1

Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Luis Echeverría Álvarez
Presidential Period 1970-76
Born January 17, 1922 in Mexico City

– Joined the faculty of the National Autonomous

University of Mexico in 1947 and taught political
Early Life and theory.
Education – Graduated in 1945

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

– Became part of the Institutional Revolutionary
Party (PRI) and eventually became the private
secretary of the party president, General Rodolfo
Sánchez Taboada.
– Served as Interior Secretary under President
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz from 1964 to 1970.
– Maintained a hard line against student protesters
throughout 1968.
– In a separate incident, he ordered the transfer of
15% of the Mexican military to the state of Guerrero
to counter guerrilla groups operating there.
– Became President on 1 December, 1970
– Introduced far-reaching program of populist political
and economic reform, nationalizing the mining and
electrical industries, redistributing private land in
the states of Sinaloa and Sonora to peasants,
opposing American "expansionism," supporting the
leftist Chilean leader Salvador Allende, condemning
Zionism, allowing the Palestine Liberation
Organization to open an office in the capital, and
imposing limits on foreign investment, and
extending Mexico's patrimonial waters to 200 miles
(370 km).
– He also created a special commission to destroy
Mexico's forests, believing they were of no
Political Career economic benefit, using that land for agriculture.

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

– Nationalised mining and electrical industries

– Focused on nationalist reforms
– Accused of irresponsible government spending (fiscal
mismanagement)
– Poor export industrial sector
– Oil shock of 1973 exacerbated inflation
– Exconomic activity fluctuated wildly but GDP grew more
than 6% annually
Economic Policy – Sharp depression in 1976
Source (WWW) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa
Top 5 songs playing Bridge Over Troubled Water (Simon and Garfunkel), Stairway to
at the time Heaven (Led Zeppelin), Superstition (Stevie Wonder), Dream On
(Aerosmith), No Woman No Cry (Bob Marley)

PHOTO
NAME Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado
Presidential Period December 1, 1982 – November 30, 1988
Born December 12, 1934
– Born in Colima, Colima
– Graduated with a bachelor's degree in Law from the
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)
– Received a master's degree in Public Administration
Early Life and from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at
Education Harvard University, in the United States.[1]

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:
– secured a position at the Secretariat of Finance in
1965.
– In 1976 he was chosen to serve in José López
Portillo's cabinet as secretary of budget and
planning.
– He was president after López Portillo. He won the
elections that took place on July 4, 1982, and took
office the following December.
– He is a member of Collegium International, an
organazation of leaders with political, scientific, and
ethical expertise whose goal is to provide new
approaches in overcoming the obstacles in the way
of a peaceful, socially just and an economically
sustainable world.
Political Career
– Introduced liberal economic reforms that
encouraged foreign investment, and widespread
privatisations of outdated state-run industries and
reduction of tariffs
– In 1986, Mexico entered the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) treaty, following its efforts
of reforming and decentralising its economy.
– Was in power during the worst recession since the
1930s
– Reduced public spending during 1982, stimulated
exports and fostered economic growth to balance
the national accounts
– GDP grew at an average rate of 0.1% per year
during his presidency while inflation was 100% on
average.
– Public consumption grew at an average rate of less
than 2%
– Private consumption did not grow at all
– Unable to attract foreign investment even after
Economic Policy stabilizing the economy
Source (WWW) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid
Top 5 songs playing Take on Me, Every Breath You Take, Come on Eileen, Africa,
at the time Tainted Love

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME José López Portillo y Pacheco
Presidential Period December 1, 1976 – November 30, 1982
Born June 16, 1920 in Mexico City

– From a family of politicians and people involved in

the law
Early Life and – López Portillo studied Law at the National
Education Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

– Began his political career in 1959.

– Appointed to serve as finance minister under Luis
Echeverría, a close friend, from 1973 to 1975.
– Last nationalist president to emerge from the ranks
of the PRI. Subsequent presidents have all been
U.S.-educated advocates of free trade
(librecambismo).
Political Career –
– López Portillo undertook an ambitious program to
promote Mexico's economic development with
revenues stemming from the discovery of new
petroleum reserves in the states of Veracruz and
Tabasco by Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex), the
country's publicly owned oil company.
– highly controversial actions with respect to the
international banking establishment. One of his last
actions as president, announced during his annual
State of the Nation address on September 1, 1982,
was to order the nationalization of the country's
banking system.
– His opponents internationally and domestically
accused López Portillo of "rampant corruption,"
"excessive overseas borrowing," galloping inflation
(which continued with his successor), and
Economic Policy responsibility for devaluations of the peso.

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:
Source (WWW) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo

Silly Love Songs (Paul McCartney and Wings), Don´t Go Breaking

My Heart (Elton John), Disco Lady (Johnnie Taylor), December
Top 5 songs playing 1963 (Oh What a Night) (Four Seasons), Play that Funky Music
at the time (Wild Cherry)

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Carlos Salinas de Gortari
Presidential Period 1988-94
Born born in Mexico City on April 3, 1948
– Graduated with a degree in Economics from the
National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1969.
– Obtained a Master of Public Administration in 1973,
a Master of Arts in 1976, and a PhD in Political
Economy and Government in 1978, all from
Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government
Early Life and and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
Education – Became a professor at his alma mater in 1978.

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

– Assigned a government post as minister of the

Bureau of Planning and Budget (Secretaría de
Planeación y Presupuesto) under the presidency of
Miguel de la Madrid, where he served from 1982-
1987.
– Was declared the official winner of the 1988
election, even though the elections were extremely
controversial, (the expression se cayó el sistema
(the system crashed, lit. "the system fell") became
a colloquial euphemism for electoral fraud).
Political Career

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:
Economic Policy
– In the early years of his term, President Salinas
launched bold initiatives such as the reversal of the
1982 bank nationalization, restoring official
relationships with the Roman Catholic Church and
the Vatican State, changing land property
legislation, and most importantly negotiating the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with
the United States and Canada.
– Carlos Salinas' term made significant changes in
the following areas:
• Renegotiated the external debt through the Brady
Plan.
• From 1975-1988, inflation had reached historic
levels, up to a peak of 159.17% in 1987, a year
before his term started. By the end of his term,
inflation had been reduced to 7.05% in 1994, the
lowest figure in 22 years. Shortly after leaving
office, due to the December Mistake, inflation rose
to 51.48%.
• From 1975-1988, the peso had devalued from .125
MXP per U.S. dollar, to 2.65 MXP per dollar. During
his term, the peso devalued from 2.65 MXP to 3.60
MXN, by 30 November 1994, the last day of his
term; thus the peso devalued far less than it had in
the two previous terms. The peso devaluated from
4 dollars to 7.2 in a single week due to the
December Mistake.
• Negotiated the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), with the United States and
Canada.
• He continued a privatisation programme initiated
by his predecessor, by which the government
retained only a few of the hundreds of companies
and small business that were nationalized, mainly
during the 1970s. One of the most important
privatizations was Telmex, which remained a
monopoly until mid-1990s, and which was sold to a
consortium led by Carlos Slim Helú. Arguably,
Salinas might have privileged him, as many critics
point out, in the same way he had privileged
Salinas Pliego with the privatization of Imevisión
(later TV Azteca) over the rest of the bidders, all
those deals were related with corruption according
with the majority of the Mexican population. As a

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

result, the number of state-owned industries

continued to drop, from approx. 600 in 1988 to a
minimal 250 in 1994.

Source (WWW) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari

The Promise (When in Rome), Under the Milky Way (The Church),
Top 5 songs playing Copperhead Road (Steve Earle), Cult of Personality (Living
at the time Colour), Fast Car (Tracy Chapman)

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León
Presidential Period 1994-2000
Born December 27, 1951
Ernesto was born in Mexico City to parents who were not
particularly wealthy. When he was young his family moved
to Baja California. At an early age he demonstrated his
academic ability at school, heading various groups and
organizations within his school. At the age of 14 he moved
back to Mexico city and later graduated as an economist
from the National Polytechnic Institute. He later gained a
doctorate from Yale university it was titled, "Mexico's
Early Life and public external debt: recent history and future growth
Education related to oil".

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI

Zedillo began working in the Bank of Mexico (Mexico's
central bank), as a member of the Institutional
Revolutionary Party, where he supported the adoption of
macroeconomic policies for the country's improvement. By
1987 he was named under-secretary of Planning and
Budget Control in the Secretariat of Budget and Planning.
In 1988 at the age of thirty-six he headed that secretariat.
During his term as Secretary, Zedillo launched a Science
and Technology reformation. In 1992 he was appointed
Secretary of Education by president Carlos Salinas, a year
later he resigned to run the electoral campaign of Luis
Donaldo Colosio, the PRI's presidential candidate.
Political Career

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

With the economy in recession, reeling from a peso

devaluation, rising inflation, and soaring interest rates,
Zedillo continued Salinas's free-market economic policies,
which ultimately resulted in sustained economic growth.
Regarded as hardworking and honest (despite charges of
corruption that surfaced in 1996), Zedillo sponsored
reforms to share governmental power with the congress,
the judiciary, and the states in a country with a long
tradition of placing absolute control in the hands of the
president. He also worked for closer cooperation with the
United States.
Economic Policy
http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/zedillo-ponce-de-
leon-ernesto.jsp,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B
Source (WWW) 3n
Boyz II Men – I’ll make love to you
R Kelly – Bump n Grind
Coolio – Gangsta’s paradise
Top 5 songs playing Hanson – mmmbop
at the time Sisqo – thong song

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Vicente Fox Quesada
Presidential Period 2000-2006
Born July 2, 1942
born in Guanajuato , the second of nine children, mother
from San Sebastian (Spain), grandfather was born in
Cincinnati (Ohio as son of German immigrants, changed
name from German “Fuchs” to “Fox”; moved to Mexico City
to attend the Universidad Iberoamericana where he
pursued a business degree until 1964; diploma in Top
Management Skills from the Harvard Business School; In
1964, Fox went to work for the Coca-Cola Company  later
President of Coca Cola Latin America, increased Coca-Cola's
sales by almost 50%; married a receptionist at Coca-Cola 
got divorced  married for the second time while in office
as President; founded an orphanage; president of the
Early Life and Patronato Loyola, a sponsor of the León campus of the
Education Universidad Iberoamericana, and of the Lux Institute

Political party PAN

joined the PAN on March 1, 1988. That same year he ran
for and was elected to the federal Chamber of Deputies;
sought the governorship in Guanajuato in 1991, but lost to
Ramón Aguirre Velázquez of the PRI; Four years later, he
won and became Governor; On July 2, 2000, (Fox's 58th
birthday) he won the presidential election with 43%
followed by the PRI with 36%, Fox's primary voting bloc
were the Criollo and Mestizo populace of Northern and
Central Mexico, the first time in Mexico's history that an
incumbent government peacefully surrendered power to an
Political Career elected member of the opposition

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

pro-business government; failing to show sufficient

leadership in moving the economy forward and for
continuing to promote the bureaucratic practices prevalent
Economic Policy in preceding governments
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fox_Quesada#Early_political_c
areer
Source (WWW)
2000: Breathe (Faith Hill); 2001: Lady Marmalade (Christina
Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink); 2002: A Thousand Miles
Top 5 songs playing (Vanessa Carlton); 2003: Crazy In Love (Beyoncé Knowles
at the time featuring Jay-Z), 2004: The Reason (Hoobastank)

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Felipe Calderón Hinojosa
Presidential Period 2006
Born August 18, 1962
born in Morelia, Michoacán; His father was a co-founder of
the National Action Party; moved to Mexico City, where he
received a bachelor's degree in law; master's degree in
economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de
México; Master of Public Administration from the John F.
Early Life and Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University;
Education joined the PAN; married, three children

Political party PAN

president of the PAN's youth movement in his early
twenties; representative in the Legislative Assembly and,
on two different occasions, in the federal Chamber of
Deputies; director of Banobras, a state-owned
development bank, used a legal technicality to borrow
between three and five million pesos to pay for his home
acquisition in high-class neighborhood; Secretary of
Energy under Fox; During his presidency, his party
maintained control of 14 state capitals, but also lost
Political Career presence in the federal Chamber of Deputies
Economic Policy Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact
price of corn rose dramatically throughout 2006 =>
inflation of tortilla prices => political pressure on
Calderón's administration; price ceilings on tortillas 
heavily criticized
First Employment Program
Fulfilling an electoral promise he gave cash incentives to
companies for hiring first-time job holders (effort to stop
immigration into the United States)
Public servants salary cap
announced, on his first day as president, a presidential
decree limiting the president's salary and that of cabinet
ministers  will save the government about US$13

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: Geraldine Prexl ID # A00898993

Complete the following table:

million; later launched a proposal for a constitutional

amendment that, if passed, would significantly lower
salaries for all public servants
Source (WWW) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n_Hinojosa
2006: Crazy (Gnarls Barkley); 2007: Irreplaceable
Top 5 songs playing (Beyonce); 2008: Life your life (T.I.); 2009: I Got a Feeling
at the time (Black Eyed Peas); 2010: ?

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.