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CHAPTER 3 ; CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATION

1.What is mole ? 1.What is the meaning of relative atomic mass ? 2.What is the meaning of relative molecular mass? 3.What is the relative molecular mass for : i !"#gen ii $mmonia. 2.What is $vogadro number ? 3.%ow man# molecules are there in 2.& mol ammonia' (%3 ? ). %ow man# atom are there in 2.& mol ammonia' (%3 ?

1.What is *olar mass.

2.Calculate the molar mass for +(%) 2C!3 ? 3.What is the mass for 1., mol *g! ? ).What is the number of mole in 22 g carbon dio"ide?

Concepts of relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass

Relationship between the number of moles with the number of particles

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATION

Relationship between the number of moles of a substance with its mass

Chemical equations Chemical formulae

1.Write the chemical equation to represent decomposition process of calcium carbonate ? 2. Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction between magnesium and o"#gen ? 3. Write the chemical reaction when sulphuric acid is react with potassium h#dro"ide ?

Relationship between the number of moles of a gas with its volume

1.What is *olar volume ? 1.What is empirical formula ? 2.What is molecular .ormula ?

2.What is the volume of +i 2 mol !2 +ii 1- g !2 +iii 3.&1 " 1&23 !2

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CONCEPT MAP CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

CHEMICAL FORMULAE
divided into needed to form needed to determine

Chemical equation Chemical equation

(umber of (umber of moles of a moles of a substance substance

related to

/mpirical formula /mpirical formula

is

*olecular formula *olecular formula

is

contains

2he simplest 2he simplest formula formula

e"ample

2he actual 2he actual formula formula

e"ample

Reactants Reactants 0roducts 0roducts

C% ! 2 C% ! 2
(umber of (umber of particles particles
1 mol is

%! !- 12 CC % - 12 -

*ass of *ass of aa substance substance

$vogadro $vogadro Constant' ($ Constant' ($

1 mol is

*olar mass *olar mass

1olume of 1olume of gas gas
1 mol is is classified into

*olar *olar volume volume

1 *agnesium atom

2 atom of Carbon312

Relative Relative atomic mass atomic mass +R$* +R$*

Relative Relative molecular molecular mass +R** mass +R**

Relative Relative formula mass formula mass +R.* +R.*

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS $r *g 4 2) 1512 " 12 4 2) !R 2he *g atom is twice as heav# as the carbon312 atom 2 " 12 4 2)

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oo

R.$.* 4 2he average mass of one atom of an element 2he mass of an atom of h#drogen !R R.$.* 4 2he average mass of one atom of an element 1512 " the mass of an atom of Carbon312

R.*.* 4 !R R.*.* 4

Relative $tomic *ass' $r +R.$.*

*eaning

Relative *olecular *ass' *r +R.*.*

R/6$271/ $2!*7C *$88 $(9 R/6$271/ *!6/C:6$R *$88

A. 1.

2he masses of atom and molecules are ver# small. .or e"ample h#drogen is the smallest atom and the mass of h#drogen atom' % is &.&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&1 ) g and the mass of methane molecule' C%) is &.&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &22 ) g. 2his masses are ver# small and inconvenient to use. 7magine if #ou want to write all those ;eroes ever# time #ou want to do a chemical calculation. 7n practice' chemists do not use these actual masses of atoms and molecules in their calculation. 2he# use relative masses. 2his means the# simpl# compare the masses of atoms and molecules. 2he lightest atoms are the h#drogen atom. When the masses of atoms were first compare' the# were all compare with the mass of one hy !o"en atom. $ nitrogen atom is 1) times as heav# as a h#drogen atom. 8o nitrogen was said to have Relative Atomic Mass of 1). Chemists later found that comparing masses of atoms with the mass of a h#drogen atom was not ver# convenient. 7n 1<-1' it was decided to compare masses of atoms with the mass of carbon atom. $ carbon atom has 12 times the mass of one h#drogen atom. 8o 1512 of carbon atom has the RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS AND RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS same mass as one h#drogen atom. Carbon-12 is chosen as a standard to compare the masses of atoms because it is a and can be easily CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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2.

The relative atomic mass of an elements is the ..................................................... .. Relative atomic mass of an element =

3.

ince relative atomic mass compares the masses of atoms! it does not have any "i# $o% many times is copper atom he !"e# than t%o helium atom& 'Relative atomic mass (RAM) : $e = () Cu = *( + olution: ,ass of a copper atom = R-, of copper ,ass of 2 helium atom 2 . R-, of helium = *( 2.( = / times "ii# $o% many times is $%e atom of silicon heavier than $%e atom of lithium& 'Relative atomic mass: 0i = 1) i = 2/ +

"iii#

The mass of one 2 atom is ( times lar3er than the mass of one nitro3en atom. Calculate the relative atomic mass of 2. 'Relative atomic mass: 4 = 1( +

(.

The relative molecular of a molecule is the ......................................................... Relative molecular mass of an element =

Calculate the Relative ,olecular ,ass 5 Relative 6ormula ,ass CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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Relative molecular mass5Relative formula mass can be calculated b# adding up the relative atomic mass of all the atoms that are present in the molecule5formulae.

*olecular Compound

7onic Compound

/"amples: =R.$.*> %41' C412' (41)' !41-? 1. R.*.* C!2 4 12 @ 2+1- 4 )) 2. R.*.* (%3 4 3. R.*.* C%3C!!% 4

/"amples: =A.$.*> C412' !41-' (a423' *g42)> $l42B' 8432' Cu4-)? 1. R...* *g! 4 2) @ 1- 4 )& 2. R...* Cu8!) 4 3. R...* $l2+C!3 4

). R.*.* C-%12!-

4 ). R...* (a282!3 4

7.ample of relative molecular masses of some molecular substances: ' Relative atomic mass (RAM) : $ = 1 ) C = 12 ) 4 = 1( ) 8 = 1*+ M$&e'(& # )(*)+ %'e 9ater! $28 Re& +"!e ,$&e'(& # , )) 2 . R-, of $ : 1 . R-, of 8 CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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ulphur dio.ide! 82

= 2"1# : 1"1*# = 2: 1* = 11 . R-, of : 2 . R-, of 8

,ethane! C$(

;.

7.ample of relative formula masses of some ionic substances: M$&e'(& # Che,"' & Re& +"!e .$#,(& , )) )(*)+ %'e .$#,(& odium chloride 4aCl 1 . R-, of 4a : 1 . R-, of Cl = 1"23# : 1"3;.;# = 23 : 3;.; = 5-.5 ,a3nesium ,3 8( sulphate -mmonium carbonate "4$(#2C83

-luminium nitrate

-l"483#3

Calcium hydro.ide

Ca"8$#2

$ydrated copper"<<# sulphate

Cu 8(.;$28

B. 1.

THE MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES - mole is ..

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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The -vo3adro constant! 4- is defined as.. 8ne mole of substance contains .. particles. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the number of particles: " ($ N(,*e# $. ,$&e) CCCC.

C. THE MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES 1. 2. 3. The mass of one mole of any substance is called .. =nit for molar mass is .. Complete the follo%in3 table: E&e,e%+ Re& +"!e , )) $elium! $e ( odium! 4a 23 9ater ! $28 -mmonia ! 4$3 odium chloride! 4aCl M )) $. 1 ,$& (3 M$& # , )) ( 3 mol-1

' Relative atomic mass "R-,# : $!1 ) 8! 1* ) 4! 1( ) 4a! 23 ) Cl! 3;.; + ;. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the mass of a substance: . ,olar mass N(,*e# $. ,$&e)

CCCC.

*.

'Relative atomic mass: $ = 1) 4 = 1() 8 =1*) Cl = 3;.;) Ca = (>) 2n = *; + i. Calculate the number of mole of : "a# 2.> 3 calcium! Ca #$% 4umber of mole of Ca= &% = /./5 mol "b# 3.2 g o.y3en 3as! 82 4umber of mole of 82= = 000 mol

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"ii# 9hat is the mass of : "a# >.1 mol ammonia! 4$3 & ,ass of 4$3 = ... = . 3 1. "b# >.2; mol ?inc chloride! 2nCl2 & ,ass of 2nCl2 = = 3

Calculate the %(,*e# $. ,$&e) found in @.;3 of ma3nesium chloride! ,3Cl2. "Relative atomic mass: ,3! 2() Cl! 3;.;#

/.

Calculate the , )) in 3ram found in >.3 mol of ma3nesium chloride! ,3Cl2. "Relative atomic mass: ,3! 2() Cl! 3;.;#

@.

$o% many 'h&$#"2e "$%) are there in 1@3 of ma3nesium chloride! ,3Cl2. "Relative atomic mass: ,3! 2() Cl! 3;.;. -vo3radro constant: *.>2 . 1>23#

1>. Calculate the , )) in 3ram of 3 . 1>22 units of ma3nesium chloride! ,3Cl2. "Relative atomic mass: ,3! 2() Cl! 3;.;. -vo3radro constant: *.>2 . 1>23#

D. THE MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF 3AS 1. 2. The of a 3as is defined as the volume occupied by one mole of the 3as. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the volume of a 3as: CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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N(,*e# $. ,$&e) 3.

,olar volume

Construct a mind map to sho% the relationship bet%een the number of particles! the number of moles! mass of substances and volume of 3ases.

4umber of moles

C .. 4umber of particles ..

4umber of 4umber of moles moles

C ... ..

,ass "3#

C ...

..

Bolume of 3as " dm3#

(.

Aia3ram belo% sho%s three balloons filled %ith different 3as at room conditions.

#&$% dm

$ydro3en! $2 3as

8.y3en! 82 3#$% g 3as

#3

'$%# ( )% 3as molecules CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

Carbon dio.ide! C82

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"a# Complete the table belo% : T45e $. 6 ) Bolume of 3as D dm H42#$6e%7 H8 84./ O946e%7 O8 C #*$% 2"$9"2e7 CO8

,ass D g 4umber of molecules D molec!les 4umber of moles D mol

38./

:./8 ; 1/83

E. CHEMICAL FORMULAE 1. - chemical formula is a . -n empirical formula is a formula that sho%s - molecular formula is a formula that sho%s ,olecular formula = " %hereby " is a positive inte3er #n

2.

3.

Eased on the statement above! complete the table belo%: C$,5$(%2 E,5"#"' & .$#,(& M$&e'(& # %

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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11

MODUL PEMBELAJARAN .$#,(&

9ater 7thene Carbon dio.ide Flucose Een?ene (.

$28 C2$( C82 C$28 C*$*

1 *

2.2( 3 of iron combines chemically %ith >.@*3 of o.y3en to form an o.ide. 9hat is the empirical formula of the o.ide & ' Relative atomic mass: 8! 1*) 6e! ;* + 7lement ,ass "3# 4umber of moles of atoms Ratio of moles implest ratio of moles <ron! 6e 2.2( 8.y3en! 8 >.@*

The empirical formula of the o.ide is .

;.

Copper "<<# iodide contains 2>.13G of copper by mass. 6ind its empirical formula. ' Relative atomic mass : Cu!*( ) <! 121 + Eased on its percenta3e composition! 1>>3 of copper"<<# iodine contains 2>.133 of copper. o! taHin3 1>>3 of the compound. element ,ass "3# 4umber of moles of atoms Ratio of moles implest ratio of moles Cu 2>.13 < 1>> - 2>.13 = 1@./1

The empirical formula of the o.ide is

*.

Tobacco contains nicotine. Chemical analysis of the compound sho%s that nicotine contains :

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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1(.1> G carbon /.*( G hydro3en and the rest is nitro3en

Aetermine the empirical formula of nicotine. ' Relative atomic mass : $ = 1) C = 12) 4 = 1( +

E&e,e%+ Iercents "G# ,ass in 1>> 3 of nicotine D 3 4umber of moles "mol# Ratio of moles implest ratio of moles

C 1(.1>

H /.*(

The empirical formula of the compound is

1.

- 3aseous hydrocarbon R contains /> G of carbon and 2> G of hydro3en. * 3 of this hydrocarbon occupies a volume of (.(/ dm at TI. Aetermine : "a# the empirical formula of R "b# the relative molecular mass of R "c# the molecular formula of R ' Relative atomic mass : $ = 1) C = 12 ) 1 mol of any 3as occupies 22.( dm3 at TI +

CHEMICAL FORMULAE < De+e#,"%e E,5"#"' & F$#,(& $. S(*)+ %'e)

Aescribe an e.periment to determine empirical formula of ma3nesium o.ide 0id

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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,a3nesium ribbon

Crucible

$eat Irocedure: 1. Clean ma3nesium ribbon %ith sand paper 2. 9ei3h crucible and its lid 3. Iut ma3nesium ribbon into the crucible and %ei3h the crucible %ith its lid (. $eat stron3ly the crucible %ithout its lid ;. Cover the crucible %hen the ma3nesium starts to burn and liftDraise the lid a little at intervals *. Remove the lid %hen the ma3nesium burnt completely 1. $eat stron3ly the crucible for a fe% minutes /. Cool and %ei3h the crucible %ith its lid and the content @. Repeat the processes of heatin3! coolin3 and %ei3hin3 until a constant mass is obtained 1>. Record all the mass Result: 8bservations ,a3nesium burns bri3htly 9hite fumes are released and form a %hite solid substance The mass increases Aata: Crucible : lid Crucible : lid : ma3nesium Crucible : lid : ma3nesium o.ide Calculations: ,assD3 . y ? <nferences ,a3nesium is a reactive metal ,a3nesium o.ide is produced ,a3nesium has combined %ith o.y3en

/lement

*g #3" a

!
z y 1-

*ass +g (umber of moles 8implest ratio of moles

7mpirical formula: ,3a8b D ,38

y x 2)

;3# b

Che,"' & F$#,(& e = E,5"#"' & .$#,(& $. C$55e#>II? $9"2e The empirical formula for copper"<<# o.ide can be determine base on the reaction bet%een '$55e#>II? $9"2e and h42#$6e% 6 ). The apparatus is sho%n belo%. "a# 0abel the dia3ram belo%. CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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"b# 0ist the material and the apparatus that used in this e.periment ,aterial : -pparatus : "c# Aescribe ho% you can prepare dry hydro3en 3as that is use to react %ith copper"<<# o.ide. ......................

"d# The reaction bet%een copper"<<# o.ide and hydro3en can be represent by the %ord eJuation belo% . 6ill in the blanH %ith correct %ord. Copper "<<# o.ide : $ydro3en : .

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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"d# 9hat is the colour of : "i# Copper"<<# o.ide "ii# Copper "e# : :

- student performs an e.periment to determine the empirical formula of copper"<<# o.ide. The steps and setup of the apparatus for the e.periment is sho%n in the dia3ram bello%. teps 1. Combustion tube and porcelain crucible are %ei3hed. -pparatus arran3ement

2,.1& g
2. Combustion tube! porcelain crucible and copper"<<# o.ide are %ei3hed. copper"<<# o.ide

2B.1& g

3. Combustion tube! porcelain crucible and copper are %ei3hed.

copper

2-.B& g

"i#

tate in the table belo%! t%o observation and inferences %hich can be made from the e.periment . 8bservation <nference

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"ii# Aetermine the empirical formula cf copper"<<# o.ide.

Complete the formula of some common cations and anions in the table belo%: C +"$% odium ion F$#,(& A%"$% Chloride ion F$#,(&

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

4541/ CHEMISTRY Iotassium ion 2inc ion ,a3nesium ion Calcium ion <ron"<<#ion <ron"<<<# ion Copper"<<# ion -mmonium ion Tin "<<# ion 0ead"<<# ion

1B

MODUL PEMBELAJARAN Eromide ion <odide ion 8.ide ion $ydro.ide ion ulphate ion Carbonate ion 4itrate ion Ihosphate ion ulphide ion ulphite ion

*Tips : Me+h$2 +$ ,e,$#")e +he ' +"$%) %2 %"$%).

@1

H@

A@

A6@

L"@

N H Hafal Aimia A6aH L"at

@8

C(8@

8@

8@

P*8@

M68@

C%8@

C(B C HaP* M6apa C%Fe

@3

Fe3@

A&3@

Fetrah A&am

B1

OH

NO3

B#

C&

OH NO Ba#u C&ear FiHiran I

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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1D

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B8

SO48@

S8B

CO38B

O8B

SOS C$ntact Osama

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS = Che,"' & .$#,(& e $. "$%"' '$,5$(%2) 1. <onic compounds consist of ' +"$%)>5$)"+"!e "$%)? and %"$%)>%e6 +"!e "$%)? 2. To construct chemical formulae of ionic compounds! %e need to Hno% the formulae of cations and anions. -ctivity : Complete the table belo% of some common cations. N ,e $. ' +"$% 0itium ion odium ion Iotassium ion $ydro3en ion ilver ion -mmonium ion Calcium ion 2inc ion ,a3nesium ion <ron"<<# ion Copper"<<# ion 0ead"<<# ion Earium ion <ron"<<<# ion -luminium ion Chromium"<<<# ion F$#,(& 0i: K: :1 -3 Ca
: 2:

Ch #6e $. ' +"$% :1 :1

N ,e $. %"$% 6luoride ion Chloride ion <odide ion $ydro.ide ion 4itr +e ion 4itr"+e ion 8.ide ion Carbonate ion ulph"2e ion ulph"+e ion ulph +e ion Thiosulphate ion Chromate"B<# ion Aichromate"B<# ion Ihosphate ion

F$#,(& 68$482822-

:2 :2

,32: Ib2: :2 6e3: :3 :3

Ch #6e $. %"$% -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2

8328(22283 Cr8(2Cr2812I8(3-

3. <onic compounds contain char3e particles. Their chemical formulae are electrically neutral because the +$+ & 5$)"+"!e 'h #6e) #e eD( & +$ +he +$+ & %e6 +"!e 'h #6e). (. -fter you have already Hno% the formula of cations and anions ! follo% the steps 3iven belo% ho% to construct the chemical formula of compounds. (.1 9rite the name of compounds (.2 <dentify and %rite the name of cation and anion (.3 9rite the formula of its cation and anion (.( Aetermine the number of catoins and anions by balancin3 the positive and ne3ative char3e (.; 9rite the number of cations and anions as subscript number

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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7.ample 1 : Construct the chemical formula of sodium chloride olution : 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& sodium chloride sodium ion and chloride ion 4a : Cl1":1# 1"-1# 4a 1Cl1 N C&

7.ample 2 : Construct the chemical formula of ,a3nesium chloride olution : 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& ma3nesium chloride ma3nesium ion and chloride ion ,3 2: Cl1":2# 8"-1# ,3 1Cl8 M6C& 8

7.ample 3 : Construct the chemical formula of 2inc sulphate olution : 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& ?inc sulphate ?inc ion and sulphate ion 2n 2: 8(21":2# 1"-2# 2n 1> 8(# 1 C%SO 4

7.ample ( : Construct the chemical formula of odium o.ide olution : 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& sodium o.ide sodium ion and o.ide ion 4a : 828":1# 1"-2# 4a 881 N 8O

7.ample ; : Construct the chemical formula of odium carbonate olution : 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& sodium carbonate sodium ion and carbonate ion 4a : C8328":1# 1"-2# 4a 8"C83#1 N 8CO3

7.ample * : Construct the chemical formula of -luminium sulphate olution : 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& aluminium sulphate aluminium ion and sulphate ion -l 3: 8(28":3# 3"-2# -l 8" 8(#3 A& 8>SO4?3

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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7.ample 1 : Construct the chemical formula of Copper chloride olution : 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& copper"<<# chloride copper"<<# ion and chloride ion Cu 2: Cl1":2# 8"-1# Cu 1"Cl#8 C(C& 8

;. Try to construct chemical formula of each compound 1. Construct the chemical formula of &(,"%"(, 'h&$#"2e olution : 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& 2. Construct the chemical formula of &(,"%"(, $9"2e 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(& . . . .

olution :

3.

Construct the chemical formula of ' &'"(, ' #*$% +e 4ame of compound 4ame of ions 6ormula of ions . .

olution :

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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Ealancin3 the char3e 4o. of cations and anions as subscribe Che,"' & .$#,(&

21

MODUL PEMBELAJARAN

/.

9rite the chemical formulae and names for the common ionic compound : O8B "o.ide# CO38B SO48B "carbonate# "sulphate# C&B "chloride # Er<"bromide# "iodide# 8$"hydro.ide# 483"nitrate#

K: "potassium# 4a: "sodium# $: "hydro3en# -3: "silver# 4$(: "ammonium# Ca2: "calcium# Cu2: "copper# ,32: "ma3nesium # 2n2: "?inc# Ib2: "lead# -l3: "aluminium#

@. S(*)+ %'e odium ulphate

9rite chemical formulae for the follo%in3 substances: F$#,(& T45e $. S(*)+ %'e F$#,(& 5 #+"'&e 2inc carbonate T45e $. 5 #+"'&e S(*)+ %'e 7thanoic acid F$#,(& T45e $. 5 #+"'&e

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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22
T45e $. S(*)+ %'e F$#,(& 5 #+"'&e -mmoniu m nitrate ilver chloride ulphuric acid 4itric acid $ydro3en 3as Carbon dio.ide 8.y3en 3as -luminium sulphate 0ead"<<# chloride Iotassium iodide

MODUL PEMBELAJARAN T45e $. 5 #+"'&e T45e $. 5 #+"'&e

S(*)+ %'e -mmonium carbonate ,a3nesium nitrate $ydrochloric acid Iotassium o.ide ,a3nesium o.ide 0ead"<<# carbonate <ron"<<# sulphate ,a3nesium chloride 2inc sulphate ilver nitrate

F$#,(&

S(*)+ %'e -mmonia 3as ,a3nesium 2inc Copper"<<# sulphate <odine Chlorine odium hydro.ide -mmonia aJueous -mmonium chloride 4itro3en dio.ide 3as

F$#,(&

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS # mol hy !ochlo!*c ac* reacts with ) mol co++e!,II- ca!.onate to form ) mol co++e!,II- chlo!* e ' ) mol /ate! and ) mol ca!.on *o0* e 2%Cl @ CuC!3 E CuCl2 @ %2! @ C!2

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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MODUL PEMBELAJARAN

Reactants

E 0roducts

7nterpret Chemical /quation

(umerical problems involving chemical equations.

CHEMICAL EQUATION1

Writing chemical equation

1. 8teps to solve numerical problems: 1. Write a chemical equation. 2. 7dentif# information from the equation.+e.g: mass' volume 3. 9etermine the number of mole from the information given. ). Relate5compare the mole ratio of the related substances ,. Convert the number of moles to mass5volume

7dentif# the reactants and the product. *etal @ !"#gen E *etal o"ide *etal @ Chlorine E *etal chloride *etal @ $cid E 8alt @ %#drogen *etal carbonate E *etal o"ide @ Carbon dio"ide *etal carbonate @ $cid E 8alt @ Water @ Carbon dio"ide $cid @ *etal o"ide E 8alt @ Water $cid @ $lGali E 8alt @ Water $H @ FI E $I @ FH

2.

/"ample: When 2& g of calcium carbonate' CaC!3 is heated strongl#' /"ample: calcium o"ide and carbon dio"ide Reaction between copper+77 o"ide and h#drochloric acid. is form. Calculate +a the mass of calcium o"ide 1. Copper+77 o"ide @ %#drochloric acid E Copper+77 chloride @ Water form. +b the volume of carbon dio"ide 2 Cu! @ %Cl E CuCl2 @ %2! CHEMICAL EQUATION produced. Chemical equation is a shorthand 3 description a chemical reaction. Cu! @ of #%Cl E CuCl 2 @ %2! $ E F @ C Reactant 0roducts $ @ F E C Reactants 0roduct $ @ F E C @ 9 Reactants 0roducts 6ow of conservation of matter : *atter can be neither created nor destro#ed
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

Write the chemical formulae for the reactant and the product 3. Falanced the chemical .+2he number of atoms on each side of the equation must be equal5same

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.or writing s#mbol equations : 1. Iou must Gnow the product of the reaction. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.) 1., 1.1.B 1.D 1.< 1.1& *etal @ o"#gen E metal o"ide (on metal @ o"#gen E non metal o"ide *etal @ chlorine E metal chloride *etal carbonate JE metal o"ide @ carbon dio"ide *etal @ acid E metal salt @ h#drogen $cid @ alGali E salt @ water $cid @ base E salt @ water $cid @ metal carbonate E salt @ carbon dio"ide @ water $mmonia gas @ h#drogen chloride gas E ammonium chloride $H+aq @ FI+aq E $I+s @ FH+aq e"ample : 6ead+77 nitrate @ 0otassium iodide E 6ead+77 iodide @ 0otassium nitrate +colourless solution +colourless solution +#ellow precipitate +colourless solution 1.11 *etal nitrate E metal o"ide @ nitrogen dio"ide @ o"#gen J 2. 3. ). ,. -. Iou must Gnow how to write the reactant and the product in formula form. $ll the elements that appear on the left hand side are also found on the right hand side. 2he number of atoms of each element at both side must be same.+Falance the equation Iou cannot change the formula of the chemical to get the equation to balance. 2he state of reactants and products are represent b# the letter +s for solid' +l for liquid' +g for gas and +aq for aqueous +dissolved in water B. Fase on the equations' we can also describe quantitative composition of substances that involved in chemical reactions. 2he coefficients in a balanced equation tell us the e"act proportion of reactants and products in chemical reaction. .or e"ample base on the equation below : #H# ,"- 2 O# ,"- E # H#O ,lWe can said that : +i %#drogen gas react with o"#gen gas to produce water +ii %#drogen and o"#gen are the reactants' water is the product. +iii 2 moles of h#drogen gas react with one mole of o"#gen gas to form 2 moles of water. Act*3*t*es 4o! /!*t*n" chem*cal e5uat*on 6 A. Burning of magnesium ribbon in air(oxygen)

1. Clean 3 cm of magnesium ribbon with sand paper. 2. F# using the tong' burn the magnesium ribbon
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3. Write #our observation !bservation (ame of reactants (ame of product Chemical equation

B. Heating of Copper(II) carbonate Copper+77 carbonate %eat 6ime water 1. 0ut one spatula of copper+77 carbonate powder into the test tube.(ote its colour. 2. 8et up the apparatus as shown above. 3. %eat the copper+77 carbonate and pass the gas produced through lime water. Record the observation. !bservation (ame of reactant (ame of products Chemical equation C. Precipitation of lead(II) iodide

6ead+77 nitrate' 0b+(!3 1. 2. 3. ).

0otassium iodide' K7
2

0our 2 cm3 of lead+77 nitrate solution into a test tube. 0our 2 cm3 of potassium iodide solution into another test tube. 0our the potassium iodide solution into the lead+77 nitrate solution and shaGe the mi"ture. Record #our observation. !bservation (ame of reactants (ame of products Chemical equation
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D. Formation of ammonium c loride CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC white fume' ammonium chloride %#drogen chloride gas $mmonia gas

Concentrated h#drochloride acid !bservation (ame of reactants (ame of product Chemical equation
F? CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 1. 2. 3. (.

Concentrated ammonia solution

is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction. The startin3 substances are called . ...are called products. <nformation obtained from chemical eJuation: "i# Lualitative aspect : type of .. and involved in the chemical reaction and the of each reactant and product. "ii# Luantitative aspect : of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction that is coefficients involved in a balanced eJuation of the formulae of reactants and products.

;.

9rite a balanced chemical eJuation for each of the follo%in3 reactions: a. 2inc carbonate 2inc o.ide : carbon dio.ide b. ulphuric acid : sodium hydro.ide sodium sulphate : %ater c. silver nitrate : sodium chloride silver chloride : sodium nitrate CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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d. copper"<<# o.ide : hydrochloric acid copper"<<# chloride : %ater e. ma3nesium : o.y3en ma3nesium o.ide f. sodium : %ater sodium hydro.ide : hydro3en g. potassium o.ide : %ater potassium hydro.ide h. ?inc o.ide : nitric acid ?inc nitrate : %ater i. *. lead"<<# nitrate lead"<<# o.ide : nitro3en dio.ide : o.y3en

2K "s#

Er2 "3#

2KEr "s#

$o% many moles of potassium are needed to reacts %ith >.; mole of bromine 3as &

1.

3; 3 of aluminium reacts %ith e.cessive copper "<<# o.ide po%der to produce aluminium o.ide po%der and copper. 6ind the number of copper atoms produced. 'Relative atomic mass : -l! 21 ) -vo3adro constant : *.>2 . 1>23 mol-1+

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/.

2n "s#

2$483 "aJ#

2n"483#2 "aJ#

$2 "3#

9hat is the mass of ?inc needed to produce 2.( dm3 of hydro3en 3as at room conditions & 'Relative atomic mass : 2n! *; ) ,olar volume 2( dm3 mol-1 at room conditions+

PAPER 1: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / atoms of element 2 have the same mass as in 1 atom of CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS tellurium! Te.

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Eased on the statement above! %hat is the relative atomic mass of element 2& 'Relative atomic mass : Te! 12/ + A B C D 8. / 1* 32 *( 3.> 3 of carbon reacts %ith >.; 3 of hydro3en 3as to form compound C. Relative molecular mass of compound C is (2.

9hat is the molecular formula of compound C& 'Relative atomic mass: C!12) $!1+ A B C D 3. 2n : C$2 C2$( C2$* C3$* 2$Cl M 2nCl2 : $2

Eased on the eJuation above! calculate the volume of hydro3en 3as released at room conditions %hen 1.3 3 of ?inc po%der reacts %ith e.cess hydrochloric acid. ' ,olar volume : 2( dm3mol-1 at room conditions! Relative atomic mass: $!1) Cl! 3;.;) 2n! *;+ A B C D 4. 12> cm3 2(> cm3 3*> cm3 (/> cm3

- hydrocarbon has the empirical formula of C$3 %ith a molar mass of 3> 3 mol-1. 9hich of the follo%in3 is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon& 'Relative atomic mass : $! 1) C!12 + A B C D C$3 C2$* C3$@ C($12

5.

The eJuation belo% sho%s the chemical eJuation of the combustion of ethanol in CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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e.cess o.y3en #e$samaa" di %a&a' me"!"(!))a" *e$samaa" )imia %agi *em%a)a$a" eta"ol dalam o)sige" %e$le%i'a" 2C2$;8$ : 182 (C82 : *$28

9hat is the volume of carbon dio.ide 3as released %hen @.2> 3 ethanol reacts completely& +e$a*a)a' isi *ad! gas )a$%o" dio)sida te$%e%as a*a%ila ,-. g eta"ol %e$ti"da) %alas le"g)a*/ 'Relative atomic mass of $ = 1! C = 12! 8 = 1*! 1 mol of 3as occupies 2( dm3 at room condition+ 01isim atom $elati2 H 3 45 C 3 4.5 O 3 465 4 mol o2 gas meme"!'i .7 dm *ada )eadaa" %ili)8 A B C D :. (./ cm3 @.* cm3 @*.> cm3 @*>> cm3

9hat is the number of atoms in 1 mol of nitro3en dio.ide 3as ! 482& ' -vo3adro constant = *.>2 C 1>23 mol-1+ +e$a*a)a' %ila"ga" atom 9a"g te$da*at dalam 1 mol gas "it$oge" dio)sida! 482& '#emala$ Avogad$o 3 *.>2 C 1>23 mol-1+ A B C D 1.;>; C 1>23 atoms 1.;>; C 1>23 atom *.>2 C 1>23 atoms *.>2 C 1>23 atom 1./>* C 1>2( atoms 1./>* C 1>2( atom 3.>1 C 1>2( atoms 3.>1 C 1>2( atom

1.

The dia3ram belo% sho%s the volume of o.y3en 3as. Ra(a' di %a&a' me"!"(!))a" isi*ad! gas o)sige"-

12&&&cm3 of o"#gen gas 12&&&cm3 gas oksigen

9hich of the follo%in3 3ases occupies the same volume as the 3as& CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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' Relative atomic mass: $=1! $e=(! 4=1( and 1 mole of 3as occupies a volume of 2(dm3 at room temperature+ A"ta$a gas:gas 9a"g %e$i)!t5 9a"g ma"a)a' mem*!"9ai isi*ad! 9a"g sama de"ga" gas te$se%!t& ' 1isim atom $elati2: $=1! $e=(! 4=1( da" 1 mol gas me"em*ati isi*ad! 2(dm3 *ada s!'! %ili)+ < << <<< <B A B C D 2 3 of helium 3as!$e 2 3 gas 'eli!m!$e 2 3 of hydro3en 3as!$2 2 3 gas 'id$oge"!$2 1 3 of nitro3en 3as!42 1 3 gas "it$oge"!42 /.; 3 of ammonia 3as!4$3 /.; 3 gas ammo"ia!4$3 < and <<< only < da" <<< sa'a(a << and <<< only << da" <<< sa'a(a << and <B only << da" <B sa'a(a < and <B only < da" <B sa'a(a

-.

The eJuation belo% sho%s the reaction bet%een ?inc and nitric acid. #e$samaa" di %a&a' me"!"(!))a" ti"da)%alas a"ta$a ;i") da" asid "it$i)2n"s# : 2$483 "aJ# 2n"483#2 "aJ# : $2"3#

9hich of the follo%in3 statements is correct& 'Relative atomic mass of $ =1! 2n= *;! 4= 1(! 8= 1* + #e$samaa" di %a&a' me"!"(!))a" ti"da)%alas a"ta$a ;i") da" asid "it$i)2n"*# : 2$483 "a)# 2n"483#2 "a)# : $2"g#

A"ta$a *e$"9ataa" 9a"g %e$i)!t5 9a"g ma"a)a' %et!l& '1isim atom $elati2 : $ =1! 2n= *;! 4= 1(! 8= 1* + A 1 3 of ?inc react %ith 23 of nitric acid to produce 13 of ?inc nitrate and 13 of hydro3en 3as 13 ;i") %e$ti"da) %alas de"ga" 2 3 asid "it$i) me"g'asil)a" 1 3 ;i") "it$at da" 1 3 gas 'id$oge" *;3 of ?inc react %ith 12*3 of nitric acid to produce 1/@3 of ?inc nitrate and 23 CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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of hydro3en 3as *;g ;i") %e$ti"da) %alas de"ga" 12* g asid "it$i) me"g'asil)a" 1/@g ;i") "it$at da" 2 3 gas 'id$oge" C 1 ?inc atom reacts %ith 2 nitric acid molecule to produce 1 ?inc nitrate molecule and 1 hydro3en 3as molecule 1 atom ;i") %e$ti"da) %alas de"ga" 2 mole)!l asid "it$i) me"g'asil)a" 1 mole)!l ;i") "it$at da" 1 mole)!l gas 'id$oge" 1 mol of ?inc react %ith 2 mol of nitric acid to produce 1 mol of ?inc nitrate and 2 mol of hydro3en 3as 1 mol ;i") %e$ti"da) %alas de"ga" 2 mol asid "it$i) me"g'asil)a" 1 mol ;i") "it$at da" 2 mol gas 'id$oge"

9hich of the follo%in3 fertili?ers contains the hi3hest percenta3e of nitro3en& 'Relative atomic mass: $= 1! 4=1(! 8=1*! -l=21! K=3@+ A"ta$a %a(a:%a(a 9a"g %e$i)!t5 9a"g ma"a)a' me"ga"d!"gi *e$at!s "it$oge" 9a"g *ali"g ti"ggi& '1isim atom $elati2< $= 1! 4=1(! 8=1*! -l=21! K=3@+ A 4$(483 B "4$(#2 8( C K483 D C8"4$2#2

1/

9hen /.3 3 of a metal o.ide of 2 is heated %ith carbon! ;.@ 3 of the metal 2 is obtained. 9hat is the empirical formula of the metal o.ide & 'Relative atomic mass: 8=1*! 2=;@+ A*a%ila /.3 g o)sida logam 2 di*a"as)a" de"ga" )a$%o"5 ;.@ 3 logam 2 te$'asilA*a)a' 2o$m!la em*i$i) %agi o)sida logam te$se%!t& '1isim atom $elati2 < 8=1*! 2=;@+ A B C D 282 228 2283 2382

11

The follo%in3 eJuation sho%s the decomposition reaction of ma3nesium carbonate salt! %hen heated at room temperature and pressure. #e$samaa" %e$i)!t me"!"(!))a" ti"da) %alas *e"g!$aia" ga$am mag"esi!m )a$%o"at5 a*a%ila di*a"as)a" *ada s!'! da" te)a"a" %ili) ,3C83 ,38 : C82

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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9hat is the mass of ma3nesium carbonate are needed to produce 2.>3 of ma3nesium o.ide& +e$a*a)a' (isim mag"esi!m )a$%o"at 9a"g di*e$l!)a" !"t!) me"g'asil)a" 2.>3 mag"esi!m o)sida&'Relative atomic mass: C= 12! 8= 1*! ,3= 2(+ ' 1isim atom $elative < C= 12! 8= 1*! ,3= 2( + A B C D 18. >.>;3 >.(/3 2.>>3 (.2>3 The chemical eJuation sho%s the burnin3 process of ethene in e.cess air. C2$("3# : 382 2C82"3# : 2$28"l#

9hat is the ma.imum volume of carbon dio.ide 3as evolved %hen >.; mole of ethene burns completely& '1 mole of 3as occupied 2( dm3 at room temperature and pressure+ A B C D 12 dm3 2( dm3 3* dm3 (/ dm3

13.

Aecomposition by heat of lead"<<# nitrate can be represented by the follo%in3 chemical eJuation! 2Ib"483#2"p# 2Ib8"p# : (482"3# : 82"3#

9hat is the mass of o.y3en 3as 3iven off %hen 33.1 3 of lead"<<# nitrate decompose completely& Relative atomic mass 8 = 1*! 4 = 1( and Ib = 2>1 A B C D 1.* 3 3.2 3 1*.> 3 32.> 3 CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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14.

The chemical formula for 3lucose is C*$128*. This sho%s that the empirical formula for 3lucose is C$28 each 3lucose molecule is made up of * carbon atoms! 12 hydro3en atoms and * o.y3en atoms. <<< 1 mol of 3lucose contains a total of 1(( . 1>23 atoms <B 8ne 3lucose molecule has a mass of 1/> times hi3her than the mass of 1 hydro3en atom =se the information relative atomic mass for $ =1!C =12 and 8 =1* -vo3adro Constant = *.>2 C 1>23 mol-1 A B C D < and << only <! <<< and <B only <<! <<< and <B only <! <<! <<< and <B < <<

15.

9hat is the percenta3e by mass of nitro3en content in urea! C8"4$2# 2 & =se the information that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 ! 4 =1(! $=1 and 8 = 1* A B C D 23.3 G 31./ G (*.1 G *3.* G

1:.

The #e& +"!e +$,"' , )) $. ,e+ & Q ") 1 %2 +he #e& +"!e +$,"' , )) $. +he ,e+ & F ") 5: 9hich of the follo%in3 conclusions can be dra%n from the above statement& < << <<< <B A B C D 1 mol of 9 has / times more atoms than 1 mol of L 1 atom of 9 is / times heavier than 1 atom of L 1 atom of 9 has the same number of protons %ith / atoms of L ;* 3 of 9 has the same number of atoms as in 1 3 of L < and <<< only << and <B only <! << and <<< only <! <<! <<< and <B CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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PAPER 8 : SECTION A 1. Aia3ram 1 sho%s the set up of the apparatus used in an e.periment to determine the empirical formula of an o.ide of copper 8.ide of copper

Eurnin3 of e.cess hydro3en Ary hydro3en 3as $eat A<-FR-, 1 The follo%in3 data %as obtained: ,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish ,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish : o.ide of copper ,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish : copper "a# 9hat is meant by empirical formula& ....................................................................................................................................... = 2;.3> 3 = ;3.3> 3 = (1.1> 3

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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....................................................................................................................................... '1ma$)+ "a# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction used to produce hydro3en 3as. .................................................................................................................................... '1ma$)+ "c # Eased on the data 3iven! "i# Calculate the mass of copper and the mass of o.y3en contained in the sample of o.ide of copper. ,ass of copper ....................................................3. ,ass of o.y3en .....................................................3 '2 ma$)s+

"ii # Calculate the mol ratio of copper to o.y3en. Fiven that the relative atomic mass of 8 = 1*! Cu= *(

'2 ma$)s+ "iii# 9rite the empirical formula of the o.ide of copper. ........................................................................................................................... '1 ma$)+ "iv# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction bet%een hydro3en and the o.ide of copper. ........................................................................................................................... '1 ma$)+ "c# The empirical formula for ma3nesium o.ide can be determined by direct heatin3 of ma3nesium. Ara% the set up of the apparatus to carry out this e.periment.

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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'2 ma$)s+

8.

The follo%in3 eJuation is not balanced : 4a2 8( "a# : EaCl2 Ea 8( : 4aCl

<dentify the reactants and products of the reaction. Reactants : Iroducts : ' 2 ma$)s+

"b#

9rite the balanced eJuation. ' 1 ma$)+

"c# "i#

Calculate : the number of mole of sodium sulphate that react completely %ith a solution containin3 (.1* g of barium chloride ' Relative atomic mass : Cl = 3;.;) Ea = 131 +

' 2 ma$)s+ "ii# the mass of barium sulphate formed %hen 1 mol of sodium sulphate is reacted completely %ith barium chloride. ' Relative atomic mass : 8 = 1*) = 32) Ea = 131 + CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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' 2 ma$)s+

"d#

<n an e.periment! %hen chlorine 3as is passed over heated iron %ool! a chloride compound %ith 3(.; G iron by mass is formed. Aetermine the empirical formula of the chloride compound. ' Relative atomic mass : Cl = 3;.;) 6e = ;* +

' 3 ma$)s+ 3. Aia3ram 3.1 sho%s the structural formula of aspirin. % % C C C % C C ! ! C % C % C % C ! Aia3ram 3.1 "a# "i# 9hat is the molecular formula of aspirin& .................... ' 1 ma$)+ CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS ! % %

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9hat is the molar mass of aspirin& ' Relative atomic mass: $! 1) C!12) 8!1*+

' 1 ma$)+

"b# Aia3ram 3.2 sho%s the structural formula of vitamin C. ! % ! C C C C % % C % % %

!
Aia3ram 3.2

"i# 9rite do%n the molecular formula and empirical formula of vitamin C. ' Relative atomic mass: $! 1) C!12) 8!1*+ ,olecular formula : .. 7mpirical formula : .. ' 2 ma$)s+ "ii# 9hat is the difference bet%een the molecular formula and empirical formula of vitamin C& . . ' 2 ma$)s+ "iii# Calculate the mass of >.2 mole of vitamin C.

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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' 1 ma$)+ "iv# Aetermine the percenta3e of o.y3en by mass in a molecular of vitamin C.

' 1 ma$)+ "c# The empirical formula of a compound N is C$28. <f its relative molecular mass is 1/>! determine the molecular formula of N. ' Relative atomic mass: $! 1) C!12) 8!1*+

' 2 ma$)s+ 4 "a# "i# -n e.periment is conducted to determine the empirical formula of phosphorus o.ide. -fter heatin3! . 3ram of phosphorus combines %ith >./3 of o.y3en to form an o.ide %ith the empirical formula of I28;. Complete Table ( and determine the value of .. "Relative atomic mass 8=1*! I=31# Sat! e)s*e$ime" di(ala")a" !"t!) me"e"t!)a" 2o$m!la em*i$ic 2os2o$!s o)sidaSele*as *ema"asa"5 = g$am 2os2o$!s %e$*ad! de"ga" >-?g o)sige" !"t!) mem%e"t!) o)sida de"ga" 2o$m!la em*i$i) #.O@Le"g)a*)a" 1ad!al 7 da" te"t!)a" "ilai =(1isim atom $elati2 O3465 #3 4) 7lement U"s!$ ,ass 1isim "3# 4umber of mole +ila"ga" mol I . . 32 8 >./ .

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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,ole Ratio Nis%a' mol implest Ratio Nis%a' te$i"g)as 7mpirical formula Fo$m!la em*i$i) Balue of . Nilai = =

. 2 I28;

>.>; .

'7 ma$)s+ "ii# The relative molecular mass of phosphorus o.ide is 2/(! determine the molecular formula of phosphorus o.ide. 1isim mole)!l $elati2 2os2o$!s o)sida iala' .?75 te"t!)a" 2o$m!la mole)!l 2os2o$!s o)sida =se this formula! ,olecular formula = "7mpirical 6ormula#n! %here n is an inte3er A!"a $!m!s i"i5 Fo$m!la mole)!l 3 (Fo$m!la em*i$ic)"5 dima"a " adala' "om%o$ %!lat

'. ma$)s+

"b# Aia3ram ( sho%s the structural formula of vitamin E* molecules %hich is used in medication. Ra(a' 7 me"!"(!))a" 2o$m!la st$!)t!$ mole)!l vitami" +6 9a"g dig!"a)a" dalam %ida"g *e$!%ata""Relative atomic mass: $=1! C=12! 4=1(! 8=1*# (1isim atom $elati2 <H345 C34.5 N3475 O346)

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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Aia3ram ( Ra(a' 7 "i# 9rite the molecular formula of vitamin E* T!lis)a" 2o$m!la mole)!l vitami" +6

'4 ma$)+ "ii# Aetermine the relative molecular mass of vitamin E* Te"t!)a" (isim mole)!l $elati2 vitami" +6 ... '4 ma$)+ "iii# - capsule contains >.1;; 3ram of vitamin E *. Calculate the number of moles of vitamin E* molecules present in the capsule. Se%i(i )a*s!l me"ga"d!"gi >-4@@ g$am vitami" +6- Hit!"g)a" %ila"ga" mol mole)!l vitami" +6 9a"g 'adi$ di dalam se%i(i )a*s!l... ... '4 ma$)+ "iv# Calculate the number of molecules of vitamin E* molecules that present in b "iii# Hit!"g)a" %ila"ga" mole)!l vitami" +6 9a"g ada di dalam % (iii) "4- = * . 1>23 mole-1# '4 ma$)+

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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PAPER 8 : SECTION B 1. "a# Table 1 sho%s the empirical formula and molecular formula of 3lucose. 1ad!al 4 me"!"(!))a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) da" 2o$m!la mole)!l %agi gl!)osa7mpirical 6ormula D Fo$m!la em*i$i) ,olecular 6ormula D Fo$m!la mole)!l Table D 1ad!al 1 Ey usin3 information in Table 1! compare and contrast empirical formula and molecular formula for 3lucose molecule in terms of type of elements! number of atom for each element and relative mass. De"ga" me"gg!"a)a" 1ad!al 45 %a"di"g da" %e;a)a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) da" 2o$m!la mole)!l gl!)osa di atas da$i segi (e"is !"s!$5 %ila"ga" atom setia* !"s!$ da" (isim $elati2'Relative atomic mass D 1isim Atom Relati2: C! 12 ) $! 1) 8! 1*+ ' 3 ma$)s + "b# - student carried out an e.periment to determine the empirical formula of an o.ide of metal L. L is placed belo% hydro3en in the reactivity series. The set O up of the apparatus is sho%n in Aia3ram 1.1. Seo$a"g *ela(a$ tela' me"(ala")a" sat! e)s*e$ime" !"t!) me"e"t!)a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) sat! o)sida logam Q- Q %e$ada di %a&a' 'id$oge" dalam Si$i Be$ea)ti2a"- S!s!"a" $adas dit!"(!))a" dalam Ra(a' 1.1C$28 C*$128*

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6lo% of dry hydro3en D Ali$a" 'id$oge" )e$i"g

8.ide of metal L D O)sida logam Q Iorcelain dishD #i$i"g *o$seli"

$eat D #a"as)a" Aia3ram D Ra(a' 1.1

Result D Be*!t!sa" : ,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish 1isim ti!% *em%a)a$a" C *i$i"g *o$seli" ,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish : o.ide of metal L 1isim ti!% *em%a)a$a" C *i$i"g *o$seli" C o)sida logam L ,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish : metal L 1isim ti!% *em%a)a$a" C *i$i"g *o$seli" C logam L = 3/.;> 3 = ;>.(;3 = (/./;3

"i# Eased on the information above! determine the empirical formula for o.ide of metal L. +e$dasa$)a" ma)l!mat di atas te"t!)a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) %agi o)sida logam L'Relative atomic mass D (isim atom $elati2 : L! 2>1) 8! 1*+ ' 3 ma$)s + "ii# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction in the e.periment. T!lis)a" *e$samaa" )imia %agi ti"da) %alas dalam e)s*e$ime"'2 ma$)s + "iii# tate t%o precaution steps that need to be taHen %hen carry out this e.periment. N9ata)a" dua la"g)a' %e$(aga:(aga 9a"g *e$l! diam%il semasa me"(ala")a" e)s*e$ime" i"i'2 ma$)s + "iv# $o% can you be sure that the reactions are completed in the above e.periment&

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+agaima"a)a' a"da %ole' *asti)a" %a'a&a ti"da) %alas tela' le"g)a* dalam e)s*e$ime" di atas/ '1 ma$) + "c# ,etal , is placed above aluminium in the reactivity series. Nou are reJuired to carry out an e.periment to determine the empirical formula of o.ide of metal ,. Ara% a labelled dia3ram for the set O up of the apparatus of this e.periment. Logam M te$leta) di atas al!mi"i!m dalam si$i )e$ea)ti2a"A"da di)e'e"da)i me"(ala")a" sat! e)s*e$ime" !"t!) me"e"t!)a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) o)sida logam M- L!)is)a" $a(a' %e$la%el s!s!"a" $adas !"t!) e)s*e$ime" i"i'2 ma$)s+ "d# 2$2"3# : "i# 82"3# 2$28"l#

tate three important information that can be interpreted from the above chemical eJuation. N9ata)a" tiga ma)l!mat *e"ti"g 9a"g da*at dita2si$)a" da$i*ada *e$samaa" )imia di atas'3 ma$)s+

"ii# Eased on the chemical eJuation above! calculate the volume of hydro3en 3as at room condition reJuired to produce 1> 3 of %ater. +e$dasa$)a" *e$samaa" )imia di atas5 'it!"g)a" isi*ad! gas 'id$oge" *ada )eadaa" %ili) 9a"g di*e$l!)a" !"t!) me"g'asil)a" 1> 3 ai$'Relative atomic mass D (isim atom $elati2 : $! 1) 8! 1* ) ,olar volume of 3as at room condition D isi*ad! mola$ gas *ada )eadaa" %ili).= 2( dm3+ '( ma$)s+ 8. "a# Table 2 sho%s the incomplete observation for t%o e.periments to construct balanced chemical eJuation. 1ad!al . me"!"(!))a" *eme$'atia" 9a"g tida) le"g)a* %agi d!a e)s*e$ime" !"t!) mem%i"a *e$samaa" )imia 9a"g seim%a"g7.periment E)s*e$ime" Irocedure #$osed!$ Copper"<<#carbonate is heated and the 3as produced is passed throu3h lime %ater. B!*$!m(II))a$%o"at di*a"as)a" da" gas 9a"g te$'asil diali$)a" 8bservation #eme$'atia" Freen solid turns blacH. The lime %ater turns milHy. #e*e(al 'i(a! me"(adi 'itam-

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)melal!i ai$ )a*!$Iotassium iodide solution is added to lead"<<# nitrate solution. La$!ta" )ali!m iodida ditam%a' )e*ada la$!ta" *l!m%!m(II)"it$at-

MODUL PEMBELAJARAN Ai$ )a*!$ me"(adi )e$!'.

T-E07 D 1ADUAL 2 "i# Eased on the observation! name the products in e.periment - and %rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction. +e$dasa$)a" *eme$'atia" 5 "ama)a" 'asil ti"da) %alas dalam e)s*e$ime" A da" t!lis)a" *e$samaa" )imia %agi ti"da) %alas it!' 3 ma$)s + "ii# tate $%e observation in e.periment E and name the product. 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction. N9ata)a" satu *eme$'atia" dalam e)s*e$ime" + da" "ama)a" 'asil ti"da) %alas it!- T!lis)a" *e$samaa" )imia %agi ti"da) %alas it!' ( ma$)s + "b# The reaction bet%een acid ! $C and ionic compound ! LN2 can be represented by chemical eJuation belo%. Ti"da) %alas a"ta$a asid 5 HD da" se%atia" io" 5 QE. %ole' di&a)ili ole' *e$samaa" )imia di %a&a'2$C"aJ# :LN2"aJ#M LC2"s# : 2$N"aJ#. tate +h#ee statement to describe the chemical eJuation above. acid of $C and an ionic compound of LN2. N9ata)a" tiga *e$"9ataa" !"t!) me"g'!$ai)a" *e$samaa" )imia di atasCada"g)a" asid HD da" se%atia" io" QE.' ; ma$)s+ "c# The information belo% is re3ardin3 substance C Ma)l!mat di %a&a' %e$)aita" de"ga" %a'a" D u33est an

Carbon /;.1>G Ba$%o" $ydro3en 1(.3>G Hid$oge" CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS Relative molecular mass = ;* 1isim mole)!l $elati2

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"i#

Aetermine the empirical formula of substance C. 'Fiven that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 ! $ = 1+ Te"t!)a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) %agi se%atia" D 0Di%e$i (isim atom $elati2 C 3 4. 5 H 3 48

"ii#

Aetermine the molecular formula of substance C. Te"t!)a" 2o$m!la mole)!l %agi %a'a" D-

"iii#

Eased on the ans%ers in "a#"i# and "a#"ii# ! compare and contrast the empirical formula and the molecular formula. +e$dasa$)a" (a&a*a" dalam (a)(i) da" (a)(ii)5 %a"di"g da" %e;a)a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) da" 2o$m!la mole)!l. ' / ma$)s+

PAPER 8 : SECTION C 1 "a# Aia3ram 1 sho%s the set up of the apparatus to determine the empirical formula of o.ide of metal ,. , is less reactive than hydro3en. Diag$am 4 me"!"(!))a" s!s!"a" $adas !"t!) me"e"t!)a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) o)sida logam M- M )!$a"g $ea)ti2 da$i*ada 'id$oge" 2histle funnel Corong tisel !"ide of metal * Oksida logam M

9r# h#drogen Hidrogen kering

9ilute h#drochloric acid Asid hidroklorik cair 0art $ Bahagian A

Linc Zink 0art F Bahagian B D" 6# , 1 Rajah 1

Heat Panaskan H 0art C Bahagian C

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tate t%o precautions that must be taHen in Iart - %hile carryin3 out the e.periment. N9ata)a" d!a la"g)a' %e$(aga:(aga 9a"g *e$l! diam%il di +a'agia" A semasa me"(ala")a" e)s*e$ime" te$se%!t/ '2 ma$)s+

"ii#

u33est a suitable chemical substance for C in Iart E and state the function of C. Cada"g)a" sat! %a'a" )imia 9a"g ses!ai %agi D di +a'agia" + da" "9ata)a" 2!"gsi D'2 ma$)s+ Aescribe the reaction that occurs in Iart C. H!$ai)a" ti"da) %alas 9a"g %e$la)! di +a'agia" C'2 ma$)s+

"iii#

"iv#

<nformation belo% sho%s the results of the e.periment. Ma)l!mat di %a&a' me"!"(!))a" )e*!t!s" %agi e)s*e$ime" te$se%!t-

,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish 1isim ta%!"g *em%a)a$a" C *i$i"g *o$seli" ,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish : o.ide of , 1isim ta%!"g *em%a$a" C *i$i"g *o$sli" C o)sida M ,ass of combustion tube : porcelain dish : , 1isim ta%!"g *em%a)a$a" C *i$i"g *o$seli" C M

= ;2.3( 3 = 1>;./* 3 = 1>2.>2 3

Aetermine the empirical formula of the o.ide of ,: Te"t!)a" 2o$m!la em*i$i) o)sida M 'Relative atomic mass of 8 =1* ! , = 2>1 + '1isim atom $elati2 8 =1* ! , = 2>1 + '( ma$)s+ "b# The information belo% is about hydrocarbon P Ma)l!mat di %a&a' adala' %e$)aita" de"ga" 'id$o)a$%o" 1 CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

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7mpirical formula of P is C$2 Fo$m!la em*i$i) 1 iala' CH. ,ass of 1 mole of P = 2/ 3 1isim 4 mol 1 3 .? g Iroduce by dehydration of alcohol Di'asil)a" melal!i *e"de'id$ata" al)o'ol

"i# Aetermine the molecular formula for hydrocarbon P. 'Relative atomic mass of C =12 ! $ = 1 + Te"t!)a" 2o$m!la mole)!l %agi 'id$o)a$%o" 1 '1isim atom $elati2 C =12 ! $ = 1 + '2 ma$)s+ "ii# Aescribe an e.periment to prepare hydrocarbon P in the laboratory from its correspondin3 alcohol. <n your ans%er! include the dia3ram of the appratus set-up! materials used! and procedure. H!$ai)a" sat! e)s*e$ime" !"t!) me"9edia)a" 'id$o)a$%o" 1 di ma)mal da$i*ada al)o'ol 9a"g se*ada"- Dalam (a&a*a" a"da5 'e"da)la' te$mas!) gam%a$ $a(a' s!s!"a" $adas5 %a'a" da" *$osed!$'/ ma$)s+

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CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS