Abdulla Al Suwaidi 1 Car Racing History and Development of Auto Racing 1894-1900 The initial steps of auto racing

Auto racing began to be considered as the type of sport contest after the construction of first gasoline-fueled automobiles, hereby the first recorded race too! place in 1894 on the route from "aris to Rouen #$artin, $artin % &aal, '004() Thereinafter, the motor automobile races from "aris to *ourdeau+ and bac! to "aris, and from Chicago to ,llinois that both too! place in 189- incorporated limitations for .ehicles ith t o seats and increased general public interest in such design as automobile #$artin et al), '004() *ac! then, racing contests did not re/uire the deployment of rules or means of protection for participants and ere run on the public roads) 1900-1918 The creation of regulatory rules and trac! for racing ,n early 1900s ith the [Link] of rules for an international race 0Coupe ,nternationale1 by 2ames 3) *ennett, and ta!ing place of the 4-4,5- miles-long race from "aris to 6yon, manufacturers and race promoters became concerned ith the safety and reliability of cars and race trac!s for 0cross country trips1 #$artin et al), '004, p) 4-() ,n this sense, ith the occurrence of fatal accidents on the part of spectators and participants more emphasi7e as placed on the dirt horse trac!s and the utili7ation of colored flags as means to communicate ith [Link] #$artin et al), '004() ,t follo s that, most of the

Abdulla Al Suwaidi 2 current touring, sports and production car racing tournaments originated from the incorporation of circular dirt trac!s in the guidelines of contest) 1918-1980 The creation of automobiles for 9ormula 1 and ,ndyCar Racing :o [Link], the issues of speed and do n ard force of stoc! cars that ere brought to sell ith the allegation of meeting demands of challenging slope trips, encouraged :enry 9ord build a 1, 8000 pounds car hich as stripped from .al.e [Link] and steered by a tiller #$artin et al), '004() This [Link] mar!s the origination of pre-;orld ;ar ,, single-seated racing contests, the rules to hich ere standardi7ed by 9ederation ,nternationale de l<Autopmobile #9,A( in 1948 as for 9ormula 1 hile =A&CAR created a [Link] for mini .ersion of ,ndy-&tyle cars for midget auto racing #*ee!man, '010() ,n this sense, *ee!man #'010( pointed out that the incorporation of mostly stoc! and endurance-stable cars into racing mar!ed the reduction of the number of dirt races in the 1980s and 0breed the production of >8 engines1, hich could accelerate the car [Link] '00 mph #p) 4-1() ,t follo s that, manufacturers of motor racing tried to follo the pace of the e+pansion of car racing .arieties and ere eager to offer

prototypes and production classes, hich could meet the demands of ne ly originated championships) 19-4 and on ard) Re-classification of Car 3roups for the ;orld &portscar Championship Thus, although the 0;orld &portscar Championship1 hich included only stoc! cars e+isted from 19-4 to 199' up to its dismissal, it as rene ed in '010 after the increased popularity of 3roup C American 6e$ans &eries, the race that re/uired participation 3T cars and as run ithin the day # World Sportscar Championship, '014,

Abdulla Al Suwaidi 3 p) 4'() 9urthermore, hen in 198' 9,A separated rally cars into 3roup =, 3roup A, 3roup * and 3roup 4 classes due to the increased popularity of touring, sport and production car racing, the races of these classes ere since regulated by 9,A, =A&CAR and &CCA #&hac!leford, '011() &ince then, open- heel domestic-based races became the most prominent type of contest on a local [Link] as ell as on the international [Link]) ,n this respect, auto racing that initially originated from the open road and shortdistance contests [Link] and became proficient and safe-steady type of sport ith the incorporation of regulations and homologation specifications)

Kinds and Types of Tournaments a( 9ormula 1

The 9ormula 1 race upon splitting from the CART in 1998, included single-seated cars ith [Link] heels, hose [Link] grip to the trac! as [Link] ith boasted airfoil ings in the front of .ehicle #$artin et al), '004() Among the most prominent tournaments are ,ndyCar &eries and 3"' that are run on [Link] closed-circuits or road racing on the purpose-built motor trac!s #9,A, '014() These participants ho /ualify in accordance ith the graded 10 points as the fastest to run on the lap are subse/uently accepted for the 9ormula 1 racing in the midseason #9,A, '014() b( Touring Car Racing

Abdulla Al Suwaidi 4 ?nli!e speediness and lengths of formula racing contests, touring car racing tournaments re/uire production-modified street car models, hose endurance is influenced by lesser impact of aerodynamic characteristics and hich should ithstand the race for a ma+imum of '4 hours #9,A, '014() :[Link] similarities ith stoc! car racing in terms of ballast eight and 3T cars body shell, as the sprint type of race, touring car tournaments include ;orld Touring Car Championship, >8 &upercars, 3T Championships, &"@@A ;orld Challenge, etc #World Sportscar Championship, '014() c( &port Car Racing &port car racing tournaments are run on the similar closed-circuit trac!s as formula racing and include similar 3T cars as touring racing competitions do) ?nli!e, small speed mechanic [Link] and large grids that are used in touring tournaments, prototypebased 3Ts in sports racing ha.e the lighter eight than '000cc, run on a minimal of 1000 !m and re/uire participation of t o [Link] ho s itch [Link] t o hours of the competition #9,A, '014() $ost tournaments of this type of racing include 9,A-regulated 3T Championships, including similar to formula series as 6e$ans Cup that as reopened in '010) d( "roduction Car Racing

Abdulla Al Suwaidi 5 As it as mentioned before, the production-based car racing of 3roup *, A, 4 and C classes are at the discretion of 9,A, in addition to sho room stoc! racing, that complies ith 3roup = regulations and &CCA regulations for the region # World Sportscar Championship, '014() ,n addition to the ,$&A championships of these groups, the sports car racing includes road racing, autocross and rallying) ,t follo s that these categories of racing include point-to-point format, here participants dri.e bet een the circuit set stages li!e in rallying, or race against the cloc! li!e in autocross hen the high demand is placed on the [Link]<s s!ills rather than aerodynamic characteristics of modified production cars) Although 9,A [Link] regulations for most of the types of car racing, some homologated specifications are at the discretion of &CAA and =A&CAR)

Game Components and Rules Regulations for 9ormula 1 and ,ndyCar Racing 9ormula racing regulations issued by 9,A, distribute points for participants in the se/uence of '--18-1--1'-10-8-4-'-and 1, hereby the [Link] ho gets '- ins the race in hich there are 10 positions #9,A, '014() :o [Link], if the race is stopped at 5-B of the distance, half of the points are a arded to all of the participants) All of the participants are split into three sessions of the 40- !m lengths-race, so they can /ualify for the ten final positions) ,n this respect, at the end of each t enty minute session, the [Link] minute brea! is [Link] hen the si+ cars hich come as the ultimate ones are eliminated from the competition #9,A, '014() 9urthermore, &aturday night practice is

Abdulla Al Suwaidi 6 imperati.e for [Link] to compete in grand pri+) ,n the case of penalties, ste ards appointed and /ualified by 9,A prescribe penalties for breach of regulations that include bloc!age of a [Link] [Link], speeding in the pit lane, or Cumping to race ithout the start arning #9,A, '014() $[Link], the penalties differ ithin the [Link] of .iolation and include [Link] types, hereby the last one of them presupposes e+clusion of the results of race and suspension from future races) Regulations for Racing Cars of 3roup A, *, C, and 4) &porting regulations for the touring car racing include the technical specifications for different classes of racing cars as for the Appendi+ 2 re/uirements for homologations and presuppose one /ualifying race and one championship race that last for a ma+imum of one hour or up to t enty-four hours of the [Link] #9,A "ublic, '01'() @ach restricted international [Link] of the championship has the number of t el.e contests in hich the inner is that [Link] ho gets the ma+imum points of each [Link], hich are e/ualed to the distribution of the formula racing contests) The condition of 0a dead heat1 is associated ith t o or more [Link] ho finish the season ith the same number of points, hen the higher place in the Championship should be a arded to the [Link] ho gets the greatest number of first positions in that season #9,A "ublic, '01', p) 8() Considering technical specifications of touring race cars ith the minute-speed differences, each [Link] is re/uired to perform '--minute [Link] period during each race ith the usage of 0the [Link] timing transponder1 #9,A "ublic, '01', p) 18() ,n addition, starting procedure of race includes that stages of [Link]< [Link] the grid t enty minutes prior of the start of race, their e+it from the pit lane ten minutes prior the second arning signal of the start time, and Coining of the race on the particular racing lap after

Abdulla Al Suwaidi 7 fifteen seconds of the final audible arning) ,f these regulations are .iolated by [Link] by any unspecified means, sanctions against [Link] and their teams include four types of penalties #9,A "ublic, '01'() To conclude, sporting regulations for different types of competitions re/uire eligible [Link] to comply ith technical and sporting specifications of Appendi+ 2 of the 9,A &porting Code, as ell as to adhere to the regulations of &CCA, =A&CAR and other respecti.e authorities of the region of the race) Although some !inds of races li!e autocross re/uire direct impact on the part of the [Link], the [Link] of homologation regulations for the contested prototype cars re/uire eligible car models to comply ith aerodynamic and other technical characteristics of the imposed sporting regulations)

Abdulla Al Suwaidi 8

Glossary
Homologation: to register (a specific make of automobile in general production) so as to make it eligible for international racing competition.

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www."[Link]+sites+de"ault+"iles+ e#ulation+"ile+2314S*o tin#520 e#ulations416.0%.2012.*d"

,-A. (201%). 201" Formula #ne Sporting Regulations$ 0a is: ,ede ation -nte nationale de l1Automobile. Ret ie)ed " om www."[Link]+sites+de"ault+"iles+ e#ulation+"ile+1(
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,-A. (201&). 201% FIA &C Sporting Regulations$(./SC and C/SA 0ublication).0a is: ,ede ation -nte nationale de l1Automobile. www."[Link]+sites+de"ault+"iles+ e#ulation+"ile+201&520,-A520.8C520S*o tin# 520Re#ulations4;1:121%.*d" /a tin, <. A., /a tin, <. A., Saal, 3. ,. (200&). American auto racing' The milestones an! personalities of a centur( of spee!$ <e""e son, NC: /c,a land = Com*an!. Shackle"o d, B. (2011). NASCAR stock ca acin#: 8stablishment and Southe n et enchment. The International Journal of the )istor( of Sport, 2> (2), %00(%1>. ?7-: 10.10>0+0:'2%%6@.2011.'%:@22. orl! SportsCar Championship$ (201%). Book on ?emand 9td. Ret ie)ed " om
htt*:++[Link] ldcat.o #+