Additional Mathematics |1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most Compassionate and the most

Merciful. Alhamdulillah, from the bless of Allah, the most gracious, I

had done the Additional Mathematics’s project work as an SPM

assignment and task. Praise and gratitude I like to humbly express

to Allah S.W.T our Merciful Creator, Who gave me strength, time and

ability to finish this project. Hopefully, this project will help me to

increase my interest and confidence through Additional Mathematic

and bring a booster for me to get A1 for my SPM. A very special

thanks to my beloved Additional Mathematic teacher, Puan Saadiah

bt Abu Bakar for her support, brilliant ideas, and also her

encouragements in completing this project. Her committed and

professional skills help me to complete this project work accordingly

and successfully. Then, I would like to dedicate my sincere thanks

towards my beloved family, especially my father, Prof. Dr. Husin bin

Wagiran, my mother, Pn. Norsiah Osman and also my sister, Dr.

Noor Huzaimah bt. Husin for the great support and contribution. To

my beloved friends who will sit for the SPM this year together, your

support and help in regarding ideas are very meaningfull. Thanks a

 Additional Mathematics |2

lot. Lastly, thank you very much to everybody that involved in this

project. May god bless all of you. Thank you.

CONTENT

BIL TOPICS PAGES

1 Introduction 3
2 Part 1 – General Aspect
• Picture related to circles and 4
semicircles
• History of Pi
3 Part 2 – Task Specification
• Design of garden 8
• Conjecture
4 Part 3 – Problem Solving
• Table and generalisations 10
• Problem solving
5 Part 4 - Conclusion 23
 Additional Mathematics |3

INTRODUCTION

Every student taking Additional Mathematics for SPM is required to

carry out a project work in form 5. For this year, the SPM candidates

need to implement a project work related to circles and part of a

circle.

The aims of carrying out this project work are :

i. To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies

to solve problems ;

ii. To improve thinking skills ;

iii. To promote effective mathematical communication ;

 Additional Mathematics |4

iv. To develop mathematical knowledge through problem

solving in a way that increases student’ interest and

confidence ;

v. To use the language of mathematics to express

mathematical ideas precisely ;

vi. To provide learning environment that stimulates and

enhances effective learning ;

vii. To develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

Part 1
 Additional Mathematics |5

GENERAL ASPECT
• Pictures related to circles
and semicircles

• History of Pi

(a) There are a lot of things around us related to circles or part of a

circle. For example :

Double sided tape Car’s tyre Plate

 Additional Mathematics |6

Alarm clock spectacle Parabola mirror

Eye on Malaysia buttons Power switch

b) (i) Pi or π is a mathematical constant related to circles.

By definition, pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its

diameter. Pi is always the same number, no matter which circle you

use to compute it. For the sake of usefulness people often need to

approximate pi. For many purposes you can use 3.14159, which is

really pretty good, but if you want a better approximation you can

use a computer to get it. Here's pi to many more digits:

 Additional Mathematics |7

3.14159265358979323846. The area of a circle is pi times the

square of the length of the radius, or "pi r squared":

A = πr2

(ii) History of Pi, π

Pi is a very old number. We know that the Egyptians and the

Babylonians knew about the existence of the constant ratio pi,

although they didn't know its value nearly as well as we do today.

They had figured out that it was a little bigger than 3; the

Babylonians had an approximation of 3 1/8 (3.125), and the

Egyptians had a somewhat worse approximation of 4*(8/9)^2 (about

3.160484), which is slightly less accurate and much harder to work

with. For more, see A History of Pi by Petr Beckman (Dorset Press).

The modern symbol for pi [ ] was first used in our modern sense in

1706 by William Jones, who wrote:

There are various other ways of finding the Lengths or Areas of

particular Curve Lines, or Planes, which may very much facilitate the

Practice; as for instance, in the Circle, the Diameter is to the

Circumference as 1 to (16/5 - 4/239) - 1/3(16/5^3 - 4/239^3) + ... =

3.14159... = (see A History of Mathematical Notation by Florian

Cajori). Pi (rather than some other Greek letter like Alpha or Omega)

was chosen as the letter to represent the number 3.141592...

because the letter [ ] in Greek, pronounced like our letter 'p', stands

for 'perimeter'.
 Additional Mathematics |8

(iii) About Pi

Pi is an infinite decimal. Unlike numbers such as 3, 9.876, and 4.5,

which have finitely many nonzero numbers to the right of the

decimal place, pi has infinitely many numbers to the right of the

decimal point.

If you write pi down in decimal form, the numbers to the right of the

0 never repeat in a pattern. Some infinite decimals do have patterns

- for instance, the infinite decimal .3333333... has all 3's to the right

of the decimal point, and in the number

.123456789123456789123456789... the sequence 123456789 is

repeated. However, although many mathematicians have tried to

find it, no repeating pattern for pi has been discovered - in fact, in

1768 Johann Lambert proved that there cannot be any such

repeating pattern.

As a number that cannot be written as a repeating decimal or a

finite decimal (you can never get to the end of it) pi is irrational: it

cannot be written as a fraction (the ratio of two integers).

 Additional Mathematics |9

Part 2
TASK
SPECIFICATION
• Design of garden

• Conjecture
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 10

This year, all SPM candidates whose taking additional mathematics

is required to carry out a project to design a beautiful garden.

Basically, this garden is using the concept based on semicircle

shape. It contents of given several area of flower plot and fish

ponds. The aspiration of this garden is to get a combination of flora

and fauna blended with soft elements and hard elements such as

water, flowers, rocks and marbles and to get an amazing garden

with a minimal cost.

Conjecture of the garden

Q

C
A

P B R
10 cm
Diagram (i)

The plan is designed as shown in diagram (i). The garden is

predicted as a semicircle PQR of 10cm diameter and semicircles

 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 11

PAB and BCR of several diameters in the semicircle PQR as a fish

ponds such that the sum of PB and BR is equal to 10cm. The

adjustment of the measurement is generalized approximately the

sum of arc PAB and BCR is equal to arc PQR. The generalisation is

then wrote as :

PAB + BCR = PQR

Part 3
PROBLEM
SOLVING
• Tables and generalisations
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 12

• Problem solving

(a)

P d1 B d2 R
10cm

Solution :
πd
Using the formula ,
2
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 13

Length of Length of Length of

d1 (cm) d2 (cm) arc PQR in arc PAB in arc BCR in
terms of π terms of π terms of
(cm) (cm) π (cm)
1 9 5π 0.5π 4.5π
2 8 5π 1.0π 4.0π
3 7 5π 1.5π 3.5π
4 6 5π 2.0π 3.0π
5 5 5π 2.5π 2.5π
6 4 5π 3.0π 2.0π
7 3 5π 3.5π 1.5π
8 2 5π 4.0π 1.0π
9 1 5π 4.5π 0.5π

We can see that whatever the diameter it is, show that the sum of
length of arc PAB and length of arc BCR is equal to the length of arc
PQR.

∴ The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB, and BCR is

Length of arc PAB + length of arc BCR = length of

arc PQR

(b)(i) Q

E
C
A

P d1 B d2 D d3 R
10cm
Solution :
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 14

πd
Using the formula ,
2
d1 d2 d3 Length of Length of Length of Length of
(c (c (c arc PQR in arc PAB in arc BCD in arc DER in
m) m) m) terms of π terms of π terms of terms of
(cm) (cm) π (cm) π (cm)
1 2 7 5π 0.5π 1.0π 3.5π
2 2 6 5π 1.0π 1.0π 3.0π
3 2 5 5π 1.5π 1.0π 2.5π
4 2 4 5π 2.0π 1.0π 2.0π
5 2 3 5π 2.5π 1.0π 1.5π
6 2 2 5π 3.0π 1.0π 1.0π
7 2 1 5π 3.5π 1.0π 0.5π
8 1 1 5π 4.0π 0.5π 0.5π
1 1 8 5π 0.5π 0.5π 4.0π
2 1 7 5π 1.0π 0.5π 3.5π
2 2 6 5π 1.0π 1.0π 3.0π
2 3 5 5π 1.0π 1.5π 2.5π
2 4 4 5π 1.0π 2.0π 2.0π
2 5 3 5π 1.0π 2.5π 1.5π
2 6 2 5π 1.0π 3.0π 1.0π
2 7 1 5π 1.0π 3.5π 0.5π
1 8 1 5π 0.5π 4.0π 0.5π

∴ The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB, BCD and DER is

Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + length of arc

BCD + length of arc DER

Based on the finding in (a) and (b), the generalizations about the
length of arc of the outer semicircle and the length of arcs of the
inner semicircles is

Length of arc0 = n length of arci , where n = 2,3,4...

(c)
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 15

P d1 B d2 R
12cm

Solution :

πd
Using the formula ,
2

Length of Length of Length of

d1 (cm) d2 (cm) arc PQR in arc PAB in arc BCR in
terms of π terms of π terms of
(cm) (cm) π (cm)
1 11 6π 0.5π 5.5π
2 10 6π 1.0π 5.0π
3 9 6π 1.5π 4.5π
4 8 6π 2.0π 4.0π
5 7 6π 2.5π 3.5π
6 6 6π 3.0π 3.0π
7 5 6π 3.5π 2.5π
8 4 6π 4.0π 2.0π
9 3 6π 4.5π 1.5π
10 2 6π 5.0π 1.0π
11 1 6π 5.5π 0.5π

It is shown that the sum of the length of arc of the inner semicircle
is equal to the length of arc of the outer semicircle.
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 16

∴ Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB +

length of arc BCR

It is show that the generalizations stated in b(ii) is still true.

The Mathematics Society is given a task to design a garden to

beautify the school by using the design as shown below. The shaded
region will be planted with flowers and the inner semicircles are fish
ponds.

Flower plot
F

Fish ponds

A χ B C
10 m

(a) Solution :

  x  2  10 − x  2 
  π   π
25   2  2  
y = π− +
2  2 2 
 
 

25π −
 x2
π +
(10 − x ) 2 
2y =  
4 4 

8y = [
100π − x 2π + (10 − x )
2
]
= 100π − x 2π − 100π + 20 xπ − x 2π

= 20 xπ − 2 x 2π

4y = 10 xπ − x 2π
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 17

πx(10 − x )
∴y =
4
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 18

(b) Solution :
y = 16.5 m2

16.5 =
22
7
(
10 x − x 2 )
4

66 =
22
7
(
10 x − x 2 )
462 = 220 x − 22 x 2
21 = 10 x − x 2
x 2 − 10 x + 21 = 0
( x − 3)( x − 7 ) = 0

∴ x =3 , x = 7

∴The diameter of the two fish ponds are 3m and 7m if the area of the

flower plot is 16.5m2

 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 19

(c)
π (10 x − x 2 )
y =
4

4y =
(
22 10 x − x 2 )
7
28y = 220 x − 22 x 2
14y = 110 x − 11x 2

110 x − 11x 2
y =
14

Graph for non-linear equation :

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
.07 2.6 6.5 8.9 9.6 8.9 6.5 2.6 .07

Form a linear equation by using non-linear equation above,

110 x − 11x 2
y = ---------(1)
14
1 y 110 11
(1) × : = − x
2 x 14 14

Graph is plotted using the following table :

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y/x 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 0
.07 .30 .50 .73 .92 .15 .36 .58 .79
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 20

Graph y/x against x is plotted by using scale of 1cm to 1 unit on the

x-axis and 2cm to 1 unit on the y-axis
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 21

y
x

4.3

x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

From the straight line graph, show that when the diameter of one of
the fish ponds is 4.5m, the area of the flower plot is 4.3 m.
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 22

Therefore, the area of the flower plot is

y 110 11
= − x
x 14 14
y
= 4.5
4.3
y = 19.35m2

∴ Refer to the graph, the area of the flower plot is 19. 35m2.
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 23

(d) The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the
flower plot. Therefore, we can determine the area of the flower
plot such that the cost of constructing the garden is minimum by
using differentiation and completing the square method.

i) Using differentiation :
110 x − 11x 2
y =
14

Let : u = 110 x − 11x 2 v = 14

du 110 − 22 x dv
dx = dx = 0

∴ dy =
(
14(110 − 22 x ) − 110 x − x 2 ( 0) )
dx 14 2

1540 − 308 x
=
14 2

y is minimum when dy = 0,
dx

dy 1540 − 308 x
=
dx 14 2

1540 − 308 x
0 =
14 2

0 = 1540 − 308 x

− 1540 = − 308 x

5 = x

Therefore, the area of flower plot is

110( 5) − 11( 5)
2
y =
14
= 19.6 m2
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 24

ii) Using completing the square :

110 x − 11x 2
y =
14

y = −
14
[
11 2
x − 10 x ]
y = −
14
[
11 2 2
]
x − 10 x + ( − 5) − ( − 5)
2

11
y = − ( x − 5) 2 − 275
14 14

The equation above show that y has minimum value where x = 5

Therefore, the area of flower plot is :

110( 5) − 11( 5)
2
y =
14
= 19.6 m2

∴ Show that we can determine the area of the flower plot by using
differentiation and
completing the square method.
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 25

(e) The principle suggested an additional of 12 semicircular flower

beds to the design submitted
by the Mathematics Society as shown in diagram below. The sum
of the diameters of the
semicircular flower beds is 10m. The diameter of the smallest
flower bed is 30cm and the
diameter of the flower beds are increased by a constant value
successively.

Flower plot
F

Fish ponds

A C
Smallest
10 m
flower bed

Given that :
Smallest diameter, a = 30cm
Number of flower beds = 12
Sum of all twelve diameter of the flower beds, S12 = 1000cm

S12 = 1000
1000 = 6[ 2( 30 ) + 11d ]
1000 = 360 + 66d
640 = 66d
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 26

9.7 = d

∴ The diameter of the remaining flower bed is determined by using

the following formula :
Tn = a + ( n − 1) d

Table below shows the diameter of the remaining flower beds :

Flower beds Tn = a + ( n − 1) d Diameter,cm

Flower bed1 30 + (0) 9.7 30.0
Flower bed2 30 + (1) 9.7 39.7
Flower bed3 30 + (2) 9.7 49.4
Flower bed4 30 + (3) 9.7 59.1
Flower bed5 30 + (4) 9.7 68.8
Flower bed6 30 + (5) 9.7 78.5
Flower bed7 30 + (6) 9.7 88.2
Flower bed8 30 + (7) 9.7 97.9
Flower bed9 30 + (8) 9.7 107.5
Flower bed10 30 + (9) 9.7 117.2
Flower bed11 30 + (10) 9.7 127.0
Flower bed12 30 + (11) 9.7 136.7
Total diameter 1000

The table above shows the diameter of each flower bed in increasing

order starts from the first flower bed of 30cm until the last flower bed

along the fish ponds of 10m. Overall, we can look that the flower

beds are increasing in size.

 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 27

Part 4
CONCLUSION
 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 28

Based on the project, it is shown that our life is related to

circles. In addition circles must not be apart from pi. All the

calculation in this project involve pi as it is about the circles or parts

of it. Mathematics knowledge for the calculation is indeed needed as

it is to help to understand the concept of circle and pi.

This project is revolved between circle and pi and also the

application of them in our daily life. Having the concept of circles is

really helpful. In the project of constructing the garden, the

application of circles is shown as it is needed in order to get the

accurate size and area of it. There are some conclusion can be

concluded from the project. The length of arc can be calculated by

dividing the diameter into two if it is in terms of pi. Other than that, it

is shown that the conjectures proposed cannot be accepted as the

relationship of the arcs is proven such that the sum of the total

lengths of arcs of the inner semicircles is equivalent to the length of

arc of the outer semicircle. Moreover, the generalization had been

 A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s | 29

proven by having different diameter of the outer semicircle. The

result came out exactly the same.

From this project, I have learnt a lot. This project had made me

understand more about the circles in our life. Furthermore, this

project really made me give out the positive attitude towards

additional mathematics. It is also improve my thinking skill in solving

the problems. Nevertheless, it had taught me of applying the

formulae and concept that I have learnt before. From this project, I

have learnt how to relate the concept I have learnt.

In this conclusion I would like to say my greatest gratitude to

the Almighty ALLAH in giving me the thoughts and life until today, my

parents who keep on giving me support in my study, my Additional

Mathematics teacher, Pn. Saadiah bt Abu Bakar who had taught me

this subject and not to forget all my friends either my classmates or

my dorm mates. You have helped a lot in finishing this project. Thank

you a lot. May God bless you all.

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