She speaks pretty well, doesn't she? We are German, aren't we?

lean has a new car, hasn't she? They brought a good piano, didn.'t they? SENTENCE (negative) Question-tag (affirmative)

Mary doesn't like such pears, does she? You haven't got your new car, have you? We can't come so soon, can we? They won't come again, will they? Recurdese que al realizar la construccin gramatical con las coletil1as o question-tags se produce una inversin respecto a la frase afirmativa o negativa.
FRASE COLETILLA INTERROGATIVA

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar She is

Verbo auxiliar + sujeto isn't she?

INTRODUCCION ALA GRAMATICA INGLESA

17.

I 1 WISH

+ PAST TENSE

I:

OJALA!

J wish you were here : jala estuvieras aqu!

[ wish [ spoke [talian : jala hablara italiano!

18.

I SUBJECT

+ HAS/HAVE + JUST + PAST PARTICIPLE

ACABAR DE + INFINITIVO She has just bought a new house : acaba de comprarse una casa nueva We have just gone round the comer They have just arrived from London

RAFAEL BLANCO SOLER

-48-

How boring! How nicely! (she speaks)

8. From time to time: De vez en cuando

1 used to go lo the cinema /rm lime to time

9. Get ready ; Preparar

l'm going lO gel my things ready

10. Instead of : En lugar de

l've eaten oranges inslead o/ pears

1J. Like: Como I Parecido a

We have a house like yours

12. To be able to : Ser capaz de

He will be able lO reach the top o/ this mounlain

Publicado Editorial por EGIR.S.A.

13.

Dare:

Atreverse

I Osar (anmalo)

He dare nol open his moulh

14. ~ AUX

+ SUBJECT

+
A

TAMBIEN

RAFAEL BLANGO SOLER

Peter speaks English and so does Mary

S

We will go to London and so will Ihey

A
Depsito Legel V-179-1986 1. S. B. N 84-7065-116-1

15.

I NEITHER/NOR

AUX

+
S A

SUBJECT

TAMPOCO

She can't do it again and nor can Molly

A

We didn't go to the disco and neilher did my jriend

S

Impreso Historiador

en hueco-offset Diago. 13. Valencia.

16.

QUESTION-TAGS: SENTENCE

VERDAD?,

NO ES VERDAD? (negative)

por INDUSTRIASGRFICAS ECIR.S.A.

(affirmative)

Question-tag

-47-

5.

I SHALL
I
Shall

+ SUBJECT

+ INFINITIVE

(-TO)?

l' we

I
to the park? football? play

Shall we go. Queris que vaYamos al parque?

Con estas estructuris se SUGIERE algo, pero'el speaker no est seguro de que el listenen) est de acuerdo. 6. LET US (LET'S)' Let's play football' Let's do it now El speaker est casi convencido acuerdo con l. de que el listener va a estar de Articulo indeterminado

IN DICE
Pg.

+ INFINITIVE
I

(- TO)

I
El articulo determinado (Definite arrie/e)
a) b) c) Pronunciacin. . Palabras que normalmente Palabras que normalmente

van precedidas del artculo determinado. no llevan el artculo determinado.

7.

EXCLAMACIONII~S a) b) c) d)

CON HOW,

WHAT A Y WHAT

(QUE?)

What a + singular noun What a pity! What + pluq'l noun Whal days! What + uncountable What nonsense! What a + ad}ective What a lovely,day! What a light bpx! noun

Usos del artculo indeterminado. Omisin del artCulo indeterminado. Tabla de pronombres personales, adjetivos posesivos, pronombres pronombres complemento y reflexivos. Funcionamiento de la tabla anterior a nivel estructural.

posesivos,

Demostrativos (Demonstratives)
Ejemplos.

12

Adjetivos: La comparacin. Grados del adjetivo

13

+ sjngular noun

e)

What + adjeotive + plural noun What lovely girls! What beauti[ul days! What + adjeclive + uncountable What nice weather! What horrible wind! How + adjective How silly! I How noun

Grado pasivo. Grado comparativo de superioridad. Comparativo de inferioridad. Comparativo de igualdad. El superlativo.

Pronombres interrogativos (Interrogative pronouns)

Ejemplos.

14

f)

Pronombres relativos (Relative pronouns) Expresiones de cantidad

Otras expresiones de cantidad. -3-

. .

15 16

g)

+ adverb

-46-

Pgina

Los plurales de los sustantivos Excepciones. Genitivo Sajn (Genitive Saxon) Formacin del genitivo Sajn. Peculiaridades del genitivo Sajn. Adverbios . .

17

20

22

ESTRUCTURAS GRAMATICALES Y EXPRESIONES QUE APARECEN CON MAYOR FRECUENCIA EN LA 2.a ETAPA DE E.G.B. YEN EL BACHILLERATO
1. [SUBJECT

a) Adverbios de tiempo definido (definite adverbs). b) Adverbios de tiempo indefinido.

+ ILIKE + ING FORM I

f

El presente habitual .... Estructura gramatical y conjugacin. Usos del presente habitual. El presente continuo Estructura gramatical y conjugacin. Variaciones ortogrficas del presente continuo. Usos del presente continuo. Pretrito indefinido/imperfecto Verbos regulares (Regular verbs). Verbos irregulares (Irregular verbs). Pretrito perfecto . .

24

I
You
,

I
running
,

like
,

She 26 2.

likes

playing tennis

I WOULD YOU LIKE + NOUN? I

I
Would 28 3. [ SUBJECT

l'
you

I
like

I
a drink?

+ WOULD

+ LIKE + INF1NITIVE
r

(+ TO)

OR 29
30 31

I WOULD

+ SUBJECT

+ LIKE + INFINITIVE
I ,

(+ TO)

,1

IIF=,

Pretrito pluscuamperfecto Futuro . .

Would you like to play with me, please? We'd like to have lunch at two

Futuro prximo Estructura gramatical. Conjugacin. Condicional simple

32

4.

I'D RATHER
I

+ INFINITIVE
I

(-TO) (preferira ... ) (+ TO)

l' D PREFER .
33

r="l ~
lO

+ INFINITIVE

l'd ralher have a cup o/ co//ee = l'd pre/er lO ha,ve a cup O/ co//ee We'd ralher We'd pre/er
go .with

Los anmalos Cam>, Must, May Caractersticas de estos verbos. -4-

33

George = go with George

-45-

/ oi / /au/ / i / /E. 'O/ /ua/

Noise - bo y - boil - toy Brown - now - how - coun! Hear - here - near - tear Pear - there - their . fair Poor - sure - tour TRIPTONGO /aua/ Our - hour - power - llower CONSONANTES (CONSONANTS)

Pllino

)(La

voz pasiva
forma ver-

35

T~hla transformacinal de verbos activos a su correspondiente bal pasiva. La pasiva indirecta (lndirect passive). Indirect passive.

Estilo indirecto...
Cambios de tiempo. ejemplos. Cambios de sujeto. Cambios en los determinantes posesivos. Cambios en los adverbios y locuciones adverbiales. El verbo reportado est en <<imperative. Frases directas interrogativas.

39

/ j /
/ p /
/ t /

/ d /
/w/

/ f /
/ g /

/ n /
/1/ / () / / ~/ /m/

/ k / / s /

/z/

/ J/

/ tJ /
/dtl

/t/

/ r /
/ b / / v / /TI/

/h/

Yes - you '. new - few Puma - ptt . pupil - plane Tea - toy - take - turn Does - doye - due - day Window - wood - one - where Fox - photo - fame - phone Goat - girl - gun - garden Nine - nose - nest - name Lamb - milk - lamp - Molly Thing - think - thank . Arthur That - them - those - though Mother - t'num - music - may Key - ache - can - lichen Nice - voice - stamp - stop Is - season - match es - zoo Shoe - shop - sugar - sure Pleasure - measure - leisure Chin - ch~ose - chair'- cheese Judge - Gl;orge - jet - Jim Mary - carry - road - !"Un Boy - big l' box - bed Very - give - five - visit Coming - think - going - thing House - her - him - height

Oraciones condicionales Alfabeto fontico internacional

Vocales (Vowels). Diptongos (Diphthongs). Triptongo. Consonantes (Consonants).

. .

42
43

Estructuras gramaticales y expresiones que aparecen con mayor frecuencia en la 2. a etapa de la E.G.B. y en el Bachillerato .
Exclamaciones con How, What a y What) (qu?).

45

-44-

-5-

2.'

IIF

+ PAST TENSE + SIMPLE CONDITlONAL

I
I
I

lf he came soon we'd go lO Ihe cinema

(si viniera pronto) Recurdese que el P AST TENSE en las oraciones condicionales traduce como IMPERFECTO de SUBJUNTIVO en castellano. se

3.'

IIF

+ PAST PERFECT/PLUPERFECT
I

+ PAST CONDITlONAL
i

lf il hadn'l rained we'd have , gone lo your house

ALFABETO FONETICO INTERNACIONAL

(Smbolos fonticos)
VOLCALES (VOWELS)

1cR. I
I e I I i I I i: I

la: I
I u I I u: I I o I

lo: I 1"0: I
I Cj I I 1\ I

That - man - fat - cat Head - men - bread - pen Still - this - it - hit Steal - these - eat - heat Part - park - class - glass Look - put - good - would Pool - school - fool - shoe Dog - what - was - on Floor - draw - pour - nor Shirt - girl - first - bird The - mother - father - lesson Cut - but - some - one DIPTONGOS ( DIPHTHONGS)

I ai I I ei I I ou I

Line - fine - five - nine Play - wait - rain - make 00 - close - no - those
-43-

 Recurdese que al pasar a estilo indirecto debemos respetar la estructura gramatical: MENTOS (D):

la oracin es AFTRMATIV A y SUJETO, VERBO, COMPLE-

(1):
(D):

They asked us: are you British? They asked us if we were British Molly asked him: Do you live in London?>; Molly asked him if he ved in London S v e
CON PARTICULAS Where?, INTERROGATIVAS How long? ...

EL ARTICULO DETERMINADO
(Definite article)
El artculo determinado en ingls es THE forma dbil del demostrativo THAT. A) PRONUNCIACION (el, la, los, las). THE es una

(1):

B)

CUESTIONES E.g.: What?,

How?, How many?,

Las oraciones que empiezan con una partcula interrogativa pasan a estilo' indirecto con otra oracin encabezada por dicha partcula interrogativa en cuestin. (D):

l. I ~o / The book 2. I 'f3 / The apple 3. / :/ Let's go lo Ihe Iheatre!

Esta ltima utilizacin ENFATTCO. del artculo le da a la frase un valor

(1):
(D):

He asked me: what are they doing? He asked me what they were doing They asked us: How long have you been there? They asked us how long we had been there
B) PALABRAS ARTICULO I. USO Y OMISION DEL ARTICULO DETERMINADO

(1)

QUE NORMALMENTE DETERMINADO

VAN

PRECEDIDAS

DEL

Los peridicos

ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
(conditional c1auses)
1. a

I IF

+ PRES~NT

TENSE

+ FUTURE

THE THE THE THE

2.

New York Times Daily Mirror Daily Telegraph Guardian

de ros, mares y canales

Los nombres

If you don'l do your exercises your leacher will be angry

THE Thames THE Allanlic THE Panama Canals

3. Los nombres de nstituciones (hoteles, teatros, restaurantes, cines ... )

PRESENT I

TENSE
I

+ PRESENT
I

TENSE

If you gel a shower you gel wet

-42-

THE Savoy THE Royal Shakespeare Thealre

-7-

4.

Cuando es usado como fenmeno UNICO THE Bible THE city THE king

CAMBIOS EN LOS DETERMINANTES POSESIVOS DIRECT SPEECH

My

REPORTED SPEECH
his/her

Our Ejemplos: (D):

(1):

' their She said: 1 don'l wanl my keys She said Ihal she didn'l wanl her keys

5.

Cuando se utiliza como algo representativo de toda una CLASE o ESPECIE THE ral is larger Ihan Ihe mouse THE machine has replaced Ihe horse

6.

Con instrumentos musicales Play THE vio/in Play THE piano Play THE guilar

CAMBIOS EN LOS ADVERBIOS Y LOCUCIONES ADVERBIALES DIRECT SPEECH here

now

REPORTED SPEECH there then before , that day that night the next day the. day before

7.

Con algunas profesiones THE pub/isher Peler Green THE journa/isl Mary Brown

8.

Tambin en algunas expresiones idomticas Al Al In Al THE THE THE THE beginning end middle cenlre

ago wday tonight tomorrow yesterday

EL VERBO REPORTADO ESTA EN IMPERA TIVE Si el verbo reportado est en imperativo (afirmativo) utilizamos TO, y si est en imperativo negativo NOT TO.
(D):

C) PALABRAS QUE NORMALMENTE NO LLEVAN EL ARTICULO DETERMINADO l. Algunos trminos relacionados con la escuelll Break, hall, prayers 2. Las comidas tomadas como un hecho cotidia.no Lunch, supper, dinner, breakjasl 3. Algunas palabras no toman el artculo determinado cuando funcionan como nombres propios, tal es el caso de: Heaven, hell, paradise 4. Las revistas Time, Lije, Language
-8-

(1): (D): (1):

He lold me: wait a minule He lold me lo wait a minule The leacher lold us don'l smoke The leacher lold us nol lo smoke

FRASES DIRECTAS INTERROGA TIV AS Verbo introductorio asked o sus sinnimos A) CUESTIONES DIRECTAS SIN PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS Es necesario el uso de la partcula IF en reported speech. Peler asked: have Ihey arrived? Peler asked ij Ihey had arrived
-41-

pasl tense

~~---

present perfect future -~~~~~~~~~~~~~

past tense o past perfect past perfect . conditional

5.

Los nombres

de lagos y montaas Si/ver Lake

Mount Everest, 6. Las ciudades

y los pueblos

Rome, Madrid, CAMBIOS DE TIEMPO. EJEMPLOS 7. Los nombres 1. (D): Peter said: 1 /ike fish (1): Peter said thal he liked fish (D) Verbo INTRODUCTORIO en P AST TENSE (said), por lo tanto hay cambio de tiempo en el verbo REPORTADO. (1) Verbo reportado en present tense (like), por lo tanto pasa a estilo INDIRECTO segn la tabla anterior a P AST TENSE: LIKED. 8.

Cardiff,

Cambridge condados ... Wa/es, /re/and ...

de pases, estados,

Spain, France, Eng/and, Great Britain, Excepciones: The Sahara, The Sudan Los nombres geogrficos de continentes

Europe, Africa, Asia, America Excepciones: The Antartic

2. (D): He said: Mary arrived on Monday (1): He said thal Mary arrived on Monday (1): He said Ihal Mary had arrived on Monday 3. (D): He said: / have forgotten my umbrella (1): He said Ihal he had forgotten his umbrella 4. (D): He said: George will be in Paris on Monday (I): He said Ihal George wou/d be in Paris on Monday

ARTICULO INDETERMINADO
~ 1?Ro1 Idl, a pear, a house, a cow

I AN I li!I/.nI
Atencin!

I;nl delante de sonido voclico an apple, an orange, an odd number A UNIVERSITY

Iju:1

A !lSEFUL

TH/NG

sonido consonll/;co

USOS DEL ARTICULO CAMBIOS DE SUJETQ de estilo directo a indil.

INDETERMINADO de PROFES10N a diferencia del castellano.

Se utiliza con sustantivos She is a good surgeon George is a gardener Mary is a doctor Bob is a student

Hay que considerar tambin los cambios de SUJETO recto. Son fundamentales los siguientes: DlRECT I We Eg.: (D): (I):
(D):

SPEECH

REPORTED he/she they

SPEECH 2.

Delante de los COUNTABLE A chair, a book, a bull

NOUNS

(nombres

contables):

He said: 1 have an Eng/ish book He said that ~e had an English book They said: we are good sludents They said that they were good students
-40-

3.

Delante de nombres propios significando: un tal. A Mr. Brown has just come:

de PERSONA,

cuando

sta se desconoce,

(I):

Un tal seor Brown acaba de llegar

-9-

4.

Con las construcciones

siguientes:

Such a... , What a... , A thousand ... , Quite a... , A hundred ... , A million ...
5. En algunos IDIOMS:

ESTILO INDIRECTO
(reported speech)
Una frase de estilo directo en castellano El me dijo: ests muy guapa Esta misma frase en estilo INDIRECTO El me dijo que estaba' muy guapa se transformara as: sera:

Have Have Be in Have

a rest a talk a hurry a good time ...

OMISION DEL ARTICULO INDETERMINADO

l. Se omite delante de los sustantivos PLURALES.

En ingls vamos a distinguir l. En una frase de DIRECT A) B)

los siguientes SPEECH

puntos:

existen dos verbos:

Houses, chairs, drinks, bananas

2. Se omite delante de los nombres ABSTRACTOS (Iove/death ... ).

El verbo INTRODUCTORIO El verbo REPORTADO

Nobody likes death Love is not only a word

3. Se omite detrs del verbo TURN. 2.

E.g.: Peter said:

I
introductorio

llike jish
I
reportado

When 1 went to that country 1 turned Conservative

Si el verbo introductorio est en simple present al pasar a estilo indio recto no se pro~uce CAMBIO de TIEMPO en el verbo reportado. E.g.: He says: the train will be late
fUlure

He says that the truin will be late TABLA DE PRONOMBRES PERSONALES, ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS, PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS, PRONOMBRES COMPLEMENTO Y REFLEXIVOS
P. PERSONALES A. POSESIVOS P. POSESIVOS P. COMPLEMENTO REFLEXIVOS
I

future

Como se puede observar el verbo introductorio el verbo reportado se mantiene en FUTURE.

I

es SA Y, por lo tanto

3.

1 YOU HE SHE IT

_ _ _ _ _

MY
YOUR __ HIS HER ITS OUR YOUR __ THEIR __

_
_ _ _ _

MINE _ YOURS __ HIS _ HERS _

ITS
OURS YOURS __ THEIRS __
-10-

_
_

WE
YOU THEY __

_
_

ME YOU HIM HER IT US YOU THEM

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

MYSELF YOURSELF HIMSELF HERSELF ITSELF OURSELVES YOURSELVES THEMSELVES

Cuando el verbo introductorio ser THA T en ingls.

es SAID la conjuncin

castellana

QUE

E.g.: Peter said TRA T he liked jish

4. Pero si el verbo 'INTRODUCTORIO est en PAST TENSE o SIMPLE PAST se dan los'siguintes cambios de tiempo en el verbo REPORTADO:

ESTILO DIRECTO
(direct speech) present tense
-39I

ESTILO INDIRECTO
(reported speech) past tense

INDIRECT PASSIVE MOLL y HAS SHOWN CHARLES A PHOTO

S

FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA TABLA ANTERIOR A NIVEL ESTRUCTURAL Pronombres personales.-En ingls los pronombres personales' van DELANTE del verbo al igual que en otras lenguas. I PLAY FOOTBALL EVERYDAY ----P.P. V.

IC
I

DC

f
S P. V.

CHARLES HAS BEEN SHOWN A PHOTO

SHE LO VES MUSIC

P.P. V.

Adjetivos o determinantes posesivos.-Determinan o modifican a un sustantivo, se colocan por lo tante DELANTE de los SUSTANTIVOS. OUR HOUSE IS VER Y BIO
A. POS. SUS.

THEIR CAR IS VER y NEW

A. POS. SUS.

Pronombres posesivos.-En la estructura superficial no van ,delante del sustantivo. En ingls NUNCA se utilizan con el artculo a diferencia del castellano, que puede hacer ambas cosas. THA T BOOK IS MINE
P. POS.

THESE PENCILS ARE OURS

P. POS.

Pronombres complemento.-Se Mary he/ps HIM P. c. Come with US

P. C.

sitan DETRS del verbo y.~siemprese utilizan estos pronombres DETRAS de PREPOSICION.

They to/d HER

P. C.

LisIen

lo

THEM --P. C.
-11-

-38-

Pronombres reflexivos.-Se colocan DETRAS del verbo; tambin pueden ir detrs de una preposicin. SHE CUT HERSELF YESTERDA y
REFLEX

e)

Future will keep will do will give ~ Conditiona/ would keep would speak would make Dejective verbs can do must make ought to give might speak

will be kept will be done will be given would be kept would be spoken would be made can be done must be made ought to be given might be spoken

CONVERSA TIONS WITH MYSELF

REFLEX.

f)

g)

DEMOSTRATIVOS
(Demonstratives)
Singular THIS / ~i -S /: ESTE/ A/O THA T / ~ '7et /: ESE/ A/O Plural THESE / ~L;.z. / : ESTOS/AS/OS THOSE / ~ ouz. / : ESOS/AS/OS - AQUELLOS/AS AQUEL/LA/LO

LA PASIVA INDIRECTA (INDIRECT PASSIVE) El SUBJECT de la oracin pasiva es el DIRECT OBJECT de la oracin activa; pero algunas frases activas pueden tener dos complementos: uno de cosa y otro de persona (INDIRECT OBJECT). Cuando tomamos el objeto indirecto como sujeto pasivo, pasiva refleja en castellano (se), estaremos haciendo un nuevo tipo de pasiva llamada PASIVA INDIRECTA.
E.g.: (A) (P) (A) (P)

EJEMPLOS This is my jriend; these are my jriends I That is my umbrella; those are your umbre'las What is this? This is my pen What is that? That is a dog What are those? They are our teachers Los demostrativos ONE/ONES. preceden en muchas ocasiones a los pronqmbres

Peter gave him a watch He was given a watch They will give Mary a present Mary will be given a present Se le dar un regalo a Mara

Podemos resumir lo que hemos dicho sobre la voz pasiva en el siguiente esquema o diagrama: MARY

.---

KISSED
(aclive verb)

PETER
(direct objecl)
I

(active subjeot)

Don 't take those pears; take these ones This dog is very quick, that one is quicker
-12-

f
PETER
(passive subjCl)

WAS KISSED
(passive verb)

BY MAR y-.'
(ag~nt)

-37-

 EL COMPLEMENTO AGENTE se expresa en ingls con la preposicin BY, y no es necesario expresallQ.C.lland.Q.el.s.ujelO ct'i-es un determinante ind'eflmdo: someone, somebody. Pero si el sujeto activo es un nombre propio y en el momento del discurso es importante para el speaker, en ese caso s se suele poner.
(A) (P) (A)
(P)

ADJETIVOS: LA COMPARACION. GRADOS DF:L ADJETIVO

GRADO POSITIVO Blue, green, big, high ... GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD l. Adjetivos de una sola slaba. To~an el morfema -ER high big nice short 2. higher bigger + than nicer shorter ...

Mary broke the chair yesterday The chair was broken BY Mary Someone built 'that nice sandcastle yesterday That nice sandcastle was built yesterday

TAULA TRANSFORMACIONAL DE VERBOS ACTIVOSI A SU CORRESPONDIENTE FORMA VERBAL PASIVA~ ACTIVE

a)

(que)

PASIVE is kept are broken is closed are closed was/were was/were was/were was/were PASIVE has/have has/have has/have has/have _ had _ had _ had _ had
-36-

Simple present keeps break closes close Simple past kept broke destroyed admired

Adjetivos de tres o ms slabas. Se construyen con la partcula MORE delante de dichos adjetivos. inte//igent fascinating important interesting more more more more inte//igent fascinating important interesting ...

+ than

b)

kept broken destroyed admired

3.

Adjetivos de dos slabas. Si terminan en FUL o RE siguen la norma nmero 2. beautiful obscure Si terminan en happy _ easy _ c1ever _ more beautiful more obscure happier easier + than c1everer +
t

an

ACTIVE
c)

ER o Y siguen la norma nmero l.

Present perfect has/have kept has/have given has/have closed has/have broken Past perfect had kept had spoken had done had made

been been been been

kepl given closed broken

COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD Se forma con LESS + adjective + THAN, sea cual sea el nmero de slabas de los adjetivos. She is less quick than my brother We are less inte//igent than our cousins
-13-

d)

been been been been

kept spoken done made

COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD
Se forma con AS + adjective + As. sea cual sea el nmero de slabas del adjetivo. Si la frase es negativa se suele utilizar SO adj~ctive AS.

b)

Deber

con sentido positivo

en frases negativas.

Mary mustn't do that again! You mustn't get it; it's not yours,
e)

She is as c1ever as her mother This horse isn't so stubborn as that one EL SUPERLATIVO
l. Adjetivos de una sola slaba

NECESIDAD. She must hurry or he'lI be late We must study if we want to get this bike

I the + adjective

+ EST I
l. Poder cuando

I MAY I
se pide PERMISO (ingls formal),

high big
2. Adjetivos

the highest the biggest

de tres o ms slabas
= The MOST adjective

important intelligent
3. Adjetivos FUL RE ER y

the most important the most intelligent

de dos slabas the most beautiful ~ the most obscure the cleverest the silliest ~ (de)= cuando son o pertenecena la mismacategora. (de)=en los dems casos,

May we smoke in the c1assroom? May 1 go out with my friends, Dad? 2. POSIBILIDAD (<<PUEDEQUE).

1-----

I
OF IN

Subject

+ MAY + infinitive (-TO)

It may rain this afternoon : puede que llueva esta tarde He may not eome tomorrow : puede que no venga maana

Peter is the eldest of the soldiers Molly is the best in maths This is the highest mountain in the world
La estructura

)<

(-LA VO~ PASIVA] _

(Passive)
inglesa es bastante

s~ -+ lJ ----J

OO
(

~
similar a la castellana:

gramatical

PRONOMBRES INTERROGATIVOS ,
(Interrogative pronouns)
WHO? WHAT/WHICH? WHOSE? Quin? Qu? quines? cul? de quines?

LA FORMA VERBAL ADECuADA DE TO BE

+ PARTICIPIO DE PASADO

I
Transformemos ACTIVE: PASSIVE:

to be

+ past participle

I
en pasiva:

una oracin v
S

activa (con verbo transitivo)

We c1ean the room every morning

S D, C.

De quin?

The room is c1eaned every morning

v.
PAStVO

-14-

-35-

2.

Se construyen

en interrogativa

por inversin.

WHA T -

Se utiliza en frases que dan una ide.

May we? Must they? Can we?

3. Nunca llevan el morfema to de infinitivo.

What are your hobbies? What kind of sports do you Iike? WHICH -.
Es mucho ms restrictivo que what

Can / may / must

4. Cuando en una construccin va detrs de ellos otro INFINITIVO, tampoco toma el morfema to. ste EJEMPLOS

Which horse is the quickest? Which of these films is your favoUl Who are you? Who are those men? Whose are these keys? Whose car is this?

Peter can speak English They can swim very well You must study much more He may come soon

I CAN
a)

PRONOMBRES RELAl
o habilidad para hacer algo. -ti ' ~

Poden> en el sentido de tener capacidad

(Relative pronouns)
\'.~,/.'1' Se utiliza cuando el ant es una PERSONA.

He can lift that table : l puede levantar esa mesa. They can do it very well : lo pueden hacer muy bien
b) Saber en el sentido de tener habilidad para hacer algo.

WHO

que

Jane can swin : Jane sabe nadar My friend cannot type : mi amigo no sabe escribir a mquina
c) PETICIONES.

The man who is speakiJ

Can you do me a favour? : puedes hacerme un favor? Can you lend me your bicyc/e?

,
~

WHICH

~ que

Se utiliza cuando

el ant

,2
I MUST
a) Deber como algo ineludible. I

I THAT I q"'
WHOSE

I "
P"""

The book which is on t

casos, es decir en lugar

,mp1w

im
I

cuyo

You must go to work at seven o'c/ock They must obey their parents
-34-

aloslas

r-

Es un relativo que indic cuando el antecedente e: . una o vanas cosas.

-15-

The boy whose bicyc/e is red is my brolher

poseedor cosa poseda

CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
(Simple conditional) .
AUXILIARES WOULD (He - you . they) negativa) SHOULD (I . we)

The woman whose hal is blue is Mrs. Brown

EXPRESIONES DE CANTIDAD
FRASES UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (nombres no contables)

AUXILIARES

(forma

SHOULD NOT = SHOULDN'T WOULD NOT = WOULDN'T

Afirmativas Negativas Interrogativas Traduccin

A LOT OF MUCH MUCH Mucho / A

(1)

VERBO MODELO: Forma afirmativa: 1 should go (iria) You would go He/she/it would go We should go You would go They would go Forma negativa:

TO 00 Subject

+ should/would

+ infinilive
(-T(')

She is drinking a 101o/ water Does she eat much cheese? We don '1 drink much mi/k
(1) Estas expresiones ingls escrito. en ingls oral se utilizan

f\ \

r;

)1

['d go You'd go He'd/she'd/it'd We'd go You'd go They'd go Subj.

go

+ should/would

NOT

+ infinitive
(-TO)

indistintamente

e incluso en algunas ocasiones

en

You wouldn't come there

COUNTABLE NOUNS (nombres no contables)

Forma

interrogativa:

Should/would

+ subj. + infinitive?
(-TO)

FRASES

Afirmativas Negativas Interrogativas Traduccin

A LOT OF MANY

Would he do it over and over again?

LOS ANOMALOS CAN, MUST Y MAY

MANY Muchos/as (1) CARACTERISTICAS 1. Construyen 1 cannol l may nol l musl not
-33-

DE ESTOS VERBOS

la forma negativa con NOT.

She is ealing a 101o/ pears Does he drink many bottles o/ milk? There aren'l many books on the shel/
-16-

rvlJt\ ~L(2 O f

Forma interrogativa
I

OTRAS EXPRESIONES DE CANTIDAD

Shall/will

+ subject + in finitive?
(-TO)

COUNTABLE NOUNS

UNCOUNTABLE

NOUNS

Will

you

come soon?

La tendencia actual en ingls moderno el auxiliar WILL.

es la de utilizar para todas las personas

How many? Too many So many

Few

Afew

cuntos/as? demasiados/ as tantos/as pocos/as unos/as pocos/as

How much? Too much 'So much Lit/le A lit/le =

cunto/a? demasiado/a tanto/a poco/a unja poco/a

EL FUTURO PROXIMO
El FUTURO PROXIMO se utiliza mucho tanto en ingls como en castellano. Indica una accin futura, pero no muy lejana, ms bien de realizacin casi inmediata. a la forma singular,

LOS PLURALES DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS

Norma general.-El plural de un NOMBRE se forma aadiendo el SUFIJO S
del mismo modo qJe ocurre en castellano.
PLURAL

SINGULAR

ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL

+
you are to play ten ni s

dog table chair finger

._ ---.__

dogs tables chairs fingers

CONJUGACION
Forma afirmativa I'm going You're going He/she/it is going We're going You're going They're going Forma Am I going? Are you going? 15 he/she/it going?
-3

EXCEPp?NES
Forma negativa I'm not going You aren't going He/she/it isn't going We aren't going You aren't going They aren't going interrogativa Are we going Are you going Are they going? CH X l. Los nombres terminados el sufijo ES. O SS SH en Q, SS, ,sH;, CH o ~ forman el plural tomando --

potato kiss brush match fox

potatoes
--

kisses

._-

brushes matchJs i
,

-.
I

foxes

I']~

2.

Pero debemos recordar que algunos sustantivos terminados en slo toman el morfema , es decir siguen la norma general. Algunos de ellos son de origen francs.
SINGULAR PLURAL

Forma

interrogativa

Had

you

done it?

photo piano dynamo 3.

photos pianl!s dynamos

FUTURO
(Future)
AUXILIARES: SHALL (1 - we) negativa) WILL (he - you - they) SHALL NOT = SHAN'T WILL NOT = WON'T

Los sustantivos terminados en precedida de CONSONANTE forman el plural cambiando la Y por una I y luego toman la terminacin ES.

CONSONANT
SINGULAR

+ y > lES

I
PLURAL

baby lady \ eountry fly

babies ladies countries flies

AUXILIARES

(forma

VERBO MODELO: 4. Doce nombres terminados VES. en !: o FE pierden la!: y luego toman el sufijo Forma afirmativa

TO GO

subject

+ shall/will

+ infinitive
(-TO)

F/FE>

VES
SINGULAR

I
PLURAL

Forma afirmativa I shall go (ir) You will go He/she/it will go We shall go You will go They will go Forma negativa Subject 1'11 go You'll go He'll/she'll/it'lI We'll go You'll go They'll go

contrada

wife life knife wolf self ealf shelf leaf loaf thief sheaf half
- 18-

wives lives knives wolves selves ealves shelves leaves loa ves thieves sheaves halves

go

shall/will

+ not + infinitive
(-TO)

We

shan't
-31-

do it again

Forma

neg~tiva

5.

+
She has have Forma interrogativa not
nOI

Los sustantivos terminados en Y precedidos de VOCAL forman el plUl tomando el sufijo S, es decir siguen la norma ge'leral.

I
done it finished them

VOWEL+Y>
SINGULAR

I
PLURAL ----

day donkey boy

6. Algunos nombres
SINGULAR ----

days donkeys boys

terminados en F siguen la regla general.
PLUR . L ---

Ha\haVe Have Has

+ subject you Mary

+ played with her? spoken to him?

rooJ handkerchieJ
Otros nombres tienen ambas formaciones:

rooJs handkerchieJs

SINGULAR

PLURAL

fRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO
(Past perfect / pluperfect)
Forma afilrmativa 7.

scarJ wharJ
Unos pocos sustantivos
SINGULAR

scarJslo scarves wharfs o wharves

forman el plural por cambio voclico.
PLURAL

I
VERBO MODELO:

Subject PLAY

+ HAD

+ past participle

I
SPEAK

VERBO MODELO:

I had played (haba jugado) You had played He/she/it had played We had ilayed y ou had played They had played Forma negativa

I had spoken (haba hablado) You had spoken He/she/it had spoken We had spoken y ou had spoken They had spoken

man Joot goose tooth mouse woman

8. Plurales irregulares.
SINGULAR

men Jeet geese teeth mice women

PLURAL ----

ox child penny
9.

oxen children pence

no varian su forma (

Unos pocos nombres de PECES y ANIMALES plural.

We

had

not
-30-

closed the shop

-19-

SINGULAR

PLURAL

Forma afirmativa:

Es totalmente irregular y se debe conocer memorsticamente.

/ish salmon Iroul deer sheep lO. Los sustantivos

/ish, salmon Irour deer sheep

To go: 1 wenl, you wenl, he wenl ... To break: 1 broke, you broke, he broke ...
Forma negativa:
1

Subject

+ DIDN'T

+ infinitive
(-TO)

que mantienen su forma original GRIEGA o LATINA hacen el plural segn la normativa de las lenguas anteriormente citadas. Aqu tenemos algunos de ellos:
SINGULAR I PLURAL

She didn'l go lo Ihe Ihealre yeslerday We didn'l break Ihal window He didn '1 do Ihe exam very well
Forma interrogativa:

crisis dalum phenomenon oasis

crises dala phenomena oases

I DID

+ subject + infinitive?
(-TO)

Did she go lo Ihe Ihealre yesrerday? Did you break Ihal window? Did he do a very good exam?

GENITIVO SAJON
(Genitive Saxon)
l. La posesin, cuando el POSEEDOR es una PERSONA o ANIMAL, es indicado normalmente con el Genitivo Sajn, y no con la preposicin OF.

PRETERITO PERFECTO
(Present perfect / simple perfect)
Forma afirmativa l. 2. Regular verbs -d / -ed / -ied Irregular verbs -broken / -brought -made / -felt. .. SPEAK

Tom's books My /alher's car Peler's bicycle Mary's har

2. Cuando el poseedor es una cosa se utiliza OF; VERBO MODELO:

+
gone

The wa/ls oIlhe cily The le/!.o/ he rabIe

Otra posibilidad que nos ofrece la lengua ingles es eliminar la preposicin OF y realizar una inversin de ambas palabras:

PLAY

VERBO MODELO:

The city walls The lable leg

-20-

I have played (he jugado) You have played He/she/it has played We have played You have played They have played
-29-

I have spoken (he hablado) You have spoken He/she/it has spoken We have spoken You have spoken They have spoken

O)

Relacin ralmente: l. 2. 3. 4.

de verbos que NO son utilizados DE SENTIDO:

en la forma continua

gene-

FORMACION l.

DEL GENITIVO con sustantivos en s.

SAJON singulares y plurales irregulares

VERBOS

notice / smel/ / hear / see. want / hate / like / desire. think / feel / believe / know. belong / own / possess.

[J se utiliza
terminan

VERBOS DE EMOCION: VERBOS VERBOS

DE PENSAMIENTO: DE POSESION:

The boy's room Peter's car Women's hats Tom's house

2.

PRETERITO INDEFINIDO / IMPERFECTO

(Past tense / simple past)
VERBOS Forma REGULARES (REGULAR VERBS)

D se utiliza

simplemente

cuando el sustantivo

est en plur;

The girls' school The dogs' kennels

3. A los nombres PROPIOS les aade el '. de autores clsicos que terminan en

afirmativa:

I Subject

+ infinitive + O - EO - lEO
(-TO)

Keats' poetry Hercules' club

4. Pero los nombres no clsicos que terminan en s tiene las dO! des: (') o ('s).

TO WORK I worked (trabaj) You worked He/she/it worked We worked You worked The worked Forma negativa: I subject

TO LIVE 1 lives! (viv) You Iived He/she/it lived We lived You Iived They lived

TO TRY 1 tried (intent) You tried He/she/it tried We tried You tried They tried

fames' father o fames's father Charles' mother o Charles's mother

PECULIARIDADES

DEL GENITIVO

SAJON

+ OID NOT + infinitive

(-TO)

A)

Al transformar una frase en genitivo sajn debemos rec( ARTICULO delante de la persona o cosa poseda desapaTl

She didn't live here

Forma interrogativa: I OID

+ subj. + infinitive?
(-Ta)

The horns of the cow The toys of the children

B)

the cow's horns the children's toys

gramatical del geniti

Tambin se puede utilizar la estructura EXPRESIONES de TIEMPO.

Did she work so hard?

VERBOS IRREGULARES (IRREGULAR VERBS) de verbos irregulares: C)

Corresponden a la columna central de las tablas WENT, CAME, BOUGHT, FOUGHT ...
-28-

Today's problems A moment's rest The year's beginning A fortnight's course

Del mismo modo utilizamos el genitivo sajn con LAS
-21J

CUERPO Y con aigunos sustantivos CULTURA.

relacionados

con la CIENCIA

y la

The poem's symbolism The mind's abilily

D) Por ltimo veamos un esquema en el que podremos observar la transformacin de una frase en GENITl VO SAJON:.

love live argue hale

Pero esta variacin nuncia /i:/.

loving living arguing haling

no ocurre si el verbo termina en EE ya que se pro-

The c/olhes oIlhe boys

~------

The
(1)

boys'

c/olhes (1)

[-':'y

The bvvk vI my Ialher ~ ~alher'\~Ok

.

see agree 2.

_ seeing _ agreeing

Cuando un. verbo de una sola slaba tiene una sola VOCAL y termina con una sola CONSONANTE, esta consonante final se duplica.

El art/culo (THE) desaparece delan"

de lu personu o ('Osu pu,./du.

ADVERBIOS
3. Vamos a dividir los adverbios A) ADVERBIOS en dos grandes grupos: (definite adverbs) DE TIEMPO DEFINIDO

hit run gel SIOp drop

hilling running gelling slopping dropping

de una sola VOCAL,

Cuando un verbo termina en L, si va precedido dicha ele (L) se duplica.

Iravel signal
USOS DEL PRESENTE A) Se utiliza cuando

Iravelling signalling
CONTINUO la accin sucede en el momento.

Los ms representativos YESTERDAY TOMORROW THIS MORNING THIS EVENING Este grupo de adverbios

de este grupo son los siguientes: TODA Y TONIGHT NOW AT THIS MOMENT se colocan normalmente

... al final de la nra,in.

It is raining now l'm opening Ihe window Why are you writing here? What is she doing?

She wenl lO Ihe Ihealre yeslerday Peler is speaking now We are going lo London lomorrow
Tambin pueden ir al principio dc la oracin, con In ,ual Sla loma un valor ENFA nco, es decir la accin es considerada de im\'llrt:lIi,ia para el hablante. Comparemos estas dos oraciones:

B)

Para acciones que se van a realizar de inmediato

(foturo

prximo).

'\

l'm going lo Ihe Ihealre lonighl Are you doing anylhing lomorrow?
C) Adverbios y locuciones adverbiales que acompaan al presente continuo.

Yeslerday il rained (el hecho de llover es importante para el hahlante). It rained yeslerday (slo es un comentario de algo quc su,edi6 ayer).
-22-

NOW, TODAY A T THIS MOMENT THIS AFTERNOON

THIS MONTH THIS WEEK THIS EVENING ...

-27-

My father never watches T. V. We se/dom smoke in the c1assroom This pupi/ buys a book every monlh

8)

ADVERBIOS

DE TIEMPO INDEFINIDO son los siguientes: SOMETIMES USUALLY RARELY ...

Los ms representativos ALWAYS SELDOM NORMALLY

EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
(Present continuous / Presenr progressive)
ESTRUCTURA Forma afirmativa GRAMATICAL Y CONJUGACION Forma negativa

I
1.

NEVER OFTEN OENERLLY

En frases AFIRMATIVAS de la oracin .

se sitan el)tre el SUBJECT

y el VERB

i
S'

sometimes study Eng/ish

Adv. V

I Sujeto

+ is/are/am

+ ing

[Sujeto

+ am/is/are

+ NOT + ing

You usually l!!!!J'. tennis on Mondays

S Adv. V

I am working You are working He/she/it is working We are working y ou are working They are working Contraccion.es Is not

. I am not working You are not working He/she/it is not working We are not working y ou are not working They are not working en la forma negativa

They a/ways gQ lo schoo/ on fool

S Adv. V

2.

Este grupo de adverbios se colocan detrs de las siguientes formas verbales correspondientes" verbos AUXILIARES y a verbos ANOMALOS. Las formas ms usuales son: MA Y CAN MUST WILL ARE IS DON'T DOESN'T AM W AS WERE DIDN'T HA VE SHALL HAD

isn't I Are not

aren't

Forma interrogativa Am/is/are

+ sujeto + ing?

He doesn 't a/ways go

Aux. Adv.

lO

Ihe disco

Am I working? Are you working? Is he/she/it working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working? VARIACIONES 1. ORTOGRAFICAS DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO esta ~

We have never been in London

Aux. Adv.

1 don '1 usually do Ihe exercises

Aux. Adv.

.'

Si un verbo termina en ~ muda, desaparece delante de la INO.

es decir que no se pronuncia,

-26-

23

EL PRESENTE HABITUAL
(<<Simplepresent / present tlense)
ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL Y CONJUGACION

Recordemos que DO/DON'T se utilizan con todas las personas a excepcin de la tercera del singular (he/she/it) que siempre va con el auxiliar DOES/DOESN'T. Tambin FORMA es importante remarcar que la tercera persona AFIRMATIVA lleva el sufijo S: del singular de la

I TO
Forma afirmativa

WORK

I
+ auxiliares + not + verbo

He work~ I she come~ I Peler p/ay~ I Mary sing~

Por otra parte los verbos que terminan en SS, SH, CH, ~ y tomar el sufijo s toman el sufijo ES.

Verbo tomado como modelo

en lugar de

Forma negativa

Sujeto

+ Verbo

Sujeto

I work You work He I she I it works We work You work They work

Ido not work You do not work He I she lit does not work We do not work You do not work They do not work I Forma interrogativa

/ / / /

leach I he leaches lizl kiss I Mary kisses go I She goes brush I Bob brushes

De igual modo cuando un verbo termina en y, si esta y va precedida de CONSONANTE la y se transforma en i y luego loma el morfema es, dando como resultado > lES.

/ / / /

carry I she carries cry I he cries lry I Mo//y lries hurry I George hurries
HABITUAL

Auxiliares

+ sujeto + verbo? ]
USOS DEL PRESENTE Se emplea en estos casos: A) Cuando se expresan veces, nunca ... acciones que se hacen con frecuencia, siempre, a

Do Do _f)Does Do Do Do

I work? you work? he I she I it work? we work? you work? they work? UTILIZADOS HABITUAL DON'T DOESN'T

/ gel up al nine o'clock every morning Peler reads lhe newspaper everyday
B) Va por lo tanto COSTUMBRE. ALWAYS NORMALLY EVERYDAY EVERY MONTH SELDOM acompaado de palabras (adverbios) de HABITO o

VERBOS AUXILIARES CON EL PRESENTE Forma negativa

DO NOT DO ES NOT DO DOES

Forma interrogativa

SOMETIMES GENERALLY IN THE MORNING EVERY YEAR RARELY ...

-25-

USUALLY OFTEN IN THE AFTERNOON NEVER

-24-