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Lets Talk Ore Deposits

11
th
SGA Biennial Meeting
Antofagasta, Chile, September, 2011
Dr. Robert Marschik
Chilean IOCG Deposits
The Candelaria-Punta del Cobre and Mantoverde Systems
What are IOCG Deposits?
Classification
Terminology
Controversies
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Robert Marschik, 2007 Folie 3
Is there a common genetic
process for all of these
deposits?
Or are fundamental different processes
able to form economic IOCG deposits?
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Non-magmatic fluid
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Candelaria-Punta del Cobre
and Mantoverde
Characteristics
Marschik, R. & Fontbot, L. (2001): The Candelaria-Punta del Cobre iron oxide Cu-Au(-
Zn-Ag) deposits, Chile. Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 1799-1826
Rieger, A.A., Marschik, R., Diaz, M., Hlzl, S., Chiaradia, M., Akker, B. &
Spangenberg, J.E. (2010): The hypogene IOCG mineralization in the Mantoverde district,
northern Chile. Economic Geology, v. 105, p. 1271-1299
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Copper Production
Cu content world mine production
17.5 Mt Cu in 2009
(Copper Development Association 2010)
5.94 Mt Cu from Chile
(Copper Development Association 2010)
Candelaria accounts for " 4.5% of
the Chilean Cu production
(www.direcmin.com/Fichastecnicas/
Candelaria.pdf)
Concentrate exports 601.9 Mio
US$ in 2009 (www.mercantil.com)
Mantoverde provides 60 000 t/a
cathode copper (1 % of Chilean
Cu production)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Reserves & Resources
Candelaria initial reserve 366 Mt
1.08 % Cu and 3.95 g/t Au (Ryan et
al. 1994)
Reserves 2010 448 Mt 0.54 % Cu
0.12 g/t Au (FMI Annual Report 2010)
Mantoverde initial leachable
supergene reserve 85 Mt at 0.82
% Cu (Vila et al. 1996)
Hypogene resource of 440 Mt with
0.56 % Cu, and 0.12 g/t Au
(AngloAmerican Mantoverde Division Internal
Report, 2007)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Location
Near Copiap
Area located 680 Km
N of Santiago and 400
Km S of Antofagasta
Coastal Cordillera
Relatively low altitude;
< 1200 m.a.s.l.
Modified from Grocott & Taylor 2002
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Mineralization
Epigenetic, hydrothermal deposits
Ti-poor magnetite and/or hematite
Chalcopyrite, Au, Ag
Elevated concentrations of Zn
(Candelaria) and LREE
Stringer, veins, breccias, stockwork,
concordant lenses, irregular
replacement bodies
Candelaria-Punta del Cobre 115 Ma
Mantoverde 119 Ma (Vila et al. 1996)
Candelaria, Chile: Cu-Au bearing massive
magnetite replacements body
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Candelaria Ore
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Geologic Context
Volcanic arc setting
Volcanic, volcaniclastic, locally
intrusive host rocks
Host rocks sequence suggest
extension and subsidence
Mineralization coeval with
transpression and uplift
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Geologic Context
Volcanic arc setting
Volcanic, volcaniclastic, locally
intrusive host rocks
Host rocks sequence suggest
extension and subsidence
Mineralization coeval with
transpression and uplift
Evaporitic rock sequences
Teresa de Colmo IOCG deposit
Hopper and Correa (2000)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Geologic Context
Marschik & Fontbot 2001
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Geologic Context
Shallow crustal levels
Infill textures (e.g. matrix supported
breccias, veins) indicate open
spaces
Coeval magmatism nearby
Subduction-related, calk-alkaline,
magnetite series, intermediate I-
type granitoids
Several hydrothermal cells in a
district
Several hydrothermal pulses may
be represented in one deposit
Mantoverde hydrothermal breccia
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Structural Context
Near regional shear zones
2nd order or associated
structures
Lithostratigraphic controls
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Modified from Espinosa (1990)
Structural Context
After AngloAmerican, Mantoverde Division in Rieger et al. (2010)
After Lara and Godoy (1998)
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Host-Rock Alteration
Na-metasomatism
Na-Ca Alteration
K-metasomatism
Carbonatisation
Hydrolytic alteration
Propylitic alteration
Locally calc-silicate alteration
Candelaria-Punta del Cobre District, Chile
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Marschik & Fontbot (2001)
Zonation
Mineralization
Alteration
Ore types or morphologies
(massive magnetite, breccia, veins)
Candelaria-Punta del Cobre District, Chile
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Marschik & Fontbot (2001)
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Mantoverde District
Hematite-rich ores
Magnetite-rich ores
Magnetite (Fe) ores
Modified from AngloAmerican, Mantoverde Division in Rieger et al. (2010)
Based on Orrego and Zamora, 1991; Sanhueza and Robles, 1999
in Rieger et al. (2010)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Mantoverde District
Modified from AngloAmerican, Mantoverde Division in Rieger et al. (2010)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Mantoverde District
Modified from AngloAmerican, Mantoverde Division in Rieger et al. (2010)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Hitzman et al. (1992)
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Mantoverde: Paragenesis
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Rieger et al. (2010)
Mantoverde
Rieger et al. (2010)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Paragenetic Sequence
Chilean IOCGs
Fe-oxide Stage Sulfide Stage Late Stage
hematite (spekularit)
magnetite
specularite -> magnetite = mushketovite magnetite -> hematite = martite
hematite (specularite)
chalcopyrite
pyrite (pyrrhotite)
K
K
and/or
Ca
Calcite
carbonatization
T!O"
T"O!
Cooling
Mixing
High-T 350-600C <350C <250C
minor to trace sulfides
Time
(Na)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
specularite
specularite
martite
magnetite
specularite -> magnetite = mushketovite
magnetite -> hematite = martite
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Hematite
Chalkopyrite
Pyrite
Pyrite
R. Marschik, 2011 R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Mushketovite
Magnetite
Chalkopyrite Hematite
R. Marschik, 2011 R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Rare Earth Elements
IOCG deposits as a potential
source for REE?
Typical local enrichments in LREE
at Mantoverde and Candelaria-
Punta del Cobre district
In allanite, apatite and ?
A variety of shapes in chondrite-
normalized plots
Rieger et al. (2010)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Rare Earth Elements
Rieger et al. (2010)
Relative to reference basaltic andesite (Ewart, 1982), andesite (GERM database), and to Jurassic volcanic rocks from Cerro Blanco,
Cerro Plomo, Cerro del Difunto, Sierra Minillas between Taltal and Chaaral (Lucassen et al., 2006), Jurassic volcanic rocks from Sierra
Fraga and Quebrada la Tranquita east of Mantoverde (Lucassen et al., 2006), and Early Cretaceous plutons from the Candelaria-Punta
del Cobre district (Marschik et al., 2003)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Mantoverde: Sulfur Isotopes
Rieger et al. (2010)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Mantoverde: Sulfur Isotopes
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Rieger et al. (2010); data of Benavides et al. (2007) included
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Candelaria: Fluid Inclusions
decripitation at 398C
S
V
S
S
S
L
V
S
Biotite
S
S
S
S
V
V
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Mantoverde: Fluid Inclusions
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Rieger et al. (submitted)
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Mantoverde: Fluid Inclusions
Rieger et al. (submitted)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Mantoverde: Fluid Inclusions
Rieger et al. (submitted)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Mantoverde: Oxygen Isotopes
Rieger et al. (submitted)
Carbon reservoirs of Coltice et al. (2004)
Iron Oxide Sulfide Late Stage
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Halogen Characteristics
Data do not favor dissolution of
halite
Bittern brine formed by sub-
aerial evaporation of seawater
have max. salinities of 30 wt%
NaCl
equiv.
Halogen ratios similar range as
those of Porphyry Cu fluids
Marschik et al.( 2011) in colaboration with Mark Kendrick, Melbourne
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Mantoverde
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Lead Isotope Signature of Ore Minerals
Rieger et al. (2010)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Genesis
Fluid, Metal & Sulfur Sources
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Non-magmatic fluid
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Marschik et al. 2000
Candelaria-Punta del Cobre: Mineralization
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Coastal Cordillera Chile & Peru
NaCl, CaCl, and/or CO
2
-bearing fluid inclusions
Salinities typically around 30-40 wt. % NaCl
equiv.

Temperatures in the system exceed 500C
Cooling, commonly no boiling
S, Pb, Sr, Os, halogen and noble gas isotope
signatures point to a relationship with coeval
magmatism
At shallow levels involvement of non-magmatic
aqueous fluids
Fluid cooling-mixing model
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Coastal Cordillera Chile & Peru
Calk-alkaline to alkaline, magnetite series I-type granitoids
Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids with relatively high SO2/H2S
May transport 10-20 wt.% of Fe
2+
in chloride complexes (e.g. Fein et
al. 1992)
Magnetite at high T and low activity of reduced S
Hematite at lower T as consequence of cooling (and incursion of non-
magmatic fluids)
Iron oxide precipitation causes reduction of the fluid and increase a
H+
Interaction of fluids with the host rocks may have also played a role in
the reduction of sulfur
Sulfides in disequilibrium with Fe-oxides
Shallow level emplacement and mixing with non-magmatic fluids
Input of exotic sulfur may be important in some deposits but is not
required to form economic deposits
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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IOCG vs. Magnetite(-Apatite) Deposits
Exploration can be a challenging
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Distribution of Alteration Types and Implications for Exploration
Folie 46 Robert Marschik, 2007
Marschik. & Fontbot (2001):
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Spatial Proximity of Magnetite-Apatite and IOCG Deposits
after AngloAmerican, Mantoverde Division in Rieger et al. (2010)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
Spatial Proximity of Magnetite-Apatite and IOCG Deposits
Gllivare, Schweden
(Martinsson & Wanhainen, 2000)
Wernecke, Canada
(von A. Hamid Mumin)
http://www.brandonu.ca/geology/mumin/mumin.html#research#
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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Cerro Negro Norte, III. Region, Chile
Ca-amphibole
quartz + sulfide
magnetite-rich rock
Similar Alteration and Paragenetic Sequence
magnetite->amphibole->quartz plus sulfides (py-cpy)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
IOCG vs. Magnetite(-Apatite) Deposits
Cu-Au is paragenetically later
than the bulk of the iron oxides
Cu-Au ores may be spatially
separated from Fe oxides!
Barren magnetite-rich zones are
similar to magnetite(-apatite)
bodies
Magnetite
Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
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IOCG vs. Magnetite(-Apatite) Deposits
Distinction of IOCG and
magnetite(-apatite) deposits
difficult particularly for
inexperienced exploration
geologists
In the field
With one or a few samples
At low costs
Mathur et al. (2002)
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011
#$%&' ()*+ ,-$ .$/0'1%'
Thanks to
AngloAmerican Chile, Mantoverde Division
C.C. Minera Candelaria
C.M. Ojos del Salado S.A.
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Phelps Dodge Exploration Corp.
Sociedad Contractual Minera Carola
Sociedad Punta del Cobre S.A.
and particularly to Ana Rieger
and many other friends & colleagues
R. Marschik, Short Course IOCG Deposits, 2011