng ln lm ch ng nhng thng thng ch ng hp l ca cu b ng l tn ng gin tip.
I gave him a book I gave a book to him He was given a book by me.
(3) (4)
t by + tn ng mi ng sau tt c cc tn ng khc. Nu sau by l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha ngi ta (by people, by somebody) th b hn n i.
Grammar review 89
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(5) (6)
Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo "to be" cn phn t 2 gi nguyn. Cc ni ng t (ng t khng yu cu mt tn ng no) khng c dng th b ng.
My leg hurts.
(7)
c bit khi ch ng chiu trch nhim chnh v hnh ng cng khng c chuyn thnh b ng.
The America takes charge. (Nc M nhn lnh trch nhim.)
(8)
Nu l ngi v vt trc tip gy ra hnh ng th dng by. Nu l vt gin tip gy ra hnh ng th dng with.
The bird was shot by the hunter. The bird was shot with the gun.
(9)
Trong mt s trng hp, to be/ to get + PII hon ton khng mang ngha b ng m mang hai ngha: Ch trng thi m ch ng ang trong .
Could you please check my mail box while I'm gone? He got lost in the maze of the town yesterday.
Ch vic ch ng t lm ly:
The little bay gets dressed very quickly. - Could I give you a hand with these tires? - No, thanks. I will be done when I finish tightening these bolts. (I will be done with them. = tao t xoay s ly.)
(10)
To be made of: c lm bng ( cp n cht liu lm nn vt)

This table is made of wood.
(11)
To be made from: c lm ra t ( cp n vic nguyn vt liu b bin i hon ton khi trng thi ban u lm nn vt)
Paper is made from wood.
(12)
To be made out of: c lm bng ( cp n qu trnh lm ra vt)

This cake was made out of flour, butter, sugar, egg and milk.
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(13)
To be made with : c lm vi ( cp n ch mt trong s nhiu cht liu lm nn vt)

This soup tastes good because it was made with a lot of spices (gia v).
(14)
Phn bit thm v cch dng married v divorce trong 2 th ch ng v b ng. Khi khng c tn ng th hay dng get English.
Looloo and Joe got married last week (informal). Looloo and Joe married last week (formal English). After 3 very unhappy years they got divorced (informal English). After 3 very unhappy years they divorced (formal English).
maried trong dng Informal devorced
[21-1-2002] ng t gy nguyn nhn (to have, get, make, force, let, allow, permit) (1) l nhng ng t din t i tng th nht gy cho i tng th 2 iu g vi mt s mu cu sau: To have smb do sth = to get smb to do sth = sai ai phi lm g, khin ai phi lm g (th ch ng).
Mary had John wash the car. (John washed the car.) active Mary got John to wash the car (John washed the car.) active
(2)
To have/get sth done = a ci g i lm (th b ng).

Mary had the car washed. Mary got the car washed. (The car was washed by somebody.) passive.
Theo khuynh hng ny, want v would like cng c th c dng vi mu cu nh vy. to want/would like sth done = mun ci g c lm.
Cu hi s l : What do you want done to? (Anh mun lm g vi?).

What do you want done to your car? I want / would like it washed.
(3)
To make smb do sth = to force smb to do sth = buc ai phi lm g
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The teacher always makes the children stay in their seats. The robber made the teller give him the money. The robber forced the teller to give him the money.
(4)
ng sau tn ng ca make cn c th dng tnh t:

Wearing flowers make her more beautiful (Ci hoa lm c y p hn.) Chemical treatment will make this wood more durable.
(5)
To make smb + PII: lm cho ai b lm sao.

Working all night on Friday made me tired on Sunday.
(6)
To cause sth + PII: lm cho ci g b lm sao.

The big thunderstorm caused many water frond houses damaged.
(7)
Nu tn ng ca make l mt ng t nguyn th th phi t it gia make v tnh t, t ng t ra pha sau: make it + adjective + verb as object
The wire service made it possible to collect and distribute news faster and cheaper.
(8)
Tuy nhin nu tn ng ca made l mt danh t hay mt ng danh t th khng c t it gia make v tnh t: make+adjective+noun/noun phrase
The wire service made possible much speedier and cheaper collection and distribution of news.
(9)
To let smb do sth = to permit/allow smb to do sth = ai, cho php ai lm g.

John let his daughter swim with her friends. John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends. We are going to let her write the letter.
(10)
To help smb (to) do sth = gip ai lm g.

John helped Mary wash the dishes. Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi. The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials.
Nu tn ng ca help l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha ngi ta th khng cn phi nhc n tn ng v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau.
This wonder drug will help (people to) recover more quickly.
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Nu tn ng ca help v tn ng ca ng t sau n trng hp vi nhau ngi ta s b tn ng sau help v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau.

The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.
(11)
Ba ng t c bit (to see, to watch, to hear): l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s thay i i cht khi ng t sau tn ng ca chng cc dng khc nhau. to see / to watch / to hear smb/sth do sth = xem / theo di / nghe ai / ci g lm g (hnh ng chng kin t u n cui).
I hear the telephone ring. I hear her sing.
to see / to watch / to hear smb/sth doing sth = xem / theo di / nghe ai / ci g ang lm g (hnh ng khng chng kin chn vn m ch nht thi.).
I hear the telephone ringing. I hear her singing.
Cu phc hp v i t quan h thay th Ting Anh c hai loi cu: Cu n gin: l cu c mt thnh phn v ch cn vy cu cng ngha. Cu phc hp: l loi cu c 2 thnh phn chnh, ph ni vi nhau bng mt t c gi l i t quan h thay th.
I. That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph
N ng u cu ph thay th cho danh t bt ng vt ng trc n v lm ch ng ca cu ph. Do n khng th no b i c.

John bought a boat. The boat cost thirty thousand dollars. John bought a boat that cost thirty thousand dollars.
II. That v Which lm tn ng ca cu ph trc
(1)
N thay th cho danh t bt ng vt ng trc , m u cu ph nhng lm tn ng do c th b i c.

We bought the stereo. The stereo had been advertised at a reduced price.
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We bought the stereo that had been advertised at a reduced price.
(2)
Ngi ta dng that ch khng dng which khi: ng trc n l mt tnh t so snh bc nht + noun:
That is the best novel that has been written by this author.
Khi ng trc n l mt s cc i t phim ch nh all, some, any, anything, everything, much, little, nothing...
I want to see all that he possesses. Some of the apples that fall are eaten by pigs.
III. Who lm ch ng ca cu ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt t trc n lm ch ng ca cu ph, do n khng th b i c.

The men are angry. The men are in this room. The men who are in this room are angry.
IV. Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph
(1)
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt (nui trong nh c coi l c tnh cch hoc trong trng hp mun nhn cch ho) trc n v lm tn ng ca cu ph th c th b i c. Nu whom l trng ng ca mt ng ng t bao gm mt ng t + mt gii t th li vit chun nht l a gii t ln trc whom.
The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company.
(2)
(3)
Tuy nhin, nu whom l tn ng ca mt ng ng t bao gm mt ng t + 2 gii t th 2 gii t vn phi ng sau ng t.

The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.
(4)
Khng c dng who thay cho whom; v that thay cho c 2 trong vn vit, cho d n c chp nhn trong vn ni.
V. Mnh ph bt buc v khng bt buc
1. Mnh ph bt buc (Restrictive clause)
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(1) (2) (3)
L loi mnh bt buc phi c mt trong cu, nu b i cu s mt ngha ban u. Nn dng that lm ch ng cho loi cu ny mc d which vn c chp nhn. Cu ph thng ng xen vo gia cu chnh hoc ni lin vi cu chnh v khng tch ri khi n bi bt c du phy no.
Weeds that float to the surface should be removed before they decay.
2. Mnh khng bt buc (Nonrestrictive clause) (1) (2) (3) L loi mnh mang thng tin ph trong cu, nu b n i cu khng mt ngha ban u. Khng c dng that lm ch ng m phi dng which cho d which l tn ng ca mnh ph cng khng c php b n i. Cu ph thng ng xen vo gia cu chnh v bt buc phi tch khi cu chnh bi hai du phy.
My car, which is very large, uses too much gasoline.
VI. Tm quan trng ca vic s dng du phy i mi M ph
(1)
nhng mnh ph bt buc, khi khng dng du phy tc l c s gii hn ca mnh ph i vi danh t ng trc. (tng ng vi ting Vit = ch c).
The travelers who knew about the flood took another road. The wine that was stored in the cellar was ruined.
(2)
i vi nhng mnh ph khng bt buc, khi c du phy ngn cch th n khng xc nh hay gii hn danh t trc n (tng ng vi ngha ting Vit = tt c).
The travelers, who knew about the flood, took another road. The wine, that was stored in the cellar, was ruined.
NOTE: Cc nguyn tc trn ch dng trong vn vit, khng vn ni. Li ng php TOEFL khng tnh n mnh ph bt buc nhng s b tr im nu mc li ca mnh ph khng bt buc. (???)
Grammar review 95
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VII. Cch s dng all / both / some / several / most / few of whom / which
(1)
Tuyt i khng c dng i t nhn xng tn ng trong trng hp ny (them, us)

Her sons, both of whom are working aboard, ring her up every week. The buses, most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.
(2)
What = the thing/ the thing that c th lm tn ng cho mnh ph v cng lc lm ch ng cho mnh chnh.
What we have expected is the result of the test.
(3)
Hoc lm ch ng ca c 2 mnh chnh, ph.

What happened to him yesterday might happen to us tomorrow.
[Exercises: 35, 36, 37]

VIII. Whose (ca ngi m, ca con m)
(1)
N thay th cho danh t v ... trc n v ch s s hu ca n i vi danh t i sau.

The board was composed of citizens. The citizens' dedication was evident. The board was composed of citizens whose dedication was evident.
(2)
Trong li vn vit trang trng nn dng of which chay th cho danh t bt ng vt mc d whose vn c chp nhn.
Saving account, of which interest rate is quite high, is very common now.
(3)
Hoc dng with + noun/ noun phrase thay cho whose.

The house whose walls were made of glass. The house with the glass walls.
IX. Cch loi b mnh ph
(1)
i vi nhng mnh ph bt buc, ngi ta c th loi b loi t quan h v ng t to be (cng vi cc tr ng t ca n) trong mt s trng hp nh sau: Trc mt mnh ph m cu trc ng t th b ng.
This is the Z value which was obtained from the table areas under the normal curve. This is the Z value obtained from the table areas under the normal curve.
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Trc mt cu trc ng t th tip din.

The girl who is running down the street might be in trouble. The girl running down the street might be in trouble.
Ngoi ra trong mt s trng hp khi i t quan h trong mnh ph bt buc gn lin vi ch ng trc n v mnh ph y din t quy lut hoc s kin xy ra the tn s. Ngi ta c th b i t quan h v ng t chnh thay vo bng mt verbing. Cu trc ny hay nhng kh dng. Khi cha hiu th khng nn dng.
The travelers taking (who take) this bus on a daily basis by their tickets in advance.
(2)
Trong nhng mnh ph khng bt buc, ngi ta c th loi b ng t quan h v ng t to be khi n ng trc mt ng danh t. Tuy nhin phn ng danh t cn li vn phi ng gia hai du phy.
The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution. The beaker on the counter contains a solution.
(3)
Ngi ta cn c th loi b i t quan h v ng t chnh, thay vo l mt verb-ing khi mnh ph ny i b ngha cho mt tn ng (li vit rt ph bin).
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting (who visited) him.
Cch s dng phn t trong mt s trng hp

I. Dng vi mt s cu trc ng t
(1)
have smb/sth doing: lm cho

He had us laughing all through the meal.
(2)
subject + won't have smb doing sth = subject + won't + allow/permit : khng cho php ai lm g.
I won't have him telling me what to do.
(3)
Cc cm hin ti phn t: reminding, adding, warning, reasoning that (suy lun rng) u c th m u cho mt mnh ph gin tip.
He told me to start early, reminding me that the road would be crowded. Reasoning that he could only get to the lake, we followed that way.
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(4)
To catch smb doing = bt gp ai ang (hnh ng ca tn ng lm pht lng ch ng)

If she catches you reading her dairy, she will be ferrior (angry).
(5)
To find smb/sth doing sth = thy ai/ci g ang

I found him standing at the doorway. He found a tree lying across the road.
(6)
To leave smb doing sth = ai li lm g

I left Bob talking to the director after the introduction.
(7)
To go/come doing sth (dng cho th thao v mua sm).

I'll go shopping tomorrow.
(8)
To spend time doing sth: b thi gian ra lm g.

He usually spends much time preparing his lesson.
(9)
To waste time doing sth = bao ph thi gian lm g

She wasted all afternoon having small talk with friends.
(10)
To have a hard time/ trouble doing sth = gp kh khn khi lm g.

He has trouble listening English. I had a hard time doing my home work.
(11)
To be worth doing = ng lm.

This project is worth spending time and money on.
(12)
To be busy doing = bn lm g
She is busy packing now
(13)
be not much/ any/ some/ good doing sth = khng c ch, chng my c ch khi lm g.
It's not good talking to him. It's not much good talking to him. What good is it asking her?
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II. Phn t mt c s dng rt ngn nhng cu di
(1)
Hai hnh ng xy ra song song cng lc: hnh ng th 2 dng verb-ing. Hai hnh ng khng tch ri khi nhau bi bt k mt du phy no.
He drives away and whistles. He drives away whistling. (Anh ta va li xe va hut so.)
(2)
Khi hnh ng th 2 hoc cc hnh ng tip theo sau n l mt phn trong qu trnh din bin ca hnh ng th nht th hnh ng th 2 hoc cc hnh ng tip theo sau n dng verb-ing. Gia 2 hnh ng c ngn cch nhau bi mt du phy.
She went out and slammed the door She went out, slamming the door. (ng sm)
(3)
Khi hnh ng th hai hoc cc hnh ng sau n l kt qu ca hnh ng th nht th hnh ng th hai v cc hnh ng tip theo s dnh verbing, n s ngn cch vi ng t th nht bng mt du phy.
He fired 2 shorts, killing a robber and wounding the other.
(4)
Hnh ng th hai khng cn chung ch ng vi hnh ng th nht m ch cn l kt qu cng c th dng verbing.

The plane crashed, its bombs exploding when it hit the ground.
Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh (to have + PII) (1) Would like, should like + to have + PII = nhng mun (din t mt c mun khng thnh)
He would like to have seen the photo = He would have liked to see the photo. (But he couldn't)
(2)
Dng vi mt s ng t: appear (xut hin), seem (dng nh), happen (tnh c), pretend (gi v) + to have + PII. Nn nh rng hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh.
He seems to have passed the exam. It seems that he has passed the exam. She pretended to have read the material.
(3)
To be sorry + to have + PII: hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc trng thi sorry.
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The girls were sorry to have missed the rock concert. The girls were sorry that they have missed the rock concert.
(4)
Dng vi mt s cc ng t sau y th b ng: to acknowledge, believe, consider, find, know, report, save, suppose, think, understand. Hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc hnh ng ca nguyn mu chnh.
He was believed to have gone out of the country. It was believed that he has gone out of the country. (Ngi ta tin rng hn ra nc ngoi.)
(5)
Dng vi mt s cc ng t khc nh: to claim, expect, hope, promise, c bit lu rng hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh s future perfect so vi thi ca ng t mnh chnh.
He expects to have graduated by June. He expects that he will have graduated by June. He promises to have told me the secret by the end of this week. He promises that he would have told me the secret by the end of this week.
Nhng cch s dng khc ca that

I. That dng vi t cch l mt lin t (rng)
(1)
ng sau 4 ng t say, tell, think, believe th that c th b i c.

John said that he was leaving next week. OR John said he was leaving next week. Henry told me that he had a lot of work to do. OR Henry told me he had a lot of work to do.
(2)
ng sau 4 ng t: mention, declare, report, state th that phi c mt.

The mayor declared that on June the first he would announce the results of the search. George mentioned that he was going to France next year. The article stated that this solution was flammable.
(3)
That vn bt buc phi dng mnh th hai trong cu sau du phy nu vn cng chung mt mnh g sau 4 ng t trn.
The mayor declared that on June the first he would announce the results of the search, and that he would never overlook the crime punishment. (khoan dung, tha th)
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II. Mnh c that
(1)
L loi mnh c 2 thnh phn v bt buc phi c that trong cu. Dng vi ch ng gi it v tnh t. Ngi ta dng ch ng gi it trong vn ni d nhn bit v ch ng tht THAT trong vn vit. It + be + adjective + THAT + subject + verb = THAT - subject + verb ... be + adjective.
It surprises me that John would do such a thing. That John would do such a thing surprises me.
(2)
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta o ng gii t ln u cu, ng t ni hoc ng t tnh o ln trn that v sau mi l ch ng tht. Prepositional phrase + link verb/ stative verb + THAT + sentence as real subject and THAT - sentence as subject.
Among the surprising discoveries were that T.Rex was as far sleeker but more powerful carnivore than previously thought, perhaps weighing less than 6.5 tons more than a bull elephant, and that T.rex habitant was forest, not swamp or plain as previously believed.
(3)
The fact that + sentence / the fact remain that + sentence/ the fact of the matter that + sentence = thc t l, s thc l.
The fact that John has not been home for 3 days didn't seem to worry anybody.
Cu gi nh L loi cu i tng th nht mun i tng th 2 lm vic g nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc vo pha ngi th 2. Trong cu bt buc phi c that, tr mt s trng hp c bit.
I. Dng vi would rather that
Ng php hin i ngy ngay, c bit ng php M cho php dng would rather m khng cn dng that trong mu cu ny.
We would rather (that) he not take this train.
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II. Dng vi cc ng t sau

advise ask command decree demand insist move order prefer propose recommend request require stipulate suggest urge
(1) (2) (3)
Cc ng t trn i hi nhng mnh sau n phi dng gi nh v trong cu bt buc phi c that. ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th, khng chia, b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not sau ch ng 2, trc nguyn th b to.
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately. The university requires that all its students take this course. The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
(4)
Nu b that i th ch ng 2 s tr v dng tn ng v ng t sau n tr v dng nguyn th c to, cu mt tnh cht gi nh v tr thnh mng dng mnh lnh thc gin tip.
The judge insisted the jury return a verdict immediately. (Vin thm phn bt buc bi thm on...)
(5)
Trong ng php ting Anh, ng trc ng t mnh 2 thng c should. Ngi Anh ch b should khi n l to be. Nhng ng php Anh - M khng dng should cho ton b cc ng t ng sau.
We proposed that he should take a vacation. (Ting Anh - Anh) We proposed that he take a vacation. (Ting Anh - M)
III. Dng vi tnh t
(1)
Bng di y l mt s cc tnh t i hi mnh sau n phi dng gi nh.

advised important mandatory necessary obligatory proposed recommended required suggested urgent imperative
(2)
Trong cu bt buc phi c that v ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th b to nu n din t trn.

It + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in simple form]... (any tense)
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(3) (4)
Lu rng trong bng trn c mt s tnh t l PII cu to t cc ng t bng trc . Ph nh: t NOT sau ch ng 2, trc nguyn th b to.
It is necessary that he find the books. It was urgent that she leave at once. It has been proposed that we change the topic. It is important that you remember this question. It has been suggested that he forget the election. It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
(5)
Nu b that i th ch ng 2 thnh tn ng sau gii t for, ng t tr thnh nguyn th c to v cu mt tnh cht gi nh tr thnh mt dng mnh l thc gin tip.
It is necessary for him to find the book.
NOTE: Cu gi nh dng vi 2 loi trn thng c dng trong cc vn bn hay th giao dch din t li ngh t pha A B m khng c tnh bt buc. Khng ch c tnh t v ng t mi c dng theo dng ny. Tt c cc danh t xut pht t nhng ng t v tnh t trn u buc mnh sau n phi dng gi nh nu n din t cc yu t ni trn.
There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking. It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court.
IV. Cu gi nh dng vi mt s cc trng hp khc
(1)
Dng din t mt c mun hoc mt li nguyn ra thng bao hm cc th lc siu nhin.

God be with you = Good-bye (Cha ph h cho anh)
(2)
Dng vi may trong mt s trng hp. Come what may: d th no chng na, d bt c chuyn g.
Come what may we will stand by you.
May as well not do sth ... if: c th ng ... nu.

You may as well not come if you can't be on time.
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May/Might (just) as well do sth: chng mt g m li khng, lm nh vy c mt g...

Since nobody wants that job we might (just) as well let him have it.
May din t mt gi nh trong li ngh m ngi ni cho rng cha chc n c thc hin.
The sign on the lawn says clearly that people may not walk on the grass. (Khng dng should trong trng hp ny.)
link verb + adjective May + subject + = cu chc cho verb...

May you both be very happy. May the conference be successful. (Chc hi ngh thnh cng rc r.) Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune. (Cu cho nng ...)
(3)
If need be = If necessary: nu cn
If need be, we can take another road.
(4)
Dng vi ng t to be b to sau if ch mt s gi nh cha c phn nh r l ng hay sai.

If that be right, then it would be no defense for this man to say that he is innocent. If that be error and upon me proved. (Nu qu l li v nht nh gn cho ti.)
(5)
Let it be me: gi phi tay ti, gi s l ti.

Husband: Wife (suddenly appears): Let it be me. If that be you, what would you do?
(7)
Be that as it may = whether that is the true or not = cho d l phi th hay khng.
Be that as it may, you have to accept it.
(8)
Then so be it = th c phi vy thi, nh vy thi.

If we have to pay $ 2000, then so be it.
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V. Cu gi nh dng vi It to be + time
(1)
It's time for smb to do sth = n lc ai phi lm g (thi gian va vn, khng mang tnh gi nh)
It's time for me to get to the airport.
(2)
time It' s + high time + subject + simple past = n lc m (thi gian ch, about time
mang tnh gi nh).

It's time I got to the airport. ( n lc ti phi ra sn bay. [ming ni nhng qu gi) It's high time the city-government did something to stop the traffic jam.
[1-2-2002] Li ni bao hm l li ni gp 2 trong cu lm mt thng qua mt s thnh ng
I. Not only ... but also = Khng nhng ... m cn...
(1)
Cc thc th sau 2 thnh ng ny phi tng ng nhau v ng php (danh t - danh t; tnh t - tnh t).
noun noun adjective adjective subject + verb + not only + but also + adverb adverb prepositio nal phrase prepositio nal phrase
OR subject + not only + verb + but also + verb Robert is not only talented but also handsome.
adjective noun adverb adjective noun adverb prepositional phrase verb
Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin. He writes not only correctly but also neatly. Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science.
prepositional phrase verb
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.
(2)
Thnh phn sau but also thng quyt nh thnh phn sau not only.
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Incorrect: Correct:
He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland. He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland.
II. As well as = cng nh
(1)
Cc thnh phn ng trc v sau thnh ng ny phi tng ng nhau v mt ng php.

noun noun adjective adjective + + subject + verb + as well as adverb adverb prepositio nal phrase prepositio nal phrase OR subject + verb + as well as + verb ...
Robert is talented as well as handsome.

adjective noun adverb prepositional phrase verb adjective noun adverb prepositional phrase verb
Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin. He writes correctly as well as neatly Maria excels in mathematics as well as in science. Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music.
(2)
Khng c nhm ln thnh ng ny vi as well as ca hin tng ng ch ng mang ngha "cng vi".
The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert. My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.
III. Both ... and... = c ... ln
(1) (2)
Cng thc dng nh not only ... but also... Both ch c dng vi and, khng c dng vi as well as.
Robert is both talented and handsome. Beth plays both the guitar and the violin. He writes both correctly and neatly. Marta excels both in mathematics and in science. Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music.
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To know, to know how (1) Know how to do sth: bit cch lm g nh th no.
Bill knows how to play tennis well.
(2)
Sau Know cng cn c th l mt danh t, mt ng gii t hoc cu hon chnh.

noun subject + know + prepositional phrase sentence
Jason knew the answer to the teacher's question. No one knows about Roy's accepting the new position. I didn't know that you were going to France.
(4)
ng sau to know how cng c th dng mt cu din t kh nng hoc mt s bt buc.

At glance, she knew how she could solve this math problem.
Mnh nhng b L loi mnh din t 2 tri ngc nhau trong cng mt cu.
I. Despite/ Inspite of = bt chp
ng sau 2 thnh ng ny phi dng mt ng danh t, khng c dng mt cu hon chnh.

despite + noun phrase in spite of
Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades. Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.
II. Although/ Even though/ though = mc du
(1)
Sau 3 thnh ng ny phi dng mt cu hon chnh, khng c dng mt ng danh t.
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although even though + subject + verb + (complement)... though

Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has bad grades. Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
(2)
Tuy nhin, nu though ng cui cu tch bit khi cu chnh bi mt du phy khi ni hi dng li mt cht. Lc n mang ngha "tuy nhin" (=how ever).
He promised to call me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.
III. However+adjective+subject+link verb = d c ... i chng na th

However strong you are, you can't move this rock.
IV. Although/ Albeit + adjective/ adverb/adverbial modifier
= du sao, cho d rng

Her appointment was a significant, although / albeit temporary success. He performed the task well, although / albeit slowly.
Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln Nhng ng t sau rt d gy nhm ln v ng ngha, chnh t, pht m:

rise lie sit raise lay set INTRANSITIVE risen rose lain lay sat sat raised raised laid laid set set rising lying sitting raising laying setting
(1)
to rise: dng ln (khng cn tn ng - ni ng t)

The sun rises early in the summer. When the bell rings, the students rise from their seats. When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top. Jim rose early so that he could play golf before the others. It must be late; the moon has risen. Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time.
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(2)
to raise sth/smb: nng ai/ci g ln (ng t ny cn mt tn ng trc tip)

The students raise their hands in class. The weightlifter raises the barbells over his head. The crane raised the car out of the lake. After studying very hard, John raised his grades substantially. Mr. Daniels has raised his tenants' rent another fifteen dollars. The OPEC countries have raised the price of oil.
(3)
to lie: nm, , ti
to lie in ti to lie down nm xung to lie on nm trn
The university lies in the western section of town. If the children are tired, they should lie down for a nap. Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing. The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play. Don't disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest. That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage.
Lu : cn phn bit ng t ny vi ng t to lie "ni di" trong mu cu to lie to smb about sth
He's lying to you about the test.
(4)
to lay: t,
to lay on t trn to lay in t vo to lay down t xung
Don't lay your clothes on the bed. The boy lays his books on the table every day. The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered. The children laid their toys on the floor when they had finished using them. The students had laid their compositions on the teacher's desk before the bell rang. The nurse laid the baby in the crib.
Lu : thi hin ti ca ng t ny rt d gy nhm ln vi qu kh n gin ca to lie, cn phn bit bng ng cnh c th. (5) to sit: ngi to sit in: to sit on: ngi ti, ngi trong ngi trn ( ngi sn)
We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera. Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool. Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio.
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After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off. Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Pete ha. They have sat in the same position. They have sat in the same position for two hours.
(6)
to set = to put, to lay: t, .

The little girl helps her father set the table every night. The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch. The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow. After carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib.
NOTE: Pht m hin ti n gin ca ng t ny d nhm ln vi simple past ca "to sit"
Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi cc ng t trn (1) to set the table for: by bn

My mother has set the table for the family dinner.
(2)
to lay off (worker, employee): cho thi vic, gin th.

The company had to lay off twenty-five employees because of a production slowdown.
(3)
to set (broken bones) in : b nhng ci xng gy vo.

Dr. Jacobs has set many broken bones in plaster casts.
(4)
to set one alarm for: t ng h bo thc vo lc

John set his alarm for six o'clock.
(5)
to set fire to : lm chy

While playing with matches, the children set fire to the sofa.
(6)
to raise (animal, plant) for a living : trng cy g, nui con g bn ly tin sng.
That farmer raises chickens for a living.
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Mt s cc ng t c bit khc (1) l nhng ng t ging ht nhau v mt hnh thc nhng khc nhau v ngha nu trong cc mu cu khc nhau. to agree to do sth: ng lm g
He agreed to leave early tomorrow morning.
(2)
to agree to smb's doing sth: ng vi vic ai lm g.

He agreed to my leaving early tomorrow morning.
(3)
to mean to do sth: nh lm g.
I mean to get to the top of the hill before sun rises.
(4)
If it + mean + verb-ing : cho d c c vic, bao hm c vic

My neighbor was determined to get a ticket for Saturday night's game if it meant standing on line all night.
(5)
to propose to do sth: c nh lm g
I proposed to start tomorrow.
(6)
to propose doing sth: ngh lm g

I proposed waiting a little bit more.
(7)
to go on doing sth: tip tc lm g, ci g (mt vic ang b b d).

He went on writing after a break.
(8)
to go on to do sth: quay sang tip tc lm g. (vn v cng mt vn nhng chuyn sang kha cnh khc)
He showed the island on the map then went on to tell its climate.
(9)
to try to do sth: c gng lm g

He tries to solve this math problem.
(10)
to try doing sth: th lm g

I tried sending her flowers, writing her letter, giving her present, but she still couldn't speak to me.
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[Exercises: 40, 41, 43, Mini test 3; 4-2-2002]
Ting anh vit Ting Anh vit khc ting Anh ni v n i hi ng php v t vng phi ht sc cht ch v quy chun to thnh formal reading English. N lin quan n: S ph hp v thi ca ng t: trong mt cu ting Anh c 2 thnh phn c lin quan n nhau v mt thi gian th thi ca ng t 2 thnh phn phi tng ng nhau. Thi ca ng t mnh chnh s quyt nh thi ca ng t mnh ph.
Main clause
DependenT clause
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra cng lc vi hnh ng ca mnh chnh.

I see that Harriet is writing her composition.
Simple Present
Will, can, may + verb or Near future
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra sau hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong mt tng lai khng c xc nh hoc tng lai gn
He says that he will look for a job next week.
Simple Present
Simple Past
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong mt qu kh c xc nh c th v mt thi gian.

They think he was here last night.
Simple Present
Present Perfect (progressive)
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong mt qu kh khng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian.
He tells us that he has been to the mountains before.
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Simple Past
Past Progressive/ Simple Past
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra cng lc vi hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong qu kh .

I gave the package to my sister when she visited us last week. I visited Ho Chi Minh Museum while I was studying in Hanoi.
Simple Past
Would, Could, Might + verb
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra sau hnh ng ca mnh chnh ca mt tng lai trong qu kh

He said that he would look for a job next weak.
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh, li su hn na vo trong qu kh

They thought he had been here last night.
NOTE: nhng nguyn tc trn ch c p dng khi cc mnh trong cu c lin h vi nhau v mt thi gian. Nu cc mnh trong cu c thi gian ring bit th ng t phi tun theo thi gian ca mnh .
He promised to tell me till now I haven't received any call from him, though.
Cch s dng to say, to tell (1) Nu sau ch ng khng c tn ng m n lin t that ngay th phi dng to say. subject + say + (that) + subject + verb...
He says that he is busy today.
(2)
Nhng nu sau ch ng c mt tn ng gin tip ri mi n lin t that th phi dng to tell.

subject + tell + indirect object + (that)+ subject + verb... He tells me that he will be busy tomorrow.
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(3)
Sau to tell vn c th c mt s tn ng trc tip cho d bt k hon cnh no.

a story a joke a secret tell a lie the truth (the) time
John told a story last night. John told us a story last night. The little boy was punished because he told a lie. The little boy was punished because he told his mother a lie.
i t nhn xng one v you C hai i t ny nu mang ngha ngi ta. Tuy nhin ng php s dng c khc nhau. (1) Nu trn s dng n i t one th cc i t tng ng tip theo mnh di phi l one, ones, his, he.
one one' s + noun one + verb... + (verb)... he * his + noun
If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail. If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail. One should always do one's homework. One should always do his homework.
*NOTE: Mt s ngi do cn thn mun trnh phn bit nam, n nn a dng he or she, his or her nhng iu l khng cn thit. Cc i t ch c s dng khi no pha trn c nhng danh t ch chung chung nh the side, the party.
The judge will ask the defendant party of he or she admits the allegation.
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(2)
Nu i t trn l you th i t tng ng tip theo di s l you v your.

you you + verb ... + + (verb)... your
If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail. You should always do your homework.
(3)
Tuyt i khng dng ln one v you trong cng mt cu hoc dng they thay th cho 2 i t ny.
Incorrect: If one takes this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
T i trc gii thiu (1) Trong mt cu ting Anh c hai thnh phn. Nu mt trong hai thnh phn c dng n i t nhn xng th thnh phn cn li phi c mt danh t i gii thiu cho hai i t . Danh t i gii thiu phi tng ng vi i t nhn xng v mt ging (c, ci) v s (s t, s nhiu). Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did Incorrect:
not believe that he could handle the work load. (The pronoun they does not have an antecedent in the sentence. The graduate school is a singular unit, and the members of its faculty are not mentioned.)
(2)
Correct:
The members of the admissions committee denied Henry admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load. (In this sentence, they refer to members.) OR Henry was denied admission to graduate school because the members of the admissions committee did not believe that he could handle the work load. (Here the noun is given instead of the pronoun.) George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt. (The pronoun they does not have an antecedent in this sentence. The word politics is singular, so they cannot refer to it) George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are corrupt. OR George dislikes politicians because he believes that they are corrupt.
Incorrect: Correct:
(3)
Ch c mt danh t c php gii thiu cho i t. Nu c hai s gy ra s nhm ln do trng lp.

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Incorrect:
Correct:
Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report. (It is not clear whether the pronoun he refers to Mr. Brown or Mr. Adams.) According to Mr. Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report. OR Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all night. Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation. (The pronoun she could refer to either Janet or her friend.) While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.
Incorrect: Correct:
Cch s dng cc phn t u mnh ph Trong mt cu ting Anh c chung mt ch ng bao gm hai thnh phn, mnh ph c th m u bng mt verbing (chim a s) - mt phn t 2 (nu mang ngha b ng) - mt ng t nguyn th (nu ch mc ch) - v mt ng danh t hoc mt ng gii t (nu ch s tng ng). (1) Khi s dng loi cu ny cn ht sc lu rng ch ng ca mnh chnh bt buc phi l ch ng hp l ca mnh ph. Incorrect: After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man. Correct: (2)
(We understand that the actual subject of the verb jumping is the man; therefore, immediately after the comma, we must mention the man.) After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
Thng thng c 6 gii t ng trc mt verb-ing m u cho mnh ph l by (bng cch, bi), upon, after (sau khi), before (trc khi), while (trong khi) v when (khi).
After preparing the dinner, Michelle will read a book. By working a ten-hour day for four days, we can have a long weekend. While reviewing for the test, Marcia realized that she had forgotten to study the use of participial phrases.
(3)
Lu rng on + ng t trng thi hoc in + ng t hnh ng c th tng ng vi when hoc while.

On finding (when finding) the door ajar, I aroused suspicious. In searching (while searching) for underground oil deposit, geologists often rely on ...
(4)
Thi ca ng t mnh ph phi do thi ca ng t mnh chnh quyt nh hai hnh ng xy ra song song cng mt lc.
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Present: Past: Future:
Practicing her swing every day, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf instructor. Having a terrible toothache, Felipe called the dentist for an appointment. Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow morning.
(5)
Nu being v having m u cu ph th ng trc chng n di t because of:

Being a good student (because he is a good student), David can always pass his exams easily. Having terrible toothache (because he had a...), Michelle had to call his dentist for an appointment.
(6)
ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u cu ph.
Incorrect: Correct: To prevent cavities, dental floses should be used daily after brushing one's teeth. To prevent cavities, one should use dental floses daily after brushing one's teeth.
(7)
Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh ph ch s tng ng.

Incorrect: A competition sport, gymnast must perform before a panel of judge who use their knowledge of rule and skill to determine which participant will win. In a gymnastic competition sport game, gymnast....
Correct:
(8)
Phn t hai m u mnh ph ch b ng.

Incorrect: Found in Tanzamia by Marry, some archeologist estimated that the 3-million-year-old fossils were the oldest human remains that were discovered. Found in Tanzamia by Marry, the 3-million-year-old fossils were estimated by some archeologists, to be the oldest human remain that had ever been discovered.
Correct:
[8-2-2002] NOTE: Cu trc ny cn p dng cho cc cu c mnh ph m u bng although + adjective/ PII.
Although (he was) nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. Although (it has been) damaged, the machine was still fuctioning.
Hoc c th dng when + PII m u cho mnh ph.

When (it is) shown through a prison, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.
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(9)
Nu hnh ng ca mnh chnh ln mnh ph u xy ra trong qu kh m hnh ng ca mnh ph li su hn na vo trong qu kh th cng thc s l. (Not) + having + PII... subject + simple past
(10)
Trc having cn n cha hai gii t because v after. Vic hiu hai gii t ny cn ph thuc vo ng cnh ca cu.
Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play. (After the boys had finished...) Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher. (After Louie had written...) Not having read the book, she could not answer the question. (Because she does not read...)
(11)
c bit lu , cu trc ny c c th p dng cho c mu cu m c hai thi ng t ca c hai v u din bin present perfect - present simple (tuy rng him)
Having seen the children's work, Ms Adams approves their request to go home. (= After she has seen the children's work, Ms. Adams approves their request to go home.)
(12)
Nu hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra th b ng th cng thc s l:

[After/ Because] + (not) + having been + PII ..., subject + verb in simple past...
After Melissa had been notified, Melissa reported for jury duty. (Having been notified by the court, Melissa reported for jury duty.) After Jason and I had been delayed by the snowstorm, we missed our connecting flight. (Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting flight.) Because George had not been notified of then change in meeting times, he arrived late. (Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, George arrived late.)
(13)
Phi ht sc lu rng iu quan trng nht trong vic s dng hai mu cu trn vn phi l ch ng ca mnh chnh phi l ch ng hp l ca mnh ph.
Illogical: Correct: Having apprehended the hijackers, they were whished off to FBI headquarters by the security guards. Having apprehended the hijackers, the security guards whisked them off to FBI headquarters. (After the guards had apprehended the hijackers, the guards whisked...)
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Phn t dng lm tnh t

I. Phn t mt (verbing)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Phn t mt (verbing) c dng lm tnh t khi n p ng cc iu kin sau: ng ngay trc danh t m n b ngha. Hnh ng phi th ch ng. Hnh ng ang th tip din. ng t c s dng lm tnh t phi khng i hi mt tn ng no (ni ng t)
The crying baby woke Mr. Binion. (the baby was crying.) The puring kitten snuggled close to the fireplace. (the kitten was purring.)
II. Phn t 2 (verb-ed)
Phn t hai (verb-ed) c dng lm tnh t khi n p ng y cc iu kin sau: (1) (2) (3) ng ngay trc danh t m n b ngha. Hnh ng phi th b ng. Hnh ng xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh.
The sorted mail was delivered to the offices before noon. (the mail had been sorted.) Frozen food is often easier to prepare than fresh food. (the food had been frozen.) The imprisoned men were unhappy with their living conditions. (the men had been imprisoned.)
(4)
NOTE: mt s cc ng t nh to ncrease, to bore, to excite, to frighten khi s dng phi rt cn thn v vic nhng phn t c dng lm tnh t xut pht t nhng ng t ny mang ngha ch ng hay b ng.
The boring professor put the students to sleep.
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The boring lecture put the students to sleep. The bored students went to sleep during the boring lecture. The child saw a frightening movie. The frightened child began to cry.
Cu tha (1) Khi thng tin trong cu b lp i lp li di dng khng cn thit th c gi l cu tha, cn loi b phn tha i. Cc trng hp thng mc li xem trang 219 - Toefl Cliffs 95-96. Ngi Anh khng dng the reason ... because m dng the reason ... that
The reason I take this course is that it is necessary for me.
(2)
(3)
Ngi Anh khng dng the time when m ch dng mt trong hai.
It is the time / when I got home.
(4)
Ngi Anh khng dng the place where m dng mt trong hai.
It is the place / where I was born.
Cu trc cu song song (1) Khi thng tin trong mt cu c a ra di dng hng lot th cc thnh phn c lit k phi song song v mt ng php (noun - noun, adjective adjective, ...)
Not parallel: Parallel: Not parallel: Parallel: Peter is rich, handsome, and many people like him
adjective adjective adjective adjective adjective clause
Peter is rich, handsome, and popular. Enrique entered the room, sat down, and is opening his book.
past past past past present progressive past
Enrique entered the room, sat down, and opened his book.
(2) (3)
Thng thng th thnh phn u tin sau ng t s quyt nh cc thnh phn cn li. Tuy nhin, nu thi gian trong cau l khc nhau th ng t cng phi tun theo quy lut thi gian. Lc cu trc cu song song khng tn ti.
She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early.
present present future
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[Exercise 46-49; 18-2-2002] Thng tin trc tip v gin tip

I. Cu trc tip v cu gin tip
(1)
Trong cu trc tip, thng tin i t ngi th nht n ngi th hai.

He said "I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday".
(2)
Trong cu gin tip, thng tin t ngi th nht qua ngi th hai n ngi th ba. Khi cu c bin i v ng php.
He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before.
(3)
bin i mt cu trc tip thnh mt cu gin tip cn: i ch ng v cc i t nhn xng khc trong cu trc tip theo ch ng ca thnh phn th nht. Li ng t v th hai mt cp so vi ban u. Bin i cc i t ch th, ph t ch thi gian, a im theo bng quy nh. Bng i ng t Indirect speech
Simple past Past progressive Past Perfect (Progressive) Past Perfect Would / Should Could / Might
Direct speech
Simple present Present Progressive Present Perfect (Progressive) Simple past Will/ Shall Can/ May
Bng i cc i t ch th, ph t ch a im v thi gian Direct speech Indirect speech

to day yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow next + thi gian (week, month) last + thi gian (last week --> the previous week) thi gian + ago this, these here, over here that day the day before two days before the next / the following in two day's time the following + thi gian the previous + thi gian thi gian + before that, those there, over there
(4)
Nu li ni v hnh ng xy ra cng ngy th khng cn i thi gian.
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At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today". At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today.
(5)
Cc suy lun logic v mt thi gian l cn thit khi li ni c thut li sau mt hoc hai ngy.
(On Monday) (On Tuesday) (On Wednesday) he said: "I will be leaving on Wednesday". he said he would be leaving tomorrow. he said he would be leaving today.
II. ng t vi hai tn ng trc tip v gin tip
Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c hai loi tn ng: mt trc tip, mt gin tip. Do , c hai cch dng: (1) Li dng gin tip: t tn ng trc tip sau ng t ri n tn ng gin tip i sau hai gii t for v to.
for subject + verb + direct object + + indirect object to
The director's secretary sent the manuscript to them last night.
(2)
Li dng trc tip: t tn ng gin tip sau ng t ri n tn ng trc tip, hai gii t for v to b loi b. subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
Correct: Incorrect: The director's secretary sent them the manuscript last night. The director's secretary sent to them the manuscript last night.
(3)
Nu c hai tn ng gin tip v trc tip u l i t nhn xng th khng c dng cng thc trc tip v phi dng cng thc gin tip.
Correct: Incorrect: They gave it to us. They gave us it.
(4)
Hai ng t to introduce v to mention phi dng cng thc gin tip, khng dng cng thc trc tip.
sth sth to introduce + + to + smb smb
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sth smb to mention + + to + smb sth

I introduced John to Dr. Jackson. I introduced Dr. Jackson to John. He mentioned the party to me.
S o ngc ph t (1) (2) Trong mt s trng hp, cc ph t khng ng v tr bnh thng ca n m o ln ng u cu nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng. Trong trng hp , ng php s thay i. Sau ph t u cu l tr ng t ri mi n ch ng v ng t chnh.
hardly rarely seldom + auxiliary + subject + verb... never only
Never have so many people been unemployed as today. (So many people have never been unemployed as today.) Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task.
(3)
Mt s cc dng ph t c bit ng u cu: In/ Under no circumstances: d trong bt k hon cnh no cng khng.
Under no circumstances should you lend him the money.
On no acount: d bt c l do g cng khng.

On no account must this switch be touched.
Only in this way: ch bng cch ny.

Only in this way could the problem be solved.
In no way: khng sao c th

In no way can I agree with you.
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By no means: hon ton khng.

By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.
Negative ..., nor + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

He had not money, nor did he know anybody from whom could borrow.
(4)
Khi mt mnh m u bng cc thnh ng ch ni chn, trt t th ng t chnh c th o ln trc ch ng nhng tuyt i khng c s dng tr ng t: Clause of place/ order + main verb + subject (no auxiliary)
In front of the museum is a stative.
Clause of place
First came the police, then came the ambulance.

Clause of order
(5)
Khi mt ng gii t lm ph t ch a im hoc phng hng ng u cu, cc ni ng t t trc ch ng nhng tuyt i khng c s dng tr ng t trong loi cu ny. N rt ph bin trong vn m t khi mun din t mt ch ng khng xc nh.
Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen. Directly in front of them stood a great castle. On the grass sat an enormous frog (Ngi chm chm trn c l mt con ch to tng.) Along the road came a strange procession. (mt m rc l).
(6)
Tnh t cng c th o ln u cu nhn mnh v sau l ng t ni nhng tuyt i khng c s dng tr ng t.

So determined was she to take the university courses that she gave music lessons and taught school for her tuition fees.
[22-02-2002] (7) Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta cng c th o ton b ng t chnh ln trn ch ng nhn mnh. Nhng ng t c o ln trn trong trng hp ny phn ln u mang sc thi b ng nhng khng mang ngha b ng.
Lost, however, are the secrets of the may an astronomer and the Inca builders as well as many medicinal practices.
(8)
Cc ph t always, down, in, of, out, over, round, up c th theo sau l mt ng t ch chuyn ng v sau l mt danh t lm ch ng.
Always went the runner.
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Down fell a dozen of apples.
(9)
Nhng nu mt i t nhn xng lm ch ng th ng t phi t sau ch ng.

Always they went. Round and round it flew.
(10)
Trong ting Anh vit, cc ng gii t m u bng cc gii t nh down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up... c th c theo sau ngay bi cc ng t ch v tr (crouch, hang, ly, shift, stand...) hoc cc dng ng t ch chuyn ng hoc mt s cc ng t be born, die, live v mt s cc dng ng t khc.
From the rafters hung strings of onion. On the perch beside him sat a blue parrot. In the doorway stood a man with a gun. Over the wall came a shower of stones.
(11)
NOTE: 3 v d u ca cc v d trn c th din t bng mt verbing m u cho cu v ng t to be o ln trc.

Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion. Sitting on the perch beside him was a blue parrot. Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.
(12)
Hin tng o ch ng cn xy ra khi ch ng sau cc ph t so snh as/ than (qu di).

She was very religious, as were most of her friends.
(13)
Tn ng mang tnh nhn mnh cng c th o ln u cu.

Not a simple word did he say.
(13)
Here, there hoc mt s cc ph t i kt hp vi ng t ng u cu cng phi o ng t ln trn ch ng khi ch ng l mt danh t. Nhng nu ch ng l mt i t th khng c o ng t.
Here comes the sun. There goes your brother. I stop the car, and up walks a police man. Here comes he off we go.
[25-2-2002]
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Cch loi b nhng cu tr li khng ng trong bi ng php Mt trong s hai bi thi ng php c cho di dng mt cu cho trng v di l 4 cu in vo. Trong 4 cu ch c mt cu ng. gii quyt c cu ng nn theo ln lt cc bc nh sau.
I. Kim tra cc li ng php c bn bao gm
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t. Cch s dng cc tnh t v ph t. V tr ca cc ph t theo th t ln lt: ch phng thc hnh ng/ a im/ thi gian - phng tin hnh ng - tnh hung hnh ng. S phi hp gia cc thi ng t. Xem xt vic s dng hp l cc i t trong cu. Cu trc cu song song.
II. Loi b nhng cu tr li mang tnh rm r
(1) a.
Loi b nhng cu tr li bao gm mt thnh ng di tuy khng sai nhng c mt t ngn hn thay th. Lu : phi ht sc cn thn v mt s cc tnh t tn cng bng ui ly khng th cu to ph t t ui ny. Ph t loi ny l: in a + adjective-ly + way:
He behaves me in a friendly way/ manner.
b.
Phi cn thn khi dng fresh. In a fresh manner (adverb) = mt cch ti.
This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh manner.
Freshly + PII = va mi
Freshly-picked fruit: Freshly-laid eggs: qu va mi hi. trng va .
(2)
Phi loi b nhng t tha trong cu tha.
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iii. Phi chc chn rng tt c cc t trong cu c chn u phi phc v cho
ngha ca bi c bit l cc ng ng t.
Iv. Phi loi b nhng cu tr li bao hm ting lng khng c
php dng trong vn vit quy chun. [Exercises: 50-53, Mini test 4]
Nhng t d gy nhm ln l nhng t d gy nhm ln v ngha, chnh t, pht m. Cn phi phn bit chng bng ng cnh.
cite site sight (verb) : trch dn (noun) : khu t ( xy dng) (n) (n) (v) Dessert Desert (n) (n) (v) (adv) : khe ngm, tm ngm : quang cnh, cnh tng : quan st, nhn thy : mn trng ming :xa mc :b mc : sau , ri th (thng dng vi ng t thi tng lai). Ngc ngha vi n l earlier: trc (thng dng vi simple past) : ci th hai, ngi th 2, ci sau, ngi sau. : ci trc, ngi trc. : hiu trng (trng ph thng) (adj) Principle Affect Effect Effect Already All ready (n) (v) (v) (n) (adv) : chnh, ch yu : nguyn tc, lut l : tc ng n : thc hin / em li : nh hng / hiu qu : : tt c sn sng
Later Later Former Principal
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Among
(pre)
: trong s (3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln) : gia ... v (ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt)
Between... and
NOTE: Between...and : cng cn c dng ch v tr chnh xc ca mt quc gia khc, cho d l hai tr ln. (Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia.) Among = one of/ some of/ included in = mt trong s/ mt s trong/ k c, bao gm. Among the first to arrive was the principal. He has a number of criminals among his friends.
Between cn c dng cho cc khong cch gia cc vt v cc gii hn v mt thi gian. We need 20 meters between the windows. I will be at the office between 9 and 11.
Dng between khi mun cp n hai vt hay hai nhn vt v hai pha. There is a little valley between the High Mountains. I saw something between the wheels of the car.
Difference + between (not among): What are the differences between cro, rocks, jack draus. (???)
Between each + noun (and the next) We need 2 meters between each window (and the next). There seem to be less and less time between each birthday (and the next).
Divide + between (not among) He divided his gift between his wife, his daughter and his little sister.
between share + among

He shared the food between/ among all my friends.
Consecutive: lin tc (khng c tnh ngt qung) Today is the tenth consecutive day of this unbearable heat wave.
successive : lin tc (c tnh ngt qung)

The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games. Emigrant Immigrant (n) (n) : ngi di c : di c t : ngi nhp c : nhp c vo
Emigrant from (v) Immigrate into
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Formerly Formally Helpless Useless Historic
(adv) (adv) (adj) (adj) (adj) (adj)
: trc kia : chnh t, chnh thc : v vng, tuyt vng : v dng : ni ting, quan trng trong lch s (The historic spot on which the early English settlers landed in North America.) : mang tnh lch s (Historic times) : thuc v lch s (historical research/ historical magazine) : c tht trong lch s (historical people, historical even) : khng c tht, tng tng : phong ph, bay bng v tr tng tng
Historical Imaginary Imaginative
(adj) (adj) (adj)
[1-3-2002] Mt s nhng t d gy nhm ln khc

Classic (adj) (adj) (n) Classics Classical Politic Political Continual Continuous (adj) (adj) (adj) (n) (adj) : cht lng cao, hay, kinh in (A classic novel, a classic foothball match.) : c th, in hnh (a classic example) : vn ngh s, tc phm lu danh (this novel may well become a classic = tc phm ny rt c th c lu danh.) : vn hc v ngn ng c in Hy Lp La M : c in (classical music) : nhn thc ng, khn ngoan, thn trng. (I don't think it would be politic to ask for loan just now.) : thuc v chnh tr ( a political carier) : lin tc lp i lp li (hnh ng c tnh ngt qung) (Please stop your continual question.) : lin min, xut (hnh ng khng c tnh ngt qung) (A continuous flow of traffic.) : nh (When in Roma, do as Roman do.) : ging nhau, tng t (Although they are brothers, but they don't look a like.) : nh nhau, tng t (The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.)
As (lin t) + S + V A like Alike (adj) (adv)
Like (adj used as preposition) + noun/ noun phrase: nh (He fought like a mad man.)
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As
: nh, vi t cch l (dng trong so snh khi bn thn ch ng c chc nng nh vt, ngi c so snh) (Let me speak to you as a father.) : nh l (dng trong so snh khi bn thn ch ng v ci ngi c so snh khng phi l mt hoc khng c chc nng ng nht) ( Let me speak to you like a man above.) : trc y, trc (dng khi so snh mt th vi tt c cc th khc cng loi) (She has never seen such a beautiful picture before.) : trc, v trc (ch mt s vic xy ra trc mt s vic khc trong qu kh, thng dng vi past perfect) (He lived in France in 1602. He had lived in England 4 years before.) : trc, trc (tnh t hin ti tr ngc v qu kh, thng dng vi simple past) (I went to England 3 years ago.) : chc chn (bit s tht) (Certainly/ I'm certain that he didn't steal it.) : tin rng (khng bit chc, ni theo cm nhn, ngha yu hn certain) (Surely/ I'm sure that he didn't steal it.) * very indeed : dng sau mt tnh t hoc mt ph t. (Thank you very much indeed. - thc s cm n anh. I was very pleased indeed to hear from you - Ti thc s vui mng ...) : dng sau to be hoc mt tr ng t nhm xc nhn hoc nhn mnh cho s ng (thng dng trong cu tr li ngn) (It is cold/ it's indeed - ng tht; Henry made a food of himself/ He did indeed.) : m (George didn't come in last week because he was ill (=he was sick) : m yu bnh tt (He spent 20 years looking after his sick father.) : nn, bun nn (say tu xe) (I was sick 3 times in the night; I feel sick. where's the bathroom? ; She is never sea-sick(say sng); motion sick (say tu xe)) : c mong i, c ch i t lu, th v (A welcome guest = khch qu; a welcome gift) : c quyn c php s dng. (You are welcome to any book in my library.) : (phn t 1 cu to t welcome dng lm tnh t)
Like
Before
Before
Ago
Certain Sure Indeed
* indeed
ill (BE) = sick (AE) sick + noun Be sick = feel sick
Welcome
(adj)
Welcome to + noun Welcoming
* Cho n, n tip n cn (This country has given me a welcoming feeling.)
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* Hoan nghnh, tn ng ( kin) (to show a welcoming idea = bc l mt kin tn ng.) Be certain/ sure of verbing = chc chn l ( cp n tnh cm ca ngi c ni n) (Before the game she felt certain of wining, but after a few minutes she realized it wasn't going to be easy; You seem very sure of passing the exam, I hope you are right.) Be certain/ sure to verb = chc chn s phi ( cp n tnh cm ca ngi ni hoc vit cu ) (The repaires are certain to cost more than you think. Mary is sure to win - the other girl doesn't have a chance.) Be interested to + verb: thy thch khi (I'm interested to read in the paper that scientists have found out how to tald to whales. Be interested to + verbing / Be interested to verb: mun bit, mun pht hin ra, mun tm ra. (I'm interested in finding out/ [to find out] what she did with all that money.) Be interested in + verbing: thy thch, thch, mun. (I'm interested in learning higher education in US.)
[4-3-2002] Gii t
1. During: trong sut (hnh ng din ra lin tc)
During the summer, we do not have to study.
2. From: t >< to : n
He came from Hanoi. From ... to ...: t ... n (dng cho thi gian v a im) From time to time: thi thong
3. Out of: ra khi >< into

Out of + noun Out of town Out of date Out of work Out of order
: vo trong
: ht, khng cn : i vng : c, lc hu, li thi >< up to date : mi, cp nht : tht nghip, mt vic : hng, khng hot ng
4. By
ng t ch chuyn ng + by : i ngang qua Static Verb + by By + thi gian c th : gn : trc lc, cho n lc (hnh ng cho n lc phi xy ra.)
By + phng tin giao thng : i bng.
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By then By the way of By the way By the way = by the by By far + so snh By accident/ bymistake
: cho n lc (dng cho c qu kh v tng lai) : theo ng, theo ng : tnh c, ngu nhin : nhn y, tin y : (thng l bc nht) dng nhn mnh. : tnh c, ngu nhin >< on purpose : c ch ch
5. In : bn trong [279]
In + thng/ nm In time In the street In the past/ in the future In future = from now on In the way Once in a while In no time at all In the midle of In + the + s th t + row In the event that In case : : ng gi (thng kp lm g, hi sm hn gi nh mt cht) : di lng ng : trc khi, trong qu kh/ trong tng lai : t nay tr i : ngang li, chn li : i khi, thnh thong = from time to time : trong nhy mt, trong mt thong : gia (a im) : hng th : trong trng hp m : phng khi, ng nh
In the morning/ afernoon/evening
In the begining/ in the end = at first/ at last: thot u/ rt cuc
In the mean time=meanwhile : trong lc , cng lc In the army / In the airforce/navy : trong qun i/ khng lc/ hi qun
(to get) in touch/contact with : gp g, tip xc, lin lc vi
[8-3-2002]
6. On: trn b mt
On + th trong tun/ ngy trong thng On + a/the + phng tin giao thng: trn chuyn, ln chuyn On + ph (BE = in) On time On the corner of NOTE: * In the corner : ph : ng gi (bt chp iu kin bn ngoi, ngha mnh hn in time) : gc ph (gia hai ph) : gc trong; On + the + s th t + floor : tng th
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* At the corner On the sidewalk (BE=pavement) On the pavement (AE)
: gc ngoi/ ti gc ph, ti u ph : trn va h : trn mt ng nha (Don't preak quickly on the wet pavement or you can slide into another car.) : trn ng n : trn ng tr v : v bn phi, v bn tri : trn truyn hnh/ i pht thanh : gi in thoi, ni chuyn in thoi : nh c mc in thoi. (Are you on the phone? = Nh anh mc in thoi khng?) : ni chung, v i th : tuy nhin, ngc li (On the one hand we must learn the basic grammar, on the other hand we must combine it with listening comprehension.)
On the way to On the way back to On the right/ left On TV/ On the radio On the phone/ telephone On the phone On the whole On the other hand = however
On the one hand..., and on the other hand: mt mt ..., mt khc th...
On sale = for sale On sale (AE) = At a discount (BE) On foot
: c bn, bn : i b
[11-3-2002]
7. At: ti (khng xc nh bng in) [282]
+ At + s nh At + thi gian c th At home/ school/ work At night/noon At noon (AE) = at twele At least At most At once At present/ at the moment : nh/ trng/ ang lm vic : vo bui m/ vo bui tra : gia tra (She was invited to the party at noon but she was 15 minutes late.) : ch t, ti thiu : ti a : ngay lp tc : by gi (=now)
NOTE: Hai thnh ng trn tng ng presently nhng presently s khc nhau v ngha nu n ng cc v tr khc nhau trong cu. Sentence + presently (=soon): ngay tc th (She will be here presently/soon)
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afterward Pr esently + + sentence =ngay sau . (Presently I heard her leave the and then
room.) Subject + be + presently + verbing = at present/ at the moment (He is presently working towards his Ph.D degree. At the beginning of / at the end of : u/ cui (dng cho thi gian v a im) (At the beginning of the lesson. At the end of the street.) : i khi, thng thong
+ -
At first: thot u >< at last: cui cng At times At + tn cc ngy l (at christmas, at thanksgiving) On + tn cc ngy l/ tnh t + day (on christmas day, on a hot summer day) Trong dng informal English, on trc cc th trong tun i khi c lc b. (She is going to see a friend (on) Sunday morning. At, in, on thng b lc b trong cc thnh ng ch thi gian khi c mt: next, last, this, that, one, any, every, some, all. At + a im: At the center of the building.
At + nhng a im ln (khi xem n nh mt ni chung chuyn hoc gp g) The plane stopped one hour at Washington DC before continuing on to Atlanta. Let's meet at the club.
At + tn cc to nh ln khi xem nh mt hnh ng s xy ra ch khng cp n to nh. There is a good movie at the center Theater. At + tn ring cc t chc. She works at Legal and General Insurance. At + tn ring ni c cc trng s hoc khu vc i hc. She is studying at the London school of economics. At + tn cc hot ng quy t thnh nhm. (At a party, at a lecture)
8. Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi gii t

On the beach Along the beach In place of = instead of : trn b bin : dc theo b bin : thay cho, thay v
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Lu : trong mt s trng hp, instead lm nhim v ca mt ph t thng ng cui cu m khong cn c of theo sau. Nhng vi In place of tuyt i khng c lm nh vy. He should have studied last night but he watched TV instead.
For the most part
: chnh l, ch yu l (mainly)
hoping to + verb In hope of + verb - ing = vi hy vng l hoping that + sentence

Off and on All of a sudden For good = forever : dai dng, ti hi tng chp mt. : bng nhin : vnh vin, mi mi
[15-3-2002] Ng ng t (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) l nhng ng t kt h vi mt , hai hoc i khi ba gii t. Khi kt hp dng nh vy, ng ngha ca chng thay i hn so vi lc ban u. Break off : chm dt, ct t, on tuyt [284] Break up : nu ra, a ln (vn ) Call on : yu cu; n thm. Care for : thch (thng dng vi ngha ph nh); = Take care of : trng nom, chm sc. Check out (book from library) : mn sch th vin. Check out (a problem) : xem xt (mt vn gii quyt) Check out of : lm th tc ra khi (sn bay, khch sn) Check in for : lm th tc vo. Close in on : tin li gn, chy li gn Come along with : i cng vi Come down with (a dicease) : mc phi mt cn bnh Count on : trng cy vo, da vo, tin vo. Do away with = get rid of : tng kh, loi b, tr kh Draw up = draft : son tho mt hp ng, mt k hoch Drop out of : b (c bit b hcgia chng) Figure out : hnh dung ra c, hiu c Get by : sng st qua c, ln hi qua ngy. Get through with : kt thc c, lm xong.
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(17)
Get through to
: lm cho hiu c, thng tin c cho ai, gi c s. : dy (phn bit vi wake up = dy hn); t chc : b : ng vi : gi vng, duy tr
[18-3-2002] (18) Get up (19) Give up (20) Go along with (21) Hold on to (22) Hold up:
Cp
Vn gi vng, vn duy tr, vn dng c, vn sng bnh thng (bt chp sc p bn ngoi hoc s dng lu.): My coat holds up even though it is very old. ch tc, nh tr (cng vic, giao thng)
(23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39)
Keep on doing sth = keep doing sth: tip tc lm g Look after = care for = take care of Look into : iu tra, xem xt Pass out = hand out : phn phi, phn pht Pass out = faint : ngt (khng dng th b ng) Pick out : la ra, chn ra, nht ra. Point out : ch ra, vch ra Put off : ch hon Run across sth : tnh c bt gp (ci g) See about = attend to : lo lng, chm sc, chy vy Take off >< land : ct cnh >< h cnh Take over for = substitute for : thay th Talk over : bn son, tho lun v Try out : dng th (mt sn phm), th nghim Try out for = audition for : th vai, th ging, th chn Turn in : giao np, trnh; i ng (thng l ng sm) Watch out for : cnh gic, chng chng, d chng (c ngha en v ngha bng)
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Grammar review 136

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cliffs 95-96

II. Past ............................................................................................................................20

III. Future ........................................................................................................................22

II. Dare ...........................................................................................................................41

VI. Cch s dng thnh ng used to,

to get used to ..........................................61 to be

VII. Cch s dng thnh ng would rather ..............................................................61

X. Cch s dng cc verb khuym khuyt din t cc trng thi qu kh..67

Mt s cc danh t m c c dng s t v nhiu ging nhau, ch phn bit c a v khng c a.

large a number of great

Dng trc half khi n i theo sau mt n v nguyn vn.

Khi n i vi mt danh t khc ch na phn, khi vit phi c gch ni:

Dng trc cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.

Dng trc cc danh t s t m c vi cm thn.

A + Mr/Mrs/Ms + Family name = mt ng, b, c no khng quen bit.

The + Noun + Preposition + Noun:

Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc mt hoc only.

Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nhin).

The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph.

Trc mt danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.

The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt.

Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong x hi.

The + tn cc vng, khu vc ni ting v mt a l, lch s.

The + East/West/North + Noun:

Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ny nu n i vi tn chu lc hoc quc gia.

The + tn gi cc i hp xng, dn nhc c in, ban nhc ph thng.

The Bach Choir, the Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra, the Beatles...

The + tn gi cc t bo (khng phi tp ch) tu bin, cc kinh kh cu.

The + h mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh.

Dng trc tn h ca mt ngi xc nh ngi trong s nhng ngi trng tn.

Khng c dng the trc cc ba n trong ngy, tr cc trng hp c bit:

Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh bt buc phi dng the.

Lu (Important): trong AE, hospital v university bt buc phi dng vi the.

(tip theo) TT 5 C THE

the Solid matter physics, the applied mathematics

3. Mt s trng hp c bit Ting Anh

Khi town trong 2 trng hp trn l ca ngi ni. [Exercises: 3, 4; 10-12-2001]

Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

Other than (gii t) dng sau mt cu ph nh = ngoi tr, tr phi, ngoi.

Other than (gii t) = khc hn ... khng/ngoi

III. Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few

Little + Danh t khng m c: rt t khng (c khuynh hng ph nh).

A little + Danh t khng m c: c mt cht

Few + Danh t m c s nhiu: c rt t, khng (c khuynh hng ph nh).

A few + Danh t m c s nhiu: c mt cht .

Quite a few (m c) = quite a bit (khng m c) = quite a lot: nhiu lm.

i vi danh t s nhiu c sn s ui ch cn dng du phy.

Nhng i vi danh t s nhiu c bit khng c s ui vn phi i bnh thng.

Nu c hai danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu.

N c dng cho thi gian (nm, thng, thp nin, th k..)

Dng cho tn cc cng ty, quc gia.

China's food, the Rocket feller's products.

Vi cc ca hiu c ngh nghip c trng ch cn dng danh t vi du s hu.

ng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch trong mt s thnh ng.

2. Present Progressive Be + Verb-ing

Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh, ko di n hin ti.

Dng hai gii t since / for + thi gian.

has Subject + + already + [verb in past participle] have

Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh. Yet thng xuyn ng cui cu.

Dng vi yet trong cu nghi vn.

Dng vi Recently/lately (gn y). Nhng thnh ng ny c th ng u/cui.

Dng vi before ng cui cu.

1. Simple past (1)

subject 1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past progressive...