Journal of Computational Information Systems 8: 7 (2012) 26912699 Available at http://www.Jofcis.

com

Analysis of BLER Performance for LTE Uplink Baseband Simulation System

Yibing LI ,

Xin GUI, Fang YE

College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China

Abstract SC-FDMA(Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) is the Uplink Multiple Access scheme for the standard LTE (Long Term Evolution). In this paper a baseband simulation system model is proposed for analyzing the BLER (block error rate) performance of various algorithms in LTE uplink. The BLER performance of the proposed system is studied under ve dierent channels (AWGN, Pedestrian A channel, Pedestrian B channel, Vehicular A channel and Vehicular B channel)including two level CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) encoding, modied Turbo encoding based on QPP (Quadratic Polynomial Permutation) internal interleaving, Turbo decoding and rate matching models. Simulation results show that under four dierent channels, the BLER of LTE system is eectively reduced by using two level CRC encoding, improved internal interleaver Turbo encoding and the LogMapMaxLogMap Turbo decoding used. Compared to the MaxLogMap Turbo decoding method, with the increasing of the SNR, the LogMap Turbo decoding has better BLER performance, but the decoding complexity increases as well. Keywords : SC-FDMA; LTE; Two Level CRC Encoding; Code Block Segmentation; Turbo Encoding and Decoding; Rate Matching; Channel; BLER; Channel

Introduction

Long Term Evolution is the largest communication research program of 3GPP(The 3rd Generation Partnership Project) organization. LTE is the 3.9G communication technology with the core technology based on OFDM/FDMA. Compared to the 3G technology, the transmission performance has been greatly improved. Under the 20MHz spectrum bandwidth, it can achieve downlink 100Mbps, uplink 50Mbps peak rates. As the multiple access scheme for standard LTE uplink, SC-FDMA has been researched more and more. SC-FDMA can be also considered as a kind of DFT spread OFDM technology which is a special form of OFDM. Compared to OFDM, SC-FDMA systems can eectively reduce the peak to average power ratio(PAPR), and also can reduce system requirements and costs of the power amplier at system end[1][2][3][4][5][6].

Corresponding author. Email address: liyibing0920@sina.cn (Yibing LI).

15539105 / Copyright April 2012

2012 Binary Information Press

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LTE uplink baseband simulation system model is presented in this paper. The paper evaluates the BLER performance of the two level CRC encoding, Turbo encoding based on QPP interleaver, rate matching and two typical Turbo decoding technologies in ve typical channels in LTE uplink.

System Model

The Figure 1 shows the simulation system structure of LTE uplink baseband, Two level CRC encoding, code block segmentation, Turbo encoding, rate matching, scrambling, modulation, SC-FDMA modulation, antenna transmitting, channel, SC-FDMA demodulation, demodulation, descrambling, rate de-matching and Turbo decoding are included. Following, the procedure of LTE uplink baseband simulation system is introduced. First, the users give data(also called transmission block) that they want to transmit in the channel .According to the LTE physical layer specications, 24 bits CRC encoding is added to the transmission block; if the length of transmission block is more than 6144 bits, code block segmentation needs to be done, 24 bits CRC encoding is added to the code block, that is how two level CRC check encoding model works. Then the encoded CRC code blocks are sent to Turbo encoder based on QPP interleaver whose encoding rate is 1/3. In order to match the channel transmission rate, data needs to be punched and retransmitted, thats why the rate matching is important. In code block concatenation model the separated code blocks are put together for transmission. Because the SC-FDMA modulation is used in LTE uplink, the encoded data is modulated into SC-FDMA symbols. Then the symbols are transmitted by antennas, the maximum number of the receive antennas is 4. Then the signal is transmitted in channels(AWGN channel,Pedestrian A channel,Pedestrian B channel,Vehicular A channel and Vehicular B channel). The work mechanism of the receiver in the base station is reverse procedure of transmit procedure, including antenna receiving, SC-FDMA demodulation, demodulation, code block segmentation, rate de-matching, Turbo decoding, code block concatenation and CRC check. After the base station receiving the user data of users, we can get the BLER from CRC check results.

Fig. 1: The simulation block diagram of LTE uplink baseband system

3
3.1

System Implementation and Algorithms

The principle of SC-FDMA system

SC-FDMA is a special form of OFDM, with this technology a DFT module is added before OFDM modulation module in order to transform precoding, so SC-FDMA is also called the OFDM based

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on DFT spread (DFT-S-OFDM). Frequency domain equalization in receiver can improve the antimultipath capabilityeectively reduce PAPR, and overcome the frequency drift sensitive problem in OFDM system. The procedure of SC-FDMA system transmitter includes getting user data, serial to parallel conversion, DFT transform, subcarriers mapping, IFFT transform(OFDM modulation), parallel to serial conversion, cycle prex addition, SC-FDMA symbol generation, DA conversion and upconversion. Then the signal is transmitted by antenna. In reverse order compared to the ransmitter, the receiver contains downconversion and AD conversion, remove cycle prex, serial to parallel conversion, DFT transform models. The SC-FDMA signal is transformed to the frequency domain for subcarriers de-mapping and frequency domain equalization. The frequency domain signal is transformed to time domain signal though IDFT. Finally, the user data can be restored by time domain decision[7]. The transmitter and receiver structure of SC-FDMA system is shown in gure 2.

Fig. 2: The transmitter and receiver model of SC-FDMA system

3.2

Two level CRC coding and code block segmentation technology

CRC check coding is used, in order to transmit the symbol with error detection ability. Some certain bits are added after the transmission bits. In receiver, we can use the CRC remainder to judge whether the transmission symbol is right. The received bits are divided by the known CRC code generation polynomial to get the remainder. If the remainder is not equal to zero, the bits must be transmitted again. LTE physical layer of the transmission system specify the largest transport block length as 6144 bits, to prevent the length of the transport blocks too long. Two level CRC check coding and code block segmentation are introduced to follow this principle. The data block which is called transport block will be transmitted in channel. First, the 24 bits CRC check code will be added to transport block. If the length of transport block is greater than 6144, then the code block segmentation technology is necessary. The transport block is divided into many code blocks. Then, 24 bits CRC check code will be added after each code block[8]. Finally, the separate code blocks are concatenated. In order to distinguish the dierence between two CRC check coding, the two dierent CRC generator polynomials are introduced. Equation (1) and equation (2) below are the code generator polynomial CRC24A and CRC24B of transmission block separately, the length of generated CRC check code are both 24.

gCRC 24A = D24 + D23 + D18 + D17 + D14 + D11 + D10 + D7 + D6 + D5 + D4 + D3 + D1 + 1 (1)

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gCRC 24B = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D1 + 1

(2)

The diagram of two level CRC encoding and code block segmentation is shown in Figure 3. In receiver, there are two separate CRC check in decoding procedure. First, code block CRC check is essential, after all the code blocks CRC check is done, the code block CRC check code is removed. Then the transport block CRC check needs to be implemented, we get the user data after transport block CRC check code is removed. If the length of transport block is too long, code block segmentation is introduced. Code block segmentation principles work like this: First, there are only two dierent length of code blocks, the number of this two kinds of block is basically equal after code block segmentation; second, for the code block needs to be sent to Turbo encoder, the length of code block must be in the table of LTE interleaver parameter table, and the length of two dierent code block requires to be in adjacent position of LTE interleaver parameters table. Third, determine the number of code blocks and the length of code block, calculate the number of padding bits, then the specied number of padding bits are lled to the front of the transport block, lled with the value NULL.

Fig. 3: The diagram of two level CRC encoding and code block segmentation

3.3

Turbo encoder and decoder

The improved interleaver Turbo encoder is adopted in LTE channel coding. A new permutation polynomial based deterministic interleaver is adopted, which is called QPP interleaver and antiinterleaver with many advantages beyond other interleavers. This encoder has simple structure, exible operation and the most important is that parallel Turbo decoding and register contention problem is solved successfully, which eectively increases the eciency of the high-speed block parallel Turbo decoding[9][10]. LTE Turbo Code encoder structure is shown in Figure 4, the output is Turbo coding data with 1/3 code rate. Turbo encoder is mainly consists of two RSC encoders and an inner interleaver. Each RSC encoder outputs system information bits and encoding bits whose verication information exists crossly. the system information bits and verication information bits from RSC#1, the verication information from RSC#2, and 12 tail bits from output compose three parallel data stream xk , zk and zk of output. The block of Turbo decoder for LTE system is shown in gure 5. Iterative decoding theory is an important feature in the Turbo decoding, so decoding complexity lineally increases, with the size of the sequence information. In order to achieve a better decoding performance, component decoding must adopt soft input soft output (SISO) algorithm. MAP decoding algorithm and SOVA decoding algorithm are two kinds of common soft-input soft-output Turbo decoding

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Fig. 4: The block of turbo encoder for LTE system methods[11][12]. In this paper, we mainly talk about the BLER performance in simulation model with modied MAP decoding algorithm. Because it is dicult to achieve MAP algorithm with huge calculation work, appropriate treatment for MAP algorithm required to be done to reduce the calculation complexity and change complex multiplication into relatively simple addition. LogMap algorithm and MaxLogMap algorithm are two common modied MAP algorithms. In the paper, the BLER performances of both of the two modied MAP algorithms are studied in LTE uplink simulation system under dierent channel model.

Fig. 5: The block of turbo decoder for LTE system

3.4

Rate matching

Rate matching means the bits in transport channel are retransmitted or punched to match the carrying capacity of physical channel. Punching means the current bits are removed while the following bits shift forward in sequence; retransmission means the current bits is transmitted again before the next bit. The rate matching unit special designed for 1/3 code rate Turbo decoder channel for LTE system shows in Figure 6. The main process is elaborated as follows. After the input data passes Turbo encoding model, the turbo encoding generates a system bit and two parity bits. Then, the system bits and parity bits are interleaved by matrix interleave respectively. When performing matrix interleave, according to LTE system specication, the number of columns of interleave matrix must be 24, so we can decide the number of rows of the interleave matrix can be decided from the number of code bits. Normally, we have to add padding bits have to be added in front of the symbol, then performs interleave and bits mapping. System bits maps directly, while parity bits 1 and parity bits 2 maps crosswise[13], that is called bit collection, the block of Turbo decoder bit collection for LTE system is shown in Figure 7.

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Fig. 6: The block of rate matching for LTE system Figure 8 shows the RV cutting diagram. RV cutting is necessary In order to match the carrying capacity of physical channel. All the bits data are sent to a circular buer after bit collection, the system bits and parity bits owns dierent redundancy version(rv) values, the value of rv is 0, 1 or 2, according to dierent retransmission mode (CC mode, IR mode or adapt IR mode), we select one rv to transmit. If we adopt CC mode retransmission mechanism, the value of the RV to be transmitted is 0. In Figure 7, in the section of rv equal to zero, rst, NULL value needs to be skipped, then E eective bits (E is a number, the value of E is decided by carrying capacity of physical channel) are taken as CB rate matching output sequence.

Fig. 7: The block of turbo decoder bit collection for LTE system There are three sections in rate de-matching. First, bits stung, adds 0 in the position of the removed redundant bits to get complete input decoding bits group; bits separation, the input decoding bits group is divided into three groups; sub-block de-interleaving, transmits three sets of bits to three sub-blocks for de-interleaving separately, to get three decoding input bits groups.

Fig. 8: RV cutting diagram in LTE system

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3.5

Channel model

The channel adapt Pedestrian A, Vehicular A, Pedestrian B, Vehicular B and AWGN channels which are ITU(International Telecommunications Union) specied for multi-path channel in LTE simunation system[7], the channel parameter is base on 3GPP TS 25.101. Table 1 shows the channel delay proles of ITU Pedestrian A, Vehicular A, Pedestrian B and Vehicular B channels. As can be seen from the table that dierent channel type have diernet number of multipaths and attenuation, for example, Pedestrian A channel have three multipaths, Vehicular A channel have ve multipaths. The delay of Pedestrian A channel is longer than Vehicular A channel, the frequency selective fading of Vehicular A channel is more serious than Pedestrian A channel[1]. And the frequency selective fading of Pedestrian B channel is more serious than Pedestrian A channel, so is Vehicular B channel and Vehicular A channel. Table 1: Channel delay proles of ITU pedestrian A, vehicular A, pedestrian B and vehicular B channels
Channel Model Ped.A Veh.A Ped.B Veh.B Delay(ns) Power(dB) Delay(ns) Power(dB) Delay(ns) Power(dB) Delay(ns) Power(dB) Path1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.5 Path2 110 -9.7 310 -1.0 200 -0.9 300 0 Path3 190 -19.2 710 -9.0 800 -4.9 8900 -12.8 Path4 410 -22.8 1090 -10.0 1200 -8.0 12900 -10.0 Path5 1730 -15.0 2300 -7.8 17100 -25.2 Path6 2510 -20.0 3700 -23.9 20000 -16.0

Simulation Results

System simulation parameters are set as follows: the system bandwidth is 20MHz; Single-user mode; normal CP; 1 transmit antenna and 2 receive antennas; MMSE frequency domain equalization; the number of system transport blocks is 1000. Channel coding adopts two level CRC check coding and Turbo encoding based on QPP interleaver. Decoding adopts the LogMap algorithm and the MaxLogMap algorithm..The signal transmits through the AWGN channel, Pedestrian A channel, Pedestrian B channel, Vehicular A channel and Vehicular B channel after QPSK modulation. The BLER performance curve of the LogMap algorithm and the MaxLogMap algorithm decoding method in AWGN channel, Pedestrian A channel, Pedestrian B channel, Vehicular A channel and Vehicular B channel is shown in gure 9. Simulation results show that the above technologies can eectively reduce the system BLER under the ve dierent channels. In receiver, the two decoding algorithms have similar BLER performance under AWGN channel. The two decoding algorithms have the similar BLER performance when the SNR is low; otherwise, when the SNR is high, the performance of the LogMap algorithm is better than the MaxLogMap algorithm.

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Fig. 9: The BLER performance curve of LTE baseband simulation system under ve dierent channel

Conclusion

In this paper, the LTE uplink baseband system simulation model is proposed and veried. In ve typical LTE channels, two level CRC check code, Turbo encoder based on QPP interleaver and rate matching technology can reduce the system BLER eectively. Furthermore, in receiver, the BLER performance of the LogMap algorithm is better than the MaxLogMap algorithm when the SNR is high, but the decoding complexity is relatively higher at the same time.

Acknowledgement
This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (HEUCF100809).

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