I HC NNG LM, Tp.

H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
LP: LIN THNG BO QUN 12

MN HC
KHOA HC MI TRNG

TI
NHIM KHNG KH
Ging vin hng dn: ThS.
Danh sch nhm:
1/ NGUYN TH THU H
2/ BI TH TIN
3/ CAO TH KIM OANH
4/ NGUYN VN HU

Nguyn Th Mai

Tp. HCM, ngy 04 thng 04 nm 2013

LI NI U
Chng ta c th chu i, chu kht trong vi ngy, nhng khng th ngng th
trong vi gi. Khng kh c ngha v cng to ln vi con ngi v vi sinh vt. Bi
khng kh l 1 nhu cu bc thit m khng th khng c. Mi trng c c ch t
iu chnh gim thiu s nhim nhng ch mc gii hn cho php ca n.
nhim khng kh ngy cng gia tng theo s pht trin v kinh t, cng
nghip ca cc nc pht trin. S gia tng sn xut cng nghip v s lu thng xe
c ng c thi vo khng kh mt s lng ngy cng ln khi, kh c v cc
cht nhim khc lm cho mi trng khng kh ngy cng b nhim trm trng.
Ngoi ra cn do kh nhiu yu t tiu biu khc m chnh nn vn minh hin i ngy
nay mang li
Ngun gc ca nhim khng kh v cng a dng v kh phn tch c th, v
n b nh hng bi iu kin kh hu, a hnh, dn s. Mi trng khng kh
nc ta c bit l cc khu cng nghip ang tn ti nhng du hiu nhim ng lo
ngi. Con ngi c thc cha cao v vn bo v mi trng ni chung, bo v
mi trng khng kh ni ring. Hu ht cc nh my, x nghip cha c trang b
cc h thng x l bi v kh c nn gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi v
i sng vi sinh. Chnh v vy, cn phi a ra bin php ngn chn v x l kp thi
nhim khng kh l vn cp thit v quan trng ca ton cu.

I KHI NIM
nhim khng kh l s thay i ln trong thnh phn khng kh hoc s xut
hin cc cht cc kh l lm cho khng kh khng sch. Lm gim tm nhn xa, to
mi kh chu, gy bin i kh hu, nh hng xu n h sinh thi, n sc khe ca
con ngi v vi sinh vt.

II NGUYN NHN, NGUN GC GY NHIM

KHNG KH
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy lm nhim khng kh, ta c th phn thnh 2 loi:
Ngun nhim t nhin v ngun nhim nhn to.

1.

Ngun nhim t nhin:

a.

nhim do hot ng ni la:

Khi ni la hot ng s phun ra nham thch nng, tro bi, SO2, CH4, H2S v
nhiu kh khc. Nhng cht ny c tc ng ln v lu di, lm nhim mi trng
khng kh

Hnh 1 : Hin tng ni la

a.

Nhim do chy rng:

Khi kh hu kh hn, nng khc nghit v hn hn ko di, kt hp vi s ngu

nhin gp tia la hoc do s v thc ca con ngi s gy nn chy rng. Chy rng
thng lan rng, nhanh, pht thi nhiu bi v kh c (CO2, SO2)

b.

nhim do bo ct: Hin tng ny thng c xy ra cc vng

t kh, tr, nh sa mc. Bo bi gy nn gi mnh, xi mn t, cun bi i khp

khng kh, nh hng n khng kh ca cc vng ln cn

Hnh 2: Hin tng bo ct

c.

nhim do i dng:

Sng m do mt bin bc ln, bi nc do sng p vo v l nguyn nhn

gy han g, ph hy cng trnh xy dng.

d.

nhim do thc vt, vi khun, v vi sinh vt:

Cc qu trnh thi ra, phn hy xc ng - thc vt trong t nhin cng pht

thi nhiu cht kh. Cc phn ng ha hc gia nhng kh t nhin thnh bi, kh gy
nhim khng kh, nh: Sunfua, nitrit.

Khng kh xung quanh ta c rt nhiu vi khun gy bnh, c bit l nhng

ni ng ngi, nh: Bn xe, sn vn ng, rp chiu phim.

e.

nhim do cht phng x:

Trong lng t c cc khong sn v qung kim loi c kh nng phng x.

Khi nhng vt cht phng x y c trong khng kh mi trng xung quanh th s gy
nguy him cho con ngi. Cng phng x cng mnh th mc nguy him cng
cao

f.

nhim do v tr:

C rt nhiu ht vt cht b nh (bi) t v tr xm nhp vo bu kh quyn

ca tri t. Ngun gc ca n c th l t thin thch, hoc t mt tri, hoc t cc
m my hong o
Tng hp cc yu t nhim khng kh c ngun gc t nhin tng i ln
nhng c phn b ng u trn ton th gii, khng tp trung mt vng hay mt
nc c nh. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin con ngi thch nghi vi
ngun ny

1.

Ngun nhim nhn to:

a.

nhim do hot ng cng nghip:

y l ngun gy nhim ln nht ca con ngi. Cc qu trnh gy nhim

l qu trnh t cc nhin liu ha thch: Than, du, kh t to ra: CO2, CO, SO2, cc
cht hu c cha chy ht nh: Mui than, bi, qu trnh tht thot r r trn dy
chuyn cng ngh v trong qu trnh vn chuyn
Ngun cng nghip c nng cht c hi cao, thng tp trung trong mt
khng gian nh. Ty thuc vo qui trnh cng ngh, qui m sn xut v nguyn liu
s dng m lng v loi cht c hi s khc nhau
Sau y l mt s nghnh sn xut c nguy c gy nhim mi trng cao:

nhim khng kh trong cng ngh sn xut gang, thp:

cng on vn chuyn, sang lc v nghin qung , cht gy nhim ch yu

l bi cha oxit st, cn phi lp t h thng ht bi v x l bi.

 cng on thiu kt c nhiu khi nu, bi, CO2 v kh SO2 sinh ra t thnh
phn lu hunh c trong nhin liu v qung. Do cn phi lc bi, lc kh SO2, v
lc kh CO2 trc khi thi qua ng khi ra mi trng

nhim khng kh trong nghnh luyn kim mu:

Cng ngh luyn kim mu ch yu xu ra qu trnh nung chy qung ng, ch,
km, .. thi ra kh SO2 v CO2
c th hin theo phn ng:
Cu2S + O2 2Cu + SO2
2Zn2O + 3O2 2ZnO + 3SO2

nhim khng kh trong sn xut xi mng:

Cht gy nhim trong sn xut xi mng l bi, bi thot ra mi trng xung

quanh hu ht tt c c cng on.

Hnh 3: Cng ngh sn xut xi mng

a.

nhim mi trng do sinh hot:

L ngun gy nhim tng i nh, ch yu l cc hot ng un nu s

dng nhin liu nhng c bit gy nhim cc b trong m h gia nh hoc vi h
gia nh xung quanh.

Hnh 4: nhim mi trng do ht thuc l

nhim mi trng do hot ng giao thng vn ti:

b.
-

y l ngun gy nhim ln i vi khng kh, c bit khu th

v khu ng dn c. Nu xt trn tng phng tin th nng nhim
tng i nh, nhng nu mt giao thng ln, quy hoch ng x
khng tt th s gy nhim nng.

Qu trnh t chy nhin liu sn sinh ra tro bi, kh CO2, SO2, NO, gy
c hi cho sc khe con ngi. ng thi trong qu trnh di chuyn
ko theo bi, t, ct, .

Lng kh c hi thi ra do t cn ph thuc vo ch vn hnh:

Lc khi ng, lc chy nhanh, lc chy chm, lc dng li..

Hnh 5: nhim mi trng do bi khi ca phng tin giao thng

Bng 1: Lng kh c hi do t thi ra trn 1km on ng

Cht c hi

Lng c hi (g/km ng i)
ng c my n chy xng

ng c Diezen

Cacbon Oxit

60,00

0,69 - 2,57

Hydro cacbon

5,9

0,14 - 2,07

Nito oxit

2,2

0,68 - 1,02

Bi l lng

0,22

1,28

Sunfua Dioxit

0,17

0,47

0,49

Ch

Bng 2: Tc hi ca NO2 ph thuc vo nng v thi gian tip xc

Nng
oxit (ppm)

Nit Thi gian tip

xc

Tc hi

500

2 ngy

cht ngi

300 - 400

2 - 10 ngy

vim phi - cht ngi

150 - 200

3 - 5 tun

vim x cung phi

50 - 100

6 - 8 tun

vim cung phi, mng phi

III TC NHN GY NHIM KHNG KH

Da vo c im m ta phn loi cc tc nhn gy nhim khng kh nh
sau:

1.

Cc cht kh

Cc loi kh oxit: CO2, SO2, H2S, khi quang ha.

2.

Bi v sol kh

Bi bao gm cc ht khong v c khng c, cc ht hu c nh phn

hoa, v cc cht rn l lng c th c c nh: bi ch, kim loi nng, bi phng

xgy nhiu bnh nguy him
-

Sol kh l cc ht cht rn hoc lng cc nh

3.

Vi sinh vt gy bnh

Vi sinh vt xm nhp vo khng kh theo nhiu con ng khc nhau,

nh trc tip t vt v con ngi mang mm bnh, pht tn t t.

-

Siu vi khun gy bnh trong khng kh c nhiu loi, trong in

hnh l siu vi khun cm

4.

Ting n
L ni tp hp nhng m thanh c cng v tn s khc nhau, c sp
xp mt cch khng c trt t gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi nghe, cn
tr con ngi lm vic, ngh ngi, c ch thi gian lm vic.

Hnh 6: nhim mi trng do ting n

5.

Bc x sng ngn

Bc x cc tm UV gm nhiu di c bc sng khc nhau th c nh hng

khc nhau ln mi trng khng kh

10

IV NHN T NH HNG N S LAN TRUYN

CHT NHIM
1.

iu kin kh tng

Hng gi: nh hng ln nht n s lan truyn

c im phn b nhit, m, ma

2.

a hnh khu vc

nh hng mnh m n s lan truyn

nh hng n s phn b nhit, hng gi khu vc

3.

c im ngun pht thi

Lng pht thi, cao ngun thi

Nhit khng kh, tc phun kh thi ti ming ng khi

V TC HI CA NHIM KHNG KH

1.

Tc hi i vi con ngi

Hnh 7: Tc hi ca nhim khng kh i vi con ngi

-

Mc trong sch ca khng kh nh hng rt ln n i sng, sc

khe, tui th ca con ngi. Do nu khng kh ln nhiu cht c hi th phi v

11

c quan h hp s hp thu nhng cht c hi vo c th gy ra hu qu rt nghim

trng n sc khe v tnh mng ca con ngi
-

Ngy nay, nhim khng kh v tc hi ca n tr thnh vn bc

xc ca nhn loi
Sau y l tc hi ca mt s cht thng gp nht trong mi trng khng
kh:

a.

Cacbon oxit

CO l mt loi kh c, khi vo c th s kt hp vi Hemoglobin trong

mu thnh hp cht bn vng l cacbonxyl hemoglobin lm gim kh nng trao i v

vn chuyn oxy trong mu i nui c th dn n thiu oxy trong mu v trong cc t
chc.
-

Hng cu trong mu hp thu CO nhiu hay t cn ty thuc vo: lng

CO c trong khng kh, thi gian c th tip xc vi khng kh b nhim. Nhim c

CO nng cao c th gy t vong

Bng 3: triu chng c th ng vi nng CacbonxyHemoglobin trong mu

Triu chng

%COHb trong mu

Khng c du hiu g

<1,0

Mt vi biu hin khng bnh thng trong thi ng x

nh hng n h thn kinh trung ng, gim kh nng
phn bit v khong thi gian, km nhy cm gic quan,
km phn bic sng v mt vi chc nng tm l khc

1,0 2,0

Chc nng tim phi b nh hng

5,0 10,0

au u nh, gin mch mu ngoi vi

10 20

au u nhiu, mt mi, hoa mt, chng mt, bun nn,

nn ma v suy sp

30 40

Suy sp, ngt, mch tim v nhp th chm dn

40 50

12

2,0 5,0

Ngt, gim mch p v nhp th, hn m v co git tng

cn

50 60

Mch yu, th chm v tt th sau vi gi

70 80

Cht trong vng < 1 gi

80 90

Cht trong vng vi pht

>90

a.

SO2, NOx

SO2, NOx l cht gy kch thch, vim ty, gt th, ma axit, phng v

c tc hi n h h hp
-

Khi tip xc vi nim mc m t to thnh axit (HNO3, H2SO3,

H2SO4). Cc cht ny vo c th qua ng h hp hoc ha tan vi nc bt vo h

tiu ha sau phn tn vo tun hon mu
-

c tnh ca SO2 th hin s ri lon chuyn ha protein v ng,

thiu vitamin B v C

b. H2S
-

H2S l loi kh khng mu c mi ging mi trng ung

khu vc nhng khu cng nghip th nng H2S cao hn nhng vng

Khi nng thp 10 20 ppm th s lm chy nc mt, vim mt v

khc

kch thch ln h h hp
-

Khi ht th mt lng ln H2S c th gy lit khu gic hoc thiu oxy

t ngt, lm ngt th v dn n t vong

-

Nu thng xuyn tip xc vi H2S nng thp, khng gy c cp

tnh, nhng cng s gy nhim c mn tnh

c. Amoniac
-

NH3 c th dng lng hoc kh v c mi hc

Tc hi ca NH3 l lm vim da v ng h hp

nng cao khong >2000ppm s gy phng, ngt th v cht trong

vi pht

d. Kh Ozon

13

O3 l loi kh gy vim ng h hp v c kh nng xm nhp vo phi rt

nhanh. Biu hin c th khi khng kh b nhim O3 l: au c hng, vim mt, kh c
hng

Hnh 8: Tc hi ca kh ozon
e. Bi
-

Bi gy nh hng ln n sc khe con ngi, lm tn thng da, mt, h

tiu ha v h h hp qua phi gy cc bnh v h hp nh: Ho, kh th, c
m, ho ra mu.

Thnh phn ha hc, thi gian tip xc l cc yu t nh hng n c quan

ni tng

Nu ht phi bi than th c kh nng b ung th do thnh phn ch yu l

hydro cacbon (c c tnh cao)

Hnh 9: Tc hi ca bi
1. Tc hi i vi ng thc vt
-

Khi mi trng khng kh b nhim th nghnh chn nui cng b nh

hng theo

14

ng thc vt c nhy cm vi khng kh nhim cao hn con

Khi ng vt ht hoc n phi nhng cy c, l cy b nhim c th c

ngi

th s b vim kh qun, vim phi, suy tim v c th gy cht

nh hng ca nhim khng kh i vi cc loi ging cy trng khc

nhau, c loi th b nh hng nng, nhng c loi li chu ng c v pht trin

nhanh hn
-

Cc cht c hi vi nng cao trong khng kh gy ri lon cc qu

trnh sng ca thc vt, biu hin cc triu chng sau:

Cy chm tng trng do qu trnh h hp b hn ch
L cy b vng a, gin l l do qu trnh quang hp b km hm dn n khng
tng hp c cht dip lc, ng thi cht dip lc d tr cng b tiu hao qu
nhanh.
Mt phn hoc ton b cy s b cht do qu trnh sinh l pht trin ca cy b
ri lon v lm tn thng t bo

Bng 4: tiu chun cht lng khng kh i vi thc vt M, nm 1975

Cht nhim

Nng
hn
(mg/m3)

gian

1,3

0,2

24

Cacbon oxit CO

40

Hydro cacbon (tr Metan)

0,1

Bi

0,15

24

0,16

Sunfua dioxit (SO2)

Cc cht oxi ha trong khi

quang ha
-

gii Thi
ng
(gi)

Mt s cht nng cao c th gy cht thc vt

2. Tc hi i vi vt liu

15

tc

nhim khng kh gy tc hi ln i vi cc loi vt liu ch yu th

hin qu trnh n mn, mi mn, hoen , ph hyLm gim v m quan v bn

ca vt liu.

VI HU QU CA NHIM KHNG KH V MT
S HIN TNG NHIM KHNG KH
Hin nay, a phn tnh trng sc khe ca nhng ngi dn sinh sng trong cc
qun ni thnh ca cc thnh ph ln l khng tt, c nguy c mc cc bnh v mt v
ng h hp cao hn cc vng khc. C rt nhiu nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng
ny nhng vn v nhim mi trng khng kh l nguyn nhn ch yu. Sau y
l mt s hin tng biu hin s nhim khng kh

1.

Ma Axit:

Hnh 10.1: Hin tng ma axit

16

Hnh 10: Hin tng ma axit

-

Ma axit l nhng trn ma c PH<5,6 do c cc oxit axit ( CO2, SO2,

NO2 ) ha tan trong nc ma

-

Ma axit gy hu qu nghim trng: ph hy s cn bng h sinh thi,

gy thit hi cho ma mng, ph hy rng v hy dit s sng

-

Ma axit lm cho kim loi chng b r mn, nh hng n tui th v

cht lng cc cng trnh kin trc bng b tng ct thp, ng dy in

-

t b chua ha, mt kh nng ti to, gim mu m lm gim nng

sut trong trng trt

2.

Gia tng hiu ng nh knh

17

Hnh 11: Hin tng hiu ng nh knh

-

Hiu ng nh knh l mt qu trnh t nhin trong tt c cc cht c

kh nng hp th sng di
-

Gia tng hiu ng nh knh gy tng nhit trung bnh ca tri t, lm

thay i ranh gii cc i kh hu. Tng hin tng bng tan, nng cao mc nc bin
trung bnh.
-

Tng ozon l lp che ch cho con ngi v cc sinh vt trn tri t khi

cc tia cc tm. Hin nay tng ozon b lng v ang dn b suy gim gy ra cc hu
qu sau: Tng kh nng mc bnh ung th da, tng kh nng mc bnh v mt nh
c thy tinh th, ph hy h thng min dch ca c th con ngi v ng thc vt,
gim nng sut cy trng, mt cn bng h sinh thi ng thc vt bin

3.

o nhit, sng khi

Hnh 12: Hin tng sng khi

18

Trong iu kin bnh thng c dng kh i lu t di ln trn lm

pht tn cht gy nhim

-

Khi c s t nng, kh st mt t b cn tr, xut hin c ch t nng

cc tng kh cao hn to ra o nhit kh thi di mt t khng thot c m

tch ly ngy cng nhiu n nng gy c
-

ng thi xy ra qu trnh to khi quang ha c hi hin tng

sng khi

VII TNG BIN PHP X L NHIM MI

TRNG KHNG KH
-

nhim khng kh lm nh hng trc tip, gy nhng tn tht khng

nh n sc khe ca ngi dn v ng thc vt trong vng b nhim. Lm cho

nng sut v hiu qu lm vic ca ngi dn b gim st. Ngi dn phi tn chi ph
thi gian v tin bc phc hi sc khe li bnh thng, dn n nn kinh t b thit
hi. Chng ta cn a ra nhng chnh sch, bin php hn ch v khc phc nhng
nh hng bt li n mc ti a
-

nhim khng kh l vn phc tp, lin quan n nhiu lnh vc,

hot ng ca th nh: Xy dng, s dng t, giao thng, hot ng nhn sinh,

cng nghip, nng lng.Do vy, vic kim sot v gim thiu nhim khng kh
phi da trn mt lot cc gii php ng b
-

Sau y l mt s kin ngh v gii php gim thiu vic nhim mi

trng khng kh:

+ ng vin cc ngnh, cc cp v cc tng lp nhn dn cng tham gia gi
gn bo v s trong sch ca bu khng kh. Hn ch mc thp nht nhng hnh ng,
hot ng c nguy c lm gia tng bi gy nh hng xu n cht lng bu khng
kh;
+ Trng cc u nghnh cn a ra nhng quyt nh mang tnh c th, ton
din kim sot nhim bi v cc ngun gy nhim bi
+ Nghnh Cng Nghip cng cn tm ra nhng cng ngh sn xut tin tin
thi ra t bi nht

19

+ Mt nguyn nhn gy ra cc cht c hi l s tiu th nhin liu t cc

phng tin c gii v vy cn phi tm ra cc cht c th pha thm vo xng hoc
du...m khi tiu dng thi ra t khi bi v cc cht c hi nht m vn m bo cht
lng ca xng, du
+ Tc nghn giao thng cng l mt nguyn nhn ln lm gia tng lng bi,
lng cht thi c hi vo khng kh c v s lng ln thnh phn cc cht c hi
v th cn c s phn lung giao thng mt cch hp l, b tr cc n giao thng ti
cc nt mt cch ph hp, xy dng, m rng ln ng gim thiu tc nghn giao
thng
+ Do cc phng tin vn chuyn cc vt liu xy dng lm ri vi gy ra bi.
Do cn phi quy nh nhng gii php che chn, y kn thng xe. gim bi
trn cc tuyn ng th cn tng cng h thng xe ra ng, xe ht bi
+ Ti nhng ni nng bi vt qu tiu chun cho php nhiu ln th cn
phi tin hnh o c mt cch chnh xc cht lng khng kh ti , t a ra
cc phng n khc phc
+ Vn ng, to iu kin di di cc nh my, x nghip ra vng ngoi thnh
gim lng khi x t cc nh my
+ Tp trung pht trin nhng phng tin giao thng cng cng nh xe bus, tu
in ngm, gim bt s lng xe lu thng trn ng
+ Tuyn truyn di nhiu hnh thc v vi ni dung n gin, d hiu, d tip
thu d nhn c s quan tm v ng h ca ngi dn, gio dc thc cho ngi
dn bo v, gi gn s trong lnh cho bu khng kh. Gii php ny ng mt vai tr
v cng quan trng trong cuc vn ng cng ng trong mc tiu gi gn cht lng
cho bu khng kh
+ Tng mt cy xanh
+ y mnh v cng tc nghin cu, o to v mi trng khng kh
+ Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng th

20

Hnh 13: Gia tng mt cy xanh

VIII KT LUN
Mi trng ni chung v mi trng khng kh ni ring l khng gian sng, l
khng gian sinh hot ca tt c mi ngi trn tri t. Vi nhng thc trng trn v
nh hng ca n m chng ta bit. V th, cc c quan chc nng cng nh mi
ngi chng ta cn phi ra nhng bin php khc phc kp thi, gp phn pht trin
hi ha gia hai yu t, kinh t v bo v cht lng mi trng sng theo m hnh
XANH SCH P.

21

V TH, HY C THC HN TRONG VN

BO V MI TRNG. BO V MI TRNG
CNG CHNH L BO V CUC SNG CA
CHNG TA

22

PH LC
Ti liu
1. nhim khng kh khi x l kh thi tp 1 GS.TS Trn Ngc Chn
2. Php lun v mi trng khoa lut trng H Si Gn
3. Bo co gim st mi trng phng mi trng Cng ty TNHH Thc
Phm Dinh Dng Si Gn
Hnh nh minh ha

Hnh nh minh ha
Hnh1:
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BAi+l%E1%BB%ADa&gs_l=img.12...66107.71358.31.73312.27.18.6.0.0.0.254.2484
.4j11j3.18.0...0.0...1c.1.7.img.vinWxP6UAFY&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.4444204
2,d.aGc&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625
Hnh 2:
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=b%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%87+m
%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&hl=vi&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WS5YUb6oNaahigehxIHgBQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoA
Q&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m
+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+do+b%C3%A3o+c%C3%A1t&oq=%C

23

3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+do+b%C3
%A3o+c%C3%A1t&gs_l=img.3...49591.53987.33.54573.22.18.1.0.0.0.229.2082.1j8j
4.13.0...0.0...1c.1.7.img.Ok2pdh7F4F4&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.44442042,d.aG
c&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625&imgrc=7IJi2v1hWNoq4M%3A%3
ByQv1GMTZgTV4_M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fimgs.vietnamnet.vn%252FIma
ges%252F2010%252F12%252F14%252F11%252F20101214111946_anh5.jpg%3B
http%253A%252F%252Fvietnamnet.vn%252Fvn%252Fkhoahoc%252F2998%252Ftrai-dat-oan-minh-duoi-nhung-tham-hoa-moitruong.html%3B475%3B297
Hnh 3:
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=b%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%87+m
%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&hl=vi&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WS5YUb6oNaahigehxIHgBQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoA
Q&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m
+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+trong+s%E1%BA%A3n+xu%E1%BA
%A5t+xi+m%C4%83ng&oq=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%
B0%E1%BB%9Dng+trong+s%E1%BA%A3n+xu%E1%BA%A5t+xi+m%C4%83ng
&gs_l=img.3...103248.111749.27.112178.43.27.4.11.13.5.254.4391.4j10j13.27.0...0.0
...1c.1.7.img.HvX7oG2X1kY&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.44442042,d.aGc&fp=932b
684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625
Hnh 4
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=b%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%87+m
%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&hl=vi&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WS5YUb6oNaahigehxIHgBQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoA
Q&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m
+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&oq=%C
3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B
4ng+kh%C3%AD&gs_l=img.12...0.0.25.1431.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0...1c..7.img.1E
eustY6rAQ&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.44442042,d.aGc&fp=932b684305e6daf9&b
iw=1360&bih=625

24

Hnh 5:
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=b%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%87+m
%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&hl=vi&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WS5YUb6oNaahigehxIHgBQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoA
Q&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m
+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+do+ho%E1%BA%A1t+%C4%91%E1
%BB%99ng+v%E1%BA%ADn+t%E1%BA%A3i&oq=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85
m+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+do+ho%E1%BA%A1t+%C4%91%E
1%BB%99ng+v%E1%BA%ADn+t%E1%BA%A3i&gs_l=img.3...154082.167121.8.1
67832.70.46.9.11.16.4.366.5786.9j17j6j3.35.0...0.0...1c.1.7.img.NJXTWap8KHw&ba
v=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.44442042,d.aGc&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=
625&imgrc=9K7qVTQNTFJnpM%3A%3BrehEaQyJZj2CNM%3Bhttp%253A%252
F%252Fwww.baoquangninh.com.vn%252Fdataimages%252F201202%252Forigin
al%252Fimages625884_DSC_0124.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.baoquan
gninh.com.vn%252Fxa-hoi%252F201202%252FPhuong-tien-van-tai-khach-congcong-noi-tinh-Con-do-nhung-noi-lo-2161043%252F%3B460%3B307
Hnh 6
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=b%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%87+m
%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&hl=vi&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WS5YUb6oNaahigehxIHgBQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoA
Q&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=ti%E1%BA%BFng+%E1%BB
%93n&oq=ti%E1%BA%BFng+%E1%BB%93n&gs_l=img.3...1655517.1658835.39.
1659608.17.13.4.0.0.0.467.1467.2j6j1j0j1.10.0...0.0...1c.1.7.img.Uaip8Cc8kEI&bav=
on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.44442042,d.aGc&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=62
5&imgrc=HjDjo0gzJ_mTWM%3A%3BkPcDbk3mF87IsM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%
252Ftin180.com%252Fwpcontent%252Fblogs.dir%252F13%252Ffiles%252F2010%252F12%252FLay-tiengon-ap-dao-tiengon_Tin180.com_001.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Ftin180.com%252Fthegioiblo
g%252Fdien-dan%252F20101219%252Flay-tieng-on-ap-dao-tiengon.html%3B303%3B229

25

Hnh 7
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m-dydBbSFY/UJkITsXy0BI/AAAAAAAAAGA/sGJ65pDde40/s1600/p66991.jpg
Hnh 8
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3
%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&hl=vi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=piJ
YUdHhK4utiQe61oDIBg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=i
sch&sa=1&q=ozon&oq=ozon&gs_l=img.3..0l5j0i24l5.35138.35138.16.36085.1.1.0.0
.0.0.180.180.0j1.1.0...0.0...1c.1.7.img._kMID_Eu59A&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=932b6
84305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625
Hnh 9
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3
%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&hl=vi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=piJ
YUdHhK4utiQe61oDIBg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=i
sch&sa=1&q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&oq=%
C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+kh%C3%B4ng&gs_l=img.3.0.0l4j0i24l6.54204.58246
.23.59508.17.15.0.2.2.1.274.2129.5j8j2.15.0...0.0...1c.1.7.img.uDJngNWDrkg&bav=
on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625
Hnh 10
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3
%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&hl=vi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=piJ
YUdHhK4utiQe61oDIBg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=i
sch&sa=1&q=m%C6%B0a+axit&oq=m%C6%B0a+a&gs_l=img.3.0.0l5j0i24l5.921
50.94336.25.95921.7.6.1.0.0.0.175.827.1j5.6.0...0.0...1c.1.7.img.eUvmXCbKqKo&ba
v=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625
Hnh 10.1
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3
%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&hl=vi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ei=piJYUdHhK4utiQe61oDIBg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1360&bih=62
5#hl=vi&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=m%C6%B0a+axit&oq=m%C6%B0a+a&gs_l=i
mg.3.0.0l5j0i24l5.92150.94336.25.95921.7.6.1.0.0.0.175.827.1j5.6.0...0.0...1c.

26

1.7.img.eUvmXCbKqKo&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=13
60&bih=625
Hnh 11

https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3
%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&hl=vi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=piJ
YUdHhK4utiQe61oDIBg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=i
sch&q=hi%E1%BB%87u+%E1%BB%A9ng+nh%C3%A0+k%C3%ADnh&revid=1
980233577&sa=X&ei=BytYUefDAe2jigeCm4HwBQ&ved=0CEkQ1QIoAQ&bav=o
n.2,or.r_qf.&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625&imgrc=d67zw29qpkvRM%3A%3BhXVcs69A_ieJoM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.enidc.
com.vn%252FClient%252Fupload%252FNews%252FUser_2%252F2010%252F07
%252F10%252Fwwviews_hieuungnhakinhlagi.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fw
ww.enidc.com.vn%252Fvn%252FXu-huong-Tam-nhin%252Fbien-doi-khihau%252FHieu-ung-nha-kinh.aspx%3B515%3B311
Hnh 12
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=b%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%87+m
%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&hl=vi&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WS5YUb6oNaahigehxIHgBQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoA
Q&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=hi%E1%BB%87n+t%C6%B0%
E1%BB%A3ng+%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o+nhi%E1%BB%87t%2C+s%C6%B0%C6
%A1ng+kh%C3%B3i&oq=hi%E1%BB%87n+t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+%C4%9
1%E1%BA%A3o+nhi%E1%BB%87t%2C+s%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+kh%C3%B3i&g
s_l=img.3...98309.114993.4.115586.64.41.11.5.8.1.476.7539.11j18j3j5j4.41.0...0.0...1
c.1.7.img.HriGfSOijWU&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.44442042,d.aGc&fp=932b684
305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625&imgrc=GbhHGm1nGQUrwM%3A%3Btf1n2G0K
0qpshM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.enidc.com.vn%252FClient%252Fuploa
d%252FNews%252FUser_2%252F2010%252F07%252F05%252Fsuong%252520k
hoi.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.enidc.com.vn%252Fvn%252FXuhuong-Tam-nhin%252Fbien-doi-khi-hau%252FBien-doi-khi-hau-lagi.aspx%3B450%3B321

27

Hnh 13
https://www.google.com.vn/search?q=%C3%B4+nhi%E1%BB%85m+m%C3
%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&hl=vi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=piJ
YUdHhK4utiQe61oDIBg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1360&bih=625#hl=vi&tbm=i
sch&sa=1&q=b%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%87+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%B
B%9Dng+kh%C3%B4ng+kh%C3%AD&oq=b%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%87+m
%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+kh%C3%B4&gs_l=img.3.0.0.46897.4788
6.34.49107.6.5.1.0.0.0.209.663.2j2j1.5.0...0.0...1c.1.7.img.QIGD1u6SXjs&bav=on.2,
or.r_qf.&fp=932b684305e6daf9&biw=1360&bih=625&imgrc=-8zqGuVEb4zTM%3A%3ByYl5ZPcGehw89M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fphathoc.
net%252FUserImages%252F2010%252F04%252F15%252F1%252Fmoitruong_2_
jpg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fphathoc.net%252FPrintView.aspx%253FLan
guage%253Dvi%2526ID%253D7E5458%3B440%3B577

28