MEASUREMENTS

11 ES 102
LTP 302

Measurement of LINEAR DISPLA EMENT

M. NAGESH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

General objec !"e 3.0 To #n$ers an$ he %eas#re%en o& '!near (!s)lace%en #s!ng $!&&eren *)es o& %echan!cal an$ o) !cal $e"!ces

S)ec!&!c objec !"es 3.1 In ro$#c !on o (!s)lace%en %eas#re%en 3.2 (!%ens!onal %eas#re%en 3.2.1 3.2.2 +ern!er ,al!)ers Scre- Ga#ge

3.3 Ga#ge bloc.s 3./ In er&ero%e er 0O) !cal %e ho$1 3.2 Pne#%a !c $!s)lace%en ga#ge

INTR!DU TI!N T! DISPLA EMENT MEASUREMENT One o& he %os !%)or an %echan!cal 5#an ! * ha a.es a "! al role !n !n$#s r* (!s)lace%en 3 I !s he shor es $!s ance be -een -o )o!n s4 -! h a $e&!ne$ $!rec !on. +ec or 5#an ! *. A "er* !%)or an )ara%e er o cons!$er !n !n$#s r* !n "ar!o#s a))l!ca !ons. E63 he $!s)lace%en o& 127% be -een -o ho rollers !n )a)er !n$#s r* o $e&!ne he h!c.ness o& )a)er.

S an$ar$ &or $!s)lace%en !s "en#t$ an$ #n! !s metre. 1. (!s ance be -een -o %ar.s o& a ro$ .e) !n Par%s. 2. 19:0 cr*) on;: so %an* -a"eleng hs < 1 %e re

3. 'a es s an$ar$ !s 19;2 = "eloc! * o& he l!gh !n "ac##% &or $#ra !on o& 1 / 299>92/2; secon$s

T*)es o& !ns r#%en s3 Mechan!cal *)e3 +ern!er ,al!)ers Scales Pne#%a !c *)e3 (!s)lace%en ga#ge 0Fla))er=No@@le se #)1 Elec r!cal *)e3 Po en !o%e ers Elec ron!c *)e3 Enco$ers Accelero%e ers O) !cal *)e3 In er&ero%e r* 0In er&erence1 P!e@o $e"!ces '+(T /R+(T ,a)ac! !"e )r!nc!)les Elec ro%agne !c $e"!ces Scre- ga#ge 0M!cro%e er1 Ga#ge ?loc.s

DIMENSI!NAL MEASUREMENTS 'o- "al#e$ $!s ance %eas#re%en s are calle$ $!%ens!onal %eas#re%en . As#all* less han 1 %%. &ern%er 'a"%(ers) m%'rometers are bes e6a%)le o %eas#re he $!%ens!on o& a g!"en s)ec!%en acc#ra el*. &ERNIER ALIPERS*

The +ern!er cal!)ers g!"e a $!rec rea$!ng o& he $!s ance %eas#re$ o h!gh acc#rac*. These cal!)ers co%)r!se a cal!bra e$ scale -! h a &!6e$ ja-4 an$ ano her ja-4 -! h a )o!n er4 ha sl!$es along he scale.
&ern%er 'a"%(ers 'an measure %nterna" +%mens%ons ,us%n# t$e u((ermost -a.s/ e0terna" +%mens%ons , us%n# t$e "o.er -a.s/.

1. !uts%+e -a.s3 #se$ o %eas#re e6 ernal $!a%e er or -!$ h o& an objec 2. Ins%+e -a.s3 #se$ o %eas#re !n ernal $!a%e er o& an objec 3. De(t$ (ro1e3 #se$ o %eas#re $e) hs o& an objec or a hole 2. Ma%n s'a"e3 scale %ar.e$ e"er* %% 3. Ma%n s'a"e3 scale %ar.e$ !n !nches an$ &rac !ons 4. &ern%er s'a"e g!"es !n er)ola e$ %eas#re%en s o 0.1 %% or be er 5. &ern%er s'a"e g!"es !n er)ola e$ %eas#re%en s !n &rac !ons o& an !nch 6. Reta%ner3 #se$ o bloc. %o"able )ar o allo- he eas* rans&err!ng o& a %eas#re%en

Scale *)e

(!al *)e

(!g! al

MI R!METER ,S RE7 GAUGE/* M%'rometer s're. #au#e) !s a $e"!ce !ncor)ora !ng a cal!bra e$ scre- #se$ -!$el* &or )rec!se %eas#re%en o& s%all $!s ances !n %echan!cal eng!neer!ng an$ %ach!n!ng. M!cro%e ers #se he )r!nc!)le o& a scre- o a%)l!&* s%all $!s ances 0 ha are oo s%all o %eas#re $!rec l*1 !n o large ro a !ons o& he scre- ha are b!g eno#gh o rea$ &ro% a scale. Bor.s #n$er -o )r!nc!)les4 The a%o#n o& ro a !on o& a scre- can be $!rec l* rela e$ o a cer a!n a%o#n o& a6!al %o"e%en . A g!"en a%o#n o& a6!al %o"e%en -!ll be amplified !n he res#l !ng c!rc#%&eren !al %o"e%en .

8rame* The ,=sha)e$ bo$* ha hol$s he an"!l an$ barrel !n cons an rela !on o each o her.

An9%"* The sh!n* )ar ha he s)!n$le %o"es o-ar$4 an$ ha he sa%)le res s aga!ns .

S"ee9e : 1arre" : sto';* The s a !onar* ro#n$ )ar -! h he l!near scale on ! . So%e !%es +ern!er %ar.!ngs.

Lo'; nut : "o';<r%n# : t$%m1"e "o';* The le"er ha one can !gh en o hol$ he s)!n$le s a !onar*.

S're.* 0no seen1 I !s !ns!$e he barrel.

S(%n+"e* The sh!n* c*l!n$r!cal )ar ha he h!%ble ca#ses o %o"e o-ar$ he an"!l.

T$%m1"e* The )ar ha oneCs h#%b #rns. Gra$#a e$ %ar.!ngs.

Rat'$et sto(* (e"!ce on en$ o& han$le ha l!%! s a))l!e$ )ress#re b* sl!))!ng a a cal!bra e$ or5#e.

Three %os co%%on *)es o& %!cro%e erD The!r na%es are base$ on he!r a))l!ca !on3 1. !uts%+e m%'rometer* T*)!call* #se$ o %eas#re -!res4 s)heres4 sha& s an$ bloc.s. 2. Ins%+e m%'rometer3 Ase$ o %eas#re he $!a%e er o& holes. 3. De(t$ m%'rometer* Meas#res $e) hs o& slo s an$ s e)s. S(e'%a"%=e+ t>(es An!"ersal %!cro%e er ?ench %!cro%e er ?la$e %!cro%e er '!%! %!cro%e er T#be %!cro%e er

?all %!cro%e er

Objec $!a%e er "al#e < Ma!n scale E 0(!al scale 6 ',1

GAUGE ?L! @S Rec ang#lar s eel bloc.s %ach!ne$ an$ la))e$ 0)ol!sh a s#r&ace #n !l s%oo h1 an$ har$ene$ 0!ncreas!ng !n har$ness o& a %e al1. The!r s#r&aces are so h!ghl* )ol!she$ an$ r#e ha -hen r#bbe$ o"er each o her4 hese s !c. oge her. Ga#ge bloc.s are #se$ &or chec.!ng he!gh ga#ges4 %!cro%e ers4 +ern!er cal!)ers an$ o her )rec!s!on e5#!)%en .

D%fferent sets

Measurement of +%ameter
?loc.s are no s ac.e$ b* s!%)l* res !ng he% one on o) o& ano her. The* %#s be -r#ng oge her !n s#ch a -a* as o el!%!na e all b# he h!nnes o!l &!l% be -een he%. Th!s o!l &!l%4 !nc!$en all*4 !s an !n egral )ar o& he bloc. ! sel&D ! canno be co%)le el* el!%!na e$4 s!nce ! -as )resen e"en a -r#ng %an#&ac #re. Pro)erl*

bloc.s %ar.e$l* res!s se)ara !on beca#se he a$hes!on be -een he s#r&ace !s abo# 30 !%es ha $#e o a %os)her!c )ress#re.

Measurement of $e%#$t

Pro'ess of us%n# t$e #au#e 1"o';s for measur%n# +%mens%ons

?loc.s %a* be asse%ble$ b* WRINGING -o or %ore oge her o %a.e #) g!"en $!%ens!on. E63= suppose that a dimensional standard of 14.715 mm is desired. The procedure for arriving at a suitable combination might be determined by successive subtraction, as indicated below. ?"o';s use+ Desired Dimension = 14.715 Ten-thousandths place = 1. 5 1. 5 !emainder = 1".71 #undredths $lace = 1.%1 1.%1 !emainder = 1%.5 Tenths $lace = %.5 %.5 !emainder = 1 . Two wear bloc&s = 4. '%. each( 4. !emainder = ). *nits $lace = ). ). !emainder = . Check. 14.715

Meas#re%en o& angle b* gage bloc.s

Ase o& ga#ge bloc.s !n !n$#s r*

E0am("e* In he %eas#re%en o& he!gh o& a6!s con rol .nob

To al he!gh o& .nob < ?ase he!gh E s#% o& he !n$!"!$#al ga#ge bloc. "al#es #se$

INTER8ER!METER ,MI HELS!NAS/ Interferometr> re&ers abo# he -a"es. In er&ero%e ers are -!$el* #se$ !n sc!ence an$ !n$#s r* &or !rreg#lar! !es e c. PRIN IPLE (!&&erence be -een he -o -a"esF-a"es ha are !n )hase -!ll #n$ergo cons r#c !"e !n er&erence -h!le -a"es ha are o# o& )hase -!ll #n$ergo $es r#c !"e !n er&erence. he o a &a%!l* o& echn!5#es !n -h!ch -a"es4

#s#all* elec ro%agne !c4 are s#)er!%)ose$ !n or$er o e6 rac !n&or%a !on

%eas#re%en o& s%all $!s)lace%en s4 re&rac !"e !n$e6 changes4 s#r&ace

F!g#re M!chelson -h!ch objec . can

sho-s

he

cons r#c !onal &ea #res o& a !n er&ero%e er4 be #se$ o

%eas#re he %o !on o& an

The %!rror a re&lec !ng rans%! !ng.

M !s hal& an$ hal&

 Monochro%a !c l!gh &ro% he so#rce !s coll!%a e$ b* he lens on o he s)l! er )la e -h!ch !s hal& re&lec !ng an$ hal& rans%! !ng o-ar$s he %!rror an$ -or. )!ece. ?o h bea%s are re&lec e$ bac. an$ reco%b!ne$ a he s)l! er )la e an$ hen rans%! e$ o he screen. Fr!nges %a* a))ear on he screen res#l !ng &ro% $!&&erences !n he o) !cal )a h leng hs o& he -o bea%s. I& he !ns r#%en !s )ro)erl* cons r#c e$4 hese $!&&erences -!ll ar!se &ro% $!%ens!onal "ar!a !ons o& he -or. )!ece. The !n er&ero%e er !s )r!%ar!l* #se$ &or cal!bra !on o& gage bloc.s.

M!chelsonGs !n er&erence e6)er!%en

Ase o& M!chelsonGs !n er&erence In $e ec !ng )la!nness

PNEAMATI, (ISP'A,EMENT GAAGE Press#r!@e$ a!r !s &e$ hro#gh he or!&!ce an$ !s ejec e$ &ro% he no@@le o-ar$s he &la))er. The &la))er !s )os! !one$ aga!ns he no@@le o)en!ng an$ he no@@le bac. )ress#re con rolle$ b* he no@@le=&la))er $!s ance. As he &la))er a))roaches he no@@le he res r!c !on o no@@le !s !ncreases hereb* !ncreases he bac. )ress#re 0P01. I& &la))er co%)le el* closes he no@@le bac. )ress#re e5#al o !nle a!r )ress#re. I& &la))er a-a* &ro% no@@le a large $!s)lace%en hen bac. )ress#re !s e5#al o a %os)her!c "al#e. The change !n bac. )ress#re !s )ro)or !onal o $!s)lace%en .