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Practice 7: Single Phase Controlled Rectifier Full Wave. Control circuit cosine crossing
Napolen Roca Prez cod: 1160042, Oscar Armando Gamboa Vera cod: 1160103
Abstract- In the next practice will design the control circuit of a single phase full wave rectifier bridge type . Which involves taking a sample of the signal is delivered to the rectifier and give proper treatment for comparison with continuous voltage control and thereby produce the firing pulses required to activate properly semiconductor rectifier bridge, in this case, SCRs .
rolado monofsico. In this assembly, the LEDs were uncontrolled rectifier bridge are replaced by thyristors SCR, enabling the control phase of a full-wave input signal. The circuit can be seen in Figure 1
There are many applications where control of the load voltage is necessary, using thyristors instead of diodes in this circuit it is possible, as will be seen , to regulate the average value of the output voltage by varying the phase difference between the zero crossing of the mains voltage and the firing of the thyristors ( angle shot , symbolized by ) .
There is, therefore, a control circuit, which, acting on the moment of firing of the thyristors regulates the conversion . In this practice we analyze the single-phase circuit and the control circuit also be for cosine crossing , which is important to consider some aspects to a good response in the load. Let's look at the step by step development of the practice. II. OBJECTIVES Design and build a circuit for controlling the conduction angle of the SCR, a single-phase full-wave rectifier bridge, the ramp-step (linear or cosine) method. The load voltage must be controlled with signal Vc varies between 0 and 10 V. A resistive-inductive load used. To reduce the risk of electric shock, a step-down transformer is used 120/25V, 60 Hz for power circuit
Figure 2. Waveforms fully controlled bridge rectifier with resistive load
The thyristors T1 and T4 conduct during the positive half cycle of the input, and thyristors T2 and T3 in the negative. That means it will trigger the thyristors two at a delayed phase angle from zero crossing of the input voltage. Figure 2 shows the waveforms of the input current and the output voltage of the rectifier. The average component of this waveform is determined from:
) (
)( )
)( )
The power delivered to the load is a function of the input voltage, firing angle and load components. To calculate the power in a resistive load will use P = I_rms R ^ 2, where
( ) ( )
)
Fig. 3. Corriente discontinua
The effective current generator is equal to the effective load current. With Rl and a discontinuous load current is required to make a different analysis. For wt = 0 and zero load current, the T1 and T4 SCR bridge rectifier be directly polarized and T2 and T3 be polarized in reverse when the generator voltage is made positive. T2 and T4 were activated when they are applied gate signals for wt = . When T1 and T4 are turned on, the charging voltage is equal to the voltage of the generator. For this condition is identical to the circuit controlled half-wave rectifier and the function of the current will be ( For Where ( ) ( ) ) [ ( ) ( )
( )
Analysis of the full-wave controlled rectifier in the current discontinuous mode is identical to the half-wave controlled rectifier, but the period of the output current is radians rather than 2 radians.
Two. Principle of operation of the control circuit, the SCR firing: a. Control circuit for cosine crossing This circuit is called "cross firing circuit cosine" and its block diagram can be represented by Figure 6
]( )
The operating principle is to monitor the input signal through a step-down transformer, to obtain a sample of the appropriate phase. The function above is zero current in wt = . If < + , the current will be zero until wt = + , at which gate signals at T2 and T3, which will be directly polarized and start driving apply. Figure 4 illustrates this mode of operation, called discontinuous stream: + = discontinuous current This signal shows the input sinusoid: ( ) ( ) ( ) Is derived for a cosine function. We now have, at the output of phase shifter: ( ) ( )( ) Where Vm is the magnitude of the input signal and Vp is the magnitude of the output signal of the step-down transformer. If the sign of equation (12) is reversed, then both the "positive" sign and "negative" are conditioned to have a direct offset voltage of the same magnitude of seal de salida del
3 transformer, so that the resulting output is above the ground level, the signals are formed: ( and ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) DESIGN Then we will see step by step the circuit design. a) Power. For a transformer circuit used 120/25/12 5 V. Operational amplifiers (LM 741) are to be fed with 12 volt requiring that a voltage divider is made to ensure maximum excursion transformer further comparison voltage will vary between 0 and 10 v.
And if the signal Vc control is made to vary only in the range defined by 0 <Vc <Vp, so as to ensure that by a circuit suitable comparison there is always an intersection of these two signals and Vc, then it can define that intersection through: ( ) y ( )
It requires that the cosine signal is therefore the phase shift of 90 to the input through an RC filter in follower mode is performed. The following calculations were made: ( ) ( ( ) )
So that if we take as a basis only equation (13), it follows that if wt = which is the angle of activation of the optocouplers, then we have the relationship of this with Vc is given by: ( )( )
The value of C1 = 0.1 uF is assumed. Knowing that fo = 60 Hz and = 90 , then: ( ) a) Adequacy of signal It should have a signal excursion of 10 V , and Vc varies between 0 and 10 V , therefore the wavelength is halved and subtracted Vcc / 2 = 5 V , which is made with a voltage divider . As should have two pulses , one 180 out of phase from the other , you must generate a positive signal and a negative , that is to say , 180 out of phase as well. Therefore requires an investor to the gap . b ) Reference voltage This continuous signal must vary between 0 and 10 V , so a 500K potentiometer used . c ) Comparison Two Comparators circuits, one for firing at wt = by comparing the output of the inverting adder with the reference voltage and the other for firing at wt = + reference are used. The output voltage is equal to Vcc during the time that V + is higher than V - , so that a step signal is generated. d ) Shunt We must consider the design of this circuit for a good pulse to be delivered to the SCR .
If defined optocouplers turn triggering the SCR's, and remember that the equation defining the average value of the output signal of the converter is: ( )( )
Thus we can conclude that a circuit capable of obtaining the required signals and detect the crossing of the cosine has reference to the phase of the input signal, provides a completely linear relationship of the output voltage of a controlled full wave rectifier and voltage control signal .PLANIFICACIN 1. From the proposed block diagram attached, was asked to design a control circuit, using the straight-line method or cosine, using discrete analog components.
V(t) : Seal cosenoidal de la fuente de valor reducido o rampa sincronizada with the AC power source. Vc: control DC signal variable between 0 and 10 V, for the driving theoretical angle varies between 0 and 180 degrees.
4 The capacitor leads until fully loaded, which will open and will not allow the passage of more current to the resistance . It must: tg = 10 S
a) = 60
R = 100 a) Control Circuit To insulate the control circuit used to power optocoupler 4N25. Diodes placed between gate and cathode of the SCR to protect it. Also insert a freewheeling diode in anti-parallel with the load to reduce the negative peak and guarantee download coil. Two. Draw a block diagram that includes all stages of the control circuit and power circuit. Figure 4. Block diagram of the circuit cross firing cosine Three. Draw the circuit diagram of the power circuit using the transformer 120/12.5/12, 5V, 60hz. Annex 1. SPICE simulation, the operation of the power circuit for = 30, 60, 90 and 120 degrees. Then voltage graphs for different angles without placing a load RL freewheeling diode. b) = 30
c) = 120 b) = 90
5
c) Seal con voltaje offset
6
g) Comparator output signal
THE MOMENT YOU CONNECT THE FIRING PULSES TO THE POWER CIRCUIT , YOU SHOULD TAKE SPECIAL CARE IN ASSIGNING THAT CONNECTS TO PULSE PAIR OF SCRS , TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE POLARITY OF THE AC SIGNAL , AS THIS SHOULD BE POSITIVE WHEN APPLIED PULSES , SO THE VOLTAGE ANODE CATHODE OF SCR IS POSITIVE . OTHERWISE CONTROL WILL FAIL .
INVERT THE CONTROL VOLTAGE SINCE THE OUTPUT SIGNALS OF ADDERS ARE DISPLACED NEGATIVELY , IE A NEGATIVE OFFSET VOLTAGE, TO CORRECTLY CARRY OUT THE COMPARISON AND PROPERLY GENERATE THE FIRING PULSES .
h)
REFERENCES [1 ] UNIT II. POWER ELECTRONICS SLIDES IV. GERMN GALLEGO. [2 ] H. MUHAMMAD RASHID . POWER ELECTRONICS . EDITION . MEXICO DF PUBLISHER PRENTICE HALL , 1993 . PAG . 118-124 [3 ] DATASHEET C106M AVAILABLE AT: HTTP://WWW.DATASHEETCATALOG.ORG/DATAS HEET2/5/0QSWY2E8C8US8Z1D7H14C PA7PSYY.PDF [4 ] CONVERTERS AC / DC - RECTIFIERS . BARCELONA (2010 , NOV 25). [ONLINE ] . AVAILABLE AT: HTTP://TEC.UPC.ES/EL/TEMA-3 % 20EP % 20 ( V1) PDF . [5 ] REPORT OF PRACTICE AND SIMULATIONS. (2010, NOVEMBER 27 ) . [ONLINE ] . AVAIL-ABLE AT: HTTP://WWW.MONOGRAFIAS.COM/TRABAJOS12/REPRACT/REPR ACT.SHTML
II . CONCLUSIONS
THROUGH THE GRAPH OF VOLTAGE VS CONTROL . ANGLE SHOT HIGH LINEARITY IN THE OUTPUT RESPONSE , INDICATING THAT THE CONTROL OF SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER FOR JUNCTION COSINE BEHAVES WITH A LINEAR TRANSFER FUNCTION AND THE SYSTEM'S RESPONSE TO AN INCREASE IN THE CONTROL VARIABLE DOES NOT DEPEND ON FIRING ANGLE , WHICH IS A DESIRABLE FEATURE .
FINDINGS INDICATE THAT ANTIPARALLEL DIODE ON THE LOAD RL PRODUCES A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE NEGATIVE VOLTAGE AT THE LOAD AFTER ZERO CROSSING , AND SERVES TO THE PROCESS OF DEMAGNETIZATION COIL . ALSO
IMPORTANT IS THE PROTECTIVE DIODE CONNECTED TO THE GATE OF THE SCR TO PROTECT IT .
Anexo 1
R9 V4 5Vdc VCC
7 V+
V5 10Vdc
10k VCC
0
10kU2 3 +
7
0
R4 VCC
V+
OS2
6 1
R16 10k
V+
U1
R7 10k 5 R8 6 1 10k
U3
OS2
OS2
0
2 LM741 -
OUT
V4
2 LM741
OS1
OUT V-
OS1
2 LM741
VEE
OS1
VEE
VEE
0
VCC +
V+
U4
OS2
5 6 1
V-
OUT V7 4
OS1
VEE
VCC U5 +
V+
OS2
5 6 1
V+
OUT V4
OS1
VEE