Answers

Q1
The negative terminals of the battery and various loads are connected to the chassis, therefore, the
current returns to the battery through cars (conductive) chassis.

Q2
b)

Q3
earth ground.
chassis ground.

Q4
Figure 12.5 from the book but for the 3-phase AC motor.



Q5
From the volt-ampere characteristic of the bulb if the applied voltage is 48V, current will be around
0.25A, therefore:
48 0.25 12.0 P VI W = = =

Q6
Output voltage is:
2
1 2
out
R
V V
R R
=
+

If the value of R2 is increased than the output voltage is increased and vice versa.
If the value of R1 is increased than the output voltage is decreased and vice versa.
If the value of R1 is maximal and the value of R2 is minimal, the output voltage is minimal:
2
1 2
4.5
out
R R
V V V
R R R R

= =
+ +

If the value of R1 is maximal and the value of R2 is maximal, the output voltage is maximal:
2
1 2
4.5
0.5
out
R R
V V V
R R R R
R k
+
= =
+ +
=

Q7
( )
( )
1
t
t
v t V e
dv CV
i t C e
dt

| |
=
|
\ .
= =


Q8
C.

Q9
V RI =
The voltage across an element is directly proportional to the current flow through it.

Q10
The rms value of a sinusoidal ac voltage ( ) sin( )
m
v t V t = is:

2
2 2 2
0 0 0
1 1 1 cos(2 )
( ) in ( )
2 2
T T T
m m
rms m
V V t
v v t dt V s t dt dt
T T T

= = = =



where V
m
is the amplitude of the ac voltage. Therefore:

12 , 12 2
2
m
m
V
V V V = =
( ) 12 2sin( ) v t t V =


0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5


v(t)
i(t)
Q11
a)
1
( ) 15
4
V j V

=
b)
1
( ) 15cos 15sin 10.61 10.61
4 4
V j j j V

| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .


Q12
a)
1 2
1
2
1 2
1.5 10 , 3.2 25
1.5cos(10 ) 1.5sin(10 ) 1.477 0.26
3.2cos(25 ) 3.2sin(25 ) 2.9 1.352
4.377 1.612 4.66cos( 20.2 )
V V V V
V j j V
V j j V
V V j t V
= =
= + = +
= + = +
+ = + = +


b)
1 2
1
2
1 2
50 60 , 24 15
50cos( 60 ) 50sin( 60 ) 25 43.3
24cos(15 ) 24sin(15 ) 23.18 6.21
48.18 37.09 60.8cos( 37.6 )
V V V V
V j j V
V j j V
V V j t V
= =
= + =
= + = +
+ = =


Q13
B. Capacitor


Q14
C. Inductor

Q15
1 1 1
2 2 2
1.441
1 1
1.461
2 2
377 /
2 37.7 37.75 1.52
0.2 7.54 7.54 1.54
/ 4.08
/ 20.04
rad s
Z R j L j
Z R j L j
I V Z e A
I V Z e A

=
= + = + =
= + = + =
= =
= =











Q16
From the graph:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 01 01
2 02 02
1
2
1 1 1
1
1 1
2
2
16 , 377 /
20sin , 3.33 *
4sin , 3.33 *
20sin 0.00333 20sin 377 1.26 20 1.26
4sin 0.00333 4sin 377 1.26 4 1.26
1.8 7.5
1.8 , 0.02
9
T ms rad s
I t t t ms
I t t t ms
I t t A
I t t A
V
Z j R j L
I
R L H
V
Z j
I

= =
= =
= = + = +
= =
= = +

2 2
1 1
37.4
9 , 0.1
R j L
R L H
= +
= =


Q1
2
2
377 /
50
3.77
2
1
29525
2
S S
j
L
j
C
rad s
Z R
Z j L Le
j
Z e
C C

=
= =
= = =
= = =


Q17
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
0 0 0
sin , 0,
0, ,
1 cos 2
1 1 1 1
sin sin 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
sin 2 sin 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
sin 2
2 2
m
m
rms m m
rms m
rms m
rms rms rms m m
V
v
V
v v d V d d V
v V
i I
R R
P v i V I

| |
= = = =
|
\ .
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

( )
,
1 1
sin 2
2
36 66
lamp rated
P

| | | |

| |
\ . \ .



Solving for :

5 25
rms
P

Q18
( ) ( )
( ) mA e j I
mA t t
T
t I t i
j
m
4
8
4
500 sin 8
2
sin 8 sin

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =


Q19
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1.21
1.21
12 , 3 /
1
3 8 8.54 8.54 1.21
1.4 1.4 1.21
S
j
S j
V j V rad s
Z j R j L j e
C
V j
I j e A
Z j

= =
| |
= + = + = =
|
\ .
= = =


Q20
b) and c)

Q21
Power triangle is a vector diagram that shows how the complex power S results from the vector addition
of the three components active power P and reactive powers Q
C
and Q
L
.

Q22
Advantages:
- the weight of the conductors and other components in a three-phase system is much lower than in
a single-phase system delivering the same amount of power
- the power produced by a single-phase system has pulsating nature, while a three-phase system
delivers a steady, constant supply of power.

Q23
If the phasor angle between three phase voltages is 120, the total power delivered to the balanced load
by the three-phase generator is constant. This reduces the stress and wear on the generating equipment.
Also, balanced three phase system does not require a fourth wire (the neutral connection), since the
neutral current for balanced load is zero.

Q24
Using impedance reflection:
1
2
2
16
1 2
4
' 115
' ' 13225
tot refl
g
tot
refl
R R R
V
I A
R
P R I W
= + = + =
= =
= =




Q25
a)
max
max
1000
S
I A
V
= =
b)
max max
400 P S kW = =
c)
max max
0.8 320 P S kW = =

Q26
2
3 6
2 4
3 3 2
4
3
120 0
2
120
3
4
120
3
1 3
120 120 120 120 180 60 3 120 3
2 2
1 3 1 3
120 120 120 120 120 3 120 3
2 2 2 2
120
R
W
B
j j
RW R W
j j j
WB W B
j
BR B R
V
V
V
V V V e j j e V
V V V e e j j j e V
V V V e

=
=
=
| |
= = = = + =
|
|
\ .
| | | |
= = = + = =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
5
6
1 3
120 120 120 180 60 3 120 3
2 2
j
j j e V

| |
= + = + =
|
|
\ .

Q27
2
3
4
3
0.876
0.876
2.87
5.06
120
120
120
5 6 7.82
/ 15.35
/ 15.35
/ 15.35
R
j
W
j
B
j
j
R R
j
W W
j
B B
V
V e
V e
Z R j L j e
I V Z e
I V Z e
I V Z e

=
=
=
= + = + =
= =
= =
= =


Q28
c)

Q29 (p867)
The mechanical power generated (or absorbed) is equal to the product of the machine torque and the
mechanical speed of rotation. The electric power dissipated (or generated) by the machine is given by
the product of the back emf and the armature current. In the ideal energy conversion case, mechanical
power is equal to the electrical power.

Q30 (p866, p877)
Series dc motor is a dc motor which has field windings that are connected electrically in series with the
armature coils.

Q31 (p880)
Advantages:
- PM DC motors are smaller and lighter than wound motors for a given power rating. Also, their
efficiency is higher because there are no field winding losses.
- PM DC motors have linear speed torque characteristic, which makes analysis and control much
easier. Reversal of rotation is accomplished easy, by reversing the polarity of the source.

Q32
2 8 16
120
375 / min
S
p
f
n r
p
= =
= =


Q33
( ) ( ) min / 1425 1
120
1 r s
p
f
s n n
S
= = =

Q34
( ) ( ) = = + = = = 42 . 2 410 3 10 410 2 5 3 5 400 2 30 10 400 j j j j jX I V E
S S S b


Q35
220V line voltage

a)
120
900 min
900 830
0.078
900
s
s
s
f
n r
p
n n
s
n
= =

= = =

b)
895 830
% 100 100 7.83%
830
nl rl
rl
n n
SR
n

= = =
c)
20800
cos 0.853
3 3 220 64
in in
P P
S IV
= = = =


d)
25 746
214.5
2 60
out
m
P
T Nm
n

= = =
e)
25 745.7
% 100 100 89.6%
20800
out
in
P
P

= = =


Q36
sin cos
sin cos
3
sin 0.153
3
8.8
2000 8.8
1200 2000 8.8
83.4 68
10
875
2 60
b s s
s in
b s s s s s
s in
b s
b
s b
s
s
out in
s
E I X
X P
E V I V X X P
X P
E V
E
V E
I
jX j
P P
T Nm
n

=
= = =
= =
=
=

= = =
= = =


Q37
b) and c)

Q38
a)
. .
10 746 230 50 7740
3 cos
14.66
3 cos
in out rot loss f loss
in s s
in
s
s
P P P P W
P V I
P
I A
V

= + + = + + =
=
= =

b)
% 100 96.5%
out
out loss
P
P P
= =
+

c)
( ) 230 6 14.66 arccos(0.8) 291 14
14
b s s s
E V jX I j V

= = =
=


Q39
a) series dc motor