Prepared for submission to JCAP

arXiv:1312.6579v1 [astro-ph.CO] 23 Dec 2013

Constraining the dynamical dark energy parameters: Planck-2013 vs WMAP9

B. Novosyadlyj,a O. Sergijenko,a R. Durrer,b V. Pelykhc
a Astronomical

Observatory of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyryla i Methodia str., 8, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine b Universit de Genve, Dpartement de Physique Thorique and CAP, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genve 4, Switzerland c Ya. S. Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics, Naukova str., 3-b, Lviv, 79060, Ukraine E-mail: novos@astro.franko.lviv.ua, olka@astro.franko.lviv.ua, ruth.durrer@unige.ch, pelykh@iapmm.lviv.ua

Abstract. We determine the best-t values and condence limits for dynamical dark energy parameters together with other cosmological parameters by Markov chain Monte Carlo technique on the base of dierent datasets which include WMAP9 and Planck-2013 results on CMB anisotropy, BAO distance ratios from recent galaxy surveys, magnitude-redshift relations for distant SNe Ia from SNLS3 and Union2.1 samples and the HST determination of the Hubble constant. It is shown that the most precice determination of cosmological parameters with the narrowest condence limits is obtained for the Planck+HST+BAO+SNLS3 dataset. The best-t values and 2 condence limits for cosmological parameters in this +0.02 .14 2 2 case are de = 0.718 0.022, w0 = 1.15+0 0.16 , ca = 1.150.46 , b h = 0.0220 0.0005, +0.014 .093 2 9 cdm h = 0.121 0.004, h = 0.713 0.027, ns = 0.9580.010 , As = (2.215+0 0.101 ) 10 , .022 rei = 0.093+0 0.028 . For this dataset, the CDM model is just outside the 2 condence regime, while for the dataset WMAP9+HST+BAO+SNLS3 the CDM model is only 1 away from the best t. The tension in the determination of some cosmological parameters on the basis of the two CMB datasets WMAP9 and Planck-2013 is highlighted.

Contents
1 Introduction 2 Scalar eld model of dark energy and cosmological background 3 Observational data and method 4 Results and discussion 5 Conclusion 1 1 5 6 12

Introduction

The year 2013 is epochal for cosmology owing to the publication of observational data from two space observatories, the nal WMAP results (at the end of 2012) [1, 2] and rst cosmological Planck results [35]. WMAP has started the precision epoch of cosmology and Planck has a good chance to improve it considerably. Cosmologists are trying to use these data to answer important questions especially about the dark sector of the Universe. In this paper we study the nature of dark energy. Most observational data obtained so far can not distinguish between a cosmological constant and quintessence/phantom dark energy at a statistically signicant level (see e. g. books [68], special issue of the journal General Relativity and Gravitation [9] and citations therein): the marginalized 1 range of value of equation of state (EoS) parameter wde as rule covers the comparable area on both sides of w = 1. We have recently analyzed [10] the arbitrating power of available and expected observational data in distinction between quintessence and phantom types of dark energy and have studied prospects to improve this situation. The data on CMB temperature anisotropy from the space observatory Planck and the parameters of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) extracted from advanced galaxies surveys seemed to be most promising. One of the models of dark energy, suitable for the problem of recognizing of its type, is a scalar eld with wde < 1/3 that lls the Universe almost uniformly. One of the simplest scalar eld models of dynamical dark energy that can be quintessence, vacuum or phantom is the scalar eld with barotropic EoS [1113]. The existence of analytical solutions for the evolution of such a scalar eld, their regularity and applicability for any epoch in the past as well as in the future make it a useful model to investigate the general properties of dark energy, especially to establish its type quintessence, vacuum or phantom. The goal of this paper is the estimation of parameters of scalar eld dark energy jointly with other cosmological parameters on the base of dierent datasets including either WMAP9 or Planck CMB anisotropy measurements, as well as the last data releases on BAO and SNe Ia magnitude-redshift relations.

Scalar eld model of dark energy and cosmological background

We assume the standard paradigm of inationary cosmology: the Universe is lled with baryonic (b) matter, cold dark matter (cdm), dark energy (de), neutrinos ( ) and cosmic

microwave background (CMB) radiation (r); its structure is formed by gravitational instability from nearly scale invariant primordial perturbations generated during ination. The theory of post-ination evolution of the Universe including the dynamics of expansion, cosmological nucleosynthesis and recombination, formation of CMB anisotropies and large scale structure is well elaborated [68, 1417] and implemented numerically [1825] for computation of theoretical predictions with subpercent accuracy. The model of dark energy has to be specied. We assume a scalar eld model of minimally coupled dark energy which describes equally well quintessence and phantom dark energy with constant or variable EoS parameters. There exist dierent methods for specifying a scalar eld which can mimic these properties (see books cited above). In this paper we consider the scalar eld model with generalized linear 2 barotropic EoS pde = c2 de / de and C are arbitrary constants which a de + C , where ca p dene the dynamical properties of the scalar eld on a cosmological background, which is assumed to be spatially at, homogeneous and isotropic with Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric ds2 = c2 dt2 a2 (t) dx dx , where a(t) is the scale factor normalized to 1 today and we set c = 1. Here and below () d/dt. The dierential form of energy-momentum conservation law for such model of dark energy has analytical solution, which for density de and EoS parameter wde pde /de are given by [11, 13]: de = de wde
(0)

+ w0 )a3(1+ca ) + c2 a w0 , 2 1 + ca (1 + c2 a )(1 + w0 ) = 1, 3(1+c2 a) 1 + w0 (w0 c2 a )a

(0) (1

(2.1) (2.2)

where de and w0 are the density of dark energy and EoS parameter at the current epoch. Clearly de and pde are analytical functions of a for any values of the constants c2 a and w0 . The constant C from generalized linear barotropic EoS is connected with others by (0) relation C = de (w0 c2 a ). As the Universe expands the energy density of such scalar eld monotonically decreases with a when w0 > 1 (dde /da < 0) and increases with a when w0 < 1 (dde /da < 0). The rst case corresponds to quintessence, in the second case it is phantom dark energy. For some combinations of values of c2 a and w0 the energy density de 2 changes sign from positive to negative if ca < w0 and w0 > 1, and from negative to positive if c2 a > w0 and w0 < 1. The EoS parameter at the moment a(de =0) has a discontinuity of the second kind (see for details [11, 13]). The constants c2 a and w0 dening the type and the dynamics of the scalar eld are the parameters of our dark energy model which must be determined jointly with other cosmological parameter. Both have a clear physical meaning: w0 is the EoS parameter wde at the current epoch, c2 a is asymptotic value of the EoS parameter wde at early times (a 0) for c2 > 1 and in the far future (a ) for c2 a a < 1. The asymptotic value of wde in the opposite time direction is 1 in both cases. Equations (2.1)(2.2) illustrate also that the scalar eld becomes or vacuum-like, pde = de = const when 2 w0 or c2 a or both are equal to 1. If w0 = ca = 1, we have dark energy with a constant EoS parameter, wde =const. If w0 = 1, the value of c2 a is undetermined. The following subclass of our dark energy model leads to tot < 0 at some time in the past: w0 < 1, c2 a > w0 . In this paper we exclude this possibility. The further analysis involves 3 subclasses of models without peculiarities in the past: i) w0 > 1, c2 a > 1; 2 2 2 ii) w0 > 1, ca < 1; iii) w0 < 1, ca < 1, ca < w0 . The rst one corresponds to

quintessence, the third to phantom, while the second to the model which mimics at the beginning of expansion, is quintessence in past but will become phantom in future. The Friedmann equations for our model of the Universe are H a = H0 r a4 + m a3 + de f (a), a 1 2r a4 + m a3 + (1 + 3wde )de f (a) aa , q 2 = a 2 r a4 + m a3 + de f (a)
(0) (0) (0) (0) (0)

(2.3) (2.4)

where f (a) = de /de , H0 is Hubble constant and r r /tot , m m /tot , de (0) (0) de /tot are the dimensionless density parameters for radiation, matter and dark energy (0) (0) (0) (0) components correspondingly at the current epoch (tot r +m +de ). The matter density parameter is the sum of cold dark matter, baryons and active neutrinos, m cdm +b + . We follow [5], which includes a minimal-mass normal hierarchy for the neutrino masses: a single massive eigenstate with m = 0.06 eV. It gives very small contributions into current matter density component, m /93.04h2 eV 0.0006/h2 , where h H0 /100km/sMpc. 4 /3H 2 = The current density of thermal radiation (CMB) is also very small, r = 16GaSB T0 0 5 2 2.49 10 h , where T0 is the current CMB temperature assumed here and below to be 2.7255K. The rst Friedmann equation (2.3) today yields the constraint r + m + de = 1 (vanishing curvature). The scalar eld causes accelerated expansion when |(1 + 3wde )de f (a)| > m a3 and denes the future of the Universe. Integrating (2.3) over a we can obtain the a t relation for the model, a da t(a) = . (2.5) 0 a H (a ) The results for nine sets of values w0 and c2 a and xed all other cosmological parameters at the values (H0 = 70 km/sMpc, m = 0.3, de = 0.7) are shown in Fig. 1. One sees that a scalar eld with barotropic EoS can describe most possible scenarios of the postination dynamics of expansion which are predicted by modern cosmology: 1) decelerated, accelerated, eternal exponential expansion (eternal late de Sitter ination); 2) decelerated, accelerated, eternal power law expansion (eternal late quasi de Sitter ination); 3) decelerated, accelerated, decelerated expansion, turn around, collapse, Big Crunch (BC) singularity (a 0) is reached within nite time; 4) decelerated, accelerated, superfast expansion, Big Rip (BR) singularity (a ) is reached within nite time. The time of BC singularity can be estimated as twice the turn around time, tBC = 2tta , and tta is the integral (2.5) with 1/3(1+c2 a ) [11, 12]. Among the models in Fig. 1 only upper limit ata [(1 + w0 )/(w0 c2 a )] model 4 with quintessence behavior (dash-three dotted line) has a BC singularity in 170 Gyrs (ata 9.8). The BR singularity is reached for all models with a phantom scalar eld within nite time estimated as [13] tBR t0 2 1 1 3 H0 |1 + c2 a| 1 + c2 a . (1 + w0 )de (2.6)

For the phantom models 6 to 9 with scalar eld in Fig. 1 it will be reached approximately in 25, 35, 80 and 500 Gyrs correspondingly. The three parameters of our scalar eld with barotropic EoS, de , w0 and c2 a , are sufcient to describe the dierent evolutionary tracks of the homogeneous Universe, but not

Figure 1. Dependences of scale factors on time, a(t), for cosmological models with quintessence scalar eld as dark energy with w0 = 0.8 and c2 a = 0.0 (dotted line, 1), 0.7 (dashed line, 2), 0.8 (dash-dotted line, 3), 0.9 (dash-three-dotted line, 4) and with phantom dark energy with w0 = 1.2 and c2 a = 2.0 (dotted line, 6), 1.5 (dashed line, 7), 1.1 (dash-dotted line, 8) and w0 = 1.05 and c2 a = 1.01 (dash-three-dotted line, 9). For the CDM model a(t) is shown by thick solid line (5). In all models m = 0.3, de = 0.7, H0 = 70 km/sMpc. The right panel corresponds to the lower left corner of the left panel. In the left panel at t > 25 Gyrs the lines are ordered as (from top to bottom): 6, 7, 8, 9, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4; in the right panel they are in order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 8, 7, 6.

determine the scalar eld evolution . Once functional form of the scalar eld Lagrangian 2 /2 is kinetic term and U () is potential, is dened, then the Lde (X, U ), where X () = potential U () and eld variable (a) can be reconstructed (see [11, 13] for details). Also, to analyze the gravitational instability of scalar eld in the context of the formation of structure of the Universe we need to know the eective sound speed c2 s = pde /de . For = L / ( L + 2 X L a given Lagrangian it is easily computed, since c2 ,X ,X ,XX ), where L,X s L/X . For example, for a canonical Lagrangian Lde = X U ( + for quintessence, and for phantom) the eective sound speed is equal to the speed of light. We assume also that large scale structure of the Universe is formed from Gaussian, adiabatic scalar perturbations generated in the early Universe. The initial power spectrum of density perturbations of all components is a power-law, Pi (k) = As kns , where As and ns are the amplitude and the spectral index (k is wave number) which must be determined jointly with other cosmological parameters. The scalar eld is perturbed too, the system of linear dierential equations for the evolution of quintessence and phantom scalar eld perturbations and their numerical solutions are studied in Refs. [1113]. The main conclusions are as follows: (i) the amplitude of scalar eld density perturbations at any epoch depends strongly 2 on the parameters of the barotropic scalar eld de , w0 , c2 a and cs ; (ii) although the density perturbations of dark energy at the current epoch are signicantly smaller than matter density perturbations, they leave noticeable imprints in the matter power spectrum, which can be used to constrain the scalar eld parameters. The assumed cosmological model contains 7 free parameters: w0 , c2 a , b , cdm , H0 , As , ns , which are subject of joint determination from observational data. de is determined by the constraint de + m = 1.

Observational data and method

Using expressions (2.1)-(2.3) we can compute the luminosity distance - redshift or angular diameter distance - redshift relations to constrain the above mentioned parameters by comparison with the corresponding data on standard candles (supernovae type Ia, -ray bursts or other) and standard rulers (positions of the CMB acoustic peaks, baryon acoustic oscillations, X-ray gas in clusters or other). The linear power spectrum of matter density perturbations can be computed by numerical integration of the linearized Einstein-Boltzmann equations [1417] using publicly available code CAMB [21, 22] with the corresponding modications for the barotropic scalar eld as dark energy,
2 Plin (k) = Pi (k)Tm (k; b , cdm , de , w0 , c2 a) .

Here Tm (k; b , cdm , de , w0 , c2 a ) is the transfer function of matter density perturbations which depends also on the parameters listed after the semicolon. We use the modied CAMB code T T for comparalso to compute the angular power spectra of CMB temperature anisotropies C ison with WMAP9 and Planck data to constrain the cosmological and DE parameters mentioned above. The calculation of CMB anisotropies requires also the knowledge of reionization history of the Universe, which depends on complicated non-linear physics of star formation. It is parameterized by the value of optical depth from the current epoch to decoupling caused by Thomson scattering. It is denoted by rei and added to the list of parameters tted to the data. The complete list of parameters which we will determine contains 9 parameters k : de , w0 , c2 a , b , cdm , H0 , As , ns , rei ,

8 of which are free since b + cdm + de + = 1 for the spatially at cosmological model considered here. To determine their best-t values and condence ranges we use the following observational data: 1. CMB temperature uctuations angular power spectra from WMAP9 [1] and Planck 2013 results [4]; 2. Hubble constant measurements from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) [31]; 3. BAO data from the galaxy surveys SDSS DR7 [27], SDSS DR9 [26], 6dF [28]; 4. Supernovae Ia luminosity distances from SNLS3 compilation [29] and Union2.1 [30] compilations. Throughout the paper we will use the combination of the Planck temperature power spectrum with the WMAP9 polarization likelihood [1] and will refer to this CMB data combination as Planck (see for details [4]). It is obvious that WMAP9 includes these data also. The best-t parameters correspond to the model with maximal likelihood function 1 th L(x; k ) = exp (xi xth i )Cij (xj xj ) 2 . (3.1)

The condence ranges correspond to the marginalized posterior functions P (k ; x) = L(x; k )p(k ) , g(x) (3.2)

Table 1. The best-t values (b-f), mean values and 2 condence limits (c. l.) for parameters of cosmological models determined by the MCMC technique using four dierent observational datasets: WMAP9 (alone), Planck (with WMAP polarization), WMAP9+HST+BAO and Planck+HST+BAO.
Parameters WMAP9 Planck WMAP9+HST+BAO Planck+HST+BAO

b-f

2 c. l.

b-f

2 c. l.

b-f

2 c. l.

b-f

2 c. l.

de w0 c2 a 10b h2 cdm h2 h ns log(1010 As ) rei

0.659 -0.813 -0.821 0.226 0.114 0.635 0.976 3.100 0.091

.146 0.648+0 0.160 .423 -0.753+0 0.506 .816 -0.957+0 0.709 .011 0.227+0 0.010 .009 0.113+0 0.009 .152 0.633+0 0.138 .031 0.978+0 0.028 .063 3.092+0 0.060 .030 0.090+0 0.028

0.737 -1.234 -1.389 0.222 0.120 0.736 0.963 3.084 0.086

.125 0.675+0 0.123 .629 -0.959+0 0.505 .672 -1.248+0 0.469 .006 0.220+0 0.006 .005 0.120+0 0.005 .155 0.674+0 0.124 .015 0.960+0 0.014 .051 3.089+0 0.048 .027 0.089+0 0.025

0.733 -1.238 -1.515 0.225 0.119 0.730 0.969 3.096 0.088

.029 0.723+0 0.031 .248 1.137+0 0.258 .668 1.323+0 0.311 .010 0.225+0 0.009 .007 0.117+0 0.007 .045 0.712+0 0.045 .024 0.967+0 0.023 .060 3.097+0 0.056 .027 0.086+0 0.026

0.722 -1.226 -1.482 0.221 0.121 0.720 0.960 3.083 0.085

.027 0.725+0 0.030 .199 -1.218+0 0.188 .259 -1.411+0 0.227 .004 0.220+0 0.004 .004 0.121+0 0.004 .040 0.723+0 0.039 .013 0.958+0 0.012 .051 3.088+0 0.046 .026 0.088+0 0.025

where xi (i = 1, 2, ..., N ) are observational points of the dataset considered, xth i are the corresponding theoretical predictions for the model with xed parameter set k , Cij is the error covariance matrix, p(k ) is the prior for parameter k and g(x) is the probability distribution function of the data (evidence). The parameter estimation from the data is performed using the publicly available Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) code [32, 33].

Results and discussion

To estimate cosmological parameters and especially dark energy parameters we use WMAP9 and Planck CMB anisotropy in dierent datasets: i) alone, ii) together with HST and BAO data, iii) complete datasets including also SNe Ia data (SNLS3 or Union2.1). The best-t values of cosmological parameters, their mean values and the 2 marginalized limits determined by the MCMC technique only from WMAP9 or Planck CMB anisotropy data are presented in table 1 (columns 25) and gure 2 (top panels). Both CMB datasets determine the densities of the matter components (b h2 and cdm h2 ) as well as the initial power spectrum parameters (ns and As ) with a few percent accuracy. The accuracy of the remaining parameters is less good. The relative values (in percents) of the 2 uncertainties in the case of WMAP9 data are 4.8%, 8%, 3.1% and 6.4% correspondingly. For the Planck data they are narrower: 2.7%, 4.2%, 1.6% and 4.8% correspondingly. The mean values of these parameters are close to the best-t ones, marginalized likelihood and posterior

0.8

0.8

w0

w0
1.2 1.6 0.4 0.8 1.2

1.2

1.6

0.4

0.8

2 ca

2 ca
1.2 1.6 1.6 0.45 0.60 0.75 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4

de

w0

2 ca

0.5

0.6

de

0.7

0.8

1.6

1.2

w0

0.8

1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4

2 ca

0.75 1.0 1.00

w0

w0
1.25 0.4

1.2

1.4

0.75

2 ca

2 ca
1.25 1.50

0.8

1.00

1.2

0.68

de

0.72

0.76

1.25 1.00 0.75

w0

1.2

2 ca

0.8

0.4

0.675 0.700 0.725 0.750

de

1.4

1.2

w0

1.0

1.501.251.000.75

2 ca

Figure 2. One-dimensional marginalized posteriors (solid lines) and mean likelihoods (dotted lines) for de , w0 and c2 a (top subpanels in each gure); color subpanels show two-dimensional mean likeli2 hood distributions in the planes de w0 , de c2 a and w0 ca , where solid lines show the 1 and 2 condence contours. Left plots are for datasets including WMAP9 and right ones are for datasets including Planck. Top plots are for CMB alone data, bottom ones for CMB+HST+BAO data.

functions are similar. 2 condence ranges for h and rei determined from WMAP9 and Planck data are wide, about 30% of the mean value. The dark energy parameters are rather badly constrained by CMB data alone, the well-known de wde degeneracy is illustrated by gure 2: the marginalized likelihood (3.1) and posterior (3.2) functions strongly diverge and have dierent shapes and extrema. For example, the maximum of the marginalized likelihood function for w0 in the case of Planck CMB data lies in the phantom range ( 1.23), while the maximum of the marginalized posterior function lies in the quintessence range ( 0.96). In the case of WMAP9 data both lie in the quintessence range, 0.81 and 0.75 cor-

Table 2. The best-t values (pi ), mean values and 2 condence limits for parameters of cosmological models determined by the MCMC technique using 4 dierent observational datasets: WMAP9 + HST + BAO + SNLS3 (p1 ), WMAP9 + HST + BAO + SN Union2.1 (p2 ), Planck + HST + BAO + SNLS3 (p3 ), Planck + HST + BAO + SN Union2.1 (p4 ).
Parameters WMAP9+HST +BAO+SNLS3 WMAP9+HST +BAO+Union2.1 Planck+HST +BAO+SNLS3 Planck+HST +BAO+Union2.1

p1

2 c. l.

p2

2 c. l.

p3

2 c. l.

p4

2 c. l.

de w0 c2 a 10b h2 cdm h2 h ns log(1010 As ) rei

0.727 -1.123 -1.171 0.225 0.118 0.718 0.968 3.103 0.087

.022 0.722+0 0.023 .160 -1.120+0 0.156 .322 -1.337+0 0.288 .009 0.225+0 0.009 .006 0.117+0 0.006 .028 0.711+0 0.029 .022 0.968+0 0.021 .059 3.096+0 0.056 .027 0.086+0 0.026

0.720 -1.114 -1.341 0.226 0.118 0.709 0.970 3.095 0.082

.023 0.718+0 0.025 .181 -1.092+0 0.190 .731 -1.282+0 0.342 .009 0.225+0 0.009 .006 0.117+0 0.006 .032 0.704+0 0.031 .023 0.969+0 0.022 .059 3.097+0 0.055 .026 0.087+0 0.026

0.718 -1.146 -1.152 0.220 0.121 0.713 0.958 3.098 0.093

.021 0.719+0 0.023 .139 -1.169+0 0.136 .235 -1.372+0 0.242 .005 0.221+0 0.005 .004 0.120+0 0.004 .027 0.714+0 0.027 .012 0.960+0 0.012 .050 3.089+0 0.047 .026 0.089+0 0.024

0.721 -1.247 -1.599 0.220 0.121 0.718 0.960 3.090 0.089

.023 0.717+0 0.024 .165 -1.158+0 0.156 .246 -1.374+0 0.238 .005 0.221+0 0.005 .004 0.120+0 0.004 .030 0.710+0 0.030 .012 0.960+0 0.012 .050 3.088+0 0.047 .026 0.089+0 0.024

respondingly. 2D contours also illustrate the better capabilities of Planck-2013 results to constrain the dynamical dark energy parameters compared to WMAP9 ones. Our results further highlight some tension between the WMAP9 and Planck-2013 results, which is shown by fact that best-t and mean values of the baryon and dark matter density parameters as well as of the spectral index determined from the WMAP9 data are outside the 2 ranges of these values determined from the Planck data. We now consider the best-t values, mean values and the 2 marginalized limits for parameters of cosmological models by the MCMC technique from CMB data (WMAP9 and Planck) together with HST+BAO data. The results are presented in the table 1 (columns 6-9) and gure 2 (bottom panels). Both, WMAP9 and Planck data together with HST+BAO prefer a phantom scalar eld model of dark energy. Now the dark energy parameters are determined more reliably: the likelihood and posterior functions are similar (bottom row in gure 2). The maxima of the marginalized likelihood and posterior functions are close and 2 all, L(x; w0 ), P (w0 ; x), L(x; c2 a ), P (ca ; x) are in the phantom range. Figure 2 illustrates also, that according to Planck+HST+BAO observational data the CDM model is far outside the 1 contour of w0 and close to the 2 border. We can therefore state that Planck+HST+BAO dataset disfavors the cosmological constant as dark energy at nearly 2 condence level. The dataset WMAP9+HST+BAO also prefers phantom dark energy, but CDM and quintessence dark energy (w0 1) are within the 1 de w0 contour. The 2 condence ranges of the dynamical dark energy parameters de , w0 and c2 a are now narrower (rows 7 and 9 in

0.90

1.05

1.0

w0

1.20

w0
1.2 0.4 0.4

2 ca

2 ca
0.700 0.725 0.750 1.20 1.05 0.90 1.2 0.8 0.4

0.8

0.8

1.2

1.2

de

w0

2 ca

0.700

de

0.725

0.750

1.2

w0

1.0

1.2

2 ca

0.8

0.4

1.05

1.05

w0

1.20

w0
1.20 1.35 0.6 0.9

1.35

0.4

2 ca

2 ca
1.2 1.5

0.8

1.2

0.70

de

0.72

0.74

1.35

1.20

w0

1.05

1.2

2 ca

0.8

0.4

0.68

0.70

de

0.72

0.74

1.35 1.20 1.05

w0

1.5

1.2

2 ca

0.9

0.6

Figure 3. One-dimensional marginalized posteriors (solid lines) and mean likelihoods (dotted lines) for de , w0 and c2 a (top subpanels in each gure); color subpanels show two-dimensional mean likeli2 hood distributions in the planes de w0 , de c2 a and w0 ca , where solid lines show the 1 and 2 condence contours. Top plots are for WMAP9+HST+BAO data with SNLS3 (left) and Union2.1 (right) SNe Ia compilations; bottom plots are for Planck+HST+BAO with SNLS3 and Union2.1 SNe Ia compilations correspondingly.

table 1) and for the WMAP9+HST+BAO dataset their width is 4.3%, 21.9% and 41.7% of their best-t values correspondingly. For the Planck+HST+BAO dataset they are somewhat narrower, 4.0%, 18.0% and 16.8% of their best-t values correspondingly. The 2 condence ranges for values of the other cosmological parameters are narrower too: for the parameters b h2 , cdm h2 , ns , As , h and rei they constitute 4%, 6%, 2.5%, 6%, 6.2% and 31.4% of their best-t values correspondingly for the WMAP9+HST+BAO determination and 2.3%, 3.3%, 1.4%, 5.1%, 5.5% and 29.5% for the Planck+HST+BAO determination. The tension

mentioned above for baryon and dark matter density parameters remains present but is somewhat less severe: the best-t values for WMAP9+HST+BAO dataset are at the limits of the 2 condence ranges for Planck+HST+BAO dataset. The SNe Ia magnitude-redshift relation is the key observational evidence for the existence of dark energy at very high condence level, but it is not suciently accurate and statistically complete to discriminate between dierent types of dark energy, quintessence or phantom for example. Moreover, some tension exists between distance moduli obtained using dierent lightcurve tters applied to the same SNe Ia (for example, SALT2 [34] and MLCS2k2 [35]). This has already been highlighted and analyzed in [36, 37], but up to now we have no decisive arguments to favor one of the proposed lightcurve tters. In Refs.[13, 38] it was shown that the dataset with SNe Ia distance moduli determined with the MLCS2k2 tter prefers quintessence dark energy, while the one with SALT2 applied to the same supernovae prefers phantom dark energy. To avoid this ambiguity we use the high-quality joint sample of 472 SNe Ia compiled by [29] and denoted here as SNLS3. For these supernovae the updated versions of two independent light curve tters, SiFTO [39] and SALT2 [34], have been used for the distance estimations. We denote the two datasets including this compilation as WMAP9+HST+BAO+SNLS3 and Planck+HST+BAO+SNLS3. To evaluate the reliability of the parameters and their condence intervals based on these datasets we use also other homogeneous sample of distance module - redshift measurements for 580 SNe Ia from the Union2.1 compilation. We denote the datasets with these supernova as WMAP9+HST+BAO+Union2.1 and Planck+HST+BAO+Union2.1. The results of the MCMC determination of cosmological parameters from these four datasets are presented in 2 2 the table 2 and gure 3. We denote the sets of best-t parameters de , w0 , c2 a , b h , cdm h , h, ns , As and rei by p1 , p2 , p3 and p4 for the WMAP9 + HST + BAO + SNLS3, WMAP9 + HST + BAO + SN Union2.1, Planck + HST + BAO + SNLS3 and Planck + HST + BAO + SN Union2.1 datasets correspondingly. Let us rst compare the cosmological parameters (b h2 , cdm h2 , ns , As , h, rei ) from the datasets with SNLS3 and Union2.1 SNe Ia (2, 3 vs 4, 5 and 6, 7 vs 8, 9 columns of table 2). One nds that for the same non-SN Ia data (CMB+HST+BAO), the best-t and mean values of these parameters are practically identical. The condence limits are dierent only for the Hubble parameter h and the optical depth to reionization rei : they are narrower in determination with SNLS3 moduli distances than with Union2.1. No tension between SNLS3 and Union2.1 data in the determination of the best parameters is found. Next we compare the results for the parameters b h2 , cdm h2 , ns , As , rei from the WMAP9+HST+BAO+SNe Ia and Planck+HST+BAO+SNe Ia datasets (SNe Ia here denotes either SNLS3 or Union2.1). Clearly, the SNe Ia data does not inuence results of these parameter in a signicant way: this follows from the comparison of columns 6 and 7 of table 1 with columns 2-5 s of table 2 as well as columns 8 and 9 columns of table 1 with columns 6-9 of table 2. We also note that inclusion of SNe Ia data reduces slightly the Planck-WMAP9 tension mentioned above: best-t values of baryon and dark matter density parameters determined from WMAP9+HST+BAO+SNe Ia are outside the 1 condence limits but well inside the 2 range from the Planck+HST+BAO+SNe Ia datasets. The Hubble parameter is determined reliably by the datasets including supernovae: the 2 limits consist now 4.0%, 4.4%, 3.8% and 4.2% of best-t values of h determined from the WMAP9+...+SNLS3, WMAP9+...+Union2.1, Planck+...+SNLS3, Planck+...+Union2.1 dataset correspondingly. The dataset Planck+HST+BAO+SNLS3 is the most self-consistent and the most accurate. Let us now return to the determination of the dynamical dark energy parameters, see

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Figure 4. Theoretical predictions of models with parameters pi from table 2 versus observational data for the CMB power spectrum of temperature uctuations (left top panel), BAOs (right top panel), SNe Ia distance moduli (left bottom panel) and the power spectrum of matter density perturbations deduced from luminous red galaxies (right bottom panel).

Fig. 3. First of all we note that all datasets with SNe Ia moduli distance - redshift relations prefer phantom dark energy. In the case of WMAP9+...+SNLS3 and WMAP9+...+Union2.1 datasets the phantom divide line is within the 1 condence limits of w0 . In the case of Planck+...+Union2.1 dataset it is within the 2 and for the Planck+HST+BAO+SNLS3 dataset it is outside the 2 condence limits for w0 . Adding the SNe Ia data improves the determination of all the dark energy parameters. This follows from a comparison of the results presented in tables 1-2 and gures 2-3. The 2 condence ranges of de , w0 and c2 a are narrowest for the dataset Planck+HST+BAO+SNLS3: 3.1%, 12% and 20% of their best-t values correspondingly. For WMAP9+HST+BAO+SNLS3 the ranges are 3.1%, 14% and 25.6%. In gure 4 we compare the theoretical predictions of models with the parameters pi from table 2 with observational data on the CMB power spectrum of temperature uctuations [1, 4], on BAOs [2628], on SNe Ia distance moduli [30] and on the power spectrum of matter density perturbations [40] deduced from luminous red galaxies. All models match the observational data well (the lines are superimposed), despite the somewhat dierent parameters of dynamical dark energy. It is interesting to study the dierence of the dark energy dynamics and the expansion history of the Universe for these cases. The evolution of dark energy EoS parameter wde (a) and dark energy density in units of (0) the current total one, de (a)/tot , as well as the rate of expansion of the Universe H (a) and

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Figure 5. Left panels: the evolution of the EoS parameter (top) and the dark energy density (bottom) with the parameters from table 2. Right panels: the evolution of the Hubble parameter (top) and the deceleration parameter (bottom) of the Universe for the cosmological models with best-t parameters pi . The symbols show the observational data on H (a) from [41].

deceleration parameter q (a) in the cosmological models with sets of best-t parameters pi are presented in gure 5. The dynamics of expansion of the Universe in the past (a < 1) is practically indistinguishable for all models while in the future (a > 1) it will be quite dierent. The data on H (a) [41] are well matched by the models. The dark energy parameters were signicantly dierent in the past and will be so in the future. In the models with p1 , p2 , p3 and p4 parameters the Big Rip singularity (2.6) is reached in 73.4, 55.0, 72.4 and 27.8 Gyrs correspondingly. The results presented in tables 1 and 2 are in agreement with other determinations, in particular with [2, 5, 42, 43]. Small dierences between best-t values of some parameters are due to i) the statistical nature of MCMC technique, ii) the dierence of the dark energy models and iii) dierences in the sets of observational data and priors. Our best determination (p3 ) gives m = 0.281 0.012 for matter density parameter at 1 and wde = 1.169 0.069 for dark energy EoS parameter at current epoch. This means that dark energy EoS parameter diers from the cosmological constant value of 1 by more than 2 , this is in agreement with similar study in [43], which uses the combination of the 1.5 year Pan-STARRS1 supernovae Ia measurements with Planck+HST+BAO and excludes the CDM model of dark energy in a at Universe at the level of 2.4 (with m = 0.277 0.012, wde = 1.186 0.076).

Conclusion

We have determined the best-t values and the condence limits for parameters of cosmological models with dynamical dark energy using the MCMC technique on the basis of dierent datasets, which include the results from the nal WMAP data release and the Planck-2013 data, the type Ia supernovae samples SNLS3 and Union2.1, the updated BAO measurements

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together with the HST prior on the Hubble constant. The results, presented in tables 1 and 2, and gures 2 and 3, can be summarized as follows: 1) In the class of spatially at models of the Universe both WMAP and Planck data alone prefer dark energy density dominated models at a very high level of condence. In the class of dynamical dark energy models WMAP9 data alone prefer quintessence, but and phantom models are within 1 condence limits of wde . The Planck 2013 data alone, in contrary, prefer phantom models of dark energy, but the condence level of this preference is low, and quintessence models are within the 1 condence limits for wde . The condence limits of the dark energy parameters are narrower for the Planck data than for WMAP9. 2) Adding HST and BAO data to WMAP9 and Planck 2013 data improves the accuracy of the determinations of b h2 , cdm h2 , ns and As : their 2 condence limits are then 4.0%, 5.1%, 2.3% and 6.0% of the corresponding best-t values for WMAP9 data and 2.3%, 3.3%, 1.3% and 5.0% for the Planck 2013 results. Both WMAP9 and Planck data together with HST+BAO prefer a phantom scalar eld model of dark energy. In the case of WMAP9+HST+BAO, the CDM model and quintessence dark energy (w0 1) are inside the 1 condence limits of w0 . For Planck+HST+BAO the model is outside the 1 condence limits of w0 but still inside the 2 range. For the Planck+HST+BAO dataset the condence limits for the dynamical dark energy parameters, de , w0 and c2 a are signicantly narrower and constitute 4.0%, 18.0% and 16.8% of the best-t values accordingly. 3) Adding nally supernova data, the SNe Ia samples SNLS3 or Union2.1, to WMAP9 +HST+BAO or Planck+HST+BAO increases the precision of the Hubble constant and of the dynamical dark energy parameters. In all combinations of WMAP9+HST+BAO and Planck+HST+BAO datasets with SNLS3 and Union2.1, the phantom scalar eld model of dark energy is preferred. The most reliable determination of cosmological and dynamical dark energy parameters is obtained from the Planck+HST+BAO+SNLS3 dataset. The bestt values of the parameters and their 2 condence limits are: de = 0.718 0.022, w0 = +0.02 .14 2 2 2 1.15+0 0.16 , ca = 1.150.46 , b h = 0.0220 0.0005, cdm h = 0.121 0.004, h = 0.713 +0.014 +0.093 .022 9 0.027, ns = 0.9580.010 , As = (2.2150.101 ) 10 , rei = 0.093+0 0.028 . The CDM model is disfavored by this dataset at 2 condence. The dataset WMAP9+HST+BAO+SNLS3 disfavors the -model only at 1 . 4) The results presented in the tables 1 and 2 highlight a tension between WMAP9 and Planck-2013: the best-t and mean values of the baryon and dark matter density parameters as well as the spectral index determined from datasets including WMAP9 are outside the 1 limits of the corresponding values determined from datasets with Planck 2013. The CMB and matter density perturbations power spectra, the BAO distance ratios, the SN Ia distance moduli and the Hubble parameter at dierent redshifts computed for the cosmological models with best-t parameters pi (table 2) match well both, observational data which have been used in the MCMC search procedure and the data which have not been used here.

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the project of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (state registration number 0113U003059), research program Scientic cosmic research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (state registration number 0113U002301) and the SCOPES project No. IZ73Z0128040 of the Swiss National Science Foundation. Authors also acknowledge the use of CAMB and CosmoMC packages.

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