INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

1.

Definition of technology.

Ans : Technology c n !e "efine" s ll the #no$le"ge % &'o"(cts% &'ocesses% tools% )etho"s% n" syste)s e)&loye" in the c'e tion of goo"s o' in &'o*i"ing se'*ice. In si)&le te')% technology is the $ y $e "o things. It is the )e ns !y $hich $e cco)&lish o!+ecti*es.

,.

-h t 'e the * 'io(s co)&onents of technology.

Ans : The * 'io(s co)&onents of technology 'e s follo$s : / H '"$ 'e : The &hysic l st'(ct('e n" logic l l yo(t of the e0(i&)ent o' ) chine'y th t is to !e (se" to c ''y o(t the 'e0(i'e" t s#s. !/ 1oft$ 'e :
c) 2' in$ 'e :

The #no$le"ge of ho$ to (se the h '"$ 'e in o'"e' to c ''y o(t the 'e0(i'e" t s#s. The 'e sons fo' (sing the technology in & 'tic(l ' $ y. This ) y !e 'efe''e" to s

the 3no$4-hy. "/ 3no$4Ho$: The le 'ne" o' c0(i'e" #no$le"ge of o' technic l s#ill 'eg '"ing ho$ to "o things $ell. 3no$4ho$ ) y!e 'es(lt of e5&e'ience% t' nsfe' of #no$le"ge% o' h n"s on &' ctice. 6eo&le c0(i'e technic l #no$4ho$ !y 'ecei*ing fo') l o' info') l e"(c tion o' t' ining o' !y $o'#ing closely $ith n e5&e't in ce't in fiel". 3no$4ho$ c n lso !e c0(i'e" th'o(gh 'ecogni7e" )etho" of technology t' nsfe'.

8.

-h t 'e the cl ssific tions of technology.

An" : Technology c n !e cl ssifie" into se*e' l $ ys. They 'e9 / Ne$ Technology : A ne$ technology is ny ne$ly int'o"(ce" o' i)&le)ente" technology th t h s n e5&licit i)& ct on the $ y co)& ny &'o"(ces &'o"(cts o' &'o*i"e se'*ices. One e5 )&le is ne$ co)&(te' soft$ 'e int'o"(ce" to "e*elo& enginee'ing "' $ings n" th(s 'e&l ce ) n( l "' fting. Anothe' e5 )&le is n inte'net $e!site "esigne" to ) '#et the co)& ny:s &'o"(cts. The technology "oses not h *e to !e ne$ to the $o'l"% only to the co)& ny. It co(l" h *e !een "e*elo&e" ye 's go n" (se" !y othe's% !(t it is cl ssifie" s ne$ $hene*e' int'o"(ce" fo' the fi'st ti)e in ne$ sit( tion. Ne$ Technology h s &'ofo(n" effect on i)&'o*ing &'o"(cti*ity n" ) int ining co)&etiti*e !(siness ente'&'ise. !/ E)e'ging Technology : An e)e'ging technology is ny technology th t is not yet f(lly co))e'ci li7e" !(t $ill !eco)e so $ithin !o(t ; ye 's. It ) y!e c(''ently in li)ite" (se% !(t is e5&ecte" to e*olo*e signific ntly. Eg 9 Genetic Enginee'ing% N no Technology% 1(&e' Con"(cti*ity n" the Inte'net s 'e&l ce)ent fo' the &e'son l co)&(te'. E)e'ging technologies c'e te ne$ in"(st'ies n" ) y ) #e e5isting ones o!solete. They h *e the &otenti l of t'igge'ing l 'ge ch nges in instit(tions n" in society itself.

c) High Technology :

The te') high technology 'efe's to "* nce" o' so&histic te" technologies. High technologies 'e (tili7e" !y $i"e * 'iety of in"(st'ies h *ing ce't in ch ' cte'istics. A co)& ny is cl ssifies s high tech if it fits the follo$ing "isc'i&tions : 1. It e)&loys highly e"(c te" &eo&le. ,. Its technology is ch nging t f ste' ' te th n th t of othe' in"(st'ies. 8. It co)&etes $ith technologic l inno* tion <. It h s high le*el of 'ese 'ch = n" "e*elo&)ent e5&en"it('e. ;. It h s the &otenti l to (se technology fo' ' !i" g'o$th% n" its s('*i* l is th'e thne" !y the e)e'gence co)&eting technology.

"/ Lo$ Technology : The te') lo$ technology 'efe's to technologies th t h *e &e')e te" l 'ge seg)ents of h() n society. Lo$ technologies 'e (tili7e" !y $i"e * 'iety of in"(st'ies h *ing the follo$ing ch ' cte'istics 9 1. They e)&loy &eo&le $ith 'el ti*ely lo$ le*els of e"(c tion o' s#ill. ,. They (se ) n( l o' se)i (to) tic o&e' tions. 8. They h *e lo$ e*els of 'ese 'ch e5&en"it('e >2elo$ in"(st'y *e' ge/ <. The technology ! se (se" is st !le $ith little ch nge. ;. The &'o"(cts &'o"(ce" 'e )ostly of the ty&e th t s tisfy ! sic h() n nee"s s(ch s foo"% shelte'% clothing n" ! sic h() n se'*ices. e/ Me"i() technology : The te') )e"i() technology co)&'ises $i"e set of technologies th t f ll !et$een high n" lo$ technologies. It (s( lly 'efe's to ) t('e technologies th t 'e )o'e )en !le th n othe's to technology t' nsfe'. Eg9 Cons()e' &'o"(cts n" the (to)oti*e in"(st'y.
f) A&&'o&'i te Technology :

The te') &&'o&'i te technology is (se" to in"ic te goo" ) tch !et$een the technology (tili7e" n" the 'eso('ces 'e0(i'e" fo' its o&ti) l (se. The technology co(l" !e of ny le*el = lo$% )e"i() o' high. Eg9 To (se high technology $hen the'e is l c# of necess 'y inf' st'(ct('e o' s#ille" &e'sonnel. This is "ile)) f ce" !y ) ny "e*elo&ing co(nt'ies th t $ nt to t' nsfe' technology (se" in )o'e in"(st'i li7e" co(nt'ies. They ) y &(sh fo' th t c0(isition of high technology in c ses $he'e )e"i() = le*el technology $o(l" !e )o'e effecti*e. Utili7ing the &&'o&'i te le*el of technology 'es(lts in !ette' (se of l !o' 'eso('ces n" !ette' &'o"(ction efficiency.

g/ Co"ifie" ?e's(s T cit Technology : Technology c n !e &'ese'*e" n" effecti*ely t' nsfe''e" )ong (se's if it is e5&'esse" in co"e" fo'). An enginee'ing "' $ing is co"e" fo') e5&'essing sh &e% "i)ension% n" tole' nces !o(t &'o"(ct. A co)&(te' &'og' ) of n o&ti)i7 tion lgo'ith) is co"ifie" fo') th t &'ese'*es n" t' ns)its #no$le"ge !o(t th t lgo'ith). T cit technology is non = 'tic(l te" #no$le"ge. The'e is no (nifo')ity in the $ y it is &'esente" o' e5&'esse" to l 'ge g'o(& of &eo&le. It is (s( lly ! se" on e5&e'iences n" the'efo'e 'e) ins $ithin the )in"s of its "e*elo&e's. The technology "e*elo&e's 'e the ones $ho h *e the #no$ = ho$ in 0(estion.T' nsfe' of t cit technology occ('s !y close cont ct n" inte' ction !et$een the so('ce n" the host. A&&'enticeshi& &'og' )s ) y se'*e s *ehicle fo' t' nsfe''ing the t cit n( nces of s&ecific &'ofessions o' fiel"s.

Co"ifie" technology% on the othe' h n"% llo$s &eo&le to #no$ ho$ technology $o'#s !(t not necess 'ily $hy it $o'#s in ce't in $ y. The !' in$ 'e ) y!e & 't of the t cit #no$le"ge #e&t in the )in"s of "e*elo&e's n" sh &e" !y thei' e5&e'iences "('ing the "e*elo&)ent &'ocess. T' nsfe' of technology is e sie' $hen the technology is con"ife" fo'). It is h '"e'% less &'ecise% n" )o'e ti)e cons()ing to t' nsfe' t cit technology. A co)&lete ) ste'y of the technology 'e0(i'es n (n"e'st ting of !oth the e5&licit co"ifie" #no$le"ge #no$le"ge n" the non4 e5&licit t cit #no$le"ge. </ M n ge)ent of technology !'ief note.

Ans : M n ge)ent of technology >MOT / is n inte'"isci&lin 'y fiel" th t integ' tes science% enginee'ing% n" ) n ge)ent #no$le"ge n" &' ctice. The foc(s is on technology s the &'i) y f cto' in $e lth c'e tion. -e lth c'e tion in*ol*es )o'e th n +(st )oney 9 it ) y enco)& ss f cto's s(ch s enh nce)ent of #no$le"ge% intellect( l c &it l% effecti*e e5&loit tion of 'eso('ces% &'ese'* tion of the n t(' l en*i'on)ent n" othe' f cto's th t ) y cont'i!(te to ' ising the st n" '" n" 0( lity of life. M n ging technology i)&lies% ) n ging the sy te)s th t en !le the c'e tion % c0(isition n" e5&loit tion of technology. It in*ol*es ss()ing 'es&onsi!ility fo' c'e ting% c0(i'ing% n" s&inning o(t technology to i" h() n en"e *o's n" s tisfy c(sto)e' nee"s. Rese 'ch% in*ensions% n" "e*elo&)ent 'e essenti l co)&onents in technology c'e tion n" the enh nce)ent of technologic l &'og'ess. Ho$e*e'% )o'e i)&o't nt fo' the c'e ting of $e lth is the e5&loit tion o' co))e'ci li7 tion of technology. It is only $hen technology is connecte" $ith c(sto)e' th t its !enefits 'e 'e li7e". A c(sto)e' is !enefici 'y n" co(l" !e n in"i*i"( l co'&o' tion% o' go*e'n)ent entity s(ch s "efense est !ilish)ent. An in*ention ) "e n" &(t on shelf is not cont'i!(ting to $e lth. An i"e th t e)e'ges n" is not e5&loite"% e*en if it $ s & tente"% "oes not !'ing )onet 'y 'et('ns. Technogloy gene' tes $e lth $hen it is co))e'ci li7e" o' (se" to chie*e "esi'e" st' tegic o' o&e' tion l o!+ecti*e fo' n o'g ni7 tion. ;/ -h t 'e the f cto' $hich cont'i!(tes to $e lth c'e tion. Ans : The f cto's $hich cont'i!(tes to $e lth c'e tion 'e9 1. Technology. ,. L !o' 8. C &it l <. N t(' l 'eso('ces ;. 6(!lic n" en*i'on)ent l &olicy @. M '#et @/ -hy ) n ge)ent of technology. Ans : -ith f st & ce of ch nge in the &'esent $o'l" scen 'io% ne$ technology e)e'ge n" the "yn )ics of t' "e shifts% hence M n ge)ent syste)s )(st lso shift to co&e $ith the ch nge. These shifts c ''y tot lly ne$ & ' "ig) fo' !(siness. The n t('e of this ch nge c n !e e5 )ine" since the en" of -o'l" - ' II. The World : Post World War II -o'l" - ' II c'e te" ne$ o'"e' in the $o'l". The in"(st'i li7e" co(nt'ies "o)in te" the scene. They h " the ) ho'e sh 'e of the $o'l":s &'o"(cti*e c & ctity. Technology = ! se" &'o"(cts $e'e sol" t ho)e n" ll o*e' the

&l net% c'e ting g'e t $e lth fo' co(nt'ies s(ch s the (nite" st te"% 2'it in% n" A' nce. M ny in"(st'ies flo('ishe" n" co)& nies s(ch s fo'"% Gene' l Moto's% Gene' l elect'ic% ATBT%I2M n" -estingho(se !ec )e conglo)e' tes. The ye 's fte' the $ ' $e'e the gol"en ye 's of $este'n in"(st'y. The 6ost - ' e' $ s &e'io" of 'el ti*e technologic l st !ility. The conce&t of the f cto'y% $hich e)e'ge" in the 1CDDs% h " !eco)e $ell est !lishe". L !o' $ s "i*i"e" ) inly into !l(e = coll ' n" $hite = coll ' $o'#e's. In"(st'y o$ne's n" ) nge's c'e te" ) n ge)ent syste)s $ith $ell "efine" f(nctions s(ch s "esign% ) n(f ct('ing% fin nce% cco(nting% ) '#eting% n" "ist'i!(tion. The World Today The )ost &'ono(nce" "iffe'ence !et$een the $o'l" to" y n" the $o'l" of yeste'ye ' is the ' &i" & ce of technologic l ch nge. This & ce is co)!ine" $ith * 'i tion in the sco& of technology "e&loy)ent. Glo! l co)&etition is lso 'el ti*ely ne$. Co)&etition )ong n tions h s intensifie" in the 1ECDs n" 1EEDs co)&o(n"e" !y the e)e'gence of ne$ co(nt'ies on the F&l ying fiel"G. This cont'i!(tes to contin(o(s shift in the ! l nce of econo)ic &o$e'. -ith the en" of the col" $ '% ne$ $o'l" o'"e' h s e)e'ge". Most co(nt'ies &('s(e f'ee glo! l t' "e% n" t' "e !locs n" !eco)ing "efining fe t('e of the ti)e. 1. The & ce of technologic l ch nge : The ) gnit("e n" s&ee" of technologic l ch nge in 'ecent ye 's h *e !een &heno)en l. A *e'y ' &i" ' te of technologic l inno* tion is ) #ing it i)&e' ti*e to consi"e' technology s the &'i) 'y f cto' infl(encing econo)ic g'o$th n" &'os&e'ity. The U1 n tion l science n" technology co(ncil h s note" th t FTechnology is 'esh &ing o(' $o'l" t s&ee" (ni) gin !le +(st fe$ "ec "es goG. Technologic l ch nges h *e !een of s(ch ) gnit("e th t it is "iffic(lt fo' in"i*i"( ls% n" often fo' instit(tion% to follo$ the) . In se*e' l technologic l secto's% s(ch s the info') tion secto'% )o'e ch nges h *e occ(''e" in the l st fe$ "ec "es th n in the &'e*io(s fe$ tho(s n" ye 's. The ' te of ch nge is inc'e sing e5&onenti lly. N tions% in"(st'ies% n" in"i*i"( ls )(st "e*elo& thei' c & !ilities to #ee& !'e st of technologic l ch nges n" to h 'ness technology. Technologic l ch nges in the ,Dth cent('y h s signific ntly infl(ence" e)&loy)ent & tte'ns n" societ l ch nge. D('ing the e 'ly 1EDDs% C;H of the U1 $o'# fo'ce $ s in*olo*e" in g'ic(lt('e. This fig('es no$ st n"s t less th n 8H. Ho$e*e'% the U1 is still the $o'l":s l 'gest &'o"(ce' of g'ic(lt(' l &'o"(cts. This &'o"(ction efficiency is "(e in g'e t & 't to technology. In the 1E;Ds l 'ge &'o&o'tion of the U1 $o'# fo'ce shifte" to ) n(f ct('ing 9 &'o"(ction technology h " e5& n"e" +o! o&&o't(nities n" !so'!e" !o(t I8H of the $o'# fo'ce. No$ this secto' cco(nt fo' only !o(t 1;H of U1 e)&loy)ent. 1till the net o(t&(t of the ) n(f ct('ing secto' inc'e se "(e to i)&'o*e)ent in technology. In the 1EEDs info') tion technology% le "ing the technology 'e*ol(tion% cont'i!(te" to nothe' shift in e)&loy)et = this ti)e to$ '" the se'*ice secto'% $hich no$ cco(nts fo' !o(t CDH of the $o'# fo'ce. 1(ch ch nges $ill contin(e to h &&en !(t t f ste' ' te s the $o'l" )o*es into the ,1st cent('y. Technology $ill contin(e to !e the ! se fo' econo)ic g'o$th. At the n tion l o' the co)& ny le*el% co)&eting !y )e ns of technology is no longe' ) tte' of choice !(t ) tte' of s('*i* l in the glo! l ) '#et & ce. -ith the high ' te of ch nge in technology% s(ccessf(l ) n ge's 'e those $ho e)!' ce ch nge fo' the !enefit of the o'g ni7 tion. A ) n ge':s 'ole% in &'e"ict !le% 'el ti*ely st !le technologic l en*i'on)ent% is to o&ti)i7e the (se of * il !le 'eso('ces. In "yn )ic en*i'on)ent of f st = & ce" technologic l ch nge% ) n ge':s +o! e5& n"s !eyon" the t' "ition l 'ole of ) nging * il !le 'eso('ces to ne$ 'ole of ) n ging ch nge. A ) n ge' sho(l" !e !le to ) n ge $ith technology s $ell s ) n ge" the inno* tion &'ocess.

2. The Ch nge in 1co&e

: In con+(nction $ith the ' &i" & ce of technologic l ch nge% the'e h s !een ch nge in ) '#et !eh *io'. C(sto)e's 'e no$ "e) n"ing choice n" e5&ect high 0( lity &'o"(cts. In the e 'ly ,Dth cent('y% Hen'y Ao'" int'o"(ce" his Mo"el T. To "'i*e the cost "o$n n" ) #e the (to)o!ile ffo'" !le to the ) sses he int'o"(ce" the conce&t of the sse)!ly line% n" ) ss &'o"(ction $ s !o'n. Ao'" is c'e"ite" $ith s ying th t he $o(l" &'o"(ce ny colo(' c ' c(sto)e' $ nte" s long s it $ s !l c#. Ao'":s thin#ing $o(l" not !e s &o&(l ' $ith to" ys c(sto)e's. To" y:s goo" 'e &'o"(ce" to )eet c(sto)e's & 'tic(l ' nee"s n" "e) n"s. 1(ch l(5('y h s fo't(n tely !eco)e ffo'" !le !ec (se of "* nces in technology. The ' &i" ch nge in technology co)!ine" $ith c(sto)e':s ne$ ttit("e h s fo'ce" )o*e $ y f'o) the (se of fi5e" &'o"(ction lines. Ale5i!ility n" the !ility to 0(ic#ly 'es&on" to ch nge is the n )e of the g )e. The (se of )o"e'n co)&(te's n" soft$ 'e ) #es &ossi!le s(ch fle5i!ility. De&loy)ent of technology h s shifte" f'o) foc(sing on econo)ies of sc le to foc(sing on econo)ies of sco&e o' of integ' tion. Mo"e'n co'&o' tion )(st !e !le to ch nge f'o) one ty&e of econo)y to nothe' in ti)ely ) nne'. Mo"e'n technology en !les the) to "o so. The e)e'gence of inte'net technology h s &e')itte" the g'o$th of ) ss c(sto)i7 tion $he'e c(sto)e' selects the fe t('es "esi'e" in &'o"(ct online. The &'o"(ce' "e*elo&s the syste) c & !le of )eeting the c(sto)e's "e) n"s.

3. Ch nges in Co)&etition :

Rel ti*ely ne$ glo! l co)&etition is intensifying e ch " y. The econo)ies of Ge') ny n" J & n h *e !een 'e*it li7e" since -o'l" - ' II. Ne$ co(nt'ies 'e ente'ing the g )e : T i$ n% 3o'e % 1ing &o'e n" )o'e 'ecently Chin h *e e)e'ge" s st'ong co)&etito's. The ) & of the $o'l":s in"(st'i l &'o"(ction h s shifte"% n" the'e 'e ne$ '(les fo' the ne$ co)&etito's.

<. T' "e 2locs : Co(nt'ies 'e ente'ing into g'ee)ents th t c'e te t' "e !locs. It is no longe' goo" eno(gh fo' the (nite" st tes to !e !le to co)&ete $ith one co(nt'y% s(ch s A' nce o' Engl n" o' Ge') ny 9 To" ys ne$ co)&etito' ) y !e l 'ge !loc of n tions% s(ch s the E('o&e n Union o' the 6 cific Ri) co(nt'ies. The inte'n tion l T' "e 2locs 'e ch nging the $ y the g )e is &l ye" n" $on. Co))e'ce is glo! l cti*ity th t c0(i'es glo! l (n"e'st n"ing 9 It is infl(ence" !y ne$ g'ee)ents n" '(les% s(ch s the Gene' l Ag'ee)ent on T 'iffs n" T' "e >GATT/% n" the No'th A)e'ic n A'ee T' "e Ag'ee)ent >NAATA/. This t'en" in the glo! l ) '#et &l ce is c'e ting ne$ )o"el fo' co)&etition )ong n tions n" in"(st'ies.. The glo! l ch nges h *e fo'ce" ne$ ttit("e in go*e'n)ent n" co'&o' te &olicies. The U1 office of technology &olicy in"ic tes s(ch ch nge 9 The Ae"e' l Go*e'n)ent no$ *ie$s technology s n integ' l & 't of its glo! l st' tegy fo' econo)ic g'o$th. The th'ee 6'ongs of th t st' tegy 'e 9 Econo)ic% T' "e n" Technology. N tion l s $ell s in"(st'y co)&etiti*eness "e&en"s on the integ' tion of this th'ee 'e s of cti*ity. N tion l co)&etiti*eness 'e0(i'es the est !lish)ent of so(n" econo)ic syste)% st'ong technologic l c & !ilities n" the !ility to t' "e $ith othe' n tions. The econo)ic syste) consist of ) ny co)&onents% incl("ing 2 n#ing n" Ain nci l instit(tions% the stoc# ) '#et n" 'eg(l to'y gencies. Technologic l c & !ilities 'e ! se" on ny f cto's% incl("ing e"(c tion% 'ese 'ch n" "e*elo&)ent% n" technology t' nsfe'. Glo! l t' "e is go*e'ne" !y inte'n tion l g'ee)ents% negoti te" (n"e' the (s&ices of the -o'l" T' "e O'g ni7 tion >-TO/ o' )ong g'o(&s of n tions. In ""ition% t' "e is "e&en"ent on ) '#et "yn )ics n" the l $s of s(&&ly n" "e) n".

C'e ting n tion l co)&etiti*eness st' tegy "e&en"s on the h ')onio(s integ' tion of econo)ics% technology n" t' "e syste)s. In"(st'y co)&etiti*eness is "e&en"ent on the inte'section of these th'ee ) +o' syste)s. I/ The E*ol(tion of 6'o"(ction Technology Ans : In the fi'st )illenni() of the Ch'isti n c len" '% !efo'e the Age of Enlighten)ent% the'e $e'e *e'y fe$ &'e* lent technologies. 1ociety $ s &'e"o)in ntly g'ic(lt('e. 6'o"(cts $e'e "e*elo&e" !y 'tis ns% n" ) n( l l !o' "o)in te". The in"(st'i l Re*ol(tion n" the int'o"(ction of ste ) &o$e' l te in the secon" )illenni() ch nge" e*e'ything. The conce&t of the f cto'y $ s !o'n. -o'#e's no$ sse)!le in one &l ce to "e*elo& &'o"(ction ' the' th n $o'#ing in"i*i"( lly in s) ll sho&s. In the l te 1CDDs A'e"e'ic# T ylo'e int'o"(ce" the scientific )etho" into f cto'y ")inist' tion. T ylo':s &&'o ch le" to i)&'o*e" efficiency th'o(ght the conce&t of n ly7ing n" "esigning $o'#. He int'o"(ce" the i"e th t ) n ge)ent sho(l" "esign the $o'# n" $o'#e's e5ec(te it. The conce&t of st n" '" ti)e $ s c'e te" to en !le ) n ge)ent to e5e'cise cont'ol o*e' &'o"(ction. 6'o!le) 'e s &e't ining to $o'# $e'e i"entifie" n" scientific lly n ly7e" 9 lte'n ti*e sol(tions $e'e e* l( te" 9 n" the !est lte'n ti*e $ s selecte" n" i)&le)ente". Incenti*e syste)s $e'e lso int'o"(ce" to ' ise &'o"(cti*ity. T ylo':s &&'o ch (she'e" in the scientific ) n ge)ent &'ocess. Hen'y Ao'" int'o"(ce" the sse)!ly line n" s&eci li7 tion of $o'#e's in the e 'ly 1EDDs. He !elie*e" th t &'o"(cing +(st fe$ st n" '"i7e" &'o"(cts $o(l" inc'e se efficiency in the syste). Th(s the conce&ts of the sse)!ly line n" econo)y of sc le $e'e !o'n. Altho(gh these conce&ts 'e still in (se in )o"e'n in"(st'y% "* nces in technology n" in the ) '#et &l ce 'e c'e ting ch nges in $h t $ s once "o)in nt )o"el. Ale5i!ility% gility n" economy of scope
are the trends in modern manufacturing. Motion study was introduced in the e 'ly 1EDDs !y A' n# n" Lilli n Gilg'eth > Gil!'eth% 1E11 9 Nie!el%

1ECC/. They "*oc te" 'e"(cing $ ste" )o*e)ents n" fin"ing the !est $ y to "o the +o!. Thei' )etho"s $e'e i)&le)ente" in the const'(ction in"(st'y n" l te' fo(n" thei' $ y into f cto'ies. T ylo':s n" Gil!'eth:s $o'# fo')e" the ! sis of the "isci&line of )etho"s enginee'ing% $hich &'ofo(n"ly i)&'o*e" the efficiency of o&e' tion. G'e t "i*e'sific tion of sho&s n" f cto'ies occ(''e" s the in"(st'i l ge &'og'ess. M ny "iffe'ent &'o"(cts $e'e &'o"(ce" in the s )e f cility% 'e0(i'ing sche"(ling cti*ities. Disci&lines s(ch s &l nning% in*ento'y cont'ol% 0(e(ing% n" )o"eling $e'e "e*elo&e". The & ce of "e*elo&)ent inc'e se" "('ing -o'l" - ' I% follo$ing n o!se'*e" & tte'n in $hich technologic l "e*elo&)ents 'e e5&e"ite" in ti)es of $ '. D('ing the 1E,Ds n" 1E8Ds conce&ts of st tistic l 0( lity cont'ol $e'e int'o"(ce". 1he$h 't c'e te" cont'ol ch 'ts n" $ s follo$e" De)ing n" J(' n% $ho !ec )e cti*e in st tistic l 0( lity cont'ol n" 0( lity theo'y. -o'l" - ' II !'o(ght the necessity of efficient ) te'i l = h n"ling syste)s% i)&'o*e)ent in &'o"(cti*ity% $i"e' &&lic tions of st tistics% n" o&e' tions 'ese 'ch. In the 1E;Ds the "igit l co)&(te' e)e'ge"% llo$ing si)(l tion n" !ette' efficiency in the sol(tion of co)&le5 n()e'ic l &'o!le)s. The co)&(te' inno* tions (she'e" in the info') tion ge n" c'e te" 'e*ol(tion in science n" technology n" its ssoci tion e5&losion of #no$le"ge s the secon" )illenni() en"s n" the $o'l" )o*es into the thi'" )illenni(). To" y% "e*elo&)ent in ) te'i l technology% info') tion technology% gene'ic enginee'ing% !ioenginee'ing% co))(nic tions% 'o!otics% ) n(f ct('ing &'ocesses% n" o'g ni7 tion l theo'y 'e !(t so)e of the e)e'ging 'e s in the technology 'en . Thei' i)& ct on society n" on o(' $ y of life is e5&ecte" to !e i))ense.

C/ The E*ol(tion of 6'o"(ct Technology

Ans : Technology c n !e ssoci te" $ith &'o"(cts% &'o"(ction% se'*ice% o' ) '#eting. 6'o"(ct inno* tions of the & st t$o cent('ies h *e h " &'ofo(n" effect on the $o'l"% t' nsfo')ing the $ y &eo&le li*e n" $o'#. Technologies con*e'te" into &'o"(cts h *e cont'i!(te" to econo)ic g'o$th n" &'os&e'ity n" i)&'o*e" the o*e' ll 0( lity of life fo' ) ny of the $o'l":s &eo&le. Inno* tion in &o$e' gene' tion to$ '" the en" of the eighteenth cent('y !'o(ght $ith it &'o"(cts s(ch s the se )!o t n" the ste )4&o$e'e" loco)oti*e. Inno* tions in ' "io sign l n" elect'ic &o$e' gene' tion n" t' ns)ission in the 1Eth cent('y !'o(ght &&lic tions in co))(nic tion &'o"(cts s(ch s the ' "io% the tele&hone% n" the teleg' &h. The ,Dth cent('y $ s $ te'she" in the int'o"(ction of ne$ &'o"(cts. The i' con"itione'% the (to)o!ile% n" the i'&l ne "e*elo&e" in the e 'ly & 't of the cent('y n" ch nge" o(' $ y n" 0( lity of life fo'e*e'. The elect'onic ge n" the int'o"(ction of co)&(te's in the )i""le & 't of the ,Dth cent('y * stly e5& n"e" the #no$le"ge ! se. M ny inno* ti*e &'o"(cts $e'e int'o"(ce" in th t ti)e &e'io"% incl("ing the tele*ision% t' nsisto' ' "io% +et engine% co&y ) chine n" ) inf' )e co)&(te'. A'o) the 1E;Ds to the 1EIDs $e $itnesse" the &'o"(ction of integ' te" ci'c(it !o '"s% s& ceshi&s% l se' &'o"(cts% s tellites% co)&osite4) te'i ls n" fi!e' o&tic co))(nic tion e0(i&)ent. Technologies of the 1ECDs !'o(ght MRI sc nning e0(i&)ent fo' the he lth c 'e secto'% ne$ "'(gs to fight c nce'% "i !etes% n" genetic "iso'"e's9 * ccines9 n" the "e*elo&)ent of g'o$th ho')ones. The 'e*ol(tion in info') tion technology to$ '" the en" of the ,Dth cent('y h s &'o"(ce" n e5&losion of #no$le"ge. H 'nessing this #no$le"ge to c'e te &'o"(cts n" se'*ices is the ch llenge c(''ently f cing co(nt'ies n" in"(st'ies li#e. 1oft$ 'e &'o"(cts% teleco))(nic tion e0(i&)ent% se)icon"(cto's% n" genetic lly enginee'e" &'o"(cts 'e !(t fe$ of e5citing ne$ "e*elo&)ents th t 'e e*olo*ing