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3 Approximate method A simple method will be explained allowing an order of magnitude estimate of the diffusive mixing time, tMD. It is supposed that convective mixing forms small fluid elements of size L and having a shape and size which do not further change with time. Moreover, these are initially completely unmixed fully segregated! and they undergo diffusion until a prescribed level of mixing i.e. a given concentration profile! is attained" the time needed is tMD. #he diffusion time is highly dependent upon L, solutions of $ic%&s second law of diffusion ta%ing the form t ' L()*, and depends also on the criterion of mixedness. *onsider, for example, a sphere of radius +. #he values of fl in the relationship. tMD = R2/C ,ave the following valuesa! #he concentration change at the centre of the sphere is re.uired to be onehalf of its value at infinite time, when diffusion is complete, = 0.15. b! As in a!, but the change shall be /0.(1 or 2 3 e32) of its final value, = 0.18. c! #he average concentration change within the whole sphere shall be half its final value, = 4.40/. d! As (c), but the chan e shall be !".#$ of its final value, = 4.4/. e! All molecules within the sphere shall have been e%chan ed with molecules from the surroundin s, 5 4.6. Different values of would be obtained for another eometr&, e. . for
a slab. 'he scale of eddies present in a turbulent fluid covers a wide ran e, but is bounded below (i.e. for eddies of small scale) b& viscous dra . 'urbulent velocit& fluctuations are damp ed out rapidly at a scale smaller than the 7olmogoroff velocity microscale, given by e.uation k = (v3/)
1/4
#he simplest approximation for L is L 5 () , so that for a sphere + 5 () )(! and definition e!tMD= 0.5 k2 /4P 8imilar calculations may be made for other shapes and other criteria of mixedness. In turbulent a.ueous solutions () is of order 24304 9m, and tMD will be of order ms. #he simplest way of roughly estimating the time needed to mix freshly entering material into material already present in a stirred tan% reactor is to sum the times for distributive convective! and diffusive mixing. #his total time refers to a final state of molecular homogeneity. :vidence for the success of this method is available.
+endekatan paling sederhana untuk L adalah L 4 / amp$ 0177$ k, sehingga untuk lingkup !, 4 / amp$ 0177$ k ) (" dan de#inisi !e". +erhitungan yang sama dapat dilakukan untuk bentuk lainnya dan kriteria lain dari mi edness. Larutan bergolak di / amp$ 0177$ k adalah dari urutan 65-85 m, dan tMD akan urutan ms. cara termudah untuk kira-kira memperkirakan waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencampur bahan segar masuk ke materi sudah ada dalam bergerak tangki reaktor adalah untuk jumlah waktu untuk distributive !konveksi" dan sebaran pencampuran. <otal waktu ini mengacu pada keadaan akhir molekul keseragaman. :ukti keberhasilan metode ini juga tersedia.