Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Tp.

HCM

LP NETWORK

CHNG IV

Ban quyen 2004- Khoa Cong Nghe Thong Tin

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Muc tieu thiet ke lp network :

Lien mang:

Autonomous domain (subnet). S dung cach anh a ch mang co tnh toan cuc. nh tuyen. S dung nhieu ky thuat lien ket (LAN, WAN).

nh tuyen trong lien mang. Giai quyet tac nghen.

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Thiet b s dung :

Chuyen dung va dung vao muc ch ac biet. Lam viec c vi cac ky thuat LAN hay WAN. c biet di ten la router hay oi khi con goi la gateway.

router

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To chc ben trong cua lp network :

Virtual circuit Cau noi c thiet lap nh la ng i cua packet. Tat cac cac d lieu truyen qua cau noi. Cau noi ong th virtual circuit se ong. Datagram Packet c tm ng oc lap. Tng datagram cha ng ay u cac a ch.

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V du ve IP (Internet Protocol)

RFC 791 Giao thc lp 3 pho bien. Giao thc nen tang tao nen Internet. Connectionless. oc lap vi a ch phan cng (MAC). c dung cho nhng giao thc lp cao hn va cac ng dung mang.
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V du ve a ch IP

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V du ve a ch IPv4

c dung cho van e truyen thong lien mang. c gan tren moi giao tiep mang.

Mot a ch IP tng ng mot ket noi gia mot may tnh va mang. Mot may tnh co nhieu giao tiep mang tng ng se co moi a ch IP tren moi giao tiep mang. prefix ch nh mang (do global authority gan) suffix ch nh may tnh tren moi giao tiep (do Local administrator gan).
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Co chieu dai 32 bit va chia thanh hai phan:

Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Tp.HCM

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Mo

hnh anh a ch IP trong mang

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V du ve dnh dang cua Packet (IP Datagram)

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V du van e ve truyen nhan IP Datagram

Khong hng ket noi (connectionless), tc co thay oi ng i. Co the c tr hoan va truyen khong theo th t. Co the b mat trong khi truyen v vay can tao ban sao. c dien ta tai cac router. Chuyen tiep c ban da tren hop-by -hop. a ch ch c dung cho viec xac nh ng i.
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V du ve nh tuyen tren IP

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V du ve viec nh tuyen

Xac nh a ch ch D. Tm ng i en D trong bang ng i. Tm ra a ch gi ke tiep (Next hop address). Gi Frame en N.

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IP Routing

140.192.10.5 0060CA23BE45

140.192.10.25 0060CA34CD29

140.192.100.34 0060CA4AD2EE

140.192.100.8 0060CAAABBCC

140.192.10.1 00C0C1AA3411

140.192.100.1 00C0C1AA3412

140.192.201.1 00C0C1AA3410

Router

140.192.34.1 00C0C1AA3413

140.192.201.22 0060CA3499CC

140.192.201.126 0060CA3499DE

140.192.34.34 0060CA114499

140.192.34.35 0060CA7819AA

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Lam the nao e chuyen d lieu gia cac mang

Da vao bang ng i tai bo nh tuyen.

Routing Table
Network 140.192.10.0 140.192.100.0 140.192.201.0 140.192.34.0 Interface 0 1 2 3

Layer 2 <--> Layer 3 Table ARP Table

Network.Host 140.192.10.5 140.192.10.25 140.192.100.34 140.192.100.8 140.192.201.22 140.192.201.126 140.192.34.34 140.192.34.35 Layer 2 0060CA23BE45 0060CA34CD29 0060CA4AD2EE 0060CAAABBCC 0060CA3499CC 0060CA3499DE 0060CA114499 0060CA7819AA

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From 140.192.34.34 to 140.192.10.5 140.192.34.34 knows that 140.192.10.5 isn't on the same net and sends it to router at 140.192.34.1 Note DA for layer 2 00C0C1AA3413 0060CA114499 IP 140.192.10.5 140.192.34.34 Data FCS

Inside the router the Layer 2 headers and trailers are removed leaving only the layer 3 packet. The router looks up the packet's DA in the routing table and forwards to the appropriate interface. 140.192.10.5 140.192.34.34 Data

At the interface, layer 2 headers and trailers are added back. DA is the address of the destination host. SA is the address of the router. FCS is recalculated. 0060CA23BE45 00C0C1AA3411 IP 140.192.10.5 140.192.34.34 Data FCS

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ARP:

Address Resolution Protocol Phan giai a ch IP thanh a ch MAC. Moi node gi broadcast tm mot node khac:

140.192.34.34 broadcasts tm 140.192.34.1 140.192.34.1 tra li vi 00C0C1AA3412

Node tng ng tra li vi a ch MAC cua no

Bang ARP:

Bao gom cac trng (IP, MAC) a c hoc t cac node lang gieng.

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V du ve bang ng i

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Lam the nao e xay dng bang ng i ?

Lam bang tay (Static Routing)

Bang c tao bang tay. Thng c dung trong cac mang nho. c dung neu ng i khong bao gi thay oi. Phan mem tao va cap nhat thong tin trong bang. Can dung trong cac mang ln. Thay oi ng i khi co mot so s co xay ra.
V du: Distance Vector Routing, Link State Routing, Hierarchical Routing.
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T ong (Dynamic Routing)

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Lam the nao e tm ra ng i tot nhat ?

Bieu dien mang di dang o th:

Node : bieu dien cho router Arc :bieu dien communication line (link) ai lng s dung:
Khoang cach. Thi gian delay trung bnh. Dung lng.

S dung mot giai thuat tm ng

Dijkstra. Flooding, Flow-Based Routing.

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B 2 A 6 G (a ) B (2 , A ) A E (4 , B ) F ( , -) G (6 , A ) (c ) B (2 , A ) A E (4 , B ) F (6 , E ) G (5 , E ) (e ) H (9 , G ) D ( ,-) C (9 , B ) A B (2 , A ) E (4 , B ) F (6 ,E ) G (5 , E ) (f) H (8 , F ) D ( ,-) H ( , -) D ( ,-) C (9 , B ) A B (2 , A ) E (4 , B ) F (6 , E ) G (5 , E ) (d ) C (9 , B ) H ( , -) D ( ,1 ) 2 1 4 H E 7 2 F 2 3 C 3 D 2 G (6 , A ) (b ) H ( , -) A E ( , -) F ( , -) D ( , -) B (2 , A ) C ( , -)

C (9 , B )

Mot

v du tm ng t A->D dung Dijkstra

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Giai thuat Flooding :

Packet en gi ra tat ca cac link. Tao mot lng ln packet trung lap. Cac ky thuat giai quyet trung lap : Dung ky thuat hop counter e loai bo Lu tr lai packet a c flood Selective flooding : Router gi packet ra cac link hng ti ch.

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Giai thuat Flow-Based Routing :

Thuat giai s dung tai & mo hnh mang (topology) cho tnh toan va chon ng i tot nhat (co thi gian tre trung bnh nho nhat).

Tnh toan thi gian tre trung bnh da tren tai & topology. Tnh nhieu lan tren nhieu tap ng i. Chon ra tap ng i tot nhat.

Cac thong tin e tnh toan thi gian tre trung bnh:

Mo hnh mang. Lu lng thong tin gia cac node (router). Dung lng ng truyen gia cac node (router). Tap ng i ang s dung.
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Giai thuat Flow-Based Routing :

A A 9 B BA Source 10 20 20 D 10 C 4 8 CBA CB B 9 AB

Destination C D E 4 1 7 ABC ABFD AE 8 BC

F 4 AEF

B 20 A 20

20

3 2 4 BFD BFE BF 3 CD 3 CE 2 CEF

E 50 F (a) A subnet with line capacibilities shown in kbps

1 3 3 D DFBA DFB DC E 7 EA 2 3 EFB EC 3 ECD

3 4 DCE DF 5 EF 5 FE

4 4 F FEA FB

2 4 FEC FD

(b) The traffic in packets/sec and the routing matrix

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Cac cong thc tnh toan Ti= 1/(Ci - i) Wi= I / i Taver = Ti x Wi

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V du: (gia s 1/ = 800 bits/packet)

C(kbps) 20 20 10 20 50 10 20 20 C(pkts/sec) 25 25 12.5 25 62.5 12.5 25 25 T(msec) 91 77 154 71 20 222 67 59 Weight 0.171 0.146 0.073 0.134 0.159 0.098 0.122 0.098
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Line (pkts/sec) AB 14 BC 12 CD 6 AE 11 EF 13 FD 8 BF 10 EC 8

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Distance Vector Routing

Router A B C D To A 0 12 25 40 14 23 18 17 21 9 24 29 JA delay is 8 I 24 36 18 27 7 20 31 20 0 11 22 33 JI delay is 10

La giai thuat ong (RIP, RIPv2, IGRP) Con goi la Bellman-Ford, Ford-Fulkerson routing. Tng router co mot bang cho biet con ng tot nhat ti ch. nh ky trao oi cac bang ng i vi cac router lang gieng. Tnh toan lai khi cac lien ket co loi.

Newestim ated delay fromJ H K 20 21 31 28 19 36 8 24 30 22 19 40 6 31 0 19 14 22 7 10 22 0 9 9 JH JK delay delay is is 12 6 8 20 28 20 17 30 18 12 10 0 6 15 New routing table for J

L K (a) Subnet

Vectors received from J's four neighbors (b) routing table

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Distance Vector Routing : (Tiep theo)

Van e Count-to-Infinity :
B C D E A B 1 3 3 5 5 7 7 C 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 D 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 E 4 4 4 4 6 6 8 Initially After 1 exchange After 2 exchange After 3 exchange After 4 exchange After 5 exchange After 6 exchange

1 1 1 1

2 2 2

3 3 (a)

Initially After 1 exchange After 2 exchanges After 3 exchanges 4 After 4 exchanges

. . .

(b)
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Distance Vector Routing : (Tiep theo)

Giai quyet van e Count-to-Infinity : Hold down :

Ch mot thi gian trc khi thay oi ng i. Bao gia tr vo cung cua mot router. Can ban da vao timer. Bao am khong b lap nhng tra gia kha at. Khong bao cac ng i en cac router lang gieng neu hng i o khong nhan c t cac router lang gieng khac.

Report the entire path :

Split horizon :

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Link State Routing :

OSPF Cac router trao oi thong tin trang thai lien ket. Cach thc hien :

Tm cac neighbors & hoc a ch cua no :

Dung packet HELLO Dung packet ECHO.

Tnh toan delay & chi ph cho tng neighbors cua no : Xay dng packet dung bao tat ca a c hoc. Gi packet nay en tat ca router : dung flooding Tnh toan con ng ngan nhat ti moi router khac.

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Link State Routing : (Tiep theo)

Xay dng Link State packet : Packet bao gom :

B 4 A 5 E 1 8 6 F 7 2

Sender Sequence number & age Danh sach cac neighbors

C 3 D A Seq. Age B 4 E 5 Link B Seq. Age A 4 C 2 F 6 State C Seq. Age B 2 D 3 E 1 D Seq. Age C 3 F 7 Packets E Seq. Age A 5 C 1 F 8 F Seq. Age B 6 D 7 E 8

(a) A subnet

(b) The link state packets for this subnet

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Hierarchical Routing :

He thong mang ln -> bang routing ln :

Hao ton nhieu tai nguyen khi x ly Hao ton nhieu bandwitdth e truyen nhan cac report

Router chia thanh cac vung (regions) Router biet ro ve vung cua mnh & khong biet cau truc cac vung khac

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Hierarchical Routing : (Tiep theo)

Full table for 1A Region 1 1B 1A 1C 2C 2D Region 2 2A 2B Dest. Line 1A 1B 1B 1C 1C 2A 1B 2B 1B 2C 1B 2D 1B 3A 1C 3B 1C 4A 1C 4B 1C 4C 1C 5A 1C 5B 1C 5C 1B 5D 1C 5E 1C Hops 1 1 2 3 3 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 5 (b) Hierarchical table for 1A Dest. Line 1A 1B 1B 1C 1C 2 1B 3 1C 4 1C 5 1C Hops 1 1 2 2 3 4

3A 3B Region 3 4B

4A 4C

5B 5A

5C

Region 4

5D 5E Region 5

(a)

(c)

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