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tifwmeufpmn$ef;1. http:// displacementsolutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/Burma_HLP_book.pdf

2.http://www.trust.org/item/?map=myanma-farmer-lose-their-grip-on-land
3.http://www.trust.org/item/20130508071750-b1jne
4.http://www.bumapartnership.org/2012/06/myanma-myanma-at-risk-of-land-grabbing-epidemic/
5.http://thediplomat.com/2012/08/25/land-reform-key-to-burmas-future/
6.http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs15/2012-Pyidaungsu-Huttaw-Law-11-2012-bu.pdf
7.http;//www.burmalibrary.org/docs15/2012-pyidaungsu-Huttaw-Law_10-2012-bu.pdf
8.http://www.mmtimes.com/2012/news/615/news61501.html
9.http://burma.irrawaddy.org/archives/5540
10.http://burma.irrawaddy.org/archives/41384
11.http://burma.irrawaddy.org/archives/44620
12.http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/asia.pacific/myanmars-moment
13.http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/134LICADHOREport MythofDevelopment2009Eng.pdf
14.Agriculture,food and small farmer in india July2009
http.//base,d-p-h.info/en/fiches/dph/fiche-dph-8104.html
15.http://theeconomiccollapseblog.com/archives/the-family-farm-is-being-systematically-wiped-out-ofexistsnce-in-america
16.http://Usa.usembassy.de/etexts/oecon/chap8.htm
17.http://www.watershed.com.br/article/208/naxalites-who-are-they-and-what-are-their-demands-aspx
18.http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-big-question-who-are-the-naxalities-and-will-they
-topple-the-indian-govement-1938497,html

25

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35

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Awkd;&Sdef
(18-11-2013)

36

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37

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38

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44

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%m&Sifpepf wkd@qkdwm[m ppftkyfpk&J@ tusKd;pD;yGm;om
jzpfygw,f?
2008 zG@J pnf;ykHvkdyJ ppftkyfpt
k usKd;pD;yGm;vnf;
jzpf/ ppftyk fpktaeeJ@ txdrcHEkdifwhJ aemufxyf tusKd;pD;
yGm;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f?
Oyrm- OD;ykdif? OD;ykdif[m ppftyk fpk&J@ wkduf&kduf
tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh olwkd@ txdrcHwJh pm
&if;rSm OD;ykid f[mvnf; xdyfwef;ae&mrSm &Sdw,f? vufyH
awmif;u v,form;awGukd olw@kd pHerlemjy &uf&uf
pufpuf zdESdyjf yaewm[m OD;ykdif&J@ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd xdyf
wkduf&ifqkdiftefwkvmvkd@ jzpfw,f? 0rfaygif&J@ tusKd;
pD; yG m;uk d wk du f& kd uf tumtuG ,f ay;aewmr[k wf ?
olwkd@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf 0rfaygifukd ac:oGif;cJhwmom
jzpfw,f? vlwifygvkd@ EGm;usm;ukdufwJh tjzpfukd jrifzkd@
vkdw,f? olwkd@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufqkd 0rfaygiu
f kd cseif;
zkd@vnf; 0efav;aerSmr[kwfygbl;? 'ghtjyif c&kdeDawGeJ@
ppfwyfqkdwmvnf; ppftyk fpkeJ@ OD;odef;pdefppftpkd;&wkd@&J@
txd rcHwJ h tusKd;pD ;yGm;awG jzpfw,f? c&kdeDa wGu
olwkd@eJ@ t+rD;pm;zuf acgif;pm;zuf pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;wl
awGjzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;bufrSm olwkd@arG;jrLxm;wJh
vl@tv$mjzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;axmufwkdif jzpfw,f?
ppfwyfqdw
k muawmh ppftkyfpk&J@ vufuikd fwkwf wyfjzpf
aew,f? ppftm%m&SifpepfrSm t"du tm;xm;&m
axmufwkdif}uD; jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh c&kdeDawG ppft&m
&SdawGe@J ppfwyfu odrf;ykdux
f m;wJh ajr,mawG&J@ ta&;
udpPawGrSm 'Drw&m;r_awGukd tumtuG,af y;+yD; v,f
orm;xkukd zdESdyfaewmyJ? 'DvkdtumtuG,fay;xm;
wma=umifhvnf; ArmjynfrSm v,f,majr rw&m;odrf;
ykdufr_awG[m {uaygif; oef;eJ@csDum wjynfvkH;tESH@
xifwdik ;f }uJae=uwm jzpfw,f? 'Dae@ Armjynf ae&m
tES H @ tjym;rS m v,f o rm;wk d u f y G J a wG qEN j yyG J a wG
ay:aygufae&wm[m 'Dvkd xifwkdif;}uJwJh rw&m;r_ukd
v,form;xkawGu ikH@rcHEkdif=uawmhvkd@ jzpfygw,f?
csKyf=unf&h if 'Dae@ ArmjynfEkdiif Ha&;rSm OD;odef;
pd e f ppf t pk d ; &opf [ m 2008 Oya'abmif t wG i f ;
usKH;oGif;a&;ukd v$wfawmfEkdifiHa&;ppfrsufESmeJ@ +idrf;csrf;
a&;ppfrsufESmwkd@rSm usio
fh ;kH aew,f? 'g[m ppftyk fpkt
usKd;pD;yGm; jzpfw,f? wcsed fwnf;rSm OD;odef;pdef ppftpk;d &
opf[m OD;ykdit
f usKd;pD;yGm;/ ppfwyftusK;d pD;yGm;/ c&kdeDwd@k
&J@ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukv
d nf; umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;w,f?
'Dae@ ArmjynfEkdifiaH &;rsufESmpm toD;oD;rSm jzpfay:ae

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
wJh ydyuQawG[m t&if;ppfvkdu&f if 'DppftkyfpkeJ@ jynfolvlxk tusKd;pD;yGm; ydyuQ jzpfyGm;r_ygyJ?
OD;odef;pdef ppftpkd;&u ppftkyfpkeJ@ taygif;ygawG&J@ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&mrSm usKH;oGif;r_awG/ tcsKdowfr_awG/
vSnfhzsm;r_awG/ 'Drkdua&pD ta&+cKHr_awGukd b,fvkdyJ okH;okH;/ olwkd@ppftkyfpkeJ@ ppftkyfpk taygif;ygwkd@&J@ t"duuswJhtusKd;pD;yGm;/2008
zGJ@pnf;yk&H J@ t"dutcsufawGe@J tESpfom&ukd rxdeJ@vkd@ jywfjywfom;om; &yfcHw,f? 'Dvkd &yfcH&mrSm vkdtyf&if t=urf;zuf zdEySd fa&;,EW&m;ukd
tokH;jyKzkd@ toifhjyifxm;w,f? vufawG@t&vnf; t=urf;zuf &ufpufr_awG vkyfjyw,f? v,form;wkdufyGJawGrSmvnf; vkyfjyw,f?
jynfwGif;ppf ppfrsufESmrSmvnf; usifhokH;jyw,f? Armjynf EkdifiHa&;rsufESmpm toD;oD;rSm olwkd@[m 'Denf;AsL[mukd wajy;nD/ twkdif
tazmufnDnD tcsdwftqufrdrd usifhokH;ae=uwm jzpfw,f?
olwkd@u 'DvkdusifhokH;aeayr,fh Armjynf&J@twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;uawmh 'Drw&m;r_awGukd wGef;vSef&mrSm wlnDwJh
bkH OD;wnfcsufrcsrSwfEkdifbl;? wzGJ@eJ@wzGJ@ tcsdwftqufrdrd [efcsufnDnD wkdufyGJ0ifr_ rjyKvkyfEkdifbl;? (wkdif;&if;om; vufeufukdiftif
tm;pawGvnf; tukev
f ;kH wnDwnf; r&Sdao;bl;? ckrS pkpnf;aeqJ umv jzpfw,f? Ekid fiHa&;tiftm;pkawGuvnf; oabmxm; trsKd;rsKd;
uGJae=u&kHru jynfoltusKd;&yfcHumuG,fa&;bufrmS tvGef@ukd tm;enf;ae=uw,f? cvkwfxdr(S ukd,w
f ikd ftcuftcJ awG@vmrS) jynfolukd
owd& vm=uw,f? jynfoel J@ tpkd;&t=um; yGJpm;tvkyf vkyfaewm[m jynfo@l tusK;d &yfcw
H m r[kwfbl;? wvk;H wpnf;wnf; vufwGJ
wkdufyGJ0ifr_ rjyKEkdif=ubl;? jywfom;}uH@ckdifwJh ay:vpDoabmxm;awG rlawG csrSwEf kdifwm r&Sdbl;?
bkH&efolukd OD;wnfwkdufzkd@ bkHOD;wnfcsufcsum us,fjyef@wJh wyfaygif;pkw&yfukd wufnDvufnD rwnfaqmufEkdifao;or#/
tzdEdyS cf Hjynfolbufu worwfwnf; &yfcH+yD; jynfol@tiftm;ukd pkpnf;um wku
d fyGJ0ifr_ rjyKEkid fao;or# atmifyGJawGeJ@ tvSrf;a0;ae
OD;rSmyg?
Armjynfw0ef;u ppftkyfpk&J@rw&m;r_awGukd qef@usifwkdufyGJ0ifae=uwJh tvkyform;/ v,form;xk}uD;uawmh ppftkyfpkeJ@
&ifqdik &f mrSm wajy;nD wckwnf;aom rloabmxm;ukdyJ usio
fh ;kH ae=uygw,f? tJ'guawmh rw&m;r_ rSeo
f r# acgi;f ikH@rcH wk@H jyefwGe;f vSef
a&;ygyJ? 'g[m olwkd@ukd olw@kd &@J &kyb
f 0u oif=um;ay;vkdufwhJ todyg?
?

nKdpdef0if;

u|efr qufa&;csifaom
azazht a=umif; rsm;
(aqmif;yg; trSwf 29)
r*Fv m'Hk
vS a usmf a Zm

1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&v

D 4 &ufae@ Armjynf}uD; vGwf
vyfa&;&+yD;prSm Armjynfukd ppfwkdif;}uD; 2 wkdif;/
ajrmufykdif;wkdif;eJ@ awmifykdif;wkdif;qkd+yD; cGJjcm;xm;
ygw,f? ajrmufykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfukd ar+rdK@ (,ck
tac: jyifO;D vGif) eJ@ awmifydik ;f wkdi;f ukdawmh r*Fvm
'Hk rSm tajcpkdufygw,f? &efukefrSmawmh ppfHk;csKyf
War Office &Sdygw,f? azaz[m ajrmufyikd ;f wkdif;
rSL;wvSnfh awmifykdif;wkdif;rSL;wvSnfh wm0efxrf;
aqmifc&Jh wmjzpfvd@k u|efrwkd@ armifESpfrwawG tJ'D
+rdK@ 2 +rdK@rSm i,fpOfb0 jzwfoef;cJh&ygw,f?
1948 ckESpt
f ukefrSm azaz[m ajrmufykdif;
wkdi;f rSL;jzpf+yD; ar+rdK@ukd ajymif;&ayr,fh tJ'DrmS =um
&Snfraevkduf&bJ autif'Dtkdykefuefr_ ay:vmwJh
1949 ckESpfqef;ykid f;rSm awmifykdif;wkdif;rSL;tjzpf r*F
vm'Hu
k kd jyefajymif;a&$@+yD;emrnfausmf tif;pdef wku
d f
yGJukd wkduf&ygawmhw,f?

tJ'D 1949 ckESpfupvdk@ azazwkwjf zLwkdufzk@d ar+rdK@udk ajrmufyikd f;wkid ;f rSL;tjzpf

jyefajymif;&wJh 1953 ckESpf arvykdif; txd r*Fvm'HkrSm 5 ESpfeD;yg; u|efrwkd@
rdom;pk aecJh&ygw,f? 'D=um;xJrSm 6 vavmufrdwDvmukd aq;cGihef @J omG ;+yD; azaz
tem;,l&ygw,f? 'guawmh tif;pdefwkdufyGJt+yD; (1950 ckESpftukefavmufrSm)
azazodyfyifyef;EGrf;e,fvmvkd@ wDbDa&m*g jyefxvmrSmpkd;vdk@ q&m0efawGu
twif;tem;,lckdif;vkd@ oGm;tem;,l&wmyg?
r*Fvm'Hk[m t&if t*FvdyfacwfxJu t*Fvdyft&m&SdawG&J@ ppfXme
csKyftjzpf &Scd w
Jh ma=umifh taqmufttHk aumif;awG tckid ftrm &Syd gw,f? Hk;Xme
}uD;awGvnf; trsm;}uD; aqmufxm;ygw,f? ppfwyf+rdK@tjzpf wnfaqmufxm;
wmjzpfvd@k tJ'Dwek f;u t&yfom; r&SdoavmufygyJ? &GmeD;csKyfpyf&GmawGu ppfwyf
awGxJrSmvm ae@pm;tvkyfvkyf=uwJh &Gmol&Gmom; t&yfom; tenf;tusOf;yJ
&Sdygw,f?
49

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
av,mOfuGi;f vnf; &Sd+yD; Armhwyfrawmf avwyfuvnf; r*Fvm
'HkrmS yJ zGiv
fh Spf+yD; tajcpkduyf gw,f? tapmykdi;f u t*Fvdyf av,mOfrSL;awGeJ@yJ
av,mOfawG ysHoef;aewmyg? Armykdif;avmhawG ay:vmrS t*Fvdyaf wG jynf
awmfjyef=uygw,f?
r*Fvm'HkrSm t*Fvdyft&m&Sd xdyfykdif;wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;twGuf ajym
prSwfjyKavmufatmif aumif;rGefckdifcHh+yD; tysHpm;jzpfwJh aqmufvkyfay;
xm;wJh aetdrfrsm; &Sdygw,f? tkwt
f eDeJ@ aqmufxm;wJh ESpfxyfwdu
k }f uD;rsm;
jzpfygw,f? tdrfwiG f;zG@J pnf;r_ (tcef;zGJ@pnf;yH/k avSum;txm;tokd) tenf;
tusOf;uGJjym;ayr,fh a,bk,sawmh tawmfwlnDpGm wnfaqmufxm;yg
w,f? tJ'Dacwfu avat;pufay:wJh acwf r[kwfayr,fh tJ'Dwdu
k }f uD;rsm;
wnfaqmufxm;r_[m aEGtcgrSm at;+yD; aqmif;tcgrSm aEG;aewJhtwGuf
avat;pufeJ@ ae&ovkdygy?J tdraf wG&J@ qif0ifawGeJ@ rsufESmpmtcsdK@rmS vnf;
EG,fwufaewJh eH&u
H yf&GufvyS ifawGvnf; &Syd gw,f? tdrfaemufbufrmS vnf;
tdrf0efxrf;awGtwGuf tdrfaxmifawG (ukd,&f Hrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ um;
armif;orm;rsm;) aezkd@twGuf wef;vsm;aqmifvnf; &Syd gw,f? tdrfayguf0
rSm uif;tdraf wG &Sdygw,f?
txl;ojzifhawmifydik ;f wkdi;f rSL;rsm; tpOftqufaexkdifchw
J hJ r*Fvm'Hk/
ca&yifvrf;xdyu
f wkdu}f uD;[m tvGeu
f s,jf yef@wJh O,smOf}uD;eJ@twl tvGef@
ukd cHhnm;}uD;rm;ygw,f? +cHxJrSmukd wif;epfuGif;&Sd+yD; tdrfab;u ajruGuf
rSmvnf; uav;rsm; upm;uGif;/ ('ef;/ qD;aqm/ av#mpifpojzif)h &Sdygw,f?
+cHxrJ Sm ydawmufyif}uD;tcsdK@vnf; &Syd gw,f? o}uFefrk;d av; w+zdKufEpS f+zdKuf
us&if wyifvHk; a&$a&mifoef;vmatmif a0aeatmif yGifhwJh ydawmufyef;
rsm;ukd u|efrwkd@ i,fb0uwnf;u jrwfEkd;cJh=u&ygw,f? u|erf wk@d tbGm;
awGu azazhukd,f&&H Jabmfav;awGukd tyifay: wuf +yD; OD;OD;zsm;zsm; bk&m;
wifzd@k yef;cl;ckdi;f wwfwmawGowd&rdygw,f? ca&yifawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yg?
u|ef r u tbG m ;awG e J @twl reuf a pmapmx+yD ; ca&yef ; awG
aumuf/ oDuHk;+yD; bk&m;wif&ygw,f? tbGm;awGu 'Dvkd uk,
d t
fh drfukd,fh&mu
yef;awG uk,
d fwkdif aumuf+yD;/ ukd,w
f ikd fo+D yD; bk&m;wif&if ykdukodv
k &f w,fvk@d
ajymwwfygw,f? tJ'Dumvu u|efrwkd@Zmwd om,m0wD/ oHk;q,fukd
ygwDwyfrsm;eJ@ jynfol@&Jabmfwyfrsm;u odrf;xm;wJhtwGuf u|efr tbkd;
tbG m;rsm;eJ @ aqGr sd K ;tawmf r sm;rsm; r*F v m'H k t d r f rS m vm+yD ; vtcsd K @
ppfajy;ae=u&ygw,f? u|efrwkd@e,f at;csrf;oGm; awmhrS tbkd;wdk@wawG
jyefukefygw,f? 'DwacgufrSmawmh u|efrtbkd;wkd@eJ@ jyefrvkduf &awmhbJ
azazwdk@eJ@ jyefaecJh&+yD; ausmif;pae&ygawmhw,f?
'Dtdrf}uD;a&S@rSm 1952 ckESpf tapmykid f;rSm u|efrwk@d ro
d m;pk (ti,f
qHk; wGwfwGwfrarG;ao;yg) kdufxm;wJh"mwfyHk wyHk&Sdygw,f? tJ'D"mwfyHk
ta=umif;vnf; ajymjycsifygw,f? tJ'D"mwfyHkkdufwkef;u azazu t&yf
0wfe@J kdufxm;wmyg? tJ'D umvu azazhudk t&yf0wfeJ@ tifrwef awG@&
cJygw,f? ,leDazmif; ppf0wfudkyJ awmufav#muf jrwfjrwfEdk;Ekd; 0wfqif
oljzpfvdk@ ol@ "mwfyHktm;vHk;[mvnf; (tJ'Dumvtxd) ,leDazmif;eJ@
csnfhygyJ? 'ga=umifhyJ 1957 ckESpf azaz yifpifay;cH&+yD; aemuf u|efrwkd@
t&yfxJ ajymif;vm&wJhtcsdef u|efrwkd@ qDqHkvrf;tdrfuav; xJu {nfhcef;rSm
xm;zdk@ "mwfyHk&SmwJhtcg t&yf0wfeJ@ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; tJ'DwyHkom &Sdygw,f?
azazu t&yfxJrmS ae=u+yDjzpfvk@d t&yf0wfeJ@om xm;csifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
'Drdom;pkyHkyJ u,m;wyfu vufaqmifay;xm;wJh zm;pnf}uD;ay:rSm wif
xm;ygw,f?
50

tJ'D"mwfyx
Hk J ryg&wJh u|efrwkd@armifti,fqHk;
av; wGww
f Gwfu 'gukd pdwfaumufygw,f? ol@arG;+yD;rS
ar+rdK@rSm ku
d fxm;wJhyHku azazu ppf0wfppfpm; tjynfh
tpHkeJ@rkd@ azazu tJ'DyHkukd rxm;wmyg? u|efrwkd@ prf;
acsmif;a&mufrS wGwfwGwfu ausmif;pwufwmyg? olu
ausmif;qif;vm&if ol@bGwfzdeyfav;ukd ajcpGyfudck |wf+yD;
usefvlawGvkd tdrfa&S@ujyifu zdeyfpifrmS rwifbJ tJ'D
"mwfyHka&S@ zm;pnfay:rSm oGm;wifwwfygw,f? tpykdif;
rSmawmh ol@&J@ 'DoydwfarSmufvyk f&yfuav;ukd b,forl S
owdrjyKrdygbl;? reufausmif;oGm;cgeD;&if ol[m ol@zdeyf
av; oGm;,l+yD; pD;ygw,f? aemufrS araru powdjyKrd+yD;
ol@ukd om;u om;yHk rygvkd@ 'DyHkukd pdwfqkd;aewmvm;?
om;vnf; 'DyHkxJygygw,f? om;u tJ'Dwkef;u ararh
Akdux
f JrSavvd@k ol@ukdacsmharmh azsmif;zsawmhrS wGwfww
G f
ol@zdeyfukd tJ'D"mwfyHka&S@ rwifawmhwmyg/
wGwfwGwu
f dk 1952 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvrSm r*Fvm
'HkrmS arG;wmyg? r*Fvm'Hrk Sm r*Fvm'Hpk pfaq;H}k u;D &Syd gw,f?
tapmykdif;u trsdK;om;rsm;/ ppfom;rsm;twGufom jzpf
ayr,fh aemufykdif; trsdK;orD;aqmifukd wkd;csJ@zGifhvSpfyg
w,f? tJ'Dppf aq;Hk}uD;&J@ aq;Hktkyf[m 'kAkdvfrSL;}uD;
csdKif;yg? Armjynfayguf wkwftrsdK;om;jzpf+yD; ol@ ZeD;
a':kdpDcsdKif;uawmh wkwfu&if ujym;yg? olvnf;
q&m0efygyJ? ZeD;armifEHES Spaf ,mufvHk; a'guw
f m boef;
&J@ wynfhrsm;jzpf=u+yD; a':upfwDb oef; (a':cifar
oef;-aemifAv
kdf f csKyfae0if;&J@ ZeD;)eJ@vnf; &if;ESD;cifrif=u
ygw,f? tJovkd yk*~dKvfa&; cifrifr_rsm;tjyif 'kAdv
k rf SL;}uD;
csdKif;wkd@ ZeD;armifESH&J@ vlemppfonfrsm;tay: xm;&SdwJh
apwemaumif; rGefr_wd@k a=umifh 'kAv
kd frSL;}uD;csdKif;[m aq;
Ht
k ky}f uD;tjzpf awmufav#muf+rJcJhygw,f? ol tJ'u
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yifpif,lygw,f?
araru tJ'Dwkef;u awmifykdif;wkdif; wkdif;rSL;
uawmf b0eJ@ rdcifeJ@uav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif;wkd@/
wyfrawmf trsdK;orD;toif;wdk@rSm awmifykdif;wkdif;&J@
OuUtjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifaeygw,f? tJ'DumvrS
tJ'Daq;Hktyk fq&m0ef ZeD; armifEESH Spfa,muf OD;aqmif
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araru atmufajc&Jabmfav;rsm;&J@ ZeD;r,m;
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rsm;[m tawmfaumif;rGefygw,f? ukvm;yJwkd@/ trJom;
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txl;ojzifh uk,
d f0efaqmifawG/ rD;aeonfawG aemuf

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

wef; usefcJh&if ykd'kuQa&muf&Smwm/ 'ga=umifh om;zGm;aqmifukd ararwdk@ pzGifhcJh=uwmygvkd@ u|efrukd ajymjyzl;ygw,f? ararwdk@ukd
aq;Hktkyf}uD; ZeD;armifESHu aq;oifwef;awG/ a&S;OD;olemjyKenf;awGukd oifay;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif araru usefAkdvfuawmfrsm;eJ@
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51

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52

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53

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64

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68

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udkw;l (26 Ed0k ifvm 2013)
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71

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
'ghtjyif wkwfu tmqD,HEkdifiHtcsdK@eJ@vnf;
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w&m vuf0Jbufa&mufvmae=uwJh) vufwiftar
&du EkdifiHrsm;vnf; yg&Sdygw,f?
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(Trans-Pacific Partnership. TPP) qkdwhJ ukefo,
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72

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
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73

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
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75

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