Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRELIMINARY MATTERS: *Those in SMALL CAPS (and underlined) were highlighted by Sir Casis during the class. If none are found !ust refer to those in bold letters and those in the Notes. "ood luc# class$ates% &torts $agic notes tea$
of in!uring 'orcester both as a )ri(ate )erson and as a go(ern$ent official as the editorial ob(iously referred to hi$. 'orcester alleged that he was li#ened to 8birds of )rey: in the following $anner< 8Such are the characteristics of the $an who is at the sa$e ti$e an eagle who sur)rises and de(ours a (ulture who gorges hi$self on the dead and )utrid $eats an owl who affects a )etulant o$niscience and a (a$)ire who silently suc#s the blood of the (icti$ until he lea(es it bloodless.: T&: In fa(or of 'orcester= 4efendants 3ointl) and se1erall) liable for the P>/# total da$ages. ISS?9< '5@ the defendantsA indi(idual )ro)erties can be $ade !ointly and se(erally liable for the da$ages under the ci(il and co$$ercial codes 4EL0: Bes. TC $odified. 4a$ages reduced Santos absol(ed. The )resent action is a tort. 5ni1ersal do'trine: each !oint tortfeasor is not only indi(idually liable for the tort in which he )artici)ates but is also !ointly liable with his tortfeasors. If se(eral )ersons co$$it a tort the )laintiff or )erson in!ured has his election to sue all or so$e of the )arties !ointly or one of the$ se)arately be'a,se the TORT IS IN ITS NAT5RE A SEPARATE A&T O+ EA&4 IN0IVI05AL. It is not necessary that coo)eration should be a direct cor)oral act* e.g. assault and battery co$$itted by (arious )ersons under the co$$on law they are all )rinci)als. ?nder co$$on law he who aided or counseled in any way the co$$ission of a cri$e was as $uch a )rinci)al as he who inflicted or co$$itted the actual tort. 6eneral R,le: Coint tortfeasors are all the )ersons who co$$and instigate )ro$ote encourage ad(ise countenance coo)erate in aid or abet the co$$ission of a tort or who a))ro(e of it after it is done if done for their benefit. They are each liable as )rinci)als to the
sa$e e+tent and in the sa$e $anner as if they had )erfor$ed the wrongful act the$sel(es. Coint tortfeasors are !ointly and se(erally liable for the tort which they co$$it. Coint tortfeasors are not liable -ro rata. The da$ages can not be a))ortioned a$ong the$ e+ce)t a$ong the$sel(es. They cannot insist u)on an a))ortion$ent for the )ur)ose of each )aying an ali,uot )art. The) are 3ointl) and se1erall) liable for the f,ll a(o,nt. A )ay$ent in full of the da$age done by one tortfeasor satisfies any clai$ which $ight e+ist against the others. The release of one of the !oint tortfeasors by agree$ent generally o)erates to discharge all. The court howe(er $ay $a#e findings as to which of the alleged !oint tortfeasors are liable and which are not e(en if they are charged !ointly and se(erally. Art. 2 #%7. In $otor (ehicle $isha)s the owner is solidarily liable with his dri(er if the for$er who was in the (ehicle could ha(e by the use of the due diligence )re(ented the $isfortune. It is dis)utably )resu$ed that a dri(er was negligent if he had been found guilty or rec#less dri(ing or (iolating traffic regulations at least twice within the ne+t )receding two $onths. *this was drafted with Cha)$an (. ?nderwood in $ind.
&LASS NOTES There 'an be (ore than one tortfeasor and the) are 'alled *OINT TORT+EASORS Are )o, s,--ose to s,e all of the(. NO be'a,se )o, 'an /et relief fro( one of the(. 0o the) ha1e to a't in 'on'ert. NO
&LASS NOTES Sir highlighted that 8Tort is in its nature a se)arate act of each indi(idual: & so no need to sue all of the tortfeasors%
Basis of (aster=s liabilit) in 'i1il la8: @5T respondeat superior but paterfamilias. The theory is that ulti$ately the negligence of the ser(ant if #nown to the $aster and susce)tible of ti$ely correction by hi$ reflects his own negligence if he fails to correct it in order to )re(ent in!ury or da$age. ;ernardo was a )retty good dri(er and had no record. @o negligence for ha(ing e$)loyed hi$ $ay be i$)uted to Thai. The only negligence that can be i$)uted to ;ernardo was when he tried to o(erta#e the carretela instead of sto))ing or waiting*and this cannot be i$)uted to Thai because there were no signs for hi$ to be in any s)ecial state of alert. Ee could not ha(e antici)ated his dri(erAs sudden decision to )ass the carretela. The ti(e ele(ent 8as s,'h that there 8as no reasonable o--ort,nit) for Thai to assess the ris<s in1ol1ed and 8arn the dri1er a''ordin/l). Test of i(-,ted ne/li/en'e ,nder 2 #%: *to a great degree necessarily sub!ecti(e. Car owners are not held to a unifor$ and infle+ible standard of diligence as are )rofessional dri(ers. The law does not re,uire that a )erson $ust )ossess a certain $easure of s#ill or )roficiency either in the $echanic of dri(ing or in the obser(ance of traffic rules before they can own a $otor (ehicle. Test of ne/li/en'e 8ithin the (eanin/ of 2 #%: *his o$ission to do that which the e(idence of his own senses tells hi$ he should do in order to a(oid the accident. R5LE: negligence $ust be sought in the i$$ediate setting and circu$stance of the accident i.e. in his failure to detain the dri(er for$ )ursuing a course which not only ga(e hi$ clear notice of the danger but also sufficient ti$e to act u)on it. NOTES: Art. 2 #% is based on &ha-(an. 5nless the o8ner 'o,ld=1e -re1ented the ne/li/en'e: or he 8as ne/li/ent in sele'tion and s,-er1ision: he 'annot be held liable. Art. 2 #%: o8ner 'an be held solidaril) liable 8ith the dri1er onl) if the o8ner is IN the 'ar. &o,rt=s test: . senses of o8ner 2. 'ir',(stan'es
2hen 8ill the o8ner be liable.9 An owner who sits in his (ehicle and )er$its his dri(er to continue in a (iolation of the law by the )erfor$ance of his negligent acts after he had A 79AS5@A;L9 5PP57T?@ITB T5
5;S97G9 TE9M A@4 T5 4I79CT TEAT TE9 47IG97 C9AS9 TE979275M ;9C5M9S EIMS9L2 79SP5@SI;L9 257 S?CE ACTS.
2hen 8ill the o8ner be NOT liable.9if the dri(er by a sudden act of negligence and without the owner ha(ing reasonable o))ortunity to )re(ent the act or its continuance in!ures a )erson or (iolates the cri$inal law the owner of the (ehicle )resent therein at the ti$e the act was co$$itted is not res)onsible etiher ci(illy or cri$inally therefor. The a't 'o(-lained of (,st be 'ontin,ed in the -resen'e of the o8ner for s,'h a len/th of ti(e that the o8ner: b) his a';,ies'en'e: (a<es his dri1er=s a't his o8n. 7?L9< ?nderwood is not liable for his dri(erAs act e(en if he was inside the car at the ti$e of the accident (unless he let the negligence continue for a long ti$e without correcting it) because the dri(er is not listed in -./F (now 0-D/) as one of the )ersons whose acts ?nderwood would be res)onsible for.
&LASS NOTES
&LASS NOTE In this se'tion: a -erson is held liable for a'ts not his o8n b,t be'a,se of the e?isten'e of a relationshi-.
The standard set in this 'ase is still REASONABLE OPPORT5NITY. 0ifferen'e bet8een res-ondeat s,-erior 1s. -aterfa(ilias Res-ondeat s,-erior: acts under orders (- negligent & the one who ga(e the orders) Paterfa$ilias< acts under guidance (0 negligent & both the owner and the dri(er) T9ST of i$)uted negligence< S?;C9CTIG9 *not all owners are learnedH)rofessional dri(ers & thatAs why they hire dri(ers for the$% GICA7I5?S LIA;ILITB< found in Article 0-D/ (but use the ter$ 8tortfeasors: instead of 8one: *a tortfeasor would be liable not only for his own acts or o$issions but also for those of )ersons for who$ he is res)onsible Ta#e note of difference between @CC and 2C< ,nder the N&&< the father and in cases of his death or inca)acity the $other will be res)onsible for the da$ages caused by their minor children who live in their company ,nder the +&: parents and other persons exercising parental authority shall be ci(illy liable for the in!uries and da$ages caused by the acts or o$issions of their unemancipated children living in their company and under their parental authority subject to the appropriate defenses provided by law. Portions of 0-D/I$odified by 2C 4oes 7A.F11 affect the liability of )arents and guardiansJ @5 ;asis of liability of )arents and $inor children< PA79@TAL A?TE57ITB Eow does the 2C affect 0-D/J Is the )erson below 0- still liableJ 2or those abo(e -K but below -D who acted with discern$entIbasis to use is 0-D/
Art. 2A". 9$anci)ation for any cause shall ter$inate )arental authority o(er the )erson and )ro)erty of the child who shall then be ,ualified and res)onsible for all acts of ci(il life. (1-0a)
Lastly teachers or heads of establish$ents of arts and trades shall be liable for da$ages caused by their )u)ils and students or a))rentices so long as they re$ain in their custody. The res)onsibility treated of in this article shall cease when the )ersons herein $entioned )ro(e that they obser(ed all the diligence of a good father of a fa$ily to )re(ent da$age. (-./Fa) Art. 2 # . 'hoe(er )ays for the da$age caused by his de)endents or e$)loyees $ay reco(er fro$ the latter what he has )aid or deli(ered in satisfaction of the clai$. (-./1) Art. 2 #2. If the $inor or insane )erson causing da$age has no )arents or guardian the $inor or insane )erson shall be answerable with his own )ro)erty in an action against hi$ where a guardian ad lite$ shall be a))ointed. (n)
&LASS NOTE ;asis< )arental authority Are the )arents still liable for if abo(e -D but below 0-J Bes. Legal basis< P4 >/F
-. Art. -./F inter)retation too li$ited. Teacher $aster or in the absence of school authorities should be liable for the negligence. 0. 5nce the )arent entrusts custody to the school authorities )resu$)tion is rebutted and burden of )roof is shifted to clai$ant to show actual negligence on the )art of the )arent in order to render hi$ liable. NOTES: This case is cited as basis of liability arising fro$ )arental authority.
10-D/ now< The obligation i$)osed by Article 0-3> is de$andable not only for oneMs own acts or
o$issions but also for those of )ersons for who$ one is res)onsible.
The father and in case of his death or inca)acity the $other are res)onsible for the da$ages caused by the $inor children who li(e in their co$)any. N++ Lastly teachers or heads of establish$ents of arts and trades shall be liable for da$ages caused by their )u)ils and students or a))rentices so long as they re$ain in their custody.
Salen and Salbarena v. Balce * (where father was $ade to )ay the inde$nity his -D year old son was sentenced to )ay because his son was insol(ent) Since the 7PC is silent as to the subsidiary liability of a $inor o(er . but under -K who acted with discern$ent resort should be $ade to the general law which is the Ci(il Code s)ecifically 2 #@. A. CA decided the case based on the e(idence sub$itted by both )arties inde)endently of the cri$inal case. 7es)onsibility for fault or negligence under 0-3> (u)on which this action is instituted) is entirely se)arate and distinct fro$ the ci(il liability arising fro$ fault or negligence under the 7PC hence any discussion of 7icoAs cri$inal intent is of no $o$ent.
&LASS NOTE In this 'ase: the liabilit) of father 8as dee(ed to be s,bsidiar).
+,ellas 1. &adano 5ctober F- -.>+A&TS: Pe)ito Cadano and 7ico 2uellas both -F were class$ates at St. MaryAs Eigh School. 'hile Pe)ito was studying 7ico too# a class$ateAs )encil and )ut it in Pe)itoAs )oc#et. 'hen the class$ate as#ed 7ico for the )encil it was Pe)ito who returned it. This angered 7ico thus he held Pe)ito by the nec# and )ushed hi$ to the floor. A teacher bro#e u) the fight and sent the$ ho$e. Pe)ito has !ust gone down fro$ the school house when he was $et by a still angry 7ico. A class$ate as#ed the$ to sha#e hands but instead of sha#ing Pe)itoAs e+tended hand 7ico held hi$ by the nec# )ut hi$ off*balance which caused Pe)ito to land on his right side brea#ing his ar$. 7ico !ust got u) and ran away. ?) to the last day of the hearing of the case Pe)itoAs forear$ was seen to be shorter than his left and cannot be fully used. 0 se)arate actions were instituted< -. Cri$inal case against 7ico for Serious Physical In!uries 0. Ci(il case for da$ages against Aga)ito 2uellas 7icoAs father.
6,tierreF 1. 6,tierreF Se)te$ber 0F -.F@ote< The in!ured and the accused ha(e the sa$e surna$e.
+A&TS: The car owned by Mr. and Mrs. "utierreL and dri(en by ;onifacio "utierreL -D years old with his $other and 3 other $e$bers of the fa$ily EG&L50IN6 Mr. "utierreL the father collided with a )assenger truc# while atte$)ting to )ass each other. As a result @arciso "utierreL a )assenger suffered a fractured leg. ISS5ES: -. '5@ Manuel "utierreL the father is liable for da$ages (yes) 0. '5@ the truc# owner and dri(er are liable for da$ages. (yes) 4EL0: Manuel "utierreL the owner and the dri(er of the truc# are !ointly and se(erally liable for da$ages. . Anent Man,el 6,tierreF=s liabilit):
2nd &A: reduced unearned earnings award The dela 7osas failed to )ay because they had no cash. The writ of e+ecution yielded only a no$inal a$ount. Present status of Luis< $arried with 0 #ids li(ing with uncle in Madrid earnings hardly enough to su))ort his fa$ily has no assets of his own. ISS5E: 'hether the father Cose should be $ade )ri$arily or subsidiarily liable for the liability of his son Luis. 4EL0: Pri$ary liability. Cose is liable for his sonAs liability. 0nd CA set aside. -st CA reinstated with the $odification that the attyAs fees will earn interest. 4ela 7osas in(o#e Elcano v. Hill to su))ort their cali$ for subsidiary liability only. In 9lcano it was held that Art. 0-D/ a))lied to Atty. Eill des)ite the e$anci)ation by $arriage of his son but since his son attained age as a $atter of e;,it): Atty. EillAs liability had beco$e $erely subsidiary to that of his son. S&: ?nwilling to a))ly e,uity instead of strict law in this case because it will not ser(e the ends of !ustice. Luis is abroad and beyond the reach of Phili))ine courts. Plus he does not ha(e nay )ro)erty and his earnings are insufficient to su))ort his fa$ily. Other iss,es: -. CAAs reduction of life e+)ectancy< SC said go*#art not dangerous. 0. CAAs reduction of net annual inco$e of 7oberto due to increasing annual )ersonal e+)enses< SC said if )ersonal e+)enses increase it would not be unreasonable to su))ose that his gross inco$e would also increase. F. SC granted award of attyAs fees )lus interest fro$ date of TCAs decision. NOTES: technically the son should )ay because he is of age already
+A&TS: Culie and 'endell were sweethearts for 0 years when Culie bro#e it off due to 'endellAs sadistic and irres)onsible nature. A $onth after their brea#*u) Culie and 'endell died each fro$ a single gunshot wound traced to the gun licensed in the na$e of Cresencio Libi the father of 'endell. There were 0 (ersions of the story< Libis< another $an shot the 0 "otiong< 'endell shot Culie and then co$$itted suicide. The "otiongs (!ulieAs )arents) fiuled for da$ages against the Li(is under Art. 0-D/. T&: dis$issed for insufficiency of e(idence IA&: Set aside TC and found the Libis s,bsidiaril) liable. ISS5E: '5@ Art. 0-D/ was correctly a))lied to hold the Libis liable. 4EL0: Yes. Libis are -ri(aril) liable &A affir(ed. The Libis were grossly negligent fro$ )re(enting 'endell fro$ ha(ing access to the #ey to the safety de)osit bo+ where the gun was stored. 4iligence re,uired is that of instr,'tion and s,-er1ision of the #id. B5T: liabilit) is not s,bsidiar): it is PRIMARY 7ule on )arentAs liability is correct but characteriLation of their nature $ust be gi(en a second loo# (coL SC held in so$e cases that the liability of )arents is subsidiary). If the liability of the )arents for cri$es or O4s of their $inor children is subsidiary then they can neither in(o#e nor be absol(ed of ci(il liability on the defense that they acted with the diligence of a good father of a fa$ily to )re(ent da$ages. ;ut if the liability is direct and )ri$ary the diligence would constitute a (alid and substantial defense.
Libi 1. IA&
on the ground that he had acted without discern$ent. ci(il co$)laint against the ;undocs the natural )arents of Adelberto.
The ;undocs clai$ed that the 7a)isuras should be held liable instead that they are indis)ensable )arties because )arental authority had already shifter to the$ the $o$ent the successful )etition for ado)tion was filed. T&: dis$issed the co$)laint. The ;undocs are not indis)ensable )arties to the action. &A: dis$issed )etition. Ta$argos lost their right to a))eal. ISS5E: 'ho are the indis)ensable )artiesJ The ;undocs or the 7a)isurasJ 4EL0: The natural )arents the ;undocs are the indis)ensable )arties. CA re(ersed and set aside co$)laint reinstated and case re$anded. 'hen Adelberto shot Cennifer )arental authority was still lodged in the ;undocs his natural )arents. Eence they who had actual custody of Adelberto are the indis)ensable )arties to the suit for da$ages. Ratio: The act of Adelberto ga(e rise to a cause of action on O4 under 0-3> against hi$. 5n the other hand the law i$)oses ci(il liability u)on the father and in case of his death or inca)acity the $other for any da$ages that $ay be caused by a $inor child who li(es with the$. The )rinci)le of )arental liability is a s)ecies of what is fre,uently designated as 1i'ario,s liabilit) or the doctrine of 8i(-,ted ne/li/en'e : where a )erson is not only liable for the torts co$$itted by hi$self but also for torts co$$itted by others with who$ he has a certain relationshi) and for who$ he is res)onsible. Thus )arental liability is $ade a natural or logical conse,uence of the duties and res)onsibilities of )arentsItheir )arental authorityIwhich includes the instructing controlling and disci)lining of the child.
&LASS NOTES 'hat is the basis of the doctrine that liability of )arents is )ri$ary and not solidaryJ 'hyJ o 0 legal bases< -/- 7PC and 0-D0 CC 'hyJ*)ro(isions )ro(ide for such defenseI liability of )arents is )ri$ary According to the Court the reliance on Fuellas v. Cadano was @5T correct because the liability in fuellas was P7IMA7B (syllabus can be wrong #asi) 'hy )ri$ary liabilityJ -. law )ro(ides a defense= 0. )ro)erty of $inor only liable when )arents are insol(ent
2 Art. 0-D0. If the $inor or insane )erson causing da$age has no )arents or guardian the $inor
or insane )erson shall be answerable with his own )ro)erty in an action against hi$ where a guardian ad lite$ shall be a))ointed. (n)
Ci(il action (s. Manuel "uitierreL (the father) only (P bus dri(er and owner)
SC< The father bus dri(er and owner !ointly and se(erally liable
as $entioned under Libi (s. IAC A2 #@: 'o((on la8: (aster and ser1ant Cnot -aterfa(iliasD & $a not liable e(en if )resent during ti$e of incident A2 #@: stri't la8 *donAt a))ly 9lcano (. Eill where court allowed only subsidiary liability because it will not ser(e ends of !ustice Art 22 : +&K Art 2 #@: N&&K Art @ : RP& 2h) -ri(aril) liable: -. If liability of the )arents for cri$es or O4s of their $inor children is subsidiary then they can neither in(o#e nor be absol(ed of ci(il liability on the defense that they acted with the diligence of a good father of a fa$ily to )re(ent da$ages. 0. The liability of )arents for felonies is li#ewise Pri$ary and not subsidiary under A-/- of 7PC< $inor only liable if )arents are insol(ent (A-/-
SC< Pa $ade )ri$arily liable for the in!ury caused by son (son already of age said to be insol(ent but in Madrid%) SC< Libis are )ri$arily and directly liable
Salen and Salbanera 1s. Bal'e (son abo(e -K but below -D #illed -D yr old) +,ellas 1s. &adano (stole )encil and had the ner(e to be $ad by brea#ing class$ateAs ar$%)
Cri$inal action (s. 7ico for Serious Physical In!uries Ci(il action (s Aga)ito (the father) only
SC< Pa liable
10
Art. 2 !. In case of foundlings abandoned neglected or abused children and other children si$ilarly situated )arental authority shall be entrusted in su$$ary !udicial )roceedings to heads of childrenMs ho$es or)hanages and si$ilar institutions duly accredited by the )ro)er go(ern$ent agency. (F-1a)
obser(ed all the diligence of a good father of a fa$ily to )re(ent da$age. (-./Fa) Art. 2 # . 'hoe(er )ays for the da$age caused by his de)endents or e$)loyees $ay reco(er fro$ the latter what he has )aid or deli(ered in satisfaction of the clai$. (-./1)
&LASS NOTE
'hat is a foundlingJ A baby deserted by un#nown )arents. (e.g. those left at the doorste)) Art. 2 #@. The obligation i$)osed by Article 0-3> is de$andable not only for oneMs own acts or o$issions but also for those of )ersons for who$ one is res)onsible. The father and in case of his death or inca)acity the $other are res)onsible for the da$ages caused by the $inor children who li(e in their co$)any. 6,ardians are liable for da(a/es 'a,sed b) the (inors or in'a-a'itated -ersons 8ho are ,nder their a,thorit) and li1e in their 'o(-an). The owners and $anagers of an establish$ent or enter)rise are li#ewise res)onsible for da$ages caused by their e$)loyees in the ser(ice of the branches in which the latter are e$)loyed or on the occasion of their functions. 9$)loyers shall be liable for the da$ages caused by their e$)loyees and household hel)ers acting within the sco)e of their assigned tas#s e(en though the for$er are not engaged in any business or industry. The State is res)onsible in li#e $anner when it acts through a s)ecial agent= but not when the da$age has been caused by the official to who$ the tas# done )ro)erly )ertains in which case what is )ro(ided in Article 0-3> shall be a))licable. Lastly teachers or heads of establish$ents of arts and trades shall be liable for da$ages caused by their )u)ils and students or a))rentices so long as they re$ain in their custody. The res)onsibility treated of in this article shall cease when the )ersons herein $entioned )ro(e that they
shall be e+ercised by the sur(i(ing grand)arent. In case se(eral sur(i(e the one designated by the court ta#ing into account the sa$e consideration $entioned in the )receding article shall e+ercise the authority. (FKKa)
11
no cri$inal action for )hysical in!uries has been )resented 0. e(en if this is a O4 within the $eaning of Art. * Art. 00-. )ar 0> the facts show that AugustoAs act was occasioned by the fact that Manuel Cr. tired to inter(ene or interfere with AugustoAs atte$)t to reco(er his )itogo. Eence the -ro?i(ate 'a,se of Manuel CrAs in!ury is his own fault or negligence for ha(ing interfered. Eence no M4 coL the cases in Art. 00-. were not shown to e+ist. R5LE: 1. e+conde (. ca)uno doctrine3< acade$ic institutions not included in Art. 0-D/ 0. e+conde (. ca)uno doctrine< res)onsibility )asses fro$ )arents to teachers or heads of 5@LB institutions of arts and trades A. Lo,rdes is not liable be'a,se the) don=t retain ',stod) C',stod)Mli1in/ 8ith the tea'hers or headsD of their -,-ils. 1. Ciriaco Mercado is not res)onsible e(en under Art. 0-D/ )ar. 0*)robably because Manuel Cr. did not die nor was he inca)acitated. K. @o $oral da$ages because cases in Art. 00-. were not shown to e+ist. >. Augusto was only . and was not shown to act with discern$ent 3. 9(en if there was a O4 on AugustoAs )art the )ro+i$ate cause of the in!ury was Manuel CrAs own act of interference. 0O&TRINE: what Art. 0-D/ $eans by 8custody:
circu$stances the control or the influence o(er the conduct and actions of the )u)il would )ass fro$ the father and $other to the teacher= and so would the res)onsibility for the torts of the )u)il. S,'h a sit,ation does not a--ear in the 'ase at bar . The )u)ils go to school during school hours and go bac# ho$e to their )arents after. The sit,ated 'onte(-lated in the last -ar. of art. 2 #@ (I thin# he $eant 0nd to the last )ar) does not a--l): nor does -ar 2B 8hi'h (a<es the father or (other res-onsible for the da(a/es 'a,sed b) their (inor 'hildren. 4en'e: the 'lai( of Mer'ado that res-onsibilit) sho,ld -ass to the s'hool: (,st be held to be 8itho,t (erit. Anent the M0< 5nly )ossible circu$stance in which M4 $ay be granted is if a felony or O4 has been co$$itted.
5 The father and
in case of his death or inca)acity the $other are res)onsible for the da$ages
Paliso' 1. Brillantes 5ctober 1 -.3+A&TS: 4o$inador Palisoc -> years old and Girgilio 4affon of age were class$ates at the Manila Technical Institute. 4uring recess while wor#ing on a $achine 4affon $ade a re$ar# that Palisoc was li#e a fore$an because he was $erely watching the$. Ir#ed Palisoc bitch*sla))ed 4affon. In retaliation 4affon ga(e
6Art. 00-.. Moral da$ages $ay be reco(ered in the following and analogous cases<
(0) Ouasi*delicts causing )hysical in!uries=
7 Although later cases say this is a $ere obiter because the issue was won the father had ci(il
liability
12
NOT4IN6 IN T4E LA2 REH5IRES T4AT +OR S5&4 LIABILITY TO ATTA&4: T4E P5PIL9TORT+EASOR M5ST LIVE AN0 BOAR0 IN T4E S&4OOL. 2. Rationale of the liabilit) The rationale of the liability of school heads and teachers is that they stand to a certain e+tent as to their )u)ils and students in loco parentis and are called u)on to 8e+ercise reasonable su)er(ision o(er the conduct of the child.: A. 6o1ernin/ Prin'i-le in la8 of torts In the law of torts the go(erning )rinci)le is that the )rotecti(e custody of the school heads and teachers is $andatorily substituted for that of the )arents and hence it beco$es their obligation as well as that of the school itself to )ro(ide )ro)er su)er(ision of the studentsA acti(ities during the whole ti$e that they are at attendance in the school including recess ti$e as well as to ta#e the necessary )recautions to )rotect the students in their custody fro$ dangers and haLards that would reasonably be antici)ated including in!uries that so$e students the$sel(es $ay inflict willfully or through negligence on their fellow students. %. Mer'ado o1ert,rned. Re)es= dissent r,lesO Adheres to 7eyesA dissent in 9+conde< If the basis of )resu$)tion of negligence in Art. -./F is so$e cul)a in (igilando that the )arents teachers etc. are su))osed to ha(e incurred in the e+ercise of their authority hence when the )arent )laces the child under the effecti(e authority of the teacher the teacher and not the )arent should be the one answerable for the torts co$$itted while under his custody. 2h). for the (ery reason that the )arent is not su))osed to interfere with the disci)line of the school nor with the authority and su)er(ision of the teacher while the child is under instruction . If there is no a,thorit): there 'an be no res-onsibilit). Eence the )resident and instructor $ust be held solidarily liable unless they )ro(e that they obser(ed the diligence of a good father of a fa$ily to )re(ent the da$age*which they failed to do.
0issent: Ma<alintal 'ants Mercado sustained. ItAs unfair to hold teachers andHor ad$inistrati(e heads res)onsible for tortuous acts of their students considering the high nu$ber of enroll$ent. It would de$and res)onsibility without the co$$ensurate authority. Moreo(er since the res)onsibility ste$s fro$ loco parentis then it follows that -. custodyQ li(e in co$)any (li#e for )arents and guardians) and 0. res)onsibility li$ited to $inors only (li#e for )arents and guardians) &on',rrin/: Re)es Concurs with $a!ority but dissents with the dissent. Ma#alintalAs inter)retation not in accord with the law. -. 5nly the guardians and )arents are e+e$)t once the child reaches $a!ority 0. The authority and custodial su)er(ision (of the teachers and heads) o(er the )u)il e+ists regardless of the )u)ilAs age. R5LE: . Mer'ado do'trine abandonedPo1ert,rned 2. 2ants to o1ert,rn E?'onde Cto in'l,de a'ade(i' instit,tions in the s'o-e of 2 #@D b,t has no 'han'e be'a,se MTI is anon9a'ade(i' instit,tion. A. 0efinition of E',stod)LM the )rotecti(e and su)er(isory custody that the school and its heads and teachers e+ercise o(er the )u)ils and students for as long as they are at attendance in the school including recess ti$e. CMEMORINED
13
There is no substantial distinction between an acade$ic and a non*acade$ic school insofar as torts co$$itted by their students are concerned. The same vigilance is e+)ected fro$ the teacher o(er the students under his control and su)er(ision whate(er the nature of the school he is teaching.
%. P,-il not re;,ired to be a (inor to hold tea'her liable ?nli#e the )arent who will be liable only for his $inor child the teacher is answerable for torts of his students regardless of the studentAs age. 4en'e: -. Alfredo A$adora was still in the schoolAs 8custody: when the incident ha))ened 0. rector high school )rinci)al and dean of boys @5T liable because none of the$ were the teacher*in charge (they only e+ercised a general authority and not the direct control and influence e+erted by the teacher*in* charge) 4ean of boys not liable although he earlier confiscated a gun because it was not shown that the gun he confiscated and the gun that was used in the shooting were the sa$e. F. Physics teacher not liable because there was no showing that he was negligent in his duties. Eis absence cannot be ta#en against hi$ as he was not re,uired to re)ort to school that day. 1. Colegio not liable because 0-D/ does not a))ly to school but only to its teachers and heads. &ON&5RRIN6 I 0ISSENTIN6: Melen'io94errera *8teacher: in 0-D/ should not be li$ited to the 8teacher* in*charge: *the school $ay be held res)onsible under 0-D/ as the e$)loyer of the teachers and heads &ON&5RRIN6: 6,tierreF: *r. *reiterates the need for an a$end$ent due to the non* e+istent dis)arity between teachers of acade$ic schools and heads of arts and trades R5LE: -. Custody definition 0. a))lication of 0-D/ to both acade$ic and non*acade$ic schools F. teachers is to )u)ils and students as heads is to a))rentices 1. school not directly liable under 0-D/ )ar 3. NOTES: dangerous definition of 8custody: because it is so broad (e(en if !ust wal#ing around school en!oying its a$bience and at$os)here)
E1en if the st,dent sho,ld be doin/ nothin/ (ore than rela?in/ in the 'a(-,s in the 'o(-an) of his 'lass(ates and friends and en3o)in/ the a(bien'e and at(os-here in the s'hool: he is still 8ithin the ',stod) and s,b3e't to the dis'i-line of the s'hool a,thorities ,nder the -ro1isions of Art. 2 #@. 8Custody does not connote i$$ediate and actual )hysical control but refers $ore to the influence e+erted on the child and the disci)line instilled in hi$ as a result of such influence. A. Liabilit) i(-osed not on the s'hool itself It should be noted that the liability i$)osed is su))osed to fall directly on the teacher or the head of the school of arts and trades and not on the school itself. If at all the school whate(er its nature $ay be held to answer for the acts of its teachers and heads under the general )rinci)le of respondeat superior it $ay e+cul)ate itself by )roof of e+ercise of diligence of bonus paterfamilias.Idefense which is also a(ailable to the teacher or the head.
9 This dis)arity no longer e+ist in (iew of the increase in enroll$ent. ;ut thatAs a tas# for the
legislature.
8 7eferring each to each= referring each )hrase or e+)ression to its a))ro)riate ob!ect or let each
be )ut in its )ro)er )lace i.e. the words should be ta#en distributi(ely
14
&LASS NOTE facts< in Acade$ic school by student of the school after se$ ends A0-D/ a))lies to both ACA49MIC and @5@ACA49MIC schools Acade$ic< teacher*in*charge<< Institute of Arts and Trades< Eeads Custody does not connote I@2L?9@C9 e+erted on the child and the 4ISCIPLI@9 instilled in hi$ as a result of such influence )u)il is not re,uired to be a $inor for the teacher to be liable% (A0-D/ doesnAt re,uire $inority) A))licability to acade$ic institutions 'AS an issue )rior to this caseIsee 9+conde 4es)ite the broadness of the definition of custody @5 5@9 was held liable in A$adora%
Sar(iento Par K-/ of 0-D/ $ay be construed as the basis of liability of the school as the e$)loyer for the failure of its teachers or heads to )erfor$ their $andatory legal duties as substitute )arents. Melen'io94errera Coins Sar$iento in his dissent. School $ay e+cul)ate itself by )ro(ing diligence of a good father of a fa$ily. H5ESTION: 'ould the school be held liable after the 2a$ily CodeJ ANS2ER: Bes% School can be held liable under 0-D 2C--
T&: dis$issed the co$)laint. -. digging was )art of wor# education 0. A,uino e+ercised ut$ost diligence F. BlardeAs death was due to his own rec#less i$)rudence. &A: Affir$ed TC ISS5E: '5@ both A,uino and Soriano $ay be held liable. 4EL0: A;,ino is liable for inde(nit): E0 and M0 ,nder 2 !" Cart. The -etition is based onD and (a) be held liable ,nder 2 #@. Soriano: as a head of an a'ade(i' s'hool: 'annot be held liable. &A re1ersed and set aside. . Soriano 'annot be held liable a. Ee is a Eead of an acade$ic school and not of a school of arts and trades (in line with A$adora) b. Ee did not order the digging 2. Ylarde (a) be held liable ,nder 2 #@ as the tea'her9in9'har/e Ee was negligent in his su)er(ision and he failed to ta#e the necessary )recautions. B5T: the Ylardes based their -etition on 2 !". A. A;,ino is liable for da(a/es ,nder 2 !" (O< '5@ the act or o$ission of A,uino a$ounting to fault or negligence has a direct causal connection to BlardeAs death) a. K negligent acts of A,uino i. he shouldA(e used adult laborers and not -/ year olds ii. he re,uired the #ids to re$ain inside the )it #nowing that a huge bloc# was !ust nearby iii. the stone was ob(iously at the brin# of falling yet he re,uire the #ids to le(el the soil around the e+ca(ation i(. he left the #ids (. he left the #ids near an attracti(e nuisance b. the negligent act of A,uino in lea(ing the #ids in such a dangerous site has a direct causal connection to the death of Blarde. It was but natural for #ids to )lay around c. digging was not )art of wor# educationH
&LASS NOTE facts< by students wHn school )re$ises against ACA49MIC school A0-D/ doesnAt include Acade$ic schools (this is the case where the court researcher was not aware of the ruling in A$adora (s. CA) 4onAt sue school based on 0-D/ (3)
11
Art. 0-D. The school its ad$inistrators and teachers or the indi(idual entity or institution engaged in child are shall ha(e s)ecial )arental authority and res)onsibility o(er the $inor child while under their su)er(ision instruction or custody. Authority and res)onsibility shall a))ly to all authoriLed acti(ities whether
0ISSENT:
15
ti$e< dis$issal where< in )ar#ing lot of school against who< student of ?ni(ersity of ;aguio Me$oriLe< recess and custody A$adora< legiti$ate student ob!ecti(eRGicti$ is own student Sal(osa< a))lied Palisoc definition of custodyRGicti$ is student of another school Ponente forgot A$adoraIdecided > $onths earlier. So to reconcile both cases< If (icti$ is a student of schoolIA$adora= If (icti$ is @5T a student of school*Sal(osa
St. +ran'is 4i/h S'hool 1s. &A 2ebruary 0K -..+A&TS: 2erdinand Castillo -F and a fresh$an at St. 2rancis Eigh School drowned during a school )icnic while trying to sa(e a fe$ale teacher. The Castillos sued the school the )rinci)al and the > teachers who were at the )icnic for da$ages. T&: Eeld the > teachers solidarily liable for A4 S M4 Absol(ed the school and the )rinci)al ;oth a))ealed &A: Modified TC. Eeld the school the )rinci)al and 1 teachers solidarily liable for A4 M4 and 94. ISS5E: '5@ 0-D/ is a))licable. 4EL0: @o. CA set aside. @o one is guilty under 0-D/. @o M4 coL case does not fall under any of the grounds for M4 and they are not guilty of negligence. . None of the( are /,ilt) of either their o8n ne/li/en'e or of the ne/li/en'e of those ,nder the( 2. S'hool not liable ,nder 2 #@ T5 ;9 E9L4 LIA;L9 ?@497 0-D/ TE9 ACT 57 5MISSI5@
M?ST EAG9 5CC?7794 'EIL9 A@ 9MPL5B99 'AS I@ TE9 P97257MA@C9 52 EIS ASSI"@94 TAS6S. The )icnic
&LASS NOTE facts< students teachers and )rinci)al i$)leaded A))lied A$adora doctrine< (teacher<ACA4<<heads<9stablish$ents of arts and trade)
enrolled or being in the )re$ises of a school without $ore does not constitute 8attending school: or being in the 8)rotecti(e and su)er(isory custody: of the school as conte$)lated in the law. Abon cannot be considered to ha(e been in 8attendance in the school : or in the custody of ;C2 when he shot @a)oleon. Plus he was su))osed to be wor#ing when the incident ha))ened. R5LE: 0efines Ere'essL H,alified &,stod) NOTE: Sal(osa $itigates the effects of A$adora*but this was not cited in Sal(osa.
was not a sanctioned school acti(ity nor an e+tra* curricular acti(ity. A. The Prin'i-al is not liable ,nder 2 #@ Mere #nowledge of the )icnic is not enough
16
+A&TS: Ma+i$o Soli$an Cr a student of the 7e)ublic Central Colleges was shot by Ci$$y Solo$on a security guard assigned to the school. Solo$on was e$)loyed by 7L Security Agency. Soli$an sued Solo$on 7CC and the 7L for da$ages. 7CC filed a MT4 on the following grounds< -. 7CC not the e$)loyer of Solo$on 0. Art. 0-D/ nHa because Solo$on was not a student of 7CC T&: granted MT4 ISS5E: '5@ the 7CC $ay be held liable under 0-D/ 4EL0: @o. ;ecause Solo$on was not an e$)loyee of 7CC and neither was he a student. ;ut under the case of PS;A 7CC $ay be held liable under the a contract. Case re$anded to deter$ine if there was a breach of contract. . Art. 2 #@: -ar B 2 does not a--l) 7CC was not the e$)loyer of Solo$on. 7CC was only a client of 7L*the e$)loyer of Solo$on hence 7CC had no hand in the selection and su)er(ision )rocess. 2. Arts. 2 #@ -ar. !: a--l)
A
does not
12
The owners and $anagers of an establish$ent or enter)rise are li#ewise res)onsible for
da$ages caused by their e$)loyees in the ser(ice of the branches in which the latter are e$)loyed or on the occasion of their functions.
13 Lastly
teachers or heads of establish$ents of arts and trades shall be liable for da$ages
caused by their )u)ils and students or a))rentices so long as they re$ain in their custody.
14 Art. F1.. The following )ersons shall e+ercise substitute )arental authority<
(0) Teachers and )rofessors= +++
&LASS NOTE A0-D/ a))lies to schools only if student liable but if student a (icti$ ;5C
Art. FK/. The )ersons na$ed in the )receding article shall e+ercise reasonable su)er(ision o(er the conduct of the child.
Art. FK0. The relations between teacher and )u)il )rofessor and student are fi+ed by go(ern$ent regulations and those of each school or institution. In no case shall cor)oral )unish$ent be countenanced. The teacher or )rofessor shall culti(ate the best )otentialities of the heart and $ind of the )u)il or student.
17
of Gillanue(a who had control and )ossession of the !ee) who allowed Ca$es to dri(e. 2. Parents are Pri(aril) liable 'hether the accident was due to Ca$es negligence or the $echanical failure the )arents $ust be held )ri$arily liable. St. MaryAs negligence was only a re$ote cause and either the 4anielsA negligence or the $echanical failure was the inter(ening cause. A. Villan,e1a: as the re/istered o8ner of the 3ee- is liable for da(a/es 5(erwhel$ing e(idence that the accident was due to the detach$ent of the steering wheel guide. NOTES: a))lied 2C*this see$s to i$)ly strict liability but SC here allowed defense of diligence.
&LASS NOTE school liable if Pro?i(ate &a,se of the in3,r) is their ne/li/en'e s)ecial )arental authority a))lies as long as the acti(ity was a))ro(ed by an office of the school 2C A0-D< school its ad$inistrators and teachers or the indi(idual entity or institution engaged in child Rha(e s)ecial )arental authority and res)onsibility Rto all authoriLed acti(ities 8hether inside or o,tside the )re$ises of the school entity or institution Minor child while under their su)er(ision instruction or custody @CC A0-D/ )ar3< teachers or heads of establish$ents of arts and trades *In St. 2rancis Case acti(ity should be inside school )re$ises
'ho liable
engaged in child are shall ha(e s)ecial )arental authority and res)onsibility o(er the $inor child while under their su)er(ision instruction or custody.
Authority and res)onsibility shall a))ly to all authoriLed acti(ities whether inside or outside the )re$ises of the school entity or institution. (F1.a)
Art. 0-.. Those gi(en the authority and res)onsibility under the )receding Article shall be )rinci)ally and solidarily liable for da$ages caused by the acts or o$issions of the une$anci)ated $inor. The )arents !udicial guardians or the )ersons e+ercising substitute )arental authority o(er said $inor shall be subsidiarily liable.
The res)ecti(e liabilities of those referred to in the )receding )aragra)h shall not a))ly if it is )ro(ed that they e+ercised the )ro)er diligence re,uired under the )articular circu$stances.
18
of
(ana/ers
Liability
. Balin/it is not the E(ana/erL 'onte(-lated in 2 #@ The owners and $anagers of an establish$ent or enter)rise are li#ewise res)onsible for da$ages caused by their e$)loyees in the ser(ice of the branches in which the latter are e$)loyed or on the occasion of their functions. The ter$s 8e$)loyers: and 8owners and $anagers of an establish$ent or enter)rise: 459S @5T I@CL?49 TE9 MA@A"97 52 A C57P57ATI5@. TE9 T97M MA@A"97 (4I79CT57 I@ SPA@ISE G97SI5@) IS
5SE0 IN T4E SENSE O+ EMPLOYER 'EICE IS @5T 9O?AL T5 A MA@A"97 52 A C57P57ATI5@ 'E5 IS ALS5 A@ 9MPL5B99 (49P9@4I9@T9) 52 TE9 C57P57ATI5@.
I$)ortant to note that< ?nder the 2C no distinction is $ade '5@ School is ACA49MIC or @5@ACA49MIC Incident ha))ened 'ITEI@ 57 5?TSI49 school )re$ises. 0-D/ not li$ited to $inors and liability of teacher is only when acade$ic and not arts and trades S,((ar) of 'ases: -. E?'onde< Pri$ary liability of )arent 0-D/ a))lies only to arts and trades 0. Salen: subsidiary liability of )arent F. +,ellas: )ri$ary liability of )arent (did not categorically state that )arent is subsidiarily liable) 1. Rodri/,eF9L,na: )ri$ary liability of )arent K. Libi: Pri$ary liability of )arent*CL9A794 ?P ISS?9 5@ P7IMA7B 57 S?;SI4IA7B LIA;ILITB >. Mer'ado: CustodyQli(ing and boarding with teacher or head 3. Paliso': custody*)rotecti(e and su)er(isory custody. 4oes not ha(e to li(e or board with teacher or head 5(erturned Mercado. @o chance to 5(erturn 9+conde. D. A(adora: 0-D/ a))lies to all schools. 5(erturned 9+conde *Acade$ic school*teacher*)u)il *Arts S trades*head*a))rentice ;road definition of custody
%. O8ners Establish(ents
and
Mana/ers
of
2. PA+ is a 'or-oration 8ith a -ersonalit) se-arate and distin't fro( that of Balin/it (this was not alleged in the co$)laint). The argu$ent that PA2 is a $ere business conduit of the ;alingit s)ouses i$)lies the )iercing of the (eil of cor)orate fiction. Since this was not raised in the lower court it cannot be countenanced in this a))eal.
Phili--ine Rabbit B,s Lines: In'. 1s. Phil9 A(eri'an +or8arders: In' March 0K -.3K
+A&TS: 2ernando Pineda dri(er of a Phili))ine A$erican 2orwarders freight truc# hit a Phili))ine 7abbit ;us along a national highway. The bus dri(er suffered in!uries and the bus was unusable for 3. days resulting in loss of inco$e. ;alingit as the $anager of PA2 and Pineda were sued based on a O4. (;alingitAs defense was that he was not the e$)loyer of Pineda) T&: 4is$issed co$)laint against ;alingit as he is not the 8$anger: conte$)lated under 0-D/. ISS5E: 2ON Balin/it is liable ,nder 2 #@. C2ON e(-lo)ersPo8nersP(ana/ers of an
B. E(-lo)ers
NOTES: &'#($ )A*)'M (79;?TTA;L9 P79S?MPTI5@) 24Y.*coL hard for (icti$ to )ro(e that e$)loyer was not negligent (si$ilar to res i)sa) hence e$)loyer should )ro(e diligences as a defense 24Y O2NER.9dee)er )roc#ets
19
5se of E(-lo)er=s Vehi'le O,tside Re/,lar 2or<in/ 4o,rs The e$)loyer is liable if he deri(es so$e incidental benefit. The e$)loyer is not liable when the (ehicle is used for a )ersonal benefit and returned to where it is nor$ally #e)t. @ote< This see$s to contradict with GalenLuela ( CA. Sir says there is no contradiction. The )lace where the e$)loyee is co$ing fro$ is $aterial. NOTES: IMPLI&ATION: 1th )ar co(ered by Kth )ar hence 1th )aragra)h is useless Bth -ar*an e+)ansion of the 1th )ar in both e$)loyer co(erage and acts included 'f ValenF,ela98h) different res,lts. &coL GalenLuela Abad ca$e fro$ a different )lace. in
NOTE: Sir says this case has the i$)lication that )ar 1 is su)erfluous because )ar K enco$)asses e(erything. ISS5E 2: '5@ Castile+ has the burden of )ro(ing that Abad was not wor#ing within the sco)e of his assigned tas#s 4EL0: @5. The )laintiffs ha(e the burden. Ee who alleges $ust )ro(e. ISS5E A: '5@ Abad was wor#ing within the sco)e of his assigned tas#s $a#ing Castile+ liable 4EL0: @5. The fact that Abad was a $anager and dri(ing a co$)any*issued (ehicle is not sufficient to charge Castile+ with liability. Ee was wor#ing beyond office hours and was co$ing fro$ a )lace where he had snac#s. The Court cited )rinci)les in A$erican Curis)rudence e(en if the relationshi) is #espondeat superior+% not ,ater familias.. O-eration of E(-lo)er=s Motor Vehi'le in 6oin/ to and +ro( Meals The e$)loyer is liable if the (ehicle is used to reduce his ti$e*off and de(ote $ore ti$e to the )erfor$ance of is duties. O-eration of E(-lo)er=s Vehi'le in 6oin/ to and +ro( 2or< The e$)loyer is liable if he deri(es so$e s)ecial benefit such as $ore ti$e for the )erfor$ance of duties or that such duties re,uire the e$)loyee to circulate in a general area for wor#. The latter is called the 8s)ecial errand: or 8ro(ing co$$ission: rule.
&LASS NOTES Castile+ sold furniture (rele(ance< on 8engaged in a business or industry: under A0-D/ )arK) RESPON0EAT S5PERIOR: C&'C()S*+E 2A?LTH@9"LI"9@C9 52 9MPL5B99 PATER+AMILIAS: P79S?MPTI5@ C?7IS TA@T?M (REB),,AB(E "RES)M",*&') 'hatAs the rule if we co$bine 0-D/ (1) and (K) as regards the liability of e$)loyer for the acts or o$issions of e$)loyeesJ 7e,uisites to hold the e$)loyer liable for torts under 0-D/< -. 97*99 relationshi) 0. 9$)loyee $ust be acting within the sco)e of his assigned tas# A$erican Curis)rudence< F situations ("eneral 7ule< 9$)loyer @5T liable= 9+ce)tion< 9$)loyer LIA;L9 when he deri(es s)ecial business benefit) . 6OIN6 TO AN0 +ROM MEALS "eneral rule< 97 is not liable. Exception- ;enefit to the 97 2. 6OIN6 TO AN0 +ROM 2OR> "eneral rule< 97 not liable A. O5TSI0E RE65LAR 2OR>IN6 4O5RS
17
Art. 0-D-. 'hoe(er )ays for the da$age caused by his de)endents or e$)loyees $ay
reco(er fro$ the latter what he has )aid or deli(ered in satisfaction of the clai$. (-./1)
20
9scartin a security guard and he fell unto the trac#s. The train hit hi$ and he died instantly. @icanorAs widow and children sued 9scartin 7o$an (the train dri(er) L7TA Metro Transit and Prudent (security agency). L7TA and 7o$an filed counterclai$s and Prudent denied liability a(erring it e+ercised due diligence in the selection and su)er(ision of its e$)loyees. ISS5E: '5@ L7TA is liable 4EL0: B9S. The )resu$)tion of liability was o(erco$e. Co$$on carriers by the nature of its business and reasons of )ublic )olicy is burdened with the duty of e+ercising ut$ost diligence. This duty is not only during the course of the tri) but for as long as the )assengers are within the )re$ises and where they ought to be in )ursuance of the contract of carriage. PROVISIONS O+ LA2 REN0ER A &OMMON &ARRIER LIABLE +OR 0EAT4 AN0 IN*5RY O+ PASSEN6ERS< Through negligence or willful acts of its e$)loyees 5n account of willful acts or negligence of other )assengers or of strangers if the co$$on carrierAs e$)loyees through the e+ercise of due diligence could ha(e )re(ented the act or o$ission In the discharge of its co$$it$ent to ensure the safety of )assengers it $ay hire its own e$)loyees or a(ail of the ser(ices of a contractor. In either case the carrier is not relie(ed of its res)onsibility under the contract of carriage. E(-lo)er=s liabilit) ,nder 2 #@: -. establish -st e$)loyeeAs fault or negligence 0. )resu$)tion juris tantum that e$)loyer failed to e+ercise the diligence of a good father of the fa$ily in selection and su)er(ision F. PRIMARY LIABILITY*but can be negated by due diligence in selection and su)er(ision
2untecha dro(e the !ee) not for his en!oy$ent but for the ser(ice of 2ila$er. The fact that he was not the school dri(er is insignificant. ;esides 2ila$er did not e+ercise the diligence of a good father of the fa$ily. Pres,(-ti1e liabilit) of e(-lo)er (when e$)loyee is dri(ing a co$)any (ehicle) is deter$ined by answering this O< '5@ the ser(ant was at the ti$e of the accident )erfor$ing any act in furtherance of his $asterAs business. S,-er1ision includes< -. for$ulation of suitable rules and regulations for the guidance of its e$)loyers= and 0. the issuance of )ro)er instructions intended for the )rotection of the )ublic and )ersons with who$ the e$)loyer has relations through his e$)loyees. NOTE: Sir thin#s this is a dangerous doctrine because e(en if the acti(ity is far re$o(ed fro$ the businessHinstitution the e$)loyer $ay be held liable if it is in furtherance of the latterAs interests. H: is there an 97*99 relationshi) between the school and the student wor#ing )art*ti$e in the schoolJ
&LASS NOTES )ar1 and K of 0-D/ @CC a))lies% LC not strictly a))lied !ust used to deter$ine the e+istence of 997
&LASS NOTE
21
&LASS NOTES not liable si$)ly because of co$)any car but because of bonus )ater fa$ilias standard in A0-D/ & did not )ro(e diligence and under 0nd instance discussed in Castile+ juris tantum )resu$)tion (rebuttable) (s. juris et jure (conclusi(e) cf with Castile+< co$)are the )lace where Abad and Li ca$e fro$ along with the nature of LiAs !ob which re,uired hi$ to ha(e a car. This case is $ore of a ro(ing co$$ision GalenLuela case says that A0-D/ was $odified by 2C. ta#e note of discussion on )ractice of co$)anies in issuing co$)any cars
within the conte$)lation of the law. Although the accident was caused by a go(ern$ent e$)loyee the State did not underta#e to guarantee to third )ersons the acts of all its e$)loyees for that would sub!ect the State to countless suits which is sub(ersi(e to )ublic interest. The State is not res)onsible for the da$ages suffered by )ri(ate indi(iduals in conse,uence of the acts )erfor$ed by its e$)loyees )ertaining to their office because neither fa,lt nor ne/li/en'e 'an be -res,(ed on the -art of the State in the or/aniFation of bran'hes of -,bli' ser1i'e and a--oint(ent of its a/ents.
&LASS NOTES )resu$)tion that they are negligent flows fro$ the negligence of their e$)loyee liability< )ri$ary direct and solidary
&LASS NOTES This case defined actually defined s)ecial agent (although sir didnAt see$ to re$e$ber)< recei(es a definite and fi+ed order or co$$ission foreign to the e+ercise of duties of his office if he is a s)ecial officer So in this case the chauffeur still was acting within his duty as a dri(er when he hit Merritt Merritt was one of the best constructors of wooden buildings at that ti$e%
". State
*not liable for acts of its officers agents and e$)loyees (unless s)ecial agent= and e+ce)t when state acts as a !uridical )erson ca)able of ac,uiring rights and contracting obligations)
22
R5LE: O++I&IALS: co$)rises all officials and e$)loyees of the go(ern$ent who e+ercise duties of their res)ecti(e )ublic officers SPE&IAL A6ENTS: all others who are acting by co$$ission of the go(ern$ent whether indi(idual or !uridical bodies.
when state acts in their )ro)rietary function they can be suedRindi(idual $e$bers of $unici)al council can be sued 4oes A0-D/ a))ly to $unici)alitiesJ Bes delegation of )owers
his eyelid. Ee also got contusions and abrasions on other )arts of his body. Ee filed a suit for da$ages against the City of Manila $ayor city engineer city health officer city treasurer and chief of )olice. ISS5E: 'hich a))lies< Sec 1 of 7A 1/. (Charter of the City of Manila) or the Ci(il Code 4EL0: CIGIL C549. It a))lies because it is ore s)ecific. 'hereas S9C 1 7A 1/. 79297S T5 LIA;ILITB A7ISI@" 275M @9"LI"9@C9 I@ "9@97AL A7T 0-D. "5G97@S LIA;ILITB 4?9 T5 84929CTIG9 ST799TS: I@ PA7TIC?LA7. ManilaAs assertion that it did not own the street is of no $o$ent. The fa't that it is ,nder their 'ontrol or s,-er1ision is eno,/h to (a<e the( liable.
+ontanilla 1. Malia(an 2ebruary -..+A&TS: @ational Irrigation Ad$inistration was created for the )ur)ose of constructing i$)ro(ing rehabilitating and ad$inistering all national irrigation syste$s of the Phili))ines. @IAAs dri(er caused the death of 2ontanilla due to the fault andHor negligence. Eis )arets fled a suit for da$ages. ISS5E: '5@ @IA is liable 4EL0: B9S. @IAAs functions are basically )ro)rietary and incidentally go(ern$ental. 7A F>/- and P4 KK0 )ro(ide that @IA is a body cor)orate in(ested with a cor)orate )ersonality and distinct fro$ the go(ern$ent. So it $ay be sued. At the ti$e the dri(er was an agent. 'here a )ri(ate indi(idual is co$$issioned to do a s)ecial tas# he $ay be considered a s)ecial agent within the conte$)lation of the )ro(ision.
&LASS NOTE 4ifferentiated s)ecial agent fro$ officials The case used MerrittAs definition of s)ecial agent Perfecto dissented saying 9CA s)ecial agent as o))osed to ordinary go(ern$ent officials who were also agents
&LASS NOTES co$$ent ni sir< charter is su))osed to be $ore s)ecific since it only a))lies to city of $anila but ci(il code is $ore s)ecific in deter$ining liability for defecti(e streetsR Bou can argue either way. Court always $a#es so$eone liable. ItAs all about allocating ris#s.
&LASS NOTES added s)ecial agent< aside fro$ s)ecial co$$ission C5MMISSI5@ EAS T5 ;9 2579I"@ 275M ITS 2?@CTI5@S (but this was already in the definition gi(en in Merritt so ewan #o #ay sir #ung ano bago dito%)
Art. 2 #$. Pro(inces cities and $unici)alities shall be liable for da$ages for the death of or in!uries suffered by any )erson by reason of the defecti(e condition of roads streets bridges )ublic buildings and other )ublic wor#s under their control or su)er(ision. (n)
&LASS NOTES
23
A. En/ineerPAr'hite't
Art. !2A. The engineer or architect who drew u) the )lans and s)ecifications for a building is liable for da$ages if within fifteen years fro$ the co$)letion of the structure the sa$e should colla)se by reason of a defect in those )lans and s)ecifications or due to the defects in the ground. The contractor is li#ewise res)onsible for the da$ages if the edifice falls within the sa$e )eriod on account of defects in the construction or the use of $aterials of inferior ,uality furnished by hi$ or due to any (iolation of the ter$s of the contract. If the engineer or architect su)er(ises the construction he shall be solidarily liable with the contractor. Acce)tance of the building after co$)letion does not i$)ly wai(er of any of the cause of action by reason of any defect $entioned in the )receding )aragra)h. The action $ust be brought within ten years following the colla)se of the building. (n)
he shall be solidarily liable (see Arts. -0/3-. -0->0/) with the contractor. Art. -30F s)ea#s of a building that should 'olla-se or edifice that falls hence it does not a))ly to $inor defects. A Frd )erson suffering da$age as a result of any defect in the construction $ay )roceed against the engineer or architect or contractor. %. Effect of acceptance of or. * "en. 7ule in a contract for a )iece of wor# is that acce)tance of the wor# by the e$)loyer relie(es the contractor of liability for any defect in the wor#. 0- ;ut $ere acce)tance of the building after co$)letion does not i$)ly wai(er of any of the causes of action arising fro$ any defect in the construction. VII. TORTS 2P IN0EPEN0ENT &IVIL A&TION A. Violation of &i1il and Politi'al Ri/hts
Art. A2. Any )ublic officer or e$)loyee or any )ri(ate indi(idual who directly or indirectly obstructs defeats (iolates or in any $anner i$)edes or i$)airs any of the following rights and liberties of another )erson shall be liable to the latter for da$ages< (-) 2reedo$ of religion= (0) 2reedo$ of s)eech=
19 Art. -0/3. The concurrence of two or $ore creditors or of two or $ore debtors in one and the
sa$e obligation does not i$)ly that each one of the for$er has a right to de$and or that each one of the latter is bound to render entire co$)liance with the )restation. There is a solidary liability only when the obligation e+)ressly so states or when the law or the nature of the obligation re,uires solidarity. (--F3a)
&LASS NOTES
2. E(-lo)ees
&LASS NOTES A0-3> to $a#e fellow e$)loyee liable Sir< ta#e note of -30F (interesting )ro(ision)
0e Leon %BB9%B" Liabilit) of en/ineer or ar'hite'tP'ontra'tor for 'olla-se of b,ildin/ 'onstr,'ted< . (iability of engineer or architect.- The engineer or architect who drew u) the )lans and s)ecifications shall be liable for da$ages if< a. The colla)se too# )lace within -K years fro$ the co$)letion of the structure b. it too# )lace by reason of a defect in the )lans and s)ecifications or due to defects in the ground= and c. the action for da$ages is brought within -/ years following the colla)se 2. (iability of contractor.-if a. the edifice falls within the sa$e )eriod b. the colla)se too# )lace on account of defects in the construction or the use of $aterials of inferior ,uality furnished by hi$ or due to any (iolation of the ter$s of the contract= and c. the action for da$ages is brought within -/ years following the colla)se A. Solidary liability*In case the engineer or the architect su)er(ised or directed the construction
20 Art. -0->. The creditor $ay )roceed against any one of the solidary debtors or so$e or all of
the$ si$ultaneously. The de$and $ade against one of the$ shall not be an obstacle to those which $ay subse,uently be directed against the others so long as the debt has not been fully collected. (--11a)
&LASS NOTES Rele1an'e: A2 !" in this 'ase 8as ,sed to sho8 a liabilit) of a fello8 e(-lo)ee
21 Art. -3-.. Acce)tance of the wor# by the e$)loyer relie(es the contractor of liability for any
defect in the wor# unless< (-) The defect is hidden and the e$)loyer is not by his s)ecial #nowledge e+)ected to recogniLe the sa$e= or (0) The e$)loyer e+)ressly reser(es his rights against the contractor by reason of the defect. (n)
24
&LASS NOTES 'ho can contestJ 5nly the )arties whose rights ha(e been i$)aired 'hy is good faith not a defenseJ It will be contrary to )ur)ose of the law. Subordinate officer not liable illogical because Court already said that good faith is not a defense. Pro(incial co$$ander @5T LIA;L9 because of chain of co$$and & Subordinate !ust follow orders & but "2 not needed
&LASS NOTES Art. F0 is the basis for a ci(il action for (iolation of ci(il liberties. S)ecial rule< Cudges are not co(ered unless done in e+cess of !urisdiction. Ta#e note< Art. F0 says 4I79CTLB or I@4I79CTLB Pri(ate )ersons $ay be sued under this%
i$$unity is $is)laced because there is no blan#et license to transgress u)on rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution.
&LASS NOTE May su)eriors be liableJ Bes because they are indirectly res)onsible
25
Art. AB%. Re;,ire(ent for -,bli'it). I 9(ery defa$atory i$)utation is )resu$ed to be $alicious e(en if it be true if no good intention and !ustifiable $oti(e for $a#ing it is shown e+ce)t in the following cases< (-) A )ri(ate co$$unication $ade by any )erson to another in the )erfor$ance of any legal $oral or social duty= and (0) A fair and true re)ort $ade in good faith without any co$$ents or re$ar#s of any !udicial legislati(e or other official )roceedings which are not of confidential nature or of any state$ent re)ort or s)eech deli(ered in said )roceedings or of any other act )erfor$ed by )ublic officers in the e+ercise of their functions. Art. ABB. Libel (eans b) 8ritin/s or si(ilar (eans. I A libel co$$itted by $eans of writing )rinting lithogra)hy engra(ing radio )honogra)h )ainting theatrical e+hibition cine$atogra)hic e+hibition or any si$ilar $eans shall be )unished by )rision correccional in its $ini$u$ and $ediu$ )eriods or a fine ranging fro$ 0// to > /// )esos or both in addition to the ci(il action which $ay be brought by the offended )arty. Art. AB". Threatenin/ to -,blish and offer to -resent s,'h -,bli'ation for a 'o(-ensation. I The )enalty of arresto $ayor or a fine fro$ 0// to 0 /// )esos or both shall be i$)osed u)on any )erson who threatens another to )ublish a libel concerning hi$ or the )arents s)ouse child or other $e$bers of the fa$ily of the latter or u)on anyone who shall offer to )re(ent the )ublication of such libel for a co$)ensation or $oney consideration. Art. AB!. Prohibited -,bli'ation of a'ts referred to in the 'o,rse of offi'ial -ro'eedin/s. I The )enalty of arresto $ayor or a fine of fro$ 0/ to 0 /// )esos or both shall be i$)osed u)on any re)orter editor or $anager or a news)a)er daily or $agaLine who shall )ublish facts connected with the )ri(ate life of another and offensi(e to the honor (irtue and re)utation of said )erson e(en though said )ublication be $ade in connection with or under the )rete+t that it is necessary in the narration of any !udicial or ad$inistrati(e )roceedings wherein such facts ha(e been $entioned.
&LASS NOTE Ta#e note< e(en )ri(ate )ersons who )artici)ate can be held liable under Article F0
Art. ABA. 0efinition of libel. I A libel is )ublic and $alicious i$)utation of a cri$e or of a (ice or defect real or i$aginary or any act o$ission condition status or circu$stance tending to cause the dishonor discredit or conte$)t of a natural or !uridical )erson or to blac#en the $e$ory of one who is dead.
26
&LASS NOTE Art FF does not affect in any way the cri$inal action.
the words were insulting or offensi(e. According to Puno there are )rere,uisites to reco(ery< -. )ublished state$ent 0. which is defa$atory F. of and concerning the )laintiff If the article refers to a grou) for a $e$ber to ha(e a cause of action he $ust )ro(e that the article )articularly )ertains to hi$. NOTE: cf 'orcester
&LASS NOTES i$)ortant< definition of defa$ation what is the relation to libel and slander (big circle)< 4efinition of defa$ation broader than slanderHlibel you ha(e to )ro(e s)ecific da$age to you and that there was an intent to da$age or hurt you.
&LASS NOTE 7ec#less I$)rudence is not included in Art. FF no inde)endent ci(il action Article FF construed strictly
27
agreed u)on so it (iolated the agree$ent. 7ayon wilfully and fraudulently $isa))lied or con(erted the $oney for their own use. There is no obstacle for the filing of a se)arate co$)laint for da$ages e(en if there is already a cri$inal co$)laint for (iolation of Sec F of the Trust 7ecei)ts Law. Sec -F of the sa$e law considers the (iolation as 9stafa. 9STA2A C5M9S ?@497 27A?4 A@4 S5 A@ ACTI5@ ?@497 A7T. FF MAB ;9 ;75?"ET.
The action filed was based on AF- and AFF 5@ AFF< ci(il action for da$ages could ha(e been co$$enced by Ca)unos i$$ediately u)on death of Ci)riano Ca)uno
&LASS NOTES 1iolation of a tr,st re'ei-t is a 1iolation ,nder Arti'le AA Sin'e there is +RA50: 'an file inde-endent and distin't 'i1il a'tion based on Arti'le AA
such finding in this case. Art FF a))lies there being an allegation of fraud and negligence.
&LASS NOTES fra,d here is not si(-l) estafa. S8indlin/ is 3,st a s-e'ie of an offense 'o((itted b) (eans of fra,d.
&LASS NOTES
Law )unishes the negligent act. Action has also already )rescribed. According to Sangco rec#less i$)rudence is included in AF>K. 7ule< 7I not included in Art. FF hence the effect< @5 inde)endent ci(il actionIArt. -// will a))ly with res)ect to ci(il liability In Cri$inal negligence act )unished negligentHcareless act not the result
&LASS NOTE
28
&LASS NOTES
Art. FF< e+*delicto acts acts should constitute a cri$e. In Cor)us ( Pa!e only . !ustices too# )art 1 of which $erely concurred with the result. Eowe(er based on the Constitution a di(ision case cannot o(erturn an en banc decision. Sir does not thin# that 8)hysical in!uries: should be li$ited to the cri$e with the sa$e na$e. 0 things to re$e$ber about AFF CC< -. Physical in!ury refers to bodily in!ury and is not the sa$e as )hysical in!ury as defined in the 7PC. 0. Ci(il action is e+*delicto
Art. A%. 'hen a $e$ber of a city or $unici)al )olice force refuses or fails to render aid or )rotection to any )erson in case of danger to life or )ro)erty such )eace officer shall be )ri$arily liable for da$ages and the city or $unici)ality shall be subsidiarily res)onsible therefor. The ci(il action herein recogniLed shall be inde)endent of any cri$inal )roceedings and a )re)onderance of e(idence shall suffice to su))ort such action.
also says Cor)us ( Pa!e saying rec#ess i$)rudence is not included in Art FF is not authoritati(e because no sufficient nu$ber of (otes). @ote< Made!a ( Caro is a di(ision case. It cannot o(erturn an en banc decision.
29
A. Ab,se Of Ri/hts
Art. $. 9(ery )erson $ust in the e+ercise of his rights and in the )erfor$ance of his duties act with !ustice gi(e e(eryone his due and obser(e honest and good faith.
&LASS NOTES
A-. is a $ere declaration of )rinci)le which )ro(ides for the standard of conduct. A0- i$)le$ents A-. by )ro(iding for a conse,uence which is not found in A-..
30
;?T C5?7T E9L4 TEAT 7P LA'S SE5?L4 ;9 APPLI94< no unnecessary difficulties and incon(enience shown by either )arties if 7P P Saudi already sub$itted to the !urisdiction of OC 7TC This case de$onstrates the broad a))lication of A-. and A0-. A -. 0/ 0- are not conflicts of law )ro(isions but were a))lied in a conflicts of law case.
&LASS NOTES In the conte+t of international law this case is actually wrong< If the conce)t of Le+ Loci delicti co$$isi would be followed the )lace where $ost of the cri$es was co$$itted would deter$ine what law should be a))lied. In this case $ost of the (iolation of rights were co$$itted in SA?4I%
&LASS NOTES 7ight to dis$iss should not be confused with the $anner in which the right is e+ercised< there was na$e*calling threats 8Bou 2ili)inos cannot be trusted%: A-.< Princi)le of abuse of rights= set certain standards which $ust be obser(ed not only in the e+ercise of oneAs rights but also in )erfor$ance of oneAs dutiesR
&LASS NOTE Ouestion< 'hy did this case enu$erate the ele$ents of an abuse of right under Art. -. when there is su))osedly no 8hard and fast ruleJ:
31
Petitioner (uni(ersity) cannot !ust gi(e out its students grades at any ti$eR Can you sue )rofessor for not gi(ing grades on ti$eJ @o. Should be the school.
A(ono) 1. 6,tierreF 2ebruary -K 0//+A&TS: The lot on which the "utierreL s)ouses built their house was bought by A$onoy in an auction sale. A$onoy was granted an order for the de$olition of the house. Eowe(er a te$)orary restraining order was granted en!oining the de$olition. The SC then $ade the T75 )er$anent. Eowe(er by the ti$e the decision was rendered the house was already destroyed. The "utierreL s)ouses then filed a suit for da$ages. ISS5E: '5@ A$onoy was liable for da$ages. B9S 4EL0: 9(en though A$onoyAs actions were legally !ustified at the start their continuation e(en after the T75 was issued a$ounted to an abuse of his right. The e?er'ise of a ri/ht ends 8hen the ri/ht disa--ears: and it disa--ears 8hen it is ab,sed: es-e'iall) to the -re3,di'e of others. A$onoyAs acts constituted not only an abuse of a right but an in(alid e+ercise of a right that was sus)ended.
abstain fro$ ta#ing undue ad(antage of another e(en though the for$s and technicalities of the law together with the absence of all infor$ation or belief of facts would render the transaction unconscientious. On Art. $<*intended to e+)and the conce)t of torts by granting ade,uate legal re$edy for the untold $oral wrongs which is i$)ossible for hu$an foresight to )ro(ide s)ecifically in statutory law. *the ulti$ate thing in the theory of liability is !ustifiable reliance under conditions of ci(iliLed society *A )erson should be )rotected only when he acts with )ro(idence and in "2 but not when he acts with negligence or abuse NOTES: *does not adhere strictly to the F ele$ents *see$s to say that Art. -. can be co$$itted (ia negligence * abuse of duty is not a right
&LASS NOTES 7ule< Action which was originally legal can beco$e illegal if e+ercised abusi(ely. The legal )rinci)le a))lied in this case is da$nu$ abs,ue in!uria. 'hat we ha(e here is an illegal act. There was no $ore right for hi$ to abuse% This is not a case of abuse of right. A-. )resu))oses an e+isting right= 'hat A$onoy did was conte$)t of court Proble$< relied u)on Testi$ony solely of "uitierreL (when it is self*ser(ing)
&LASS NOTE 7es)ondents did not )hysically )re(ent her fro$ wor#ing Teachers were si$)ly e+ercising 7ight to s)eech right to dissent fro$ boardAs decision ;oard ordered her to re)ort to wor#%
&LASS NOTES 8Schools and )rofessors cannot !ust ta#e students for granted and be indifferent to the$ for without the latter the for$er are useless.:
32
There is no need for ;PI to notify Marasigan of the sus)ension or cancellation. Their contract )ro(ides for auto$atic sus)ension or cancellation.
The ,nderl)in/ basis for the a8ard of tort da(a/es is the -re(ise that an indi1id,al 8as in3,red in 'onte(-lation of the la8.
+A&TS: Atty. MarasiganAs credit card was denied at CafV Adriatico after he failed to )ay his outstanding balance. 5ne of his guests had to )ay the bill. Ee sued ;PI for da$ages clai$ing that he had an agree$ent with ;PI and that he sent a chec# to ;PI to co(er the balance and future bills in e+change for non*sus)ension of his credit card. T&: in fa(or of Marasigan. ;PI abused its right to sus)end or cancel the card because it did not $ention to Marasigan that his card will be sus)ended des)ite se(eral co$$unciations. &A: Affir$ed ISS5E: '5@ ;PI abused its right to sus)end the card. 4EL0: @o. -. The ter(s and 'onditions of the 'ontra't 8ere 'learQauto$atic sus)ension for failure to )ay outstanding balance after F/ days fro$ original bill. Qauto$atic cancellation after >/ days 0. Marasigan was not able to co$)ly with their agree$ent. Ee issued a -ostdated 'he'<. Settled do'trine: chec# is not a substitute for $oney. F. Ele(ents of Art. $< -. there is a legal right or duty 0. which is e+ercised in bad faith F. for the sole intent of )re!udicing or in!uring another ;2 (on ;PIAs )art) was not )ro(en. "2 )resu$ed. ;PI did not 'a-ri'io,sl) and arbitraril) 'an'eled the ,se of the 'ard. It ga(e Marasigan a chance to settle his account.
&LASS NOTE There was no arbitrariness on the )art of ;PI. 4a$nu$ abs,ue in!uria= there was da$age but no in!ury (Custodio (s. CA)
&LASS NOTE Giolate conce)t of social solidarity ;2 not )ro(en (that Phel)s !ust wanted to directly deal with Meralco)= 7e!ection of offer of )ay$ent is not an abuse of right
33
wo$an $ust ha(e yielded because of the induce$ent. There is no seduction when there is $utual desire and the o))ortunity was $erely afforded to the wo$an. Code co$$ission da$ages for seduction CA $isa))lied the e+a$)le. Seduction< -. induce$ent by deceit 0. yield because of that Sir< as if seduction can be ratified if court ta#es into consideration ti$e and fre,uency and subse,uent se+ual acts
&LASS NOTES 'ho is AgonciilaJ ?n$arried wo$an of chaste character Seduction of Agoncilla* actionable under A 0cri$e if under -D years old $oral wrong @o seduction if )ro$ise ca$e after Agoncilla beca$e )regnant
&LASS NOTES Issue of deceit< 4eceit can co$e in $any for$s and can result in attraction (so there is no $oral seduction.) Criti,ue of Tan!anco< 8Seduction: in this case only co(ers the initial se+ual contact. 7ule in 1uenaventura< 2or seduction to be actionable there $ust be dece)tion and the
&LASS NOTES
34
4EL0: Inde)endently of the right to su))ort the child she was carrying Oui$iguing herself had a cause of action for da$ages. A 1i'ti( of ra-e (a) re'o1er (oral da(a/es ,nder Arti'le 2 of the &i1il &ode. It is also s,--orted b) Arti'le 22 $.
&LASS NOTE Se+ual assault Q ra)e There was a cri$inal action for ra)e in this case
Pe 1. Pe May F/ -.>0
+A&TS: Alfonso Pe a $arried $an and a collateral relati(e fre,uented LolitaAs house on the )rete+t that he wanted her to teach hi$ how to )ray the rosary. Alfonso and Lolita then fell in lo(e. LolitaMs )arents heard about the affair (e+change of notes 8trysts: in different barrios) so they refused to let the$ see each other. Lolita left the house and disa))eared. LolitaAs relati(es filed an action for da$ages. ISS5E: '5@ Alfonso was liable for da$ages. B9S 4EL0: Alfonso a $arried $an seduced Lolita through tric#ery to the e+tent that she fell in lo(e with hi$. Alfonso 'o((itted an IN*5RY TO LOLITARS +AMILY IN A MANNER &ONTRARY TO MORALS: 6OO0 &5STOMS AN0 P5BLI& POLI&Y AS &ONTEMPLATE0 IN ARTI&LE 2 of the ne8 &i1il &ode.
&LASS NOTE This case is si$ilar to say Tan!anco. 9(en if there is deceit but the deceit resulted in attraction of the wo$an to the $an then there will be no $ore seduction.
&LASS NOTE The lower court )resented a $ore ro$antic (ersion of the lo(e story ;oth Alfonso and Lolita were of age
&LASS NOTE Co$)are this case with Tan!anco In this case ;unag !ust wanted to $arry Cirilo to 9SCAP9 LIA;ILITB (so )ro$ise to $arry ;?T @5 I@T9@T T5 MA77B so actionable)
35
0rilon 1. &A A)ril 0/ 0//+A&TS< A letter co$)laint sent to 4rilon resulted in an order to in(estigate se(eral indi(iduals including AdaLa for their )artici)ation in the failed 4ec. AD. cou). The )reli$inary in(estigation stated that there was )robable cause to hold res)ondents for the cri$e of rebellion with $urder and frustrated $urder. AdaLa filed a co$)laint for da$ages against 4rilon for $alicious )rosecution. ISS5E: '5@ 4rilon et al was guilty of $alicious )rosecution. @5. 4EL0: There is no $alicious )rosecution in this case because the )resence of )robable cause signifies the absence of $alice. 7MEMORINEO MALI&IO5S PROSE&5TION: A@ ACTI5@ 257
4AMA"9S ;75?"ET ;B 5@9 A"AI@ST 'E5M A C7IMI@AL P75S9C?TI5@ CIGIL S?IT 57 5TE97 L9"AL P75C994I@" EAS ;99@ I@STIT?T94 MALICI5?SLB A@4 'ITE5?T P75;A;L9 CA?S9 A2T97 TE9 T97MI@ATI5@ 52 S?CE P75S9C?TI5@ S?IT 57 5TE97 P75C994I@" I@ 2AG57 52 TE9 4929@4A@T TE979I@. T4E 6IST O+ T4E A&TION O+ T4E P5LLIN6 O+ LE6AL PRO&ESS IN +OR&E: RE65LARLY: +OR T4E MERE P5RPOSE O+ VEGATION OR IN*5RY.
F. TEAT TE9 P75S9C?T57 'AS ACT?AT94 57 IMP9LL94 ;B A L9"AL MALIC9 TEAT IS ;B IMP75P97 57 SI@IST97 M5TIG9 5nce cannot be held liable for $aliciously instituting a )rosecution where one has acted with )robable cause. 24Y. coL it would be a (ery great discourage$ent to )ublic !ustice if )rosecutors who had tolerable ground of sus)icion were liable to be sued at law when their indict$ent $iscarried. A s,it for MP 8ill lie onl) in 'ases 8here a le/al -rose',tion has been 'arried on 8itho,t -robable 'a,se.
&LASS NOTES 7e$inder< $e$oriLe the definition of $alicious )rosecution. There is no $alicious )rosecution because none of the three ele$ents were )resent (not ter$inated with an ac,uittal 4rilon acted with )robable cause as found in PI no sinister $oti(e could be i$)uted). If there is )robable cause there is no $alice. Ta#e note of the statutory basis of $alicious )rosecution. 2ernande3 case ruling< * If doubtful or difficult ,uestion of law is a))lied & the law always accords to )ublic officials the )resu$)tion of good faith 9 This is not a))licable if the doctrine is clear enough.
6eneral R,le: one cannot be held liable in da$ages for $aliciously instituting a )rosecution where he acted with Probable &a,se. In other words a suit will lie only in cases where a legal )rosecution has been carried on without )robable cause. If the charge although false was (ade 8ith an honest belief in its tr,th and 3,sti'e and there were reasonable grounds on which such a belief could be founded the accusation could not be held to ha(e been false in the legal sense. To constitute MP there $ust be )roof that the )rosecution was )ro$)ted by a sinister design to (e+ and hu$iliate a )erson that it was initiated deliberately by the defendant #nowing that his charges were false and groundless. Concededly the $ere act of sub$itting a case to the authorities for )rosecution does not $a#e one liable for MP.
T5 C5@STIT?T9 MP TE979 M?ST ;9 P7552 TEAT TE9 P75S9C?TI5@ 'AS P75MPT94 ;B A SI@IST97 49SI"@ T5 G9N A@4 E?MILIAT9 A P97S5@ A@4 TEAT IT 'AS I@ITIAT94 49LI;97AT9LB ;B TE9 4929@4A@T 6@5'I@" TEAT EIS CEA7"9S '979 2ALS9 A@4 "75?@4L9SS. C5@C9494LB TE9 M979 ACT 52 S?;MITTI@" A CAS9 T5 TE9 A?TE57ITI9S 257 P75S9C?TI5@ 459S @5T MA69 5@9 LIA;L9 257 MP. A ELEMENTS O+ MP: -. TE9 2ACT 52 TE9 P75S9C?TI5@ A@4 TE9 2?7TE97
2ACT TEAT TE9 4929@4A@T 'AS EIMS9L2 TE9 P75S9C?T57 A@4 TEAT TE9 ACTI5@ 2I@ALLB T97MI@AT94 'ITE A@ ACO?ITTAL.
&LASS NOTE 4is$issal of the case does not auto$atically gi(e rise to a cause of action for $alicious )rosecution
36
&LASS NOTE "ross negligence can )ro(e bad faith. ;ad faith Q gross negligence. @o gross negligence in this case. It was an innocent $ista#e. Cited Manila "as definition of $alicious )rosecution and Oue for )robable cause
&LASS NOTE Co$)etent )roof of bad faith in filing the suit is essential. Cited Manila "as definition of Malicious )rosecution
circu$stances of the case showed that there was $alicious intent in the filing of the co$)laint for ,ualified theft.
2. A.
&LASS NOTE 4is$issal of ,ualified theft case in fiscal le(el only still )ossible to file MP. If the case only reached fiscal le(elR "9@ 7?L9< no MP 9NC9PTI5@< if ;2 with Malicious intent
37
guard and the )olice. Car)io refused to a)ologiLe so Gal$onte filed a suit for da$ages. ISS5E: '5@ Gal$onte should be awarded da$ages. B9S 4EL0: Car)io willfully caused Gal$onte in!ury in a $anner contrary to $orals and good custo$s. Although Car)io had the right to #now the identity of the thief she should not ha(e o)enly accused Gal$onte without further )roof. Moral da$ages are awarded whene(er the defendantAs wrongful act or o$ission is the )ro+i$ate cause of the )laintiffAs )hysical suffering $ental anguish fright serious an+iety bes$irched re)utation wounded feelings $oral shoc# social hu$iliation and si$ilar in!ury s)ecified or analogous to those )ro(ided in Article 00-. of the Ci(il Code. To warrant reco(ery of da$ages there $ust be both a right of action for a wrong inflicted by the defendant and the da$age resulting therefro$ to the )laintiff. 2ron/ 8itho,t da(a/e: or da(a/e 8itho,t 8ron/: does not 'onstit,te a 'a,se of a'tion. Arts. 0/ S 0- )ro(ide the legal bedroc# for the award of da$ages. M4 not awarded to )enaliLe defendant or to enrich co$)lainant but to enable the latter to obtain $eans di(ersions or a$use$ents that will ser(e to alle(iate the $oral suffering he has undergone by reason of defendantAs cul)able action. In any case award of M4 $ust be )ro)ortionate to the sufferings inflicted.
+A&TS: Ouisaba an internal auditor of Sta. Ines was ordered by 7obert Eyde the GP to )urchase logs for the co$)anyAs )lant. Ouisaba refused because it wasnAt )art of his !ob. As a result he was de$oted. Ouisaba filed a co$)laint for da$ages ter$ination )ay and attorneyAs fees. Sta. Ines said that the @L7C had !urisdiction. ISS5E: '5@ the regular courts had !urisdiction. B9S 4EL0: OuisabaAs co$)laint was grounded not on his dis$issal but rather 5@ TE9 MA@@97 52 EIS 4ISMISSAL A@4 ITS C5@S9O?9@T 9229CTS. I+ T4E 0ISMISSAL 2AS 0ONE ANTI9SO&IALLY OR OPPRESSIVELY: T4EN T4E RESPON0ENTS VIOLATE0 ARTI&LE !@ which )rohibits acts of o))ression by either ca)ital or labor against the other and Article 0- which $a#es a )erson liable for da$ages if he willfully causes loss or in!ury to another in a $anner that is contrary to $orals good custo$s or )ublic )olicy.
&LASS NOTE Standard of dis$issal laid down in this case< dis$issal was done 8anti*socially or o))ressi(ely.:
&LASS NOTE Manner of attac#ing without any a$ount of )roof* contrary to $orals and good custo$s.
4EL0: The )laintiffs did not allege any unfair labor )ractice. It 8as an a'tion for da(a/es for tortio,s a'ts alle/edl) 'o((itted b) the defendants. Such being the case the go(erning statute is the Ci(il Code and not the Labor Code.
38
$ental anguish and reduction in inco$e. TC awarded actual and $oral da$ages. CA affir$ed. ISS5E< '5@ acts and o$issions of the fir$ fall under Art. 0> 4EL0< Bes. St. Louis 7ealty was grossly negligent in $i+ing u) the residences. It ne(er $ade any written a)ology and e+)lanation of the $i+*u). Persons who #now 4r. Ara$il were confused by the distorted lingering i$)ression that he was renting his residence. Eis )ri(ate life was $ista#enly and unnecessarily e+)osed. Ee suffered di$inution of inco$e and $ental anguish. 4a$ages fi+ed by TC are sanctioned by Arts. 00// 00/D and 00-. of the Ci(il Code. Art. 00-. allows $oral da$ages for acts and actions $entioned in Art. 0>.
B. 5nfair &o(-etition
Art. 2#. ?nfair co$)etition in agricultural or industrial enter)rises or in labor through the use of force inti$idation deceit $achination or any other un!ust o))ressi(e or highhanded $ethod shall gi(e rise to aright of action by the )erson who thereby suffers da$age.
&LASS NOTE ?nfair co$)etition< designed to )lace your )roducts in a better light. Should be in the conte+t of gi(ing ad(antage to one )arty (eg. derogatory co$$ercials)
&LASS NOTE This is an action for da$ages for wrongful ad(ertise$ent shows that Art 0> is (ery broad.
&LASS NOTE
Ele(ents: (-) $aterial or $oral loss (0) )ublic ser(antAs refusal or neglect to )erfor$ duty (F) without !ust cause
39
A't,al or 'o(-ensator) da(a/es are those awarded in satisfaction of, or in recompense for, loss or injury sustained whereas (oral da(a/es may be invo4ed when the complainant has experienced mental anguish, serious anxiety, physical suffering, moral shoc4, and so forth, and had furthermore shown that these were the proximate result of the offender s wrongful act or omission.
is left to the discretion of the court according to the circu$stances of each case. Art. 2 $$. 9+ce)t as )ro(ided by law or by sti)ulation one is entitled to an ade,uate co$)ensation only for such )ecuniary loss suffered by hi$ as he has duly )ro(ed. Such co$)ensation is referred to as actual or co$)ensatory da$ages. Art. 22@@. Inde$nification for da$ages shall co$)rehend not only the (alue of the loss suffered but also that of the )rofits which the obligee failed to obtain. Art. 22@B. 4a$ages $ay be reco(ered< (-) 2or loss or i$)air$ent of earning ca)acity in cases of te$)orary or )er$anent )ersonal in!ury= (0) 2or in!ury to the )laintiffMs business standing or co$$ercial credit.
Eu$an )ersonality $ust be e+alted. Sacredness of hu$an )ersonality is the conco$itant consideration of e(ery )lan for Eu$an A$elioration.
&LASS NOTES I$)ortant for the definition of da$ages 2or actual da$ages the )arty $a#ing clai$ $ust )resent best e(idence.
G. 0AMA6ES
&,stodio 1. &A
&LASS NOTE 0a(a/es is not li(ited to ;,asi9deli'ts Calso in'l,des 'ontra'ts: ;,asi9'ontra'ts and deli'tsD. +A&TS: built Adobe fence on the right of way There is a $aterial distinction between da$ages and in!ury. IN*5RY is the ILL9"AL I@GASI5@ 52 A L9"AL 7I"ET= 0AMA6E is the L5SS E?7T 57 EA7M 'EICE 79S?LTS 275M TE9 I@C?7B= and 0AMA6ES are the
79C5MP9@S9 57 C5MP9@SATI5@ 4AMA"9S S?229794. A'A7494 257 TE9
&LASS NOTES It is e+)ressly )ro(ided for in Art. 0-.. that there should be )roof of )ecuniary da$ages for A4 or C4 Ta#e note of what inde$nity is included in Art. 00// Art. 00/K )ro(ides for the #inds of A4 which the )laintiff $ay reco(er
&LASS NOTES I$)ortant for the distinction between da$age in!ury and da$ages Mere fact that )laintiffs suffer da$age doesnAt $ean that thereAs right of action To warrant reco(ery of da$ages< *Legal right on the )art of )laintiff *In!ury caused to )laintiff
Al/arra 1. Sande3as
+A&TS: Plaintiff Algarra recei(ed )ersonal in!uries fro$ a collision with the defendant Salde!asA auto$obile due to the negligence of the defendant who was dri(ing the car. Plaintiff sold the )roducts of a distillery as a co$$ission agent and had about twenty regular custo$ers who )urchased his wares in s$all ,uantities necessitating regular and fre,uent deli(eries. ;eing unable to attend to their wants during their wants during the two $onths he was inca)acitated due to the accident his regular custo$ers turned their trade to other co$)eting agents. 4EL0: ?nder both the S)anish Ci(il Code and A$erican law of da$ages actual da$ages for a negligent act or o$ission are confined to those which
Peo-le 1. Ballesteros
+A&TS: Murder through gunshot wounds ,uestion a$t of da$ages awarded 70AMA6ES $ay be defined as TE9 P9C?@IA7B
C5MP9@SATI5@ 79C5MP9@S9 57 SATIS2ACTI5@ 257 A@ I@C?7B S?STAI@94 57 AS 5TE97'IS9 9NP79SS94 TE9 P9C?@IA7B C5@S9O?9@C9S 'EICE TE9 LA' IMP5S9S 257 TE9 ;79ACE 52 S5M9 4?TB 57 TE9 GI5LATI5@ 52 S5M9 7I"ET.
40
4EL0: A&T5AL OR &OMPENSATORY 0AMA6ES ARE T4OSE A2AR0E0 IN SATIS+A&TION O+: OR IN RE&OMPENSE +OR LOSS OR IN*5RY S5STAINE0. T4EY PRO&EE0 +ROM A
SENSE O+ NAT5RAL *5STI&E AN0 ARE 0ESI6NE0 TO REPAIR T4E 2RON6 T4AT 4AS BEEN 0ONE: TO &OMPENSATE +OR T4E IN*5RY IN+LI&TE0 AN0 NOT TO IMPOSE A PENALTY.
In a'tions based on H0*A4 include all the natural and )robable conse,uences of the act or o$ission co$)lained of. 2 <inds of A0 or &0: -. The loss of what a )erson already )ossesses (daZo e$ergente) 0. the failure to recei(e as a benefit that which would ha(e )ertained to hi$ (lucro cesante) On No(inal 0a(a/es< 2hen a8arded< in the absence of co$)etent )roof on the A4 suffered*entitled to @4 which the law says is ad!udicated in order that a right of the )laintiff which has been (iolated or in(aded by the defendant $ay be (indicated and recogniLed and not for the )ur)ose of inde$nifying the )laintiff for any loss suffered. *awarded in e(ery obligation arising fro$ law contracts ,uasi*contracts acts or o$issions )unished by law and O4s or in e(ery case where )ro)erty right has been in(aded. @4 are da$ages in NAME only and NOT IN +A&T. 'here these are allowed they are not treated as an e,ui(alent of a wrong inflicted but si$)ly in recognition of the e+istence of a technical in!ury. The a$ount to be awarded as @4 shall be e,ual or at least co$$ensurate to the in!ury sustained considering the conce)t and )ur)ose of such da$ages.
There are cases which say that )ro(iding a list of e+)enses is not enoughIthere has to be recei)ts etc.IP7552 SE5?L4 ;9 G97B 2ACT?AL Proof re,uired< reasonable certainty u)on co$)etent )roof Two (0) #inds of A4 or C4< -. 4ano e$ergente*actual 0. Lucro cesante*loss of )rofit
Pain or suffering whether )hysical or $ental are not ele$ents of actual or co$)ensatory da$ages in this !urisdiction. Aside fro$ this e+ce)tion the $easure of da$ages in this country and in the ?S is arri(ed at by the sa$e e(idence. Loss of )rofits of an established business which was yielding fairly steady returns at the ti$e of its interru)tion by defendantAs wrongful act is not so s)eculati(e or contingent that a court of !ustice $ay refuse to allow the )laintiff any da$ages at all.
&LASS NOTES The basic rule in reco(ering A4< it is sufficient that da$ages are ca)able of )roof in order to reco(er (A4) There should be a record to ser(e as )roof )resented before the Court
&LASS NOTES
41
+A&TS: Collision of 0 (essels &ertaint): to enable an in!ured )arty to reco(er A4 or C4 he is re,uired to )ro(e the actual a$ount of loss with reasonable de/ree of 'ertaint) )re$ised u)on co$)etent )roof and on the best e1iden'e a(ailable. B,rden of Proof< on the )arty who would be defeated if no e(idence would be )resented on either side. E1iden'e Re;,ired< Ee $ust establish his e(idence by PREPON0ERAN&E O+ EVI0EN&E: which $eans that the e(idence as a whole adduced by one side is su)erior to that of the other. 0a(a/es are not -res,(ed< da$ages cannot be )resu$ed and courts in $a#ing an award $ust )oint out s)ecific facts that could afford a basis for $easuring whate(er C4 or A4 are borne.
Cuba once again was unable to $eet the a$ortiLations sti)ulated which led to 4;P rescinding the deed of conditional sale and ta#ing )ossession of not only the fish)ond but also a house Cuba had built ne+t to it as well along with all the )ersonal belongings $achineries e,ui)$ent and tools therein which subse,uently it was clai$ed went $issing. 4;P allegedly also )re(ented Cuba and her re)resentati(es fro$ feeding the fish already in the fish)ond which led to their loss. As to the losses Cuba allegedly suffered when 4;P too# )ossession of the fish)ond the court said< Actual or co$)ensatory da$ages cannot be )resu$ed but $ust be )ro(ed with reasonable degree of certainty. A court cannot rely on s)eculation con!ectures or guesswor# as to the fact and a$ount of da$ages but $ust de)end u)on co$)etent )roof that they ha(e been suffered by the in!ured )arty and on the best obtainable e(idence of the actual a$ount thereof. It $ust )oint to s)ecific facts which could afford a basis for $easuring whate(er co$)ensatory or actual da$ages are borne.
2. E?tent
Art. 22@ : && 9 In contracts and ,uasi*contracts the da$ages for which the obligor who acted in good faith is liable shall be those that are the natural and )robable conse,uences of the breach of the obligation and which the )arties ha(e foreseen or could ha(e reasonably foreseen at the ti$e the obligation was constituted. In case of fraud bad faith $alice or wanton attitude the obligor shall be res)onsible for all da$ages which $ay be reasonably attributed to the non*)erfor$ance of the obligation. Art. 22@2: && 9 In cri$es and ,uasi*delicts the defendant shall be liable for all da$ages which are the natural and )robable conse,uences of the act or o$ission co$)lained of. It is not necessary that such da$ages ha(e been foreseen or could ha(e reasonably been foreseen by the defendant.
&LASS NOTES Proble$ here with )re)onderance of e(idence is that it beca$e C5MPA7ATIG9Iall things being e,ual the )erson who has $ore )ieces of e(idence wins 'hat should be the basis< ad$issibility issue aside< nu$ber and ,uality of e(idence )resented and this is what $a#es it )re)onderant you should also )ro(e your allegations though not necessarily beyond reasonable doubt
&LASS NOTES 4;PAs ac,uisition of the leasehold rights wasnAt (alid Proble$ with A4 here< Court said A4 was s)eculati(e because actual ocular ins)ection was done after the filing of the co$)laint and that they should ha(e $ade an in(entory Sir< Cust because certain da$ages were found out after the filing of the co$)liant doesnAt $a#e the da$ages s)eculati(e. ;esides who in the )ro(inces $a#es an in(entory of bangus etc. This case shows that you should be ready with docu$ents
&LASS
NOTES Art. 00/- lays down the distinction between good faith and bad faith (in bad faithI whate(er da$age ha))ens) Last sentence of Art. 00/0 )roble$aticIso$e cases use forseeability as an ele$ent of O4 2orseeability< In ele$ents< $ay be re,uired In da$ages< not re,uired 7easonable certainty re,uired< allege s)ecific facts Present best e(idence Ouantu$ of e(idence re,uired< )re)onderance of e(idence
0BP 1. &A
Lydia Cuba was the grantee of a fish)ond lease agree$ent with the go(ern$ent the rights to which she assigned to 4;P as security for loans the latter e+tended to her. After Cuba failed to $eet the ter$s of )ay$ent on the loans the 4;P without foreclosure )roceedings of any #ind a))ro)riated CubaAs leasehold rights o(er the fish)ond. Subse,uently 4;P e+ecuted a deed of conditional sale in fa(or of Cuba o(er the sa$e fish)ond. Eowe(er
A. &ertaint)
*)ossible that the e+act (alue ()eso) is not #nown.
42
In the instant case )laintiffAs co$)utations as to the a$ount of unrealiLed )rofit were based on fairly definite standards utiliLed by the go(ern$ental agency ha(ing rele(ant ad$inistrati(e !urisdiction o(er the sub!ect $atter and accounting standards widely e$)loyed in the world of business and co$$erce. Co$bined with credible testi$ony these )ro(ide sufficient basis for a reasonable esti$ate of the unrealiLed net inco$e or )rofit sustained by )laintiffs.
&LASS NOTES 2inancias PostradasJ o Lost )rofits o Standard re,uired by the Court for this< accounting standards )ricing of Sugar Ouota Ad$inistration 'hen a )ro)erty is da$aged and you clai$ A4 P@5C case )ro(ides for guidelines on how to deter$ine (alue of )ro)erty (at what )oint do you count) Court here said< (alue AT TIM9 52 L5SS. If this ta#es into account )rofitsQ2MG ;otto$ line if 2MG*but this can be construed in a Y of ways 'hy 2MG< Assessed (alue is lower (thatAs why this is being used as basis for ta+) The co$)any in P@5C did differentIit too# into account inflation
&LASS NOTES This case de$onstrates how i$)ortant the ,uality of your e(idence is (i.e. testi$ony for da$ages by so$eone who is an interested )arty is wea#)
43
In the instant case the )ieces of docu$entary e(idence )roffered by )ri(ate res)ondent with res)ect to the ite$s and e,ui)$ent lost show si$ilar ite$s and e,ui)$ent with corres)onding )rices a))ro+i$ately ten years after the collision. NOTES: 7ule< a$ount at the ti$e of the loss. cf "atchalian (. 4eli$ (where the girl was gi(en -K# for )lastic surgery)
in!ury is E'ontin,in/:L then the a$ount of da$ages which should be awarded if they are to ade,uately corres)ond to the in!ury caused should be one which co$)ensates for the )ecuniary loss incurred and )ro(ed u) to the ti$e of the trial= and one which would $eet )ecuniary loss certain to be suffered but which could not fro$ the nature of the case be $ade with certainty. In other words te(-erate da(a/es can and should be awarded on to) of actual or co$)ensatory da$ages in instances where the in!ury is chronic and continuing (There is no inco$)atibility when both A4 and T4 are )ro(ided for).
&LASS NOTES P@5C gi(es guidance as to how actual da$ages are co$)uted< -. Price (fair $ar#et (alue) at the ti$e of loss not what the )rice is at the ti$e of the ruling 0. In P@5C inflation was ta#en into account. F. If fair $ar#et (alue already includes the )ossible contracts then that is the (alue to be used.
&LASS NOTES Art. 00/> )ro(ides for earning ca)acity which is @5T e,ual to actual inco$e
&LASS NOTES According to the Court the standard is the correct $ini$u$ cost of )ro)er care and not what they actually s)ent in order not to )re!udice those who are )oor SC is li$ited to D#H$onth because of the @AT?79 52 A4< $ust be )ro(en 7a$os case is i$)ortant because AC is not !ust those u) to the ti$e of trial but also those certain to be suffered Lesson here< dra$atiLe )light of your client If o))osition< $ini$iLe )light of (icti$
6at'halian 1. 0eli( 5ctober 0- -..+A&TS: 7eynalda "atchalian boarded as a )aying )assenger a $inibus owned by the 4eli$ s)ouses res)ondents in this case. She was allegedly on her way to confer with the district su)er(isor of )ublic schools for a substitute teacherAs !ob. Later while the bus was running along the highway a sna))ing sound was suddenly heard and shortly thereafter the (ehicle bu$)ed a ce$ent flower )ot on the side of the road went off the road turned turtle and fell into a ditch. Se(eral )assengers including "atchalian were in!ured and were )ro$)tly ta#en to a hos)ital for $edical treat$ent.
A(o,nt of A0 re'o1erable in s,its arisin/ fro( ne/li/en'e< should at least reflect TE9 C5779CT MI@IM?M C5ST 52 P75P97 CA79 (SA CAS9 5PTIMAL CA79 257 TE9I7 L5G94 5@9 I@ A 2ACILITB 'EICE "9@97ALLB SP9CIALIU9S I@ S?CE CA79) not the cost of the care the fa$ily is usually co$)elled to underta#e at ho$e to a(oid ban#ru)tcy (but the CC )resents us with difficulties) 2ell9settled r,le< that A4 which $ay be clai$ed by the )laintiff are those suffered by hi$ as he has duly )ro(ed. ()roble$ & @AT?79 of A4< only award for A4 )ro(en u) to the ti$e of trial) &ontin,in/ in3,r)< if the a$ount of da$ages has not yet been co$)letely li,uidated because the resulting
44
"atchalian ruling is 56 but the reasoning is funny This is still law so wo$en can ta#e ad(antage of this The case also cited Araneta vs. Areglado where a young boy sued for costs of surgery for re$o(al of his scar on his face which caused a degenerati(e )rocess and inferiority co$)le+ to the boy. Therefore since in this case it was !ust a boy it was easier to re$o(e the scar. In 7eynaldaAs case she was older so SC ASS?M94 that re$o(ing scar would be harder S#ewed in fa(or of the beautiful 7ele(ance nung 8sna))ing sound: accdg to sir< ba#a na$an $ay turtle #aya nag*turn turtle ung bus%
Thus the Court cannot ta#e account of recei)ts showing e+)enses incurred before the date of the slaying of the (icti$= those incurred after a &ONSI0ERABLE LAPSE O+ TIME +ROM T4E B5RIAL and which do not ha(e any relation to the death wa#e or burial of the (icti$= or those incurred for )urely aesthetic or social )ur)oses such as the lining of the to$b.
&LASS NOTES
to be )laced as nearly as )ossible in the condition that she was in before the $isha). A SCA7 9SP9CIALLB 5@9 5@ TE9 2AC9 52 A '5MA@
79S?LTI@" 275M TE9 I@2LICTI5@ 52 I@C?7B ?P5@ E97 IS A GI5LATI5@ 52 ;54ILB I@T9"7ITB "IGI@" 7IS9 T5 A L9"ITIMAT9 CLAIM 257 79ST57ATI5@ T5 E97 C5@4ITI5@ A@T9.
&LASS NOTES This case is always cited to su))ort that -lasti' s,r/er) 'an be the s,b3e't of A0. @ature of action here< breach of contract of co$$on carrier Sir< is there a health ris# if you ha(e a scarJ So )urely aestheticJ 'hat was the )roof offered for the scarJ 9+)ert testi$ony< alleged cost of K*-/# Bet SC granted -K# based on a )resu$)tion that )lastic surgery would cost $ore after se(eral years (S5 A4 beca$e s)eculati(e A@4 @5T P75G9@). Sir< technology $a#es things chea)er but SC here ga(e a )resu$)tion Most intriguing is the language of the CourtI the longer the scar has been the $ore difficult it is to re$o(e
45
ordered PEILAM"9@ to )ay the )laintiff the a$ount of the surety bond e,ui(alent to P-0/ ///. PEILAM"9@ filed a notice of a))eal but the sa$e was not gi(en due course because it was su))osedly filed out of ti$e. The trial court thereafter issued a writ of e+ecution. A )etition was filed before the IAC to co$)el the trial court to gi(e due course to the a))eal. Eowe(er the )etition was dis$issed and so the case was ele(ated to the Su)re$e Court. In the $eanti$e 4r. Casasola died lea(ing his widow and se(eral children. After CasasolaAs death Ouirante filed a $otion in the trial court for the confir$ation of his attorneyAs fees alleging that there was an oral agree$ent between hi$ and the late 4r. Casasola with regard to the said fees and allegedly confir$ed by his widow in writing. The trial court granted the $otion des)ite o))osition thereto hence the instant )etition before the Su)re$e Court. ISS5E: '5@ the attorneyAs fees being clai$ed are the sa$e attorneyAs fees conte$)lated in article 00/D of the Ci(il Code. 4EL0: @o. 'hat is being clai$ed here as attorneyAs fees is different fro$ attorneyAs fees as an ite$ of da$ages )ro(ided under Article 00/D of the Ci(il Code wherein the award is $ade in fa(or of the litigant not of his counsel and the litigant not his counsel is the !udg$ent creditor who $ay enforce the !udg$ent for attorneyAs fees by e+ecution. Eere the )etitionerAs clai$s are based on an alleged contract for )rofessional ser(ices with the$ as the creditors and the )ri(ate res)ondents as the debtors.
&LASS NOTES The Court cherry*)ic#ed% S)ecifically deleted an ite$ which was too e+tra(agant.
&LASS NOTES AttorneyAs fees are in the for$ of da$ages (nasa title on da$ages) Also in the for$ of A4 M9M57IU9 TEIS A7TICL9% Bou canAt reco(er outside the listing of 0//D unless there is a sti)ulation AS regards the gen rule and e+ce)tion sir said it can be ;5TE 'hy $ay one reco(er attorneyAs fees under those listedJ &)erson is forced to )rotect his interest and for 8at least double !udicial costs: the )erson $ust ha(e done so$ething really bad A@4 be liable for a greater degree 'hy 94 onlyJ 'hy not for other da$ages as wellJ 'hat is the rationale for the enu$erationJ 8A )erson is free to litigate.: (9+ce)t 00/D)
B.
Attorne)=s +ees
Art. 22@#. In the absence of sti)ulation attorneyMs fees and e+)enses of litigation other than !udicial costs cannot be reco(ered e+ce)t< (-) 'hen e+e$)lary da$ages are awarded= (0) 'hen the defendantMs act or o$ission has co$)elled the )laintiff to litigate with third )ersons or to incur e+)enses to )rotect his interest= (F) In cri$inal cases of $alicious )rosecution against the )laintiff= (1) In case of a clearly unfounded ci(il action or )roceeding against the )laintiff= (K) 'here the defendant acted in gross and e(ident bad faith in refusing to satisfy the )laintiffMs )lainly (alid !ust and de$andable clai$= (>) In actions for legal su))ort= (3) In actions for the reco(ery of wages of household hel)ers laborers and s#illed wor#ers= (D) In actions for inde$nity under wor#$enMs co$)ensation and e$)loyerMs liability laws= (.) In a se)arate ci(il action to reco(er ci(il liability arising fro$ a cri$e=
&LASS NOTES AttorneyAs fees referred to by Ouirante not the sa$e as attorneyAs fees in 00/D 'hat the differenceJIAttyAs fees in 00/D are a for$ of A4 and hence need to be )ro(en. This is not so$ething that goes to the attorney but to the litigant
46
&LASS NOTES -0[ fro$ C; Circular 1->*for loan and forbearance of $oney= as o))osed to >[ which was i$)osed by A00/. 2orbearance of $oney< basically a loan a credit but loan has a s)ecific legal definition under the Ci(il Code Me$oriLe rules laid down in 9astern Shi))ing Lines Inc. (. CA Ta#e note of co$)lications li#e co$)ounding of interest 'hen would interest accrueJ 2ro$ ti$e of !udicial de$and
#. Miti/ation of Liabilit)
0o'trine of A1oidable &onse;,en'es< *if the )laintiff does not try to reduce da$ages he $ight not be able to reco(er *)laintiff $ust try to a(oid further da$age Art. 22@A. The )arty suffering loss or in!ury $ust e+ercise the diligence of a good father of a family to (ini(iFe the da(a/es resulting fro$ the act or o$ission in ,uestion. Art. 22@%. In 'ri(es the da$ages to be ad!udicated $ay be res)ecti(ely increased or lessened according to the aggra(ating or $itigating circu$stances. Art. 22 %. In ;,asi9deli'ts the contributory negligence of the )laintiff shall reduce the da$ages that he $ay reco(er. Art. 22 B. In 'ontra'ts: ;,asi9'ontra'ts: and ;,asi9 deli'ts the court $ay e,uitably $itigate the da$ages under circu$stances other than the case referred to in the )receding article as in the following instances< (-) That the )laintiff hi$self has contra(ened the ter$s of the contract= (0) That the )laintiff has deri(ed so$e benefit as a result of the contract=
+orbearan'e of (one): contractual obligation of lender or creditor to refrain during a gi(en )eriod of ti$e fro$ re,uiring the borrower or debtor to re)ay a loan or debt then due or )ayable.
47
4a$age Q )rofit which he would ha(e $ade had the contract been )erfor$ed CASC5< a barge PAT75@< the ca)tain of the barge
B. Moral . &on'e-t
Art. 22 !. Moral da$ages include )hysical suffering $ental anguish fright serious an+iety bes$irched re)utation wounded feelings $oral shoc# social hu$iliation and si$ilar in!ury. Though inca)able of )ecuniary co$)utation $oral da$ages $ay be reco(ered if they are the )ro+i$ate result of the defendantMs wrongful act for o$ission.
&LASS NOTES 00/F is #nown as the 4octrine of A(oidable Conse,uences which is different fro$ the 4octrine of Contributory @egligence 45CT7I@9 52 AG5I4A;L9 C5@S9O?9@C9S the )arty has to $ini$iLe the da$ages= in C5@T7I;?T57B @9"LI"9@C9 the da$ages to be )aid would be di$inished if you contributed to the da$age incurred% There is an obligation on the )art of the )arty suffering to $itigate the loss.
&LASS NOTES
If the )rofessor allowed you to stand for three (F) hours you canAt clai$ $oral da$ages because there was an inter(ening causeIyour inability to answer the ,uestions
B,rden of Proof< rests on the defendant that the PLAI@TI22 MI"ET EAG9 (C5?L4 EAG9) 794?C94 TE9 4AMA"9. In the instant case the defendant $ade no effort whatsoe(er to show that any other si$ilar cascos were in fact a(ailable to the )laintiff or the )rice he would ha(e been able to obtain the use of one. In the absence of e(idence it will not be )resu$ed that )laintiff could ha(e secured another casco at the sa$e )rice had he loo#ed for one.
&LASS NOTES 'hatAs the connection of this case with the 4octrine of A(oidable Conse,uencesJ 4efendant says that liability is $itigated because )laintiff could ha(e found another casco at the sa$e )rice SC*no $itigation of liability
48
The yardstic# should be that the a$ount awarded should not be so )al)ably and scandalously e+cessi(e as to indicate that it was the result of )assion )re!udice or corru)tion on the )art of the trial !udge. @either should it be so little or so )altry that it rubs salt to the in!ury already inflicted on )laintiffs. In the instant )etition a California case 7odrigueL (. ;ethlehe$ was cited as authority for the clai$ of da$ages based on loss of $arital consortiu$. The Court noted that the 7odrigueL case clearly re(ersed the original co$$on law (iew first enunciated in the case of 4eshotel (s. Atchison that a wife could not reco(er for the loss of her husbandMs ser(ices by the act of a third )arty. 7odrigueL ruled that when a )erson is in!ured to the e+tent that heHshe is no longer ca)able of gi(ing lo(e affection co$fort and se+ual relations to his or her s)ouse that s)ouse has suffered a direct and real )ersonal loss. The loss is i$$ediate and conse,uential rather than re$ote and unforeseeable= it is )ersonal to the s)ouse and se)arate and distinct fro$ that of the in!ured )erson. Eowe(er GictorMs clai$ for de)ri(ation of his right to consortiu$ although argued before 7es)ondent Court was not su))orted by the e(idence on record. Eis wife $ight ha(e been badly disfigured but he had not testified that in conse,uence thereof his right to $arital consortiu$ was affected. Clearly Gictor (and for that $atter Lucila) had failed to $a#e out a case for loss of consortiu$ unli#e the 7odrigueL s)ouse. The social and financial standing of Lucila cannot be considered in awarding $oral da$ages. The factual circu$stances )rior to the accident show that no \rude and rough\ rece)tion no \$enacing attitude \ no \su)ercilious $anner \ no \abusi(e language and highly scornful reference\ was gi(en her.
The social and financial standing of a clai$ant of $oral da$ages $ay be considered in awarding $oral da$ages only if he or she was sub!ected to conte$)tuous conduct des)ite the offenderMs #nowledge of his or her social and financial standing. ;e that as it $ay it is still )ro)er to award $oral da$ages to Petitioner Lucila for her )hysical sufferings $ental anguish fright serious an+iety and wounded feelings. She sustained $ulti)le in!uries on the scal) li$bs and ribs. She lost all her teeth. She had to undergo se(eral correcti(e o)erations and treat$ents. 4es)ite treat$ent and surgery her chin was still nu$b and thic#. She felt that she has not fully reco(ered fro$ her in!uries. She e(en had to undergo a second o)eration on her gu$s for her dentures to fit. She suffered slee)less nights and shoc# as a conse,uence of the (ehicular accident. R5LES: 2hen so'ial I finan'ial standin/ (a) be 'onsidered in a8ardin/ M0< only if he or she was sub!ected to conte$)tuous conduct des)ite the offenderAs #nowledge of his or her social and financial standing. On E?e(-lar) 0a(a/es< *designed to )er$it the courts to $ould beha(ior that has socially deleterious conse,uences and its i$)osition is re,uired by )ublic )olicy to su))ress the wanton acts of an offender. Eowe(er it cannot be reco(ered as a $atter of rightIit is based entirely on the discretion of the court. Re2uirements before E3 may be a arded4 -. by way of e+a$)le or correction in addition to C4 0. clai$ant $ust -st establish his right to $oral te$)erate li,uidated or co$)ensatory da$ages= S F. the wrongful act $ust be acco$)anied by ;2 and the award would be allowed only if the guilty )arty acted in a wanton fraudulent o))ressi(e or $ale(olent $anner. On Moral 0a(a/es<
In 0rancisco vs. 1S*S the Court held that there $ust be clear testi$ony on the anguish and other for$s of $ental suffering. Thus if the )laintiff fails to ta#e the witness stand and testify as to hisHher social hu$iliation wounded feelings and an+iety $oral da$ages cannot be awarded. In Cocoland 4e(elo)$ent Cor)oration (s. @ational Labor 7elations Co$$ission the Court held that \additional facts $ust be )leaded and )ro(en to warrant the grant of $oral da$ages under the Ci(il Code these being + + + social hu$iliation wounded feelings gra(e an+iety etc. that resulted therefro$.\ *M57AL 4AMA"9S A79 A'A7494 T5 9@A;L9 TE9 I@C?794
PA7TB T5 5;TAI@ M9A@S 4IG97SI5@S 57 AM?S9M9@TS TEAT 'ILL S97G9 T5 ALL9GIAT9 TE9 M57AL S?2297I@" E9HSE9 EAS ?@497"5@9 ;B 79AS5@ 52 TE9 4929@4A@TMS C?LPA;L9 ACTI5@.
ITS A'A74 IS AIM94 AT 79ST57ATI5@ AS M?CE AS P5SSI;L9 52 TE9 SPI7IT?AL STAT?S O?5 A@T9= TE?S IT M?ST ;9 P75P57TI5@AT9 T5 TE9 S?2297I@" I@2LICT94.
49
&LASS NOTES
'hat to )ro(e in breach of contract< 4efendants acted fraudulently and in bad faith Pur)ose of M4 reiterated in this case *SC held that Gisayan Saw$ill 4I4 @5T EAG9 A@B 5;LI"ATI5@ to sell because 7CE breached agree$ent on F counts (did not co$)ly with sus)ensi(e conditions)
&LASS NOTES 7odrigueL case*different fro$ what ha))ened to Lucila (there was nothing wrong with )ossible )erfor$ance. 89,ui)$ent was not da$aged.:) Sir< what #ind of e(idence will you )resent without e$barrassing yourself to )ro(e loss of consortiu$J This case can be used in the futureIe(en if reason is only lac# of (isual sti$ulation Another factor to deter$ine a$ount of $oral da$ages< social and financial standing (but wouldnAt it be discri$inating since you only award da$ages to those who are richJ) 9)ilogue by )onente< there should be< 2actual basis of $ental anguish etc. Causal connection between factual basis and defendantAs wrongful act or o$ission
2. Proof and Pro?i(ate &a,se &o(-ania Mariti(a 1. Allied +ree 2or<ers 5nion May 01 -.33
+A&TS: The Co$)ania Mariti$a and the Allied 2ree 'or#ers ?nion entered into a written contract whereby the ?nion agreed to )erfor$ arrastre and ste(edoring wor# for the co$)anyAs (essels at Iligan City. It was sti)ulated that the $anage$ent could re(o#e the contract before the e+)iration of the ter$ if the union failed to render )ro)er ser(ice. The contract itself could be renewed by agree$ent of the )arties. The ?nion found out later that the contract was to be o))ressi(e and unduly fa(orable to the co$)any. This was because while he shi))ers and consignees )aid the ?nion only for the arrastre wor# clai$ing that the co$)any was the one obligated to )ay for the ste(edoring ser(ices the co$)any itself also refused to )ay for the ste(edoring ser(ices because the contract e+)licitly )ro(ided that the co$)ensation for both arrastre and ste(edoring would be )aid by the shi))ers and consignees. Thus the ?nion was only co$)ensated for arrastre wor# )erfor$ed and not for ste(edoring. This led to a labor dis)ute and a stri#e by the wor#ers of the ?nion.
Moral da$ages are e$)hatically not intended to enrich a co$)lainant at the e+)ense of the defendant. They are awarded only to enable the in!ured )arty to obtain $eans di(ersion or a$use$ents that will ser(e to ob(iate the $oral suffering he has undergone by reason of the defendantAs cul)able action. Its award is ai$ed at the restoration within the li$its of the )ossible of the s)iritual status ,uo ante and it $ust be )ro)ortional to the suffering inflicted.
50
Acco$)anied by her agent she (isited ;autista in his "reenhills ho$e and was i$)ressed by the siLe of his residence. She subse,uently sold hi$ se(eral )ieces of !ewelry )aid for with )ostdated chec#s issued by ;autista. 'hen the $aturity of the chec#s gi(en in )ay$ent arri(ed all of the$ were dishonored for the reason that the accounts of ;autista were closed. Much to chagrin Miranda*7ibaya later disco(ered that $ost of the !ewelry she had sold to ;autista had been )ledged to (arious )awnsho)s. She was howe(er able to confront ;autista and obtain with great difficulty the )awnsho) tic#ets for the !ewelry she had sold hi$ which she used at her own e+)ense to redee$ the sa$e fro$ the )awnsho)s where they had been )ledged. ISS5E: '5@ Miranda*7ibaya is entitled to an award of $oral da$ages. 4EL0: Bes. The Court differentiated the instant case fro$ 2rancisco (. "SIS because in 2rancisco therein Plaintiff failed to ta#e the witness stand and defendantAs breach of contract was held to be not $alicious and fraudulent. In the instant case the )etitioner too# the witness stand and established by uncontradicted testi$ony that due to defendantAs deceitful and $ale(olent acts of defraudation she had suffered e+tre$e anguish and could not slee) for three $onths. The Court did not share the a))ellate courtAs narrow (iew that )etitionerAs failure to use in her testi$ony the )recise legal ter$s or 8sacra$ental )hrases: of 8$ental anguish fright serious an+iety wounded feelings or $oral shoc#: and the li#e !ustified the denial of the clai$ for da$ages. It was held to be sufficient that these e+act ter$s were )leaded in the co$)laint and e(idence was adduced a$)ly su))orting the sa$e. R5LE: 2AIL?79 T5 M9@TI5@ I@ T9STIM5@B TE9
SAC7AM9@TAL PE7AS9S IS NOT ENO564 TO 0ENY &LAIM +OR 0AMA6ES.
+A&TS: I$)ressed by the defendantAs ad(ertising the s)ouses 4el 7osario )urchased a ,uantity of the defendant Metal 2or$ing Cor)orationAs ;anawe roofing shingles for use in their house. Eowe(er during a stor$ )ortions of the roof were blown away by strong winds which also led to the interior of the house being da$aged as well. ISS5E: '5@ the 4el 7osario s)ouses are entitled to $oral da$ages. 4EL0: Bes. It was found that M2C 0I0 IN TR5T4 A&T 2IT4 BA0 +AIT4: IN +LA6RANT BREA&4 O+ ITS EGPRESS
2ARRANTIES MA0E TO T4E 6ENERAL P5BLI& AN0 IN 2ANTON 0ISRE6AR0 O+ T4E RI64TS O+ T4E 0EL ROSARIOS 24O RELIE0 ON T4OSE 2ARRANTIES is
'o(-an): a 3,ridi'al -erson: is not entitled to (oral da(a/es. Also the &OMPANY 0I0 NOT PLEA0 AN0 PROVE $oral da$ages. It MERELY &LAIME0 MORAL 0AMA6ES in the )rayer of its co$)laint. This was not held to be sufficient. R5LE: In order to reco(er M4 one $ust )lead and )ro(e
ade,uately de$onstrated by the recorded )roofs. The law e+)licitly authoriLes the award of $oral da$ages \in breaches of contract where the defendant acted fraudulently or in bad faith.\ There being $oreo(er satisfactory e(idence of the )sychological and $ental trau$a actually suffered by the 4el 7osarios the grant to the$ of $oral da$ages is warranted. 5(er a )eriod of about a $onth they e+)erienced \feelings of shoc# hel)lessness fear e$barrass$ent and anger.\ *IT IS 9SS9@TIAL I@ TE9 A'A74 52 4AMA"9S TEAT TE9
CLAIMA@T M?ST EAG9 SATIS2ACT57ILB P75G9@ 4?7I@" TE9 T7IAL TE9 9NIST9@C9 52 TE9 2ACT?AL ;ASIS 52 TE9 4AMA"9S A@4 ITS CA?SAL C5@@9CTI5@ T5 4929@4A@TMS ACTS. TEIS IS S5 ;9CA?S9 M57AL 4AMA"9S TE5?"E I@CAPA;L9 52 P9C?@IA7B 9STIMATI5@ A79 I@ TE9 CAT9"57B 52 A@ A'A74 49SI"@94 T5 C5MP9@SAT9 TE9 CLAIMA@T 257 ACT?AL I@C?7B S?229794 A@4 @5T T5 IMP5S9 A P9@ALTB 5@ TE9 '75@"4597 A@4 A79 ALL5'A;L9 5@LB 'E9@ SP9CI2ICALLB P7AB94 257 I@ TE9 C5MPLAI@T.
&LASS NOTES
@ature of contract was for arrastre and ste(edoring ser(ices ARRASTRE: hauling of cargo handling of cargo on the wharf or between the establish$ent of the consignee or shi))er and the shi)As tac#le STEVE0ORIN6: handling of cargo in the holds of the (essel or between the shi)As tac#le and the holds of the (essel
51
7uling in fa(or of the defendant the Court found the )laintiffAs ci(il action to be entirely unfounded. ISS5E: '5@ the defendant s)ouses are entitled to $oral da$ages by reason of the unfounded ci(il action filed against the$. 4EL0: @o. The Su)re$e Court ruled that< 8with res)ect to $oral da$ages we are inclined to agree with )etitioner that these da$ages are not reco(erable herein notwithstanding the finding of the trial court and the Court of A))eals that his co$)laint against res)ondents were clearly unfounded or unreasonable. It will be obser(ed that unli#e co$)ensatory or actual da$ages which are generally reco(erable in tort cases as long as there is satisfactory )roof thereof (Art. 00/0) the Code has chosen to enu$erate the cases in which $oral da$ages $ay be reco(ered (Art. 00-.). A li#e enu$eration is $ade in regard to the reco(ery of attorneyMs fees as an ite$ of da$age (Art. 00/D). ;ut the two enu$erations differ in the case of a clearly unfounded suit which is e+)ressly $entioned in Art. 00/D ()ar. 1) as !ustifying an award of attorneyMs fees but is not included in the enu$eration of Art. 00-. in res)ect to $oral da$ages. It is true that Art. 00-. also )ro(ides that $oral da$ages $ay be awarded in \analogous cases\ to those enu$erated but we do not thin# the Code intended\ a clearly unfounded ci(il action or )roceedings\ to be one of these analogous cases wherein $oral da$ages $ay be reco(ered or it would ha(e e+)ressly $entioned it in Art. 00-. as it did in Art. 00/D= or else incor)orated Art. 00/D by reference in Art. 00-.. ;esides Art. 00-. S)ecifically $entions \,uasi*delicts causing )hysical in!uries\ as an instance when $oral da$ages $ay be allowed thereby i$)lying that all other ,uasi*delicts not resulting in )hysical in!uries are e+cluded e+ce)ting of course the s)ecial torts referred to in Art. F/. )ar. . Art. 00-. and in Arts. 00> 03 0D 0. F/ F0 and F1 FK on the cha)ter on hu$an relations ()ar. -/ Art. 00-.).
2urther$ore while no )roof of )ecuniary loss is necessary IN OR0ER T4AT MORAL 0AMA6ES MAY BE A2AR0E0: T4E AMO5NT O+ IN0EMNITY BEIN6 LE+T TO T4E 0IS&RETION O+ T4E &O5RT (Art. 00->) it is ne(ertheless essential that the &LAIMANT
SATIS+A&TORILY PROVE T4E EGISTEN&E O+ T4E +A&T5AL BASIS O+ T4E 0AMA6E CART. 22 !D AN0 ITS &A5SAL RELATION TO 0E+EN0ANTRS A&TS.
This is so because $oral da$ages though inca)able of )ecuniary esti$ation are in the category of an award designed to co$)ensate the clai$ant for actual in!ury suffered and not to i$)ose a )enalty on the wrongdoer. The trial court and the Court of A))eals both see$ to be of the o)inion that the $ere fact that res)ondent were sued without any legal foundation entitled the$ to an award of $oral da$ages hence they $ade no definite finding as to what the su))osed $oral da$ages suffered consist of. Such a conclusion would $a#e of $oral da$ages a )enalty which they are not rather than a co$)ensation for actual in!ury suffered which they are intended to be. Moral da$ages in other words are not correcti(e or e+e$)lary da$ages.: R5LE: ?nfounded suit*not a basis of M4 for it is not )art of 00-.
&LASS NOTES 'hatAs wrong with Cudg$ent on the )leadings in the granting of M4J the rule on AC as regards )ro(ing cannot be done with a !udg$ent on the )leadings Cudg$ent on the )leadings*)ri$ary sub$ission only (nothing to su))ort)
&LASS NOTES Motion for su$$ary !udg$ent (thereAs no $ore contro(ersy if itAs su$$ary !udg$ent) Eere M4 was not awarded not because of )roof but because unfounded suits do not warrant M4
52
because a ;79ACE 52 C5@T7ACT LI69 TEAT P2 TE9 4929@4A@TAS @5T ;9I@" MALICI5?S 57 27A?4?L9@T 459S @5T 'A77A@T TE9 A'A74 52 M57AL 4AMA"9S.
&LASS NOTES 2or 7a)e Seduction Abduction Acts of Lasci(iousness and Physical in!uries< @5 @994 to )ro(e M4. 4a$age auto$atically co$es fro$ being a (icti$ of such cri$es and it is assu$ed that the (icti$ suffered $entally e$otionally... PK/# awarded as inde$nity e+ delicto P PK/# as M4
If the rule were otherwise then $oral da$ages $ust e(ery ti$e be awarded in fa(or of the )re(ailing defendant against an unsuccessful )laintiff.
53
A.
%. B.
In &,l-a &ri(inal< when accused is found guilty of a. PI b. Lasci(ious acts c. Adultery or concubinage d. Illegal detention e. Illegal arrest f. Illegal search= or g. 4efa$ation Malicious Prosecution The ter$ 8analo/o,s 'a,ses: in Art. 00-. following the ejusdem generis rule $ust be held si$ilar to those e+)ressly enu$erated by the law.
It is $erely an unfounded suit not Malicious Prosecution. 7ELEMENTS O+ MP: (-) MALIC9= (0) A;S9@C9 52 P75;A;L9 CA?S9. 0O&TRINE: Moral 4a$ages cannot be reco(ered fro$ a )erson who has filed a co$)laint against another in good faith or without $alice or bad faith.
&LASS NOTES Court a))lied sa$e ele$ents for MP and unfounded suits Sir< this should not ha(e been the case because it lu$)s together the two (0) #inds of action The enu$eration of the ele$ents was )robably a $ista#e because $alicious )rosecution is not e,ui(alent to unfounded suits.
a. 5nfo,nded S,its
?nfounded suits Malicious )rosecution
2hen M0 allo8ed< $ust be the )ro+i$ate result of a wrongful act or o$ission the factual basis for which is satisfactorily established by the aggrie(ed )arty. . ?nder &,l-a 'ontra't,al or brea'h of 'ontra't< when the defendant acted in< a. ;2= or b. was guilty of gross negligence (a$ounting to ;2)= or c. in wanton disregard of his contractual obligation= S exceptionally4 d. when the act of breach of contract itself is constituti(e of torts resulting in )hysical in!uries (PI). special rule4 e. in Art. -31> in relation to Art. 00/>< when death results fro$ a breach of carriage 2. in &,l-a A;,iliana or H0< a. when an act or o$ission causes P b. where the defendant is guilty of an intentional tort (casis< Arts. -. 0/ 00>*hu$a relations torts) *also a))lies to contracts when breached by tort
8C: filed the co$)laint based on SiaAs own challenge for the$ to sue hi$ so 8C: could not be dee$ed to ha(e done so with bad faith. 0O&TRINE: The ad(erse result of an action does not $a#e a co$)lainant sub!ect to )ay $oral da$ages. @o
54
&o(eta 1. &A
+A&TS: SITI (Co$eta< )resident) e+tended loans to "I4C ("ue(ara< )resident) which the latter failed to )ay. SITI foreclosed the $ortgages and was the highest bidder in the foreclosure sale. Co$eta filed a falsification case against "ue(ara which was dis$issed by the )rosecutor for lac# of )robable cause. 45C Secretary re(ersed )rosecutorAs finding but the 7TC e(entually dis$issed the case. "ue(ara filed a co$)laint for $alicious )rosecution against Co$eta. ISS5E: '5@ the case for $alicious )rosecution states a cause of action and warrants a full blown trial on the $erits. 4EL0: Bes. All the re,uire$ents for a (alid cause of action were )resent. 0O&TRINE: 'hat $ust be alleged in a co$)laint for $alicious )rosecution so that there is a (alid cause of action< (-) defendant hi$self instigated the )rosecution= (0) )rosecution ter$inated in the )laintiffAs ac,uittal= (F) )rosecutor acted without )robable cause= (1) the )rosecutor was actuated by $alice. NOTE: SC did not e,uate $) with an unfounded suit
$ade her ill and she had to be confined in a hos)ital. She was transferred se(eral ti$es but she again beca$e ill and re,uired 0 surgeries. After this she was no longer gi(en any assign$ents e(en if she was willing and able to do light wor#. She was dismissed from wor4 and not given any separation pay. Tri)le D refused to hel) her so she filed an illegal dis$issal case. LA and @L7C both ruled in her fa(or and awarded her damages. ISS5E: '5@ the award of $oral and e+e$)lary da$ages was !ustified. 4EL0: Bes. The award of da$ages was )ro)er. 0O&TRINE: Moral da(a/es are re'o1erable where the dis$issal of the e$)loyee was attended by bad faith or fraud or constituted an act o))ressi(e to labor or was done in a $anner contrary to $orals good custo$s or )ublic )olicy.
wor# and Pablo beca$e sic# and e(en suffered a $ild stro#e. 0O&TRINE: 7e,uire$ents to sustain an award of $oral da$ages< (-) Clai$ant suffered in!ury= (0) In!ury s)rung fro$ any of the cases listed in Art. 00-. or 000/ (CC)= (F) @ecessary that such acts be shown to ha(e been tainted with bad faith or ill*will. It is not enough that the clai$ant alleges $ental anguish serious an+iety wounded feelings social hu$iliation etc. as a result of the other )artyAs acts.
&LASS NOTES Moral da(a/es are not 3,st a8arded be'a,se of 1iolations of the Labor &ode. The 'ase fo',sed (ore on ho8 Osdana 8as treated 8hen she 8or<ed in Sa,di Arabia.
&LASS NOTES Lesson here as o))osed to earlier discussion to sue as $any as you can< donAt i$)lead )eo)le without any reason or a suit will also be filed against you MP was filed against SITI and Co$eta not unfounded suit
&LASS NOTES Pur)ose of re,uire$ents< to te$)er the filing of suits in order to get da$ages. Sue so$eone who could readily be i$)leaded (based on legal basis)
+A&TS: Pira$e et al were found guilty of murdering Pedro Torrenue(a. ISS5E: '5@ the award of $oral and e+e$)lary da$ages were !ustified. 4EL0: @o. Torrenue(aAs widow 3*3 '&, ,ES,*05 ON
4AVIN6 S5++ERE0 ANY MENTAL AN65IS4 OR EMOTIONAL 0ISTRESS +ROM T4E 0EAT4 O+ 4ER 45SBAN0. The
absence of any generic aggra(ating circu$stance )recludes the award of e+e$)lary da$ages. 0O&TRINE: Proof of suffering $ust be attested to !ustify the award of $oral da$ages.
55
4EL0: Bes. The case is analogous to $alicious )rosecution under Art. 00-. (D) as shown by 2uleAs wanton bad faith and his filing of a $alicious and unfounded case against CruL S ;elar$ino. Pre)onderance of e(idence suggests that the cause of action in this case was contri(ed by 2ule hi$self. 0O&TRINE: 2actors 'onsidered in deter(inin/ a(o,nt< (-) CruL S ;elar$ino are 8ell9<no8n: res-e'ted: and held in hi/h estee( in San Pablo a s$all city= (0) ;oth are near the t8ili/ht of their li1es after $aintaining and nurturing their good re)utation in the co$$unity only to be stunned with a court case= (F) Since the filing of the case they were li1in/ ,nder a -all of do,bt 8hi'h s,rel) affe'ted not onl) their earnin/ 'a-a'it): b,t also bes(ir'hed their re-,tations= (1) The len/th of ti(e the 'ase has dra//ed on during which their re)utations were tarnished and their na$es $aligned. R5LE: M0 does not need a't,al -roof. Eno,/h that dis-la)s 8anton bad faith. NOTES: H: why A@AL5"5?S T5 MP only and not MPJ A: canAt be MP coL no )rior case that ended or was ,ualified as MP
this reason: (oral da(a/e (,st be a8arded e1en in the absen'e of an) alle/ation and -roof of the heirs= e(otional s,fferin/s.
&LASS NOTES This see(s to be in 'onfli't 8ith the Pira(e 'ase. &r,F -resents a -ossible distin'tion bet8een Ar'ona and Pira(e: the (anner of death 8as ta<en into a''o,nt C1iolent nat,re of the deathD 8hi'h Prof. &asis does not see( to a/ree 8ith.
+,le 1. &A
+A&TS: 2ule a ban#erH!eweler bartered his -/ ha. Pro)erty for a )air of dia$ond earrings fro$ 4r. CruL under a 4eed of Absolute Sale with Atty. ;elar$ino. 2ule was able to e+a$ine the !ewelry and acce)ted the$ (he had already e+a$ined the$ before and e(en $ade a s#etch). 0 hours later he co$)lained that the earrings were fa#e. Ee filed a case against CruL and ;elar$ino see#ing the nullification of the 4eed on the ground of fraud and deceit. TC S CA dis$issed the co$)laint and ordered hi$ to )ay CruL F//6 and ;elar$ino 0K/6 as $oral da$ages. ISS5E: '5@ the award of da$ages is )ro)er.
&LASS NOTES
PAL 1. &A
+A&TS: Pante!o the City 2iscal of Surigao too# a PAL flight fro$ Manila to Surigao. 4ue to a ty)hoon the flight to Surigao was cancelled while on a sto)o(er in Cebu. PAL ga(e out cash assistance to its stranded )assengers. Pante!o re,uested that he be billeted at a hotel at PALAs e+)ense because he wasnAt carrying cash but PAL refused. Ee had to share a roo$ with another )assenger who$ he )ro$ised to re)ay in Surigao. 5n the flight he learned that the hotel e+)enses of so$e )assengers were rei$bursed. Pante!o sued PAL for da$ages for discri$inating
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contracts in bad faith and as#ed for K//6 as actual and $oral da$ages. C2I awarded -K/6 in $oral da$ages. &LASS NOTES &asis &o((entar): GalenLuela $ust ha(e been really beautiful. Per$anent nature of da$age ISS5E: '5@ the a$ount of da$ages was )ro)er. 4EL0: SC raised the a$ount to 0//6 to be di(ided a$ong Senator Lo)eL (-//6) his wife (K/6) his daughter (0K6) and his son*in*law (0K6). The Lo)eLes suffered social hu$iliation wounded feelings serious an+iety and $ental anguish as a result of Pan*A$As breach in bad faith of their contracts. Although it is not hu$iliating to tra(el as tourist )assengers IT IS 45MILIATIN6 ,& BE C&M"E((E3 TO 0O SO. Senator Lo)eL was the Senate President Pro Te$)ore and a for Gice*President of the Phili))ines. Considering the )restige of his ran# and )osition the a$ount awarded is a))ro)riate. As to the $e$bers of his fa$ily they share his )restige and therefore his hu$iliation. The da$ages awarded to each of the$ are reasonable. NOTES: his stat,re de$anded that he be gi(en M4. Eis fa$ily too coL they shared in his -resti/e and h,(iliation.
S,(al-on/ 1. &A
+A&TS: Su$al)ong shot twice at 7a$os but $issed. They gra))led for the gun and in doing so he bit 7a$osA ar$ and left ear $utilating the latter. Ee was con(icted of atte$)ted ho$icide and was $ade to ser(e sentence and ordered to inde$nify 7a$os for loss of cro)s hos)italiLation e+)enses and Moral 4a$ages (K6). CA $odified the award of da$ages increasing Moral 4a$ages to -/6. ISS5E: '5@ the increase in the a$ount of Moral 4a$ages was )ro)er. 4EL0: Bes. The CA has in $any cases increased the da$ages awarded by the TC although the offended )arty had not a))ealed fro$ said award. The SC finds the -/6 award of Moral 4a$ages !ustified under the circu$stances. The nature of the in!uries and the degree of )hysical suffering endured by 7a$os warrants it. The incident caused the $utilation of 7a$osA ear and a )er$anent scar on his ar$. These in!uries ha(e left indelible $ar#s on his body and will ser(e as a constant re$inder of his trau$atic e+)erience. 0O&TRINE: The a$ount of $oral da$ages awarded
49P9@4S 5@ TE9 @AT?79 A@4 9NT9@T 52 TE9 PEBSICAL I@C?7I9S.
ValenF,ela 1. &A
+A&TS: Lourdes GalenLuela was fi+ing a flat tire on the roadside when she was hit by Ale+ander Li who was dri(ing a co$)any car. Eer left leg was se(ered S she had to get a )rosthetic leg. GalenLuela filed a case clai$ing da$ages< -M ($oral) -//6 (e+e$)lary) -D/6 ($edical e+)enses P loss of earnings). Li and his e$)loyer were found !ointly and se(erally liable. TC awarded but CA reduced $oral da$ages to K//6. ISS5E: '5@ the reduction of the award of $oral da$ages was !ustified. 4EL0: @o. GalenLuelaAs left leg was a$)utated. The da$age done was )er$anent and lasting the artificial leg would ha(e to be ad!usted to the )hysiologic changes her body would nor$ally undergo through the years. The a$ount of da$age which goes with the
S?449@ S9G97I@" 52 A GITAL P57TI5@ 52 TE9 E?MA@ ;54B A@4 TE9 79S?LTA@T A@NI9TB SL99PL9SS@9SS PSBCE5L5"ICAL I@C?7B A@4 M9@TAL A@4 PEBSICAL PAI@ IS I@9STIMA;L9. P-M in $oral da$ages is )ro)er.
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*5ne is entitled to co$)ensation for A4 only for such )ecuniary loss suffered by hi$ as he has duly )ro(ed (e+ce)t as )ro(ided by law or by sti)ulation) *Inde$nification shall co$)rehend< -. (alue of he loss suffered 0. (alue of the )rofits that the oblige failed to obtain In &ontra't and H,asi9&ontra'ts< the da$ages which $ay be awarded are de)endent on whether the obligor acted in "2 or otherwise *n case of 10< da$ages reco(erable are those which are the @AT?7AL A@4 P75;A;L9 C5@S9O?9@C9S of the breach of the obligation which the )arties ha(e 2579S99@ or C5?L4 EAG9 79AS5@A;LB 2579S99@ at the ti$e of the constitution of the obligation *n case of 0raud! B0! malice or anton attitude4 actor shall be res)onsible for all da$ages which $ay be reasonable attributed to the non* )erfor$ance of the obligation. (C2< P95PL9 GS. MA@975) In &ri(es and H0s< defendant shall be liable for all da$ages which are the @AT?7AL A@4 P75;A;L9 C5@S9O?9@C9S of the act or o$ission co$)lained of 8hether or not such da$ages could ha(e been reasonably foreseen by the defendant. *A4 $ay also be reco(ered for loss or i$)air$ent of earning ca)acity in cases of te$)orary or )er$anent )ersonal in!ury or for in!ury to the )laintiffAs business standing or co$$ercial credit. On Att)=s fees< *in the absence of sti)ulation attyAs fees $ay be reco(ered as A4 or C4 under any of the circu$stances in Art. 00/D 6eneral R,le: attyAs fees cannot be reco(ered as )art of da$ages because of the )olicy that no )re$iu$ should be )laced on the right to litigate. They are not awarded e(eryti$e a )arty wins a suit. *The )ower of the court to award attyAs fees under Art. 00/D de$ands fa't,al: le/al I e;,itable 3,stifi'ation. On Moral 0a(a/es< Art. 22 !* defines what are included in M4
&LASS NOTES Cf< Lo)eL & wife shared in 8)restige: of hubby (goes into the a$ount of M4) 'hat about Strebel and son*in*lawJ Sufferering suffered by (icarious relationsJ
&LASS NOTES 7ule on 4a$ages is !uris)rudential< a$ounts do not change but basis for fi+ing da$ages are changed%
ABS9&BN 1. &A
+A&TS: A;S and Gi(a e+ecuted a 2il$ 9+hibition Agree$ent whereby Gi(a ga(e A;S an e+clusi(e right to e+hibit so$e Gi(a fil$s. A;S was gi(en a right of first refusal to 01 fil$s. Gi(aAs agent ga(e A;S (through Charo Santos) a list of F> fil$s to choose 01 fro$. Santos only li#ed -/ (including 8Maging Sino 6a Man:) and did not acce)t it. According to Lo)eL of A;S there was a 8na)#in agree$ent: for Gi(a to sell -1 fil$s for PF>M. Gi(aAs agent denied such agree$ent. 4eals with A;S failed so then Gi(a $ade a deal with 7;S granting the latter the e+clusi(e right to -/1 fil$ including the -1 fil$s in the 8na)#in agree$ent.: 7;S $ade )rint ads of the antici)ated airing of 8Maging Sino 6a Man.: A;S filed a co$)laint for s)ecific )erfor$ance wH a )rayer for in!unction. Co$)laint was dis$issed and $oral da$ages were awarded to 7;S for ha(ing its re)utation debased by the filing of the co$)laint. ISS5E: '5@ the award of da$ages to 7;S was )ro)er. 4EL0: @o. The award of $oral da$ages cannot be granted in fa(or of a cor)oration being an artificial )erson and ha(ing e+istence only in legal conte$)lation it has no feelings no e$otions no senses. It therefore cannot e+)erience )hysical suffering and $ental anguish which can be e+)erienced only by one ha(ing a ner(ous syste$. On A't,al 0a(a/es<
4EL0: @o. The transfer was within the )ower of the 45C Secretary. Assu$ing that such act a$ounted to any wrong the right of action would accrue in fa(or of EernandeL. 0O&TRINES: (-) The 7I"ET 52 79C5G97B 257 M9@TAL S?2297I@" 79S?LTI@" 275M ;54ILB I@C?7I9S is restricted to the person ho has suffered the bodily hurt! and there can be no reco(ery for distress caused by sy$)athy for anotherAs suffering or for fright due to a wrong against a third )erson. (0) MENTAL AN65IS4 is restricted to such $ental )ain or suffering as arises fro$ an in!ury or wrong to the )erson hi$self as distinguished fro$ that for$ of MENTAL S5++ERIN6 which is the acco$)ani$ent of sy$)athy or sorrow for anotherAs suffering or which
58
TC< awarded
ISS5E: '5@ the TC erred in awarding only P0// instead of P0/// as no$inal and other da$ages. 4EL0: @o. The da$ages awarded are )ro)er. Assess$ent of @o$inal 4a$ages is left to the discretion of the court according to the circu$stances of the case. Considering that no$inal da$ages are not for the inde$nification of loss suffered but for the 1indi'ation or re'o/nition of a ri/ht 1iolated or in1aded and that the )erfection of the a))eal was no assurance that Gentanilla would succeed in his first action for reco(ery the a$ount that he see#s to reco(er here as no$inal da$ages is e+cessi(e. 0O&TRINE: @o$inal da$ages are not inde$nification of loss suffered but for the (indication or recognition of a right (iolated or in(aded.
&LASS NOTES Code lists all #inds of suffering but M9@TAL A@"?ISE should be in(ol(ed & o)en ,uestion
&LASS NOTES @4 s$all but o# according to SC because it is not su))osed to account for anything @4 only sy$bollic
&. No(inal
Art. 222 . @o$inal da$ages are ad!udicated in order that a right of the plaintiff, which has been violated or invaded by the defendant, may be vindicated or recogni3ed and not for the )ur)ose of inde$nifying the )laintiff for any loss suffered by hi$. Art. 2222. The court $ay award no$inal da$ages in every obligation arising fro$ any source enu$erated in Article --K3 or in e(ery case where any property right has been in(aded. Art. 222A. The ad!udication of no$inal da$ages shall preclude further contest upon the right involved and all accessory 5uestions as between the )arties to the suit or their res)ecti(e heirs and assigns.
NAPO&OR 1. P4IBROS
+A&TS: @AP5C57 issued in(itations to bid for the su))ly and deli(ery of i$)orted coal. PEI;75As bid was acce)ted. PEI;75 was not able to deli(er so @AP5C57 ad(ertised again for bidding of the sa$e )roducts. PEI;75 )artici)ated in the bidding again but @AP5C57 disa))ro(ed their a))lication. PEI;75 filed an action for da$ages on the ground that @AP5C57As act of dis,ualifying the$ was tainted with $alice and bad faith. Lower courts ruled in fa(or of PEI;75 and awarded actual $oral and e+e$)lary da$ages. ISS5E: '5@ PEI;75 is entitled to da$ages.
Ventanilla 1. &enteno
+A&TS: Gentanilla hired Atty. Centeno to re)resent hi$ in an action for reco(ery with da$ages. Centeno screwed u) the filing of a))eal. Gentanilla now see#s
59
of contract wH da$ages. T& and &A awarded moral and exemplary damages. ISS5E: '5@ $oral and e+e$)lary da$ages should ha(e been awarded. 4EL0: @o. Eowe(er NOMINAL 0AMA6ES ARE PROPER. Petitioners ga(e la$e e+cuses for the delay in the deli(ery of the ca#e. Their )re(arication $ade the$ liable for no$inal da$ages for insensitivity, inadvertence or inattention to their customer s anxiety and need of the hour. 0O&TRINE: @o$inal da$ages are reco(erable where (-) a legal right is technically (iolated and $ust be (indicated against an in(asion that has )roduced no actual )resent loss of any #ind or (0) where there has been a breach of contract and no substantial in!ury or actual da$ages ha(e been or can be shown.
&LASS NOTES 0/6 award of @4 by TC e+cessi(e Penal clause issue< no )enal clause because e(en if without it Millan still entitled to legal interest $ore than 1[ ).a. (could be wrong because SC see$ed to e,uate )enal clause with li,uidated da$ages)
Peo-le 1. 6o-io
+A&TS: "o)io ra)ed and $olested Princess Millano a $inor. Ee was con(icted of statutory ra)e and ordered to inde$nify the (icti$ through da$ages (actualQ PF303 $oralQ PF/6) ISS5E: '5@ the award of da$ages is )ro)er. 4EL0: Actual da$ages should be deleted as no )roof was )resented to show the actual a$ount of )ecuniary loss. Eowe(er @o$inal 4a$ages (P06) should be awarded in order that the right of the (icti$ (iolated by the accused $ay be (indicated or recogniLed. This is not for the purpose of indemnifying any loss suffered. 70O&TRINE: 'E9@9G97 TE979 EAS ;99@ A GI5LATI5@
52 A@ ASC97TAI@94 L9"AL 7I"ET ALTE5?"E @5 ACT?AL 4AMA"9S 79S?LT94 57 @5@9 A79 SE5'@ TE9 A'A74 52 @5MI@AL 4AMA"9S IS P75P97.
0. Te(-erate
&LASS NOTES 'hy @4 canAt coe+ist with A4J Sir says that award of A4 already )resu))oses in(asion of right so awarding @4 would lead to do,ble re'o1er) Sir: awarded when there is no basis for A4 Art. 222%. Te$)erate or $oderate da$ages which are $ore than no$inal but less than co$)ensatory da$ages $ay be reco(ered when the court finds that some pecuniary loss has been suffered but its amount can not! from the nature of the case! be provided ith certainty. Art. 222B. Te$)erate da$ages $ust be reasonable under the circu$stances.
+ran'is'o 1. +errer
+A&TS: 7ebecca Lo and her daughter Anette 2errer ordered a F*layer wedding ca#e fro$ 2ountainhead ;a#esho). 5n the wedding day at around >)$ the ca#e was not there. They $ade a follow*u) call and were assured that it was on its way but was delayed by traffic. They were later infor$ed that there would be no ca#e because the order sli) got lost. 2errer was co$)elled to buy a sans ri(al ca#e instead. The wedding ca#e arri(ed at -/)$ but they refused to acce)t it because it only had 0 layers. 2rancisco (owner of 2ountainhead) sent a letter of a)ology and K6 which was denied for being dee$ed inade,uate. 2errer and Lo filed a case against 2rancisco for breach
&LASS NOTES
Ar(o1it 1. &A
+A&TS: 4r. Ar$o(it and his fa$ily decided to s)end Christ$as in the Phili))ines and bought F round*tri) ?S*Manila tic#ets fro$ @orthwest Airlines. 5n the return tri) (Manila*?S) they were rudely infor$ed that they cannot be acco$$odated because their su))osed flight was already ta#ing off and the ti$e on their tic#ets
7e$e$ber 7a$os (s. CA where te$)erate da$ages were awarded for continuing in!ury
Pleno 1. &A
+A&TS: A red 2ord cargo truc# hit a blue Gol#swagen #o$bi dri(en by Pleno causing it to hit a cargo truc# )ar#ed along the shoulder hitting its dri(er who was
60
*L4 is )ercei(ed loss if other )arty does not co$)ly with his obligation because A4 would be difficult to deter$ine ;ut in A0003< 8inde$nity or )enalty:
&LASS NOTES
Art. 222#. 'hen the breach of the contract co$$itted by the defendant is not the one conte$)lated by the )arties in agreeing u)on the li,uidated da$ages the law shall deter$ine the $easure of da$ages and not the sti)ulation.
Peo-le 1. PlaFo
+A&TS: 9dison PlaLo bo+ed and stabbed 7o$eo 2abula. PlaLo was con(icted of $urder. ISS5E: '5@ te$)erate da$ages should be awarded. 4EL0: Bes. Te$)erate da$ages under Art. 0001 $ay be reco(ered where it has been shown that the (icti$As fa$ily suffered so$e )ecuniary loss but the a$ount thereof cannot be )ro(ed with certainty. -K6 as te$)erate da$ages was awarded.
+. E?e(-lar) or &orre'ti1e
Art. 222$. 9+e$)lary or correcti(e da$ages are imposed, by way of example or correction for the public good in addition to the $oral te$)erate li,uidated or co$)ensatory da$ages. Art. 22A@. In criminal offenses e+e$)lary da$ages as a )art of the ci(il liability $ay be i$)osed when the cri$e was co$$itted with one or more aggravating circumstances. Such da$ages are se)arate and distinct fro$ fines and shall be )aid to the offended )arty. Art. 22A . In ,uasi*delicts e+e$)lary da$ages $ay be granted if the defendant acted with gross negligence. Art. 22A2. In contracts and ,uasi*contracts the court $ay award e+e$)lary da$ages if the defendant acted in a wanton, fraudulent, rec4less, oppressive, or malevolent manner. Art. 22AA. 9+e$)lary da$ages cannot be recovered as a matter of right= the court will decide whether or not they should be ad!udicated. Art. 22A%. 'hile the a$ount of the e+e$)lary da$ages need not be )ro(ed the )laintiff must show that he is entitled to $oral te$)erate or co$)ensatory da$ages before the court $ay consider the ,uestion of whether or not e+e$)lary da$ages should be awarded. In case li,uidated da$ages ha(e been agreed u)on although no )roof of loss is necessary in order that such li,uidated da$ages $ay be reco(ered ne(ertheless before the court $ay consider the ,uestion of granting e+e$)lary in addition to the li,uidated da$ages the )laintiff $ust show that he would be entitled to $oral te$)erate or co$)ensatory da$ages were it not for the sti)ulation for li,uidated da$ages.
&LASS NOTES
E. Li;,idated
Casis< Frd )arties are not bound by the sti)ulation of L4 in the contract. *2or L4< )ro(e breach *2or M4 on to) of L4< )ro(e breach P ;2 Art. 222". Li,uidated da$ages are those agreed upon by the parties to a contract to be )aid in case of breach thereof. Art. 222!. Li,uidated da$ages whether intended as an I@49M@ITB 57 A P9@ALTB shall be e5uitably reduced if they are ini5uitous or unconscionable.
Can A4 and T4 be warded at the sa$e ti$eJ B9S in 7a$os (s. CA & but sir says itAs an aberration since T4 is awarded when there is no basis for A4
Peo-le 1. Sin/h
+A&TS: 4al(ir et al ganged u) on Surinder #illing hi$. 4ilbag who was cleaning his $otorbi#e nearby tried to sto) the attac# but he too was stabbed. The accused were con(icted of $urder and frustrated $urder. Lower courts awarded hos)italiLation and $edical e+)enses actual da$ages ci(il inde$nity $oral da$ages attorneyAs fees and co$)ensation for loss of earning ca)acity. ISS5E: '5@ da$ages should be awarded. 4EL0: Bes although award for loss of earning ca)acity should be deleted. Such A'A74S PA7TA69 52 4AMA"9S
'EICE M?ST ;9 P75G9@ @5T 5@LB ;B C794I;L9 A@4 SATIS2ACT57B 9GI49@C9 ;?T ALS5 ;B ?@;IAS94 P7552
&LASS NOTES L4 intended as inde$nity or )enalty Curis< L4 (s. Penal clause *intent behind L4 )enalty is deterrent *L4 is $easure of da$age which does not $atter in )enalty
61
&LASS NOTES
&LASS NOTES Eow did court arri(e at final a$ountJ Co$)are with other cases