Chapter 5.

Transform Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Systems

5.0 Introduction 5.1 The Frequency q y Response p of LTI System y 5.2 System Function from LCCDE 5.3 Frequency Response For Rational System Functions 5.4 Relationship Between Magnitude and Phase g 5.5 All-pass System 5.6 Minimum Phase System 5.7 Linear Phase Systems
5-1

5.0 Introduction
Impulse response h[n] can fully characterize a LTI system, and we can have the output of LTI system as

y[n ] = x[n ] h[n ]

The z-transform of impulse response is called transfer or system function H(z).

Y (z ) = X (z )H (z ).

Frequency response at H e j = H (z ) z =1 is valid if ROC includes z = 1, and

( )

Y (e j ) = X (e j )H (e j )

5-2

5.1 Frequency Response of LTI System

Consider X (e ) = X (e ) e then

jX ( e j )

and H ( e ) = H ( e ) e

jH ( e j )

magnitude

Y (e j ) = X (e j ) H (e j )

phase

Y ( e j ) = X ( e j ) + H ( e j )
We will model and analyze LTI systems based on the magnitude and phase responses.
5-3

Ideal Frequency-Selective Filter

H LPF (e j ) H HPF (e j )

Low Pass Filter

High Pass Filter

H BRF (e j )

H BPF (e j )

- 2 1

1 2

- 2 1

1 2

Band Rejection Filter

Band Pass Filter

5-4

Ideal Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters(1)

< c 1 H lp (e ) = 0 c < < c 0 j H hp (e ) = 1 c <
j

sin c n hlp [ n ] = , < n< n sin c n hhp [ n ] = [ n ] hlp [ n ] = [ n ] n

5-5

Ideal Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters(2)

L Low P Pass Filt Filter (LPF)

Not stable Not realizable Not causal

1 hLP [n ] = 2

H (e )e
j lp

jn

sin c n dw = n

High Pass Filter (HPF)

1 hHp [n ] = 2

1 j jn H Hp (e )e d + 2

j jn ( ) H e e d

= [n ] hLP [n ]
5-6

Phase Distortion and Delay

Let us first consider the ideal delay system

h id [ n ] = [ n n d ] H id (e j ) = e j n d H id (e j ) = 1
j

Impulse Response Frequency Response

H id (e

) = n

, <

Delaying output by nd

Ideal lowpass filter with linear phase would be defined as

jnd e < c H lp (e j ) = c < 0 sinc (n nd ) , < n < hlp [n] = (n nd )

Impulse Response

5-7

Phase Response of LTI System

Observation Ob ti : if phase h i is specified ifi d to t be b zero (as ( in i ideal id l filters) the impulse response will be centered at n=0, and it will ill b be non-causal l and d cannot tb be i implemented l t di in real-time. l ti Consider the delay system

y [n ] = x[n n0 ] h[n ] = [n n0 ]
H (e j ) =
jn0 jn [ ] h n e = e

H (e j ) = 1

n =

H (e j ) = n0

This system exhibits linear phase. We will often be satisfied with linear phase distortion since it is just a time delay.
5-8

Phase Response Example: Ideal LPF

Let
jn0 e H Lp (e j ) = 0

< c
OTW

Now it has a linear phase not zero phase

all n

1 h[n ] = 2

e
c

n0

jn

sin[ (n n0 )] d h[n ] = (n n0 )

The center of h[n] is shifted to n = n0 and the p phase is linear H Lp (e j ) = n0 . Filter te will a always ays be non-causal, o causa , however o e e ( (why?). y )
5-9

Why linear phase Filtering is important?

5-10

Phase Group Delay

If given phase spectrum is

d { ( ) = grd [ H (e )] = arg[ H ( e j )]} d

j

If () is a constant, then phase is linear or zero. Th deviation The d i ti f from constant t ti indicates di t nonlinearity li it that th t is usually undesirable and very hard to compensate.

phase spectrum

group delay
5-11

Example 5.1 Group Delay

5-12

Example 5.1 Group Delay (Contd)

5-13

Example 5.1 Group Delay (Contd)

5-14

5.2 System Function from LCCDE

It is of interest to consider a class of systems can be implemented as approximation to ideal frequencyselective filters General form of LCCDE

a y [n k ] = b x [n k ]
k =0 k k =0 k

Compute the z-transform

k k a z Y ( z ) = b z k k X (z ) k =0 k =0 N M

H (z ) =

Y (z ) = X (z )

k b z k k a z k k =0 k =0 N

5-15

System Function: Pole/zero Factorization

St bilit requirement Stability i t can b be verified. ifi d Choice of ROC determines causality. Location of zeros and poles determines the frequency response and phase

b0 H (z ) = a0

(1 c z )
M 1

(1 d z )
1 k =1 k

k =1 N

zeros : c1 , c2 ,..., cM .
poles l : d1 , d 2 ,..., d N .
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Example 5.2 Second-order System

Suppose the system function of a LTI system is
(1 + z 1 ) 2 H ( z) = . 1 1 3 1 (1 z )(1 + z ) 2 4

To find the difference equation that is satisfied by the input and out of this system
(1 + z 1 ) 2 1 + 2 z 1 + z 2 Y ( z) H ( z) = = = 1 3 1 3 (1 z 1 )(1 + z 1 ) 1 + z 1 z 2 X ( z ) 2 4 4 8

1 3 y[n ] + y[n 1] y[n 2] = x[n ] + 2 x[n 1] + 2 x[n 2] 4 8

C we k Can know th the i impulse l response? ?

5-17

System Function: Stability

Stability of LTI system:

n =

h[n] <

This condition is identical to the condition that

n h [ n ] z < for z = 1.

n =

The stability condition is equivalent to the condition that the ROC of H(z) includes the unit circle.

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System Function: Causality

If the system is causal causal, it follows that h[n] must be a right right-sided sided sequence. The ROC of H(z) must be outside the outermost pole. If the system y is anti-causal, , it follows that h[n] must be a left-sided sequence. The ROC of H(z) must be inside the innermost pole.
Im Im Im

Re

1 Re

Re

Right-sided (causal)

Left-sided (anti-causal)

Two-sided (non-causal)
5-19

Example 5.3 Determining the ROC

Consider the LTI system 5 y[n ] y[n 1] + y[n 2] = x[n ] 2 The system function is obtained as
H ( z) = 1

5 1 2 1 z + z 2 1 = 1 1 (1 z )(1 2 z 1 ) 2

ROC for Stable, Causal ?

5-20

System Function: Inverse Systems

i an i inverse system t f for H (z ), if H i ( z ) is

G ( z ) = H ( z ) H i ( z ) = 1 g [n ] = h[n ] hi [n ] = [n ]

1 Hi ( z) = H ( z)
The ROCs of

1 H i (e ) = H (e j )
j

p H ( z ) and H i ( z ) must overlap.

Useful for canceling the effects of another system See the discussion in Sec Sec.5.2.2 5 2 2 regarding ROC
5-21

System Function: Inverse Systems (Contd)

A common problem
Unknown (want)

y
H
Some Knowledge

Observed

y

x
H
-1

Estimate of x

The ROC of H i ( z ) must overlap H (z). To give a valid result pole/zero cancellation can make this happen An LTI system s stem and its inverse in erse are both stable and ca causal sal iff all the poles and zeros of H (z) are inside the unit circle called a Minimum Phase System.
5-22

Example p 5.4 Inverse System y for First-Order System

Let H(z) be

1 0 .5 z 1 H ( z) = 1 0.9 z 1

with ROC z > 0.9.

Then the inverse system

1 0 .9 z 1 Hi ( z) = (ROC : z > 0.5, why?) 1 1 0.5 z

The impulse response of the inverse system is

hi [n ] = (0.5) n u[n ] 0.9(0.5) n 1 u[n 1] (causal and stable)

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Example p 5.5 Inverse for System y with a Zero in the ROC

5-24

IIR ( (Infinite te Impulse pu se Response) espo se) Syste System

Let H(z) be any rational function of z-1 with only first-order poles, M N N that is is, Ak r H ( z ) = Br z + 1 d z 1 r =0 k =0 k Then the inverse system y

h(n) =

M N r =0

B [n r ] + A d
r k =0 k

n k

u[ n ]

At least one nonzero pole of H(z) is not canceled by a zero. In this n case there will be at least one term of the form Ak d k u[n] , and h[n] will not be of finite length, g , i.e., , will not be zero outside a finite interval IIR system Ex)

1 n n a u[n] y[ n] ay[n] = x[ n] H ( z ) = h [ ] = 1 1 az ROC :| z |>| a |, Stability : | a |< 1

5-25

Example 5.6 A First-Order IIR System

y[ n ] ay [ n 1] = x[ n ] 1 H (z) = 1 1 az n h[ n ] = a u[ n ] Stable if a < 1

5-26

FIR ( (Finite te Impulse pu se Response) espo se) Syste System

H(z) has no poles except at z=0; i.e., N=0. then, H(z) is simply a polynomial M in z-1 of the form
H (z) =

Then the inverse system (inspection method)

bn , 0 n M h[ n ] = b [ n k ] = 0 , o / w k =0
M

k =0

bk z k

The impulse response is finite in length, i.e., it is zero outside a finite interval interval. FIR system

5-27

Example 5.7 A FIR System

a n 0 n M h[ n ] = otherwise 0 1 a M + 1 z M 1 H (z) = 1 az 1 zeros : z k = ae j ( 2 k / M + 1 ) , k = 0 ,1, L , M poles : z k = a (canceled y[ n ] = by a zero)

a k x[ n k ]

k =0

y [ n ] ay [ n 1] = x [ n ] a M + 1 x [ n M 1]

Two equivalent difference equations results from two equivalent forms of H(z)

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Impulse Response for Rational Systems

k b z k k a z k k =0 M N k =0 N M 1 ( 1 c z k ) 1 ( 1 d z k ) k =1 N k =1 N M

H ( z) =

b0 = a0
r

Ak H ( z ) = Br z + 1 1 d z r =0 k =1 k h[n] =
M N r =0 n B [ n r ] + A d r k k u[n] k =1 N

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Case I) At least one nonzero pole exists

h[n] = Ak d knu[n] Infinite impulse response(IIR) system

Case II) No poles except at z=0

H (z) =

r b z r r =0 M

bn 0 n M h[ n ] = b k [ n k ] = k =0 0 otherwise Finite impulse response(F IR) system

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5 3 Frequency Response for Rational Systems 5.3

Frequency Response
H (e j ) =

bk e a e
k =0 k k =0 N

jk

jk

b0 = a 0

j ( 1 c e k )

(1 d e
k k =1

k =1 N

Magnitude
H (e j

)=

b0 a0

1 c 1 d
k =1 k =1 N

j e k

e j

Taking logarithm 20 log l 10 H (e

j

: log magnitude

) = 20 log l

10

b0 + a0

k =1

20 log l 10 1 c k e j

k =1

20 0 log og 10 1 d k e j
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5.3 Frequency Response for Rational Systems (Contd)

20 log10 Y (e j ) = 20 log10 H (e j ) + 20 log10 X (e j ) Attenuation in dB : 20 log10 H (e j )

Phase
N b0 M j H (e ) = + [1 ck e ] [1 d k e j ] k =1 a0 k =1 j

M d j (arg[1 d k e ]) d (arg[1 ck e j ]) ( ) = k =1 d k =1 d N

Group delay

=
k =1

1 + d k 2 Re{d k e
2

d k Re{d k e j }
2

k =1

1 + ck 2 Re{ck e j }
2

ck Re{ck e j }
2

H (e j ) = ARG[H (e j )] + 2r ( )
5-32

< ARG[H (e j )]

Principal Value

5-33

5.3.1 Frequency Response of a Single Zero or Pole

Magnitude
1 re j e j
2

= (1 re j e j )(1 re j e j )

20 log 10 1 re j e j = 10 log 10 [ 1 + r 2 2 r cos( ) ]

= 1 + r 2 2 r cos( )

maximum u : = 20 log og10 (1 + r ) miniimum : = 0 20 log10 1 r

Phase

r sin( ) ARG[1 re j e j ] = arctan ( ) 1 r cos(

As changes, the dip is shifted in frequency

5-34

5.3.1 Frequency Response of a Single Zero or Pole (Contd)

Group Delay

1 r cos( ( )(1 r cos( ( )) r2 sin2 ( ) = 2 2 ( ) 1 r cos( ) ) r sin( 1+ ) 1 r cos( r2 r cos( ) = 1+ r2 2r cos( )

d ) r sin( [ ] grd1 re e = tan ) d 1 r cos(

j j 1

5-35

The phase function as a function of omega for r=0.9 and several theta

5-36

Geometric Interpretation [Approximate Sketching]

One zero (first-order system)

H ( z ) = (1 re H ( z ) | z = e j =
1 2
1 re j e j

j j

z 1 ) = ( z re

)/ z
one pole

re e j

one zero

(1 re j e j ) = (e j re j ) (e j ) = (v 3 ) (v1 ) = 3 1 = 3 v 3 : zero vector (vector from a zero to the unit circle) v1 : pole vector (vector from a pole to the unit circle)
5-37

v3 e j re j = = = v3 j e v1

Clearly, as w increases from zero, the magnitude of the 1 vector | |v3| decreases until it reaches a minimum at w=pi p 2 The angle of v3 increases more slowly than at first. When h = phase h i zero is
5-38

5-39

Geometric construction for a zero on the unit circle

length of v3 0 : dB in magnitude response discontinuous angle change :

5-40

Discontinuity of phase curve

5-41

Example 5 5.8 8 Second-Order IIR System

H ( z) = 1 1 = (1 re j z 1 )(1 re j z 1 ) 1 2r cosz 1 + r 2 z 2

Difference Equation (is satisfied by the input output of the system is

y [ n ] 2 r cos y [ n 1 ] + r Since 1 e H (z) = 1 re h[n ] = = r nu [n ] e
j 2 j 2

y[n 2 ] = x[n ]
j 2 j

= r n u [ n ] (e j e j ) sin( n + 1 ) = r nu [n ] sin

{(1
j

1 e + 1 re

e
j

j 2

(e

jn jn

j 1

(e

1 e + ( e e
j

1 j 2

(e

)
j

jn

j ( n + 1 )

j ( n + 1 )

}u [ n ]
e
jn

5-42

Example 5.8 Second-Order IIR System (Contd)

20 log10 H (e j ) = 10 log10 [1 + r 2 2r cos( )] 10 log l 10 [1 + r 2 2r cos( ( + )]
Magnitude response

Phase response

r sin( ) 1 r sin( + ) H (e j ) = tan 1 tan 1 r cos( + ) 1 r cos( )

Group delay

r 2 r cos( ) r 2 r cos( + ) grd [H (e )] = 2 1 + r 2r cos( ) 1 + r 2 2r cos( + )

j

5-43

Example 5.8 Second-Order IIR System (C td) (Contd)

Th system function The f i has h a pole l at z and d the h conjugate j location, and two zeros at z = 0 5-44

Example 5.8 Second-Order IIR System (C td) (Contd)

5-45

5.4 Relationship Between Magnitude & Phase

In general general, knowledge about the magnitude provides no information about the phase and vice versa. However, for rational systems there are some constraints.

H (e

= H (e
* *

)H (e )
* j

= H ( z ) H (1 / z ) | z = e j

5-46

For a rational system,

b0 H (z) = a 0

(1 c k z (1 d k z

) )

k =1 N

k =1

Square of the magnitude of the frequency q y response

b0 * * H (1 / z ) = a 0 C (z) = H (z)H b0 = a 0
2 *

* (1 c k z)

k =1 N

( 1 d k* z )

k =1

(1 / z * )
1 * )( 1 c k z)

(1 c k z (1 d k z

k =1 N

)( 1 d k* z )

k =1

Poles and zeros of C(z) occur in conjugate reciprocal pairs 5-47

Example 5.11 Systems with the Same C(z)

2 (1 z 1 )(1 + 0 . 5 z 1 ) H1(z) = (1 0 . 8 e j / 4 z 1 )(1 0 . 8 e j / 4 z 1 ) (1 z 1 )(1 + 2 z 1 ) H 2 (z) = (1 0 . 8 e j / 4 z 1 )(1 0 . 8 e j / 4 z 1 ) C 1 ( z ) = H 1 ( z ) H 1* (1 / z * )
* C2 (z) = H 2 (z)H 2 (1 / z * )

C 1 ( z ) = C 2 ( z ) H 1 (e j ) = H 2 (e j ) but, phase responses are different.

5-48

Example 5.11 Systems with the Same C(z) (C td) (Contd)

Same to the square of the magnitude frequency response 5-49

Example 5.12

For stable and causal P 1, P 2, P 3 are poles For zeros (real coefficien ts) Z 3 or Z 6 ( Z1 , Z 2 ) or ( Z 4 , Z 5 ) Four possible choices

z 1 a * H ( z ) = H1 ( z ) 1 az 1 C ( z ) = H ( z ) H * (1 / z * ) = H1 ( z ) H1* (1 / z * ) z 1 a * : all - pass factor 1 az 1

5-50

5 5 All 5.5 All-pass pass System

A system of the form (or cascade of these)

z a H Ap (Z ) = 1 az 1

pole : a = re j zero : 1 / a* = r 1e j

j j e a 1 a * e j j ( ) H Ap e = = e A j j 1 ae 1 ae

j ( ) =1 H Ap e p
5-51

All All-pass S t System: General G l Form F

In general general, all pass systems have form

z dk ( z e )( z ek ) H Ap (z ) = 1 * 1 k =1 1 d k z k =1 (1 ek z )(1 ek z )
Mr Mc * k 1

real poles

complex poles

Causal/stable:

ek , d k < 1
5-52

All-pass p System y : First and Second Order All-pass Systems

First-order all-pass system
j 1 a *e j H ap (e ) = e 1 ae j j 1 re j ( ) r sin( ) 2 arctan = = e 1 r cos( ) 1 re j ( )
j

Second-order all-pass system

(e j re j )(e j re j ) j j j j (1 re e )(1 re e ) r sin( + ) r sin( ) = 2 2 arctan 2 arctan 1 r cos( + ) 1 r cos( )
5-53

All-pass p System y : Group Delay of the first-order all-pass system

e j re j 1 r2 1 r2 grd = = 2 j j ( ) 1 re j e j 1 re e 1 + r 2r cos( since r < 1 grd > 0 arg [H ap (e
j

H ap (e j 0 ) = A arg g[H ap (e j 0 )] = 0

)] =

grd [H ap (e j )]d + arg [H ap (e j 0 )]

since

grd [H ap (e j )] 0 arg[H ap (e j )] 0 for 0 <

5-54

All-Pass All Pass System Example

Im
Unit circle

z-plane

M r = 2 and M c = 1
0.8

Re
0.5

4 3

3 4

& conjugate pole : re j reciprocal zero : r 1e j

Figure 5.21 5 21 Typical pole zero zero plot for an all-pass system.

Thi all This ll - pass system t has h M = N = 2 M c + M r = 4 poles l and d zeros.

5-55

5.6 Minimum-Phase System

Minimum-phase system: all zeros and all poles are inside the unit circle. for H(z) to be causal and stable Systems that are causal and stable and that have causal and stable inverse for 1/H(z) The name minimum-phase comes from a property of the p phase response p ( (minimum p phase-lag/group-delay). gg p y) Minimum-phase systems have some special properties. When we design a filter filter, we may have multiple choices to satisfy the certain requirements. Usually, we prefer the minimum phase which is unique unique. All systems can be represented as a minimum-phase system and an all all-pass pass system. system
5-56

5.6.1 Minimum-Phase and All-Pass Decomposition

Any rational system function H(z) can be written as

H ( z ) = H min i ( z ) H Ap A ( z)

H min ( z )

contains the poles and zeros of H(z) that lie inside the

unit circle circle, plus zeros that are the conjugate reciprocal of the zeros of H(z) that lie outside the unit circle.

H Ap ( z )
zeros in

is comprised p of all the zeros of H(z) that lie outside the

unit circle, and poles to cancel the reflected conjugate reciprocal

H min ( z ) ).
1 , c <1 c*

Suppose that H ( z ) has one zero outside the unit circle at z = H ( z ) = H 1 ( z )( z 1 c * ) z 1 c * H ( z ) = H 1 ( z )(1 cz ) (1 cz 1 )
1

5-57

Example 5.14 Minimum-Phase and All-Pass Decomposition (1) Given the LTI system
1 + 3 z 1 H ( z) = 1 1 + z 1 2

1 z + 3 H Ap ( z ) = 1 1 + z 1 3
1

1 1 + z 1 3 H min ( z ) = 3 1 1 + z 1 2

1 1 1 1 1+ z z + 3 3 H ( z) = 3 1 1 1 1 1+ z 1+ z 2 3
5-58

Example 5.14 Minimum-Phase and All-Pass Decomposition (2) Given the LTI system
3 j / 4 1 3 j / 4 1 z 1 + e z 1 + e 2 2 H ( z) = 1 1 1 z 3
1 2 j / 4 1 2 j / 4 z + e z + 3e 3 H Ap ( z ) = 2 2 j / 4 1 z 1 + e j / 4 z 1 1 + e 3 3

H ( z ) min

2 j / 4 1 2 j / 4 1 z 1 + e z 9 1 + 3 e 3 = 1 4 1 z 1 3

2 j / 4 1 2 j / 4 1 1 2 j / 4 1 2 j / 4 z 1 + e z z + e z + e 9 1 + 3 e 3 3 3 H ( z) = 1 2 j / 4 1 2 j / 4 1 4 1 z 1 z 1 + e z 1 + e 3 3 3
5-59

5.6.2 Frequency-Response Compensation

G(z) corresponds to an all-pass system

The frequency-response magnitude is exactly compensated. ) Th phase The h response is i modified difi d t to H Ap ( e j ).

G( z)

s[n ]

Distorting system

H d ( z)

s d [n]

Compensating system

s c [n ]

H c ( z)

H d ( z ) = H min ( z ) H Ap ( z )
H c ( z) = 1 H min ( z ) G ( z ) = H d ( z ) H c ( z ) = H ap ( z )

H d ( z ) : causal and stable H c ( z ) = 1 / H d ( z ) :: causal and stable

5-60

Example p 5.15 Compensation p of an FIR System y

H d ( z ) = (1 0.9e j 0.6 z 1 )(1 0.9e j 0.6 z 1 )(1 1.25e j 0.8 z 1 )(1 1.25e j 0.8 z 1 )

5-61

Example 5.15 Compensation of an FIR System (Contd)

5-62

Example 5.15 Compensation of an FIR System (Contd)

5-63

5.6.3 Properties of Minimum-Phase Systems

Minimum-Phase Minimum Phase Lag

arg [H (e j arg [H ap

)] = arg [H (e )]+ arg [H (e )] (e )]is negative for 0

j j min ap j

decreases d the h phase h phase - lag

To make the interpretation more precise, it is necessary to assume that

H (e

j0

) = h[n] > 0
n=

Q h[n] has thesamepolesand zerosbut alteringthe phase by .

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5.6.3 Properties of Minimum-Phase Systems

Minimum Group Delay Property

grd [H (e j )] = grd [H min (e j )] + grd [H ap (e j )] grd [H ap (e j )]: positive

Minimum Energy-Delay Property

H d ( z ) = (1 0.9e j 0.6 z 1 )(1 0.9e j 0.6 z 1 )

(1 1.25e j 0.8 z 1 )(1 1.25e j 0.8 z 1 )

There are four possible choices having the same magnitude response.

5-65

5.6.3 Properties of Minimum-Phase Minimum Phase Systems

5-66

5 6 3 Properties of Minimum 5.6.3 Minimum-Phase Phase Systems

5-67

5.6.3 Properties of Minimum-Phase Minimum Phase Systems

h[0] hmin[0] Letusassume that

j ( ) H(e j ) = Hmin e i 2

2 2 1 1 2 j j h[n] = H(e ) d = Hmin(e ) d = hmin[n] 2 2 n=0 n=0

E[n] = h[m] h[m] hmin i [ m]

2 2 m =0 m =0 m =0

5-68

5.7 Linear Systems With Generalized Linear Phase

For causal systems, zero phase is not attainable Linear Li phase h shift hift In general, a system of the form below has linear phase

H ( e j ) = H ( e j ) e j

If is a real number, not necessarily an integer.

j e , < c j H lp ( e ) = 0, c <

Examples of ideal low-pass filter with linear p phases p p

The corresponding impulse response is

sin c (n ) hlp [n ] = (n )

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Example p 5.16 Ideal Low-pass p with Linear Phase

The impulse response of the ideal low low-pass pass filter illustrate some interesting properties of linear phase system.

sin c (n ) hlp [n ] = (n )

When = nd , the impulse p response p is symmetric y about n = nd we can shift the impulse response to be zero-phase.

sin c ( 2nd n nd ) hlp [2nd n ] = (2nd n nd ) = sin c ( nd n ) ( nd n )

c = 0.4 , nd = 5.

= hlp [n ]
5-70

Example 5.16 Ideal Low-pass with Linear Phase (Contd)

When c = 0.4 and = 4.5

The linear phase is an integer plus one half (2 is integer). Then we have symmetric property as

hlp [2 n ] = hlp [n ]

The point symmetry is (not integer). We cannot shift it to be zero-phase.

When c = 0.4 and = 4.3

The impulse response is not symmetric symmetric.

5-71

5. 7.2 Generalized Linear Phase Moving Average System

1 sin ( ( M + 1) / 2 ) jM / 2 e , < M +1 sin ( / 2 ) is not a linear - phase system sin ( ( M + 1) / 2 ) Q can be positive or negative sin ( / 2 ) H (e j ) =

Generalized linear-phase system

H e j = A e j e j + j , A e j : a real function of d j arg H e j = ( ) = grd H e = d co constant sa g group oup de delay ay
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( ) ( ) [ ( )]

( ) { [ ( )]}

5. 7.2 Generalized Linear Phase ( (Contd) )

= A(e j )cos ( ) + j jA (e j )sin ( ) = =
n =

H (e j ) = A(e j )e j ( )

h[ n ]e

j n

n =

h[ n ] cos n j h[ n ] sin n
n =

tan ( ) =

sin ( ) = cos ( )

n =

h[ n ] cos n
for all

n =

h[ n ] sin n

n =

h[ n ] sin ( n + ) = 0

necessary condition to have constant group delay

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5. 7.2 Generalized Linear Phase ( (Contd) )

If = 0 or 2 = M (an integer) h[2 n] = h[ n]
n =

h[n]sin( (n )) = 0

if 2 is an integer h[n] sin ( (n ) ) + h[2 n] sin ( (2 n ) ) = 0 h[n] = h[2 n] A(e j ) : even function
3 If = or h[n] cos( (n ) ) = 0 2 2 n = if 2 is an integer h[n] cos( (n ) ) + h[2 n] cos( ( 2 n ) ) = 0 h[n] = h[2 n]

A(e j ) : odd function

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5.7.3 Causal Generalized Linear-Phase System

if the system is causal, then

h [ n ] sin [ ( n ) + ] = 0 for all

n=0

Let 2 = M an integer h [ n ] = 0 , n < 0 and n > M h[ M n ] 0 n M If h [ n ] = 0 otherwise H e j = A e e j e j M / 2

( ) ( A (e ) : even
j e

function

h[ M n ] 0 n M If h [ n ] = otherwise 0 H e j = jA o e j e j M / 2 = A o e j e j M

( ) ( ) A (e ) : odd function
j o

/ 2 + j / 2

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5.7.3 Causal Generalized Linear Phase Systems (Cont d) (Contd) Causal systems have generalized linear phase if they h have i impulse l response l length th (M (M+1) 1) and d satisfy ti f

Case I:

h [ M n ], h[n ] = 0,

0n M Otherwise

Then H ( e j ) = Ae ( e j ) e j M / 2 , where Ae ( e j ) is real, even, and periodic.

Case II:

] h [ M n ], h[n ] = 0,

0n M Otherwise

Then H ( e j ) = jA e ( e j ) e j M / 2 , where Ae ( e j ) is real, odd, and periodic.

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Type I FIR Linear Linear-Phase Phase Systems

A type I system is defined as a system that has a symmetric response

h[n ] = h[ M n ]

0n M .

with M an even integer. The delay M/2 is an integer. M The frequency q y response p is j H ( e ) = h [ n ]e j n
n=0

By applying the symmetry condition, the frequency response is rewritten in the form
M /2 j M / 2 j H (e ) = e a [ k ] cos k k =0

a[0] = h[ M / 2 ] a [ k ] = 2 h [( M / 2 ) k ], k = 1,..., M / 2 .
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Example 5.17 Type I Linear-Phase Linear Phase System If the impulse response is

1, h[n ] = 0,

0n4 Otherwise

The frequency response is

H (e

)=

e
n=0

j n

=e

j 2

sin( 5 / 2 ) sin( / 2 )

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Example 5.17 Type I Linear-Phase System (Contd)

T Type IS System t

Magnitude Spectrum

Phase Spectrum

Group Delay
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Type II FIR Linear-Phase Systems

A type II system is defined as a system that has a symmetric response
h[n ] = h[ M n ] 0n M .

with M an odd integer. The delay M/2 is an integer plus 1/2. M The frequency q y response p is j H ( e ) = h [ n ]e j n
n=0

By applying the symmetry condition, the frequency response is rewritten in the form

H (e

)=e

j M / 2

( M +1 ) / 2 1 k b [ k ] cos 2 k = 1

b [ k ] = 2 h [( M + 1) / 2 k ], ] k = 1, 2 ,...( ( M + 1) / 2 .
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Example 5.18 Type II Linear-Phase Linear Phase System If the impulse response is

1, h[n ] = 0,

0n5 Otherwise

The frequency response is

H (e

)=

e
n=0

j n

=e

j 5 / 2

sin( 3 / 2 ) sin( / 2 )

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Example 5.18 Type II Linear-Phase System (C dt) (Condt)

T Type IS System t

Magnitude Spectrum

Phase Spectrum

Group Delay
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Type III FIR Linear-Phase Systems

A type III system is defined as a system that has an anti antisymmetric response

h[n ] = h[ M n ]

0n M .

with M an even integer. g The delay y M/2 is an integer. g The frequency response has the form

H (e

) = je

j M / 2

M /2 c [ k ] sin k k =1

c [ k ] = 2 h [( M / 2 ) k ], k = 1,..., M / 2 .
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Example 5 5.19 19 Type III Linear-Phase System If the impulse response is

h[n ] = [n ] [n 2 ] ].

The frequency response is

H ( e j ) = 1 e j 2 = j [ 2 sin( )] e j

Magnitude M it d Spectrum

Ph Phase Spectrum S t

Group Delay
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Type IV FIR Linear-Phase Linear Phase Systems

A type III system is defined as a system that has an anti antisymmetric response

h[n ] = h[ M n ]

0n M .

with M an odd integer. g The delay y M/2 is an integer g p plus 1/2. The frequency response has the form
( M +1 ) / 2 1 j j M / 2 H ( e ) = je k d [ k ] sin 2 k = 1

d [ k ] = 2 h [( M + 1) / 2 k ], k = 1,..., ( M + 1) / 2 .
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Example 5 5.20 20 Type IV Linear-Phase System If the impulse response is

h [ n ] = [ n ] [ n 1].
The frequency response

H ( e j ) = 1 e j = j [ 2 sin( / 2 )] e j / 2

Magnitude M it d Spectrum

Ph Phase Spectrum S t

Group Delay
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