Circuits Syst Signal Process

DOI 10.1007/s00034-013-9685-1
Wireless Fading Paradigm for Antenna Array Receiver
for a Disk-Type Cluster of Scatterers
Surjeet Singh Amit Kumar Kohli
Received: 15 January 2013 / Revised: 19 September 2013
Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract This correspondence presents a signal processing based alternate approach
for simulating the at fading narrowband wireless channels for the antenna array re-
ceivers under the time-varying environment, in which the discrete disk of scatterers
is incorporated around the mobile wireless transmitter to model the spreading of az-
imuth. The disk-type cluster of scatterers continuously changes due to the movement
of the mobile wireless transmitter. Under this time-varying environment, each scat-
terer, at the successive stages of the disk, is correlated with the scatterers at the pre-
ceding stages of the disk using the second-order autoregressive process AR(2). At the
receiver, one signal waveform is associated with each element of the antenna array
taking into account the spread in azimuth of the received signal. The correlation of the
fading waveforms generated by using the presented paradigm is compared with the
expected analytical correlation results, which clearly manifests that the simulation re-
sults are consistent with the ndings based on Jakes model. Moreover, the presented
discrete disk-type cluster of scatterers fading model may be used to generate/simulate
the variable diameter ring-type cluster of scatterers fading paradigm. The proposed
channel model may play a signicant role in the emerging eld of wireless signal
processing for the latest mobile communication systems.
Keywords Rayleigh fading Autoregressive processes Jakes model Doppler
spectrum Multipath fading
S. Singh A.K. Kohli (B)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala 147004,
Punjab, India
e-mail: drkohli_iitr@yahoo.co.in
S. Singh
e-mail: surjeet_singh1986@ymail.com
Circuits Syst Signal Process
1 Introduction
An important step in the design and layout of wireless communication systems is
modeling the signal propagation process. Previously proposed fading models are pri-
marily concerned with prediction of the signal power at various distances from the
wireless transmitter. These models account for both large-scale fading and small-
scale fading of the transmitted wireless signals. The knowledge of sufcient statistics
of the wireless channel is essential in designing and predicting the performance of
wireless communication systems. To predict the performance of single-sensor nar-
rowband wireless receivers, it may be acceptable to consider only the received signal
power and/or the time-varying amplitude (fading) distribution of the underlying chan-
nel. However, for the emerging wideband multisensor arrays, in addition to the signal
power level, the information regarding the multipath delay and angle of arrival of the
received wireless signal is also essentially required [3, 6, 7, 14, 15, 24, 26, 28].
In general, the channel for each user may be single-input/single-output, multiple-
input/single-output, single-input/multiple-output, or multiple-input/multiple-output,
depending upon whether an array of antennas is used at the transmitter and/or at the
receiver. At each instant of time, a vector of signal samples is received at the receiver
antenna array; therefore the vector channel models or spatial channel models are used
to describe the signal at each antenna element. Hence, the space-time techniques have
appeared as a key way to enhance the capability of mobile communication services in
the long term, and these techniques are currently regarded by many within the wire-
less communication industry as a core system component in the future-generation
mobile networks akin to the current UMTS standard [20].
The selection of an appropriate spatial channel model is dependent upon its in-
tended application. Some models provide information regarding the correlation that
exists between the signal envelopes received at the two antenna elements as a func-
tion of the element spacing, which are benecial in assessing the performance of
diversity combining systems. In addition, these paradigms can be used to predict the
correlation matrix at the wireless receiver antenna array, which are used to charac-
terize the performance of linear combining arrays. Such models use a specic spatial
distribution of the discrete scatterers to introduce the azimuth spread. Due to the pres-
ence of local scatterers around a mobile transmitter, there should be a certain angular
spread to the azimuth of the received wireless signal as viewed at the base station
[23]. The azimuth spread of a signal and correlation of the fading of signal received
at the different points of an array exhibit strong relation with each other [20]. A ring
conguration of signicant diameter can be used for the cluster of scatterers near a
mobile to model the spreading of the azimuth [3, 15]. However, the circular area of
uniformly distributed scatterers is also used to model the scattering in [24].
A novel fading simulation method based on the well-known Jakes method is pro-
posed in [5, 11, 13], for the generation of a set of fading waveforms for modeling
the multiplicative Rayleigh fading of the wireless signals received at an antenna ar-
ray. The azimuth of scatterer signals is directly incorporated in the Jakes method for
the generation of fading waveforms to produce a set of fading waveforms, which
are correlated spatially corresponding to the desired azimuth spreading. This assures
the Doppler spectrum and temporal correlation due to the circular symmetry of the
Circuits Syst Signal Process
scatterers. This uniform disk of scatterers model makes a reasonable approximation
for the Gaussian angular distribution [11]. This scheme of fading generation for the
uniformly distributed disk of scatterers may be modied to produce nearly any distri-
bution of the azimuth spread. Several additional models, those are intended primarily
for the simulation purposes, provide the angle of arrival, the time of arrival and the
power level parameters for each of the multipath components of the transmitted wire-
less signals, which also include the rst and second order statistics of the received
signal vector for both analysis and simulation of antenna array systems [1, 2, 5, 8,
1013, 2127, 32].
The rst-order and the second-order Markov processes can be used to provide
mathematically tractable and accurate models for the time-varying Rayleigh fading
channels [4, 29, 31]. Though Wang and Chang have presented the efcacy of AR(1)
fading process for simulating the Rayleigh fading environment from the information
theory perspective in [29], but it is not optimum under the minimum mean square
error criterion. However, Banister and Zeidler have presented analytical as well as
simulation results in [4] to demonstrate that Jakes fading model can be approximated
efciently by using AR(2) fading process, when the at Rayleigh fading desired sig-
nal is applied to an antenna array, with poles selected to provide power spectral den-
sity close to that of the Jakes model. It is evident from the results based on mean
square error criterion that the Jakes fading model and AR(2) fading model are nearly
identical, which is also supported by Wu and Duel-Hallen in [31]. In the light of the
aforementioned facts, we can directly incorporate the azimuth of the scatterer signal
in the AR(2) fading process technique [31] analogous to the Jakes method [13] pro-
posed by Fulghum et al. in [11]. Using this notion, a ring conguration is used for the
cluster of scatterers to model the azimuth spreading in [16], whose position in space
is in a permanent state of motion along with the moving mobile. We are extending
this research work using the uniform disk conguration, in which each scatterer in
the disk is correlated to a new scatterer in the next disk for the next iteration by using
the second-order Markov model to generate the time-varying environment [17, 19],
which depends on the Doppler frequency and the direction of motion of the mobile
wireless transmitter. This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we introduce the
mathematical formulation of the proposed time-varying fading channel paradigm, for
the antenna array receiver (as shown in Figs. 1 and 2), for an uniform disk-type clus-
ter of scatterers. Simulation results for this fading channel model are presented in
Sect. 3. Finally, conclusions and future scope are given in Sect. 4.
2 Time-Varying Fading Paradigm for Antenna Array Receiver
2.1 Channel Modeling Using Disk-Type Cluster of Scatterers
Let us assume a mobile phone placed within a plane of uniformly distributed disk
of scatterers in an urban environment and a base station receiver consisting of an
antenna array placed at a height to elude the inuence of scatterers close to the wire-
less receiver. A nite number of discrete scatterers are placed along the radial line or
spokes from the mobile transmitter out to the maximum distance R. Here, P scat-
terers are placed on each of N radial lines. Adisk-type cluster of scatterers (maximum
Circuits Syst Signal Process
Fig. 1 Geometry of the discrete disk of scatterers (uniform conguration)
Fig. 2 Signal reception at two
consecutive antenna elements in
the array
radius R) is considered around the wireless mobile phone to generate the multiplica-
tive Rayleigh fading of the received signals. The description of different parameters
shown in Figs. 1 and 2 is as follows:
D = distance between the mobile transmitter and the base station receiver.
D = distance between two consecutive stages of the moving disk, which is as-
sumed to be innitesimally small in comparison to D. Therefore, it may be con-
sidered in the further mathematical analysis that
D
D
0, and therefore
R
D

R
D(1
D
D
)

R
D(1+
D
D
)
.
= angle of scatterer with respect to the line between the transmitter and receiver.
= azimuth of a scattered signal with respect to the broadside of a linear array.
= nominal azimuth angle.
= = angle of spreading around the nominal azimuth = azimuth spread.
Circuits Syst Signal Process
V
m
= speed of the mobile transmitter.
S() = power azimuth spectrum, which gives the power received in a differential
element of azimuth d.
= angle of motion of the transmitter with respect to the line between the transmitter
and receiver.
N = number of discrete scatterers placed uniformly in each circle = number of
spokes.
M = number of antenna elements in a linear array at the receiver.
P = number of discrete scatterers placed along each spoke.
= inter-element spacing between two consecutive antenna elements Ant m and
Ant(m+1) in the array is expressed in terms of multiples of the carrier wavelength
(as shown in Fig. 2) i.e., =x, where x is a real number.
1m= Spacing/separation between the antenna elements Ant 1 and Ant m i.e.,
1m=(m1) =(m1)x, where m=1, 2, . . . , M.
It is noteworthy fact that x =
1
is considered in the presented research work for
further analysis. If the wireless signal strength received at Ant 1 is

V
o
, then the signal
strength received at the consecutive Ant 2 is

V
o
exp(j) due to the path differ-
ence = sin() (as shown in Fig. 2), where =
2

= 2
1
sin().
However, the uniform placement of scatterers along the radius of circle does not
translate to the uniform distribution in that area. Therefore, for approximately uni-
form distribution, the scatterers are not placed along the spoke at regular intervals in
that area of disk. It follows that r
p
=R(
p
P
)
0.5
, where r
p
is the radius of the pth circle
from the center of the disk and p =1, 2, . . . , P. However, for the pth scatterer along
the nth spoke, it is apparent that

n,p
= +
n,p
(1)
By application of trigonometry, it can be shown that

n,p
=arctan
_
r
p
sin(
n,p
)
Dr
p
cos(
n,p
)
_

_
r
p
D
_
sin(
n,p
) for D >r
p
(2)
Max{
n,p
}
max
sin(
n,p
) for D R >r
p
and
n,p
=xed (3)
Here the maximum azimuth spread in radians =
max
= (R/D), which is kept con-
stant for the simplicity of analysis. If the wireless signal received at an element z
along the axis of antenna array is y
1
(t, z), then the signal received at the consecutive
antenna element separated by is y
2
(t, z +) [7, 12]; where = x is assumed to
be signicant with regard to the carrier phase while using antenna array techniques.
Consequently, the crosscorrelation of the aforementioned received signals at these
two different spots is r
21
(z, z + ) = r
21
() = E[y
2
(t, z + )y
1
(t, z)

]. Uniformly
distributed disk of scatterers is created around the circle of inuence of the wireless
transmitter [11]. For this model, the power from disk of scatterers can be mapped into
the power azimuth spectrum, to obtain r
21
(z, z +) from the modied inverse Fourier
relationship. For the uniformly distributed disk of scatterers [11], the power azimuth
spectrum is given as
S() =
2P
o

2
max
_

2
max
( )
2
Circuits Syst Signal Process
when
max
< < +
max
, and 0 otherwise. The power scattered towards the
base station receiver P
o
is assumed to be evenly distributed among all the scatterers
in the disk. The power azimuth spectrum for the disk of scatterers has the same form
as the power spectral density for the x-direction H-eld in [13, Eqs. (1.2)(12)]. It
can be demonstrated by using modied inverse Fourier transform and P
o
=1 that a
complex correlation is
r
21
(z, z +) =
_
J
0
_
2
1

max
cos()
_
+J
2
_
2
1

max
cos()
__
exp
_
j2
1
sin()
_
(4a)
or
r
21
(z, z +x) =
_
J
0
_
2x
max
cos()
_
+J
2
_
2x
max
cos()
__
exp
_
j2x sin()
_
(4b)
which is the same form as the complex correlation of the H-eld in [11, 13] un-
der appropriate conditions and substitution of variables. These analytical correlation
expressions will be used as the basis of comparison to the correlation of signal wave-
forms generated with the proposed paradigm, in which J
k
() is the Bessel function
of rst kind and kth order. To incorporate the azimuth of nth scatterer lying at the pth
circle of the disk, an M 1 array response vector containing the appropriate phase
shifts for each antenna element is dened as

Ant
n,p
=
1

M
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
exp{j (0)2
1
sin(
n,p
)}
exp{j (1)2
1
sin(
n,p
)}

exp{j (m1)2
1
sin(
n,p
)}

exp{j (M 1)2
1
sin(
n,p
)}
_

_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Ant
n,p
(1, 1)
Ant
n,p
(2, 1)

Ant
n,p
(m, 1)

Ant
n,p
(M, 1)
_

_
(5)
where n is the spoke number, and 1/

M is the normalization factor. The realization

of the individual scatterer response vector

Ant
n,p
and the aggregate response vector
depend on the placement of scatterers along the radial component. In the presented
work, we consider the nth scatterer lying at the pth circle of the disk placed at the
angle
n,p
in the circle, such that
n,p
=

N
(2n 1) =
n
for p = 1, 2, . . . , P and
n =1, 2, . . . , N. Therefore, the total number of scatterers in the disk is NP.
At the ith sampling interval at time iT
s
, the Doppler frequency shift for the nth
scatterer lying at the pth circle of the disk appears as f
D,n,p
(i) =
V
m

cos(
n,p
(i)),
where = c/f
c
; in which c is the speed of light, f
c
is the radio carrier frequency,
f
Dmax
=f
c
V
m
/c is the maximum achievable Doppler spread, and T
s
is the sampling
time. Using the conventional Jakes modeling approach [5, 11, 13], the received com-
posite wireless signal at the mth antenna element is
y
m
(i) =
1

NP
P

p=1
N

n=1
Ant
n,p
(m, 1) exp
_
j
_
2f
D,n,p
(i)iT
s
+
n,p
(i)
__
(6)
Circuits Syst Signal Process
where,
n,p
is the random phase uniformly distributed in the range [0, 2). As the
total number of scatterers is NP in the presented disk-type cluster of scatterers
paradigm, therefore 1/

NP is the normalization factor in Eq. (6).

2.2 Proposed Markovian Channel Modeling for Scatterers
We assume only scatterers within a circle of inuence of radius R around the mo-
bile wireless transmitter to investigate the effects of azimuth spread on the spatial
correlation of fading waveforms at an antenna array; an approach similar to the de-
velopment in [11] and [13] for the spatial correlation at the base station is considered.
Each scatterer produces the scattered wireless signal with a Doppler frequency shift
and random phase shift. These scattered signals mix at the wireless receiver to form
a version of the wireless transmitted signal distorted by a complex multiplicative fad-
ing process. Therefore, we consider the uniform distribution of scatterers in the disk
around the wireless transmitter to achieve an appropriate Doppler spectrum. By using
the second-order autoregressive modeling ([17], Eq. (65) and [19], Eq. (22)), the pth
scatterer along the nth spoke, at the ith stage of the moving disk is correlated with its
preceding stages as
C
2,n,p
(i) =K
1,n,p
(i)C
2,n,p
(i 1) K
2,n,p
(i)C
2,n,p
(i 2) +v
2,n,p
(i) (7)
where v
2,n,p
is the complex zero-mean white Gaussian process. It is noteworthy
fact that the ith stage of moving disk C
2,n,p
(i) appears at the ith instant of time
at t = iT
s
. The scalar coefcients in the aforementioned equation are K
1,n,p
(i) =
2 r
d,n,p
(i) cos(

2f
D,n,p
(i)T
s
) and K
2,n,p
(i) = r
2
d,n,p
(i), which take into account
the Doppler frequency, and the pole radius r
d,n,p
corresponding to peaks of the
power spectrum. For accurate modeling ([4], Eq. (70)), the value of pole radius is
r
d,n,p
(i) =1 2f
D,n,p
(i)T
s
. By using Eqs. (5) and (7), the received composite wire-
less signal vector at the uniformly spaced linear antenna element array is

Y
C2
(i) =
_
y
C2,1
(i), y
C2,2
(i), . . . , y
C2,M
(i)
_
T
(8)
where (.)
T
is the matrix transpose operator, and the received composite signal at the
mth antenna element is
y
C2,m
(i) =
1

NP
P

p=1
N

n=1
Ant
n,p
(m, 1)C
2,n,p
(i) (9)
However, for the rst-order autoregressive modeling ([18], Eq. (15)), the nth scat-
terer in the pth circle at the ith stage of the moving disk is correlated with its preced-
ing stage as
C
1,n,p
(i) =a
n,p
(i)C
1,n,p
(i 1) +v
1,n,p
(i) (10)
where, a
n,p
(i) =J
0
(2f
D,n,p
(i)T
s
) and v
1,n,p
is a complex zero-mean white Gaus-
sian process. Moreover, the ith stage of moving disk C
1,n,p
(i) is assumed to appear
at the ith instant of time at t = iT
s
. Similarly, using Eqs. (5) and (10), the received
Circuits Syst Signal Process
composite wireless signal vector at the uniformly spaced linear antenna element array
is

Y
C1
(i) =
_
y
C1,1
(i), y
C1,2
(i), . . . , y
C1,M
(i)
_
T
(11)
where the received composite wireless signal at the mth antenna element is
y
C1,m
(i) =
1

NP
P

p=1
N

n=1
Ant
n,p
(m, 1)C
1,n,p
(i) (12)
For (i) = 0 and f
D,n,p
(i) = f
Dmax
cos(
n,p
), Eq. (6) is similar to the results pre-
sented in [11] for the basic Jakes model with azimuth spread. Under similar con-
ditions, Eq. (7) is equal to the results presented in [31] for the basic second-order
Markov channel paradigm with azimuth spread. However, in special case with P =1
and r
P
=R (considering radius of the outermost circle of the underlying disk), it is
clear from Eqs. (6), (9), and (12) that
y
m
(i) =
1

N
N

n=1
Ant
n,P
(m, 1) exp
_
j
_
2f
D,n,P
(i)iT
s
+
n,P
(i)
__
(13)
y
C2,m
(i) =
1

N
N

n=1
Ant
n,P
(m, 1)C
2,n,P
(i) (14)
y
C1,m
(i) =
1

N
N

n=1
Ant
n,P
(m, 1)C
1,n,P
(i) (15)
The above results Eqs. (13)(15) are akin to the results obtained for the ring-type
cluster of scatterers in [16]. Therefore, the disk-type cluster of scatterers model can
be reduced to the ring-type cluster of scatterers fading paradigm with P =1 and vari-
able diameter 2r
p
(considering any circle in the underlying disk). However, we are
considering the uniform disk of scatterers for simulations, therefore each scatterer
along the same spoke is assumed to share the same random phase shift i.e.,
n,p
=
n
for all p [11], in addition to the same Doppler frequency shift i.e., f
D,n,p
= f
D,n
and the same angle in the circle
n,p
=
n
(as shown in Fig. 1). Equations (6), (9)
and (12) are used for simulation in the next section to obtain the ensemble average
of correlation of the received composite wireless signals at the different antenna el-
ements in the linear antenna array, which is compared with the analytically derived
correlation in Eqs. (4a), (4b).
3 Simulation Results
We shall investigate the presented technique by assuming an array of M = 16 ele-
ments with x = 1/2, which leads to the spacing between two consecutive antenna
elements =/2. The disk model consists of N =64 spokes, in which the number
of scatterers per spoke is P =20, representing a total of 1280 scatterers (equivalent
Circuits Syst Signal Process
Fig. 3 Comparison of analytical and model generated results for correlation vs. antenna element separa-
tion, for 0 nominal azimuth angle and 5.7 maximum azimuth spread
NP oscillators) within the proposed uniform disk conguration (as shown in Fig. 1).
The scatterers are considered to be located in the spoke arrangement in order that
the multiple scatterers will have the same angle with respect to the wireless mobile
transmitters motion, and thus exhibit the same Doppler shift. As the value of is as-
sumed to be constant (5.0), therefore f
D,n,p
(i) =(V
m
/) cos(
n
) =f
D,n
. The
maximum Doppler spread is f
Dmax
=100 Hz with sampling rate F
s
=1/T
s
=1 kHz,
which results in the maximum fading rate f
Dmax
T
s
=0.1. The presented results are
based on the ensemble average of 250 independent trials/experiments. The zero ini-
tial state is considered for the simulation of channel fading using Eqs. (9) and (12),
which are excited by the zero-mean complex white Gaussian process [30]. It is a note-
worthy fact that we have focused on the comparison between the Jakes model-based
method proposed by Fulghum et al. in [11] and the AR(2) fading model-based tech-
nique in the presented research work. Therefore, the parameter values are chosen in
accordance with the different cases investigated in [11]. Moreover, we have kept the
same normalization factor 1/

NP in Eqs. (6), (9), and (12) for all the simulations,

for comparative analysis.
Case 1: The distance between the wireless transmitter and receiver D, the corre-
sponding maximum azimuth spread
max
and the nominal azimuth angle are kept
xed, as in [11]. The simulations are performed rst for D = 500,
max
= 5.7
and = 0 (as shown in Fig. 3), and subsequently for D = 500,
max
= 5.7 and
= 30(as shown in Fig. 4). The simulated correlation results generated with the
ring model are also included for comparison. For = 0, the minimum correlation
Circuits Syst Signal Process
Fig. 4 Comparison of analytical and model generated results for correlation vs. antenna element separa-
tion, for 30 nominal azimuth angle and 5.7 maximum azimuth spread
value for the ring model and the disk model are observed at the ninth antenna element
and at the 13th antenna element, respectively (as shown in Fig. 3).
For =30, the minimum correlation value for the ring model and the disk model
are observed at the tenth antenna element and at the 15th antenna element, respec-
tively (as shown in Fig. 4). It may be inferred from the simulation results based on
Eqs. (6), (9) and (12) that the model generated results for the correlation of received
fading signals at the different antenna elements are close to the analytical results
Eqs. (4a), (4b).
Case 2: The value of maximum azimuth spread
max
is varied, and the nominal az-
imuth angle is kept xed. The distance between transmitter and receiver is varied
as D = 2000, 1000, and 500, which corresponds to the increasing maximum az-
imuth spread of
max
= 1.4, 2.8, and 5.7 respectively, as in [11], with nominal
azimuth angle xed at = 0. The simulation is performed based on the second-
order Markov modeling Eq. (9) and the corresponding results are shown in Fig. 5
for the varying maximum azimuth spread
max
. Now, it is evident that as the angular
spread increases, the value of the correlation at a given antenna separation decreases.
Case 3: The distance between the wireless transmitter to receiver D and the cor-
responding maximum azimuth spread
max
are xed, and the value of nominal az-
imuth angle is varied, as in [11]. The simulations are performed for D = 500 m,

max
=5.7, and the nominal azimuth angle is varied as 15, 30, 45, 60, 75and
90 (as shown in Fig. 6), and then for D = 1000 m,
max
= 2.8, and the nominal
azimuth angle is varied as 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90(as shown in Fig. 7). The
simulations are performed based on the second-order Markov modeling Eq. (9), and
Circuits Syst Signal Process
Fig. 5 Comparison of analytical and second-order Markov model generated results for correlation vs.
antenna element separation, for varying maximum azimuth spread
the results are shown in Figs. 6 and 7 for the varying values of the nominal azimuth
angle . As the value of increases to 90 from broadside, the correlation curve
becomes increasingly at, with the fading becoming totally correlated at the endre
azimuth. This is again in close agreement with the notion that no diversity is obtained
when the wireless signal arrives along the line of antennas in the diversity array.
4 Concluding Remarks
In this paper, the proposed fading paradigm for the antenna array receiver in the pres-
ence of a disk-type cluster of scatterers around the mobile wireless transmitter is
a signal processing-based alternate approach to simulate the time-varying Rayleigh
at fading wireless channels, which is quite simple to implement. It may be ob-
served from the simulation results based on Eqs. (6), (9), and (12) (as shown in
Figs. 37) that the model generated results for the correlation of received fading sig-
nals at the different antenna elements are close to the analytical results Eqs. (4a),
(4b). Moreover, the correlation curves are inferred to become increasingly at as
increases to /2 fromthe broadside of antenna array, and the fading is fully correlated
at the endre azimuth with = /2. The presented method using the second-order
autoregressive model also fullls the stability criterion based on the control theory
[4], which optimizes the value of pole radius and the scalar coefcients K
1,n,p
and
K
2,n,p
in Eqs. (7)(9). It is a remarkable fact that for p =P and r
p
=R (considering
only the outermost circle of the disk), the disk-type cluster of scatterers paradigm for
Circuits Syst Signal Process
Fig. 6 Comparison of analytical and second-order Markov model generated results for correlation vs.
antenna element separation, at 5.7 maximum azimuth spread for varying nominal azimuth angle
Fig. 7 Comparison of analytical and second-order Markov model generated results for correlation vs.
antenna element separation, at 2.8 maximum azimuth spread for varying nominal azimuth angle
Circuits Syst Signal Process
the wireless channel fading reduces to the ring-type cluster of scatterers model [16]
in case of antenna array receiver. Moreover, the proposed channel model is attuned
with the model-based adaptive algorithms [4] used for estimation and detection in the
mobile wireless scenario.
Acknowledgements Mr. Surjeet Singh is thankful to Mr. Divneet Singh Kapoor, Assistant Professor,
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Gharuan, Mo-
hali, India for his fruitful suggestions and motivational technical discussions regarding the time-varying
wireless fading channel modeling.
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