Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

1. Middles Ages: chaos, but also rebirth a. Two Dutch scholars used one word Herfsttij to describe the time eriod differentl! i. "ohn Hui#inga sa!s decline ii. Hei$o %berman sa!s har&est '. (! late 1)th centur!, *uro e was reco&ering from ' +%ut of ,- Middle Age crises a. Demogra hics . /o ulation u after /lague and more em lo!ment and s eciali#ation of labor b. /olitics . Able monarchs were im osing a new olitical order with councils &s c. 0eligion . 1olution would ha&e to wait till the 0eformation in 12 th centur! ,. 3it! states of 4tal! fared better than 5. *uro e between 1,66 and 17)6. a. Due to strategic location to *urasian trade b. 8ealth 9 arts, go&ernment, education. i. All that wealth means 01 has the biggest im act in 4tal!:center of Meditt and trade;< rise of merchant class ii. Di&ine Art iii. 0eco&er! of 3lassic $nowledge c. 4tal! started to decline after fall of 3onstantino le in 17), i. =imits trading em ire d. >rance in&ades 4tal! in 17?6, cit! states begin warring against each other i. (! this time, 01 is o&er. 7. *uro e starts to de&elo national 4Ds a. @sing &ernaculars instead of =atin b. =istening to go&ernment instead of church c. 5ations &o!age to >ar *ast and America instead of 0ome ). =ate 1)th to 12th centuries 9 eA ansion and eA erimentation a. /ermanent colonies 9 international trade 9 sla&es b. 1ocial engineering, olitical lanning +newl! centrali#ed go&ernment-, and long range economic lans +mercantilismThe Renaissance in Italy (1375-1527) 1. 01 was the rotot! e for the modern world a. 0e&i&al of ancient learning, new secular and scientific &alues began to su lant traditional religious calues i. Ado t a rational obj stat. a roach to realit! ii. 0edisco&er the im ortance of the indi&idual and hisBher artistic creati&it! b. >ar too moderni#ing an inter retation of 0enaissance and ha&e accused him of o&erloo$ing the continuit! between the Middle Ages and the 0enaissance i. 3ritics stress the still strongl! 3hristian character of 0enaissance humanism +1- 0e&i&al of ancient classics +'- 4nterest in =atin language and Cree$ science +,- A reciation of the worth and creati&it! of indi&iduals c. 01; transition from medie&al to the modern world i. Medie&al *uro e9 b7 1'th cen.;< fragmented feudal societ! wB agricultural econom! +1- ThoughtsBculture dominated b! church ii. 01 *uro e after 17th cent characteri#ed b! growing national consciousness and ol centrali#ation +1- @rban econ based on organi#ed commerce and ca italism +'- *&en greater la! and secular control of thoughtBculture including religion iii. 01 dee l! influenced n. *uro e i&. Most stri$ing in 4tal! from 1,D) to 1)'D d. Ma! be eAaggerated, but Renaissance was a transition from medie&al to modern times. i. /re 01 econom!: fragmented societ! with agriculture ii. /ost 01 econom!: national urban based econom! '. 4tal! shows signs of 01 more than an! where else. 1,D);1)'D a. Humanism s reads and s ar$s this mo&ement after the death of /etrarch in 1,D7 +father of humanism-, and Cio&anni (occacio in 1,D) +author of Decameronb. 3reati&e eA ansion ends in 1)'D when 1 anish im erial troo s loot and burn 0ome The Italian City-State 1. 01 first starts in merchant cities of 4tal! had mone! and time to go about wB rojects that had to do w the indi&idual wB ortraits a. 3ultural ad&antage due to location between east and west. b. Trade 9 Mone! 9 0ich 4talians with nothing to do but aint i. 5obilit! a little obsolete because of land to mone! econ basis s!stem c. (! 1)th centur! the 4talians are so rich and well &ersed in business and boo$$ee ing the! are all of *uro eEs ban$ers Growth of City-States 1. 8arfare between /o e +su orted b! Cuelf- and em eror +su orted b! Chibelline- assisted growth of cities and culture

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

>actions wea$ened each other, left ower &acuum for merchants to ta$e o&er:fighting both in and out of cit! statesF between merchants and nobilit!, etc '. Merchants ta$e control, little o&erarching national go&t., so states are free to eA and a. 3ities assimilate local nobilit! and countr! side, ) owerful 31Es emerge i. The duch! of Milan, the re ublics of >lorence and Genice, the /a al 1tates, and the Hingdom of 5a les ,. 3om etition for olitical ower is intense, so go&t. e&ol&ed into des otism a. *Ace tion is Genice, which was ruled b! merchant oligarch! i. /atrician senate of ,66 members and ruthless, o onent su ressing judiciar! bod! Social Class and Conflict 1. >lorence is eAam le of social di&ision and anarch! a. 7 social grou s i. Crandi . old rich +noblesii. /o olo grosso . fat eo le, new rich +merchants, ban$ers+1- (egin to challenge old rich in 1,th, 17th centur! iii. Middle;burgher . guild masters, sho owners, rofessionals, small business +1- 1ide with new rich against conser&ati&e old i&. /o olo minuto . little eo le in 17)D one third of o ulation is listed as au ers, ha&ing no wealth '. 1ocial di&isions lead to conflict at e&er! le&el of societ! a. 1,DI 3iom i 0e&olt . u rising of the oor i. , 3auses +1- >euds between new rich and old rich +'- 1ocial anarch! for blac$ lague +,- 3olla se of great ban$ing houses of (ardi and /eru##i lea&e oor &ulnerable ii. 0e&olt leads to 7 !ear eriod of ower for >lorentine lower class ower +1- 1tabilit! doesnEt return until ascent to ower of ban$er 3osimo deE Medici Des otis! and Di lo!acy 1. Medici was wealth! and natural statesman a. 3ontrolled cit! behind the scenes, influenced the siA man council $nown as the 1ignoria i. 2 +later I- 1ignoria members came from owerful economic guilds +1- Medici, as the head %ffice of /ublic Debt, got his grandson =oren#o the Magnificent in ower who ruled in totalitarian fashion for the last Juarter of the 1)th centur! +'- 0i&al famil! assassinated =oren#oEs brother, which made =oren#o a cautious leader '. *lsewhere, grou s in ower coo erated to install des ots to re&ent social conflict and foreign influence i. Des ot had su reme eAecuti&e, militar! and judiciar! authorit! ii. Des ots couldnEt rel! on di&ided o ulace, so relied on mercenar! armies obtained through militar! bro$ers $nown as condottieri ,. Des ot is a ha#ardous job but high rewards a. 1ubject to dismissal b! oligarchies, often assassinated b. Access to great ower and wealth 7. /olitical turbulence and war led to di lomac! a. *mbassies and ambassadors rise i. Hee an e!e on other go&ernments, militaries to gain an ad&antage ). All grou s su ort thought and culture, which ma$es cit! states ideal for 01 a. Des ots, merchants, /o e, re ublicans i. *&er!bod! su orts because the reJuirement for 01 was wealth "#!anis! 1. Much debate on what humanism actuall! mean '. (oo$ defines h#!anis! as the scholarl! stud! of the =atin and Cree$ classics and the ancient 3hurch >athers, both for its own sa$e and in ho e of re&i&ing res ected ancient norms and &alues. ,. humanism; edu rogram that concentrated on rhetoric and sound scholarshi for their own sa$es 7. Humanists su ort st#dia h#!anitatis: a liberal arts rogram of stud! embracing grammar, rhetoric, oetr!, histor!, olitics, and moral hiloso h!. a. 1ubjects were enjo!able, but also celebrated the dignit! of human$ind i. Term of humanitatis coined b! =eonard do (runi. (runi was a student of the (!#antine scholar Manuel 3hr!soloras who o ened Cree$ scholarshi to 4talian humanists ). >irst humanists were orators and oets a. 8rote literature in classic and &ernacular, taught rhetoric 2. 1tud! of 0oman antiJuit! redates 4talian 01 a. 5one reall! com are to the magnitude of the 01, ob&iousl!. b. 01 was more broad and secular D. Humanists werenEt tied to tradition, too$ the ast and mo&ed forward $etrarch% Dante% and &occaccio a.

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

1. >rancesco /etrarch +1,67;1,D7- was the father of humanism a. =eft law to ursue letters and oetr! b. 1 ent life around A&ignon c. 4n&ol&ed in o ular re&olt in 0ome +1,7D;1,7?d. =ater in life ser&ed the Gisconti famil! '. =eft legac! of critical teAtual studies, elitism, and contem t for 1cholastics +focused on sim l! last wor$s, not mo&ing forward,. 3ombined 3lassical and 3hristian &alues, but less secular than near;contem orar! Dante Alighieri +1'2);1,'17. /etrarchEs student Cio&anni (occaccio +1,1,;1,D)- also ioneered human studies a. Decameron +166 tales of social commentar!-, and Cree$B0oman m!tholog! 'd#cational Refor!s and Goals 1. Humanists desired eAtensi&e $nowledge of ast to a l! to current roblems '. Humanists want well rounded, morall! good, well rounded eo le. a. 0oman orator KuintilianEs Education of the Oratory became the basic classical guide i. Gittorino da >eltre +d. 1772- embodied humanist teachings. +1- Taught /lin!, /tolem!, Terence, /lautus, =i&! and /lutarch but also h!sical eAercises and games ii. Cuarino da Gerona +d. 1726- streamlined stud! of classical languages iii. (aldassare 3astiglioneEs Book of the Courtier shows humanists want to $nown language, histor!, athletics, militar!, music, moral character ,. 5oblewomen romoted education at ro!al courts a. 3hristine de /isan The (lorentine )*cade!y+ and the Re,i,al of $latonis! 1. 0e&i&al of Cree$ studies, /lato, in mid 1)th centur! >lorence a. Man! factors ma$e the re&i&al ossible i. Manuel 3hr!soloras comes from 3onstantino le to romote Cree$ learning 1,?D ii. 0eunion of *astern and 8estern churches in 17,? iii. After fall of 3onstantino le in 17),, Cree$ scholars flee to >lorence. '. 01 thin$ers li$ed /latonic tradition, and /lato L 3hirstian teaching a. 4nfluential >loretine humanists ma$e u academ!, sim l! informal gathering of scholars ,. $latonis! . /hilosoh ! of /lato that osits reeAistent 4deal >orms of which all earthl! beings are im erfect models a. 4nfluences 5eo latonists: /lotinus, /roclus, /or h!r!, Dion!sius the Areo agite i. The a ealM >lattering &iew of human nature b. /icoEs Oration on the Dignity of Man famous 01 /latonic address Critical -or. of the "#!anists/ 0oren1o 2alla 1. Humanists re&iew the ast, so naturall! becomes critics '. =eads to critiJues on the medie&al church a. =oren#o Galla +1762;17)D- was a good 3atholic, but his writings later influenced /rotestant mo&ements which he su orted i. Attac$s the Donation of Constantine in a scholarl! wa! through teAtual anal!sis and logic +1- DidnEt ma$e Galla less lo!al to the church, but his criticism lead the wa! for !oung religiousl! critical humanists such as Martin =uther Ci,ic "#!anis! 1. Major critiJue of 1cholastic education was that much of its content was useless a. Humanists belie&ed in education in ci,ic h#!anis!: learning that romotes indi&idual &irtue and ublic ser&ice. i. , *Aam les in >lorence: 3oluccio 1alutati +1,,1;1762-, =eonardi (runi +ca. 1,D6;1777- and /oggio (racciolini +1,I6;17)?+1- 1er&ed as chancellors of >lorence, used rhetorical s$ills to eAercise their ower b. Toward the end of the 01, humanists become snobb! i. 4n reaction to elitist trends, humanist historians 5iccolo Machia&elli +172?;1)'D- and >rancesco Cuicciardini +17I,;1)76- made contem orar! histor! their subject matter. +1- 1hows ' sides of humanism: dee scholarshi and ractical olitics Renaissance *rt 1. 3ommon eo le +not those associated with the church- establish leading roles in education, culture and religion a. /ossible due to churchEs loss of international ower '. 5ational go&ernments staffed b! la!men, not clerics a. More eo le were education than e&er before outside of the church i. Medie&al 3hristian &alues were adjusted accordingl! ,. High 01 art +17)6;1)'D- embraced the natural world and human emotions a. 1!mmetr! reflecting harmon! of the uni&erse 7. Artists were aided b! new technical s$ills a. %il aint; better than watercolors used re&iousl! b. Chiarosc#ro . the use of shadow to enhance naturalness c. =inear ers ecti&e; disa earance into one oint in the bac$ground ). Ciotto +1'22;1,,2- was father of 01 ainting, signaled new direction. Man! follow 0eonardo da 2inci

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

1. Master of man! s$ills a. Creat ainter, ad&ised 4talians and >rench on militar! engineering, su orted scientific eA erimentation, foresaw future technolog! +submarine, air lane-, Mona =isa. Ra hael 1. /ainter of sensiti&it! a. =o&ed for his wor$ and ersonalit!, tender madonnas and the great fresco in the Gatican 3ichelan4elo 1. *Acelled in a &ariet! of arts and crafts a. Da&id +scul ture-, 7 different o es commissioned his wor$, 16,666 sJuare feet of Gatican co&ered. '. 1t!le change mar$s end of High 01 ainting and start of !anneris!: where artists eA ress their own manners instead of focusing on harmon!Bs!mmetr! Sla,ery in the Renaissance 1. 1la&er! flourishes as much as art a. 1tarts as earl! as 1'th centur! when 1 anish sell Muslim sla&es to 4talians '. 1la&er! is merciful, better than $illing ca ti&es ,. /lantation sla&er! joins domestic sla&er! during the High 01 following *ast Asian lantation model 7. (lac$ Death reduces the o ulation, need e&en more sla&es ). %wners had com lete dominion, and sla&es could be had for a reasonable, worth while rice. a. Africans and Tatars were treated the worst, but sla&es were generall! acce ted as famil! members i. 4n owners interest to $ee sla&es health! and ha ! Italy5s $olitical Decline/ The (rench In,asions (1676-1527) 1. 3it!;states wor$ together to re&ent foreign in&asion, mostl! from the Tur$s a. /olitical alliance: Treat of =odi +17)7;17))- maintained rotection i. (rought long time enemies Milan and 5a les into alliance with >lorence +1- , stood for decades against Genice, who often allied with the /a al states to $ee balance of ower +a- Howe&er, if a foreign enem! resented itself, all ) states united. '. Abilit! to re el foreign enemies is ended when Milanese des ot =udo&ico il Moro in&ited >rench to fight 5a les who was su orted b! >lorence and /o e AleAander G4. a. Dangerous to in&ite in >rance bac$ to 4tal!, >rench &er! hungr! for new territor!. Charles 2III5s 3arch Thro#4h Italy 1. Hing =ouis N4 $e t claims to 5a les without in&ading. '. His successor, 3harles G444 res onded to =udo&icoEs call for hel in 4tal! eagerl! a. 3rossed the Al s in August 17?7 b. >lorence tries to a ease >rench $ing b! hanging o&er /isa i. 3iti#ens then eAile ruler who ga&e awa! /isa, /iero deE Medici, under instruction of Dominican reacher Cirolamo 1a&onarola +17)';17?I+1- 3on&inced >lorentines that >rench $ing should be welcomed, justified b! di&ine &engeance. 1a&onarola flatters 3harles, >lorence a!s large ransom and a&oids destruction. ii. After 3harlesE lea&es, 1a&onarola rules for 7 !ears +1- His olicies are too anti a al, and once 3harles, who 1a&onarola su orted, was forced out of 4tal!, he lost all su orted and was im risoned and eAecuted. c. 4n res onse to 3harlesE in&asion, >erdinand of Aragon formed the =eague of Genice i. Genice, /a al 1tates, *m eror MaAimilian 4 +r. 17?,;1)1?- together with >erdinand against >rench. Milan later joins, reali#es the foreign inter&ention of >rance was a bad idea. +1- 3onstant conflict between 1 ain and >rance until 1))? $o e *le8ander 2I and the &or4ia (a!ily 1. >rench returned to 4tal! under =ouis N44 +r. 17?I;1)1)a. 1u orted b! corru t /o e AleAander G4 i. @sed ower of o e to su ort his children oliticall! in 0omagna b. >rench alliance would allow 0omagna to reclaim lost territor!, so /o e needs to ma$e it ha en i. Annuls =ouis N44Es marriage to 3harles G444Es sister so =ouis could marr! 3harlesE widow, Anne of (rittan! +1- 8as done to $ee (rittan! as >rench. ii. Ma$es =ouisE fa&orite cleric a bisho to win him o&er iii. Abandons =eague of Genice '. 1candalous trade, but made /o e and >rench $ing ha !. a. /o e and (orgias conJuers around 0omagna b. >rench in&aded Milan, =ouis and Aragon di&ide 5a les between them $o e 9#li#s II 1. 5eAt /o e: 3ardinal Ciuliano della 0o&ere 9 /o e "ulius. a. 1u ressed (orgias, aced newl! conJuered lands under a al control b. Hnown as the warrior o e due to high oint of a al militar! and di lomatic intrigue i. 1eemed &er! secular instead of religious, *rasmus writes humors Julius Excluded from Heaven, moc$ing at /o e

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

'. ,. Dro&e Genetians out of 0omagna in 1)6?, full! securing /a al 1tates Dri&es out >rench b! forming Hol! =eague a. "ulius, >erdinand of Aragon, Genice b. >rench are in full retreat b! 1)1' 7. >rance in&ades again, a&enging themsel&es b! $illing man! soldiers of the Hol! =eague a. (rutal &ictor! lead to o e granting the 3oncordat of (ologna i. Ca&e >rance control o&er >rench clerg! in eAchange for >rench recognition of a al su eriorit! o&er church councils and collecting mone! +1- Hee s >rance 3atholic in a time of /rotestant reformation ii. Allowed >rance access to 1 ain, lead to 7 wars with 1 ain, none of which are successful. :iccolo 3achia,elli 1. 4n&asions of 4tal! cause Machia&elli +172?;1)'D- to reali#e im ortance of 4talian unit! '. 4m ressed b! ancient 0oman rulers and citi#ens abilit! to defend homeland. a. 8rote romantic accounts of Ancient 0oman histor!, u set b! lac$ of assion of his contem oraries ,. Held 0e ublican ideals, u set with internal feuding 7. His ideas ma$e him the famous c!nic which ad&ocated for far sighted olitical strong men. ). 8rote The Prince, some claim as a satire, but Machia&elli did ad&ocate fraud and brutalit! as a means to unif! 4tal!. 2. Machia&elli ho ed that the Medici famil! would fulfill The Prince but the! failed to unite 4tal! and foreign in&aders sac$ed 0ome in 1)'D, the !ear Machia&elli died. Re,i,al of 3onarchy in :orthern '#ro e 1. After 17)6, shift from feudal monarch! to national monarch! a. D!nastic and chi&alric &iews from feudal monarch! remained '. High 01 feudal monarch! . di&ision of ower between $ing and semi;autonomous &assals a. 5obilit! act through re resentati&e assembles +*nglish /arliament, >rench *states Ceneral, 1 anish 3ortes ,. After Creat 1chism and Hundred Oears 8ar the church is too wea$ to sto national monarchies a. Towns begin all!ing with $ing, bro$e bonds of feudal societ! 7. 4n new so&ereign states, national go&ernments taA, war, and ma$e laws, not &assals a. Monarchs are able to legislate without calling in re resentati&e bodies to meet due to unit! b. Monarchs are em lo!ing bureaucrats and actuall! meeting with the go&erned more than e&er. ). Monarchs create standing national armies, com osed mostl! of mercenaries from 1wit#erland and Cerman!. /aid soldiers are more efficient than nobles fighting for honor 2. Crowing cost of warfare leads to need for new income a. Createst obstacle was that the nobilit! thought the! were immune to taAes, des ire taAation i. *A enses then had to come from those less wealth! b. 1e&eral o tions for raising mone! i. 3ollect rent for lo!al domains ii. =e&! national taAes, such as a salt taA +$nown as Ga;elle in >rance-, or 16P sales taA in 1 ain $nown as Alcabala iii. Direct taAes on easantr! +Taille in >rancei&. 3reati&e wa!s: 1ale of ublic offices, high interest bonds (rance 1. 3harles G44 +r. 17'';1721- made great b! those who ser&ed him a. /rofessional arm! created, ins ired b! "oan of Arc b. 1trong econom!, di lomatic cor s, and national administration created b! ban$er "acJues 3ouer i. These tools allowed ruthless =ouis N4 +r. 1721;17I,- to ma$e >rance a ower '. >rench nation building had two olitical cornerstones a. 3olla se of *nglish em ire after Hundred Oears 8ar b. Defeat of 3harles the (old +r. 172D;17DD- and strong olitical ower of (urgund! i. 8ith those ' gone, left =ouis N4 free to secure monarch! +1- 8ith acJuisition of new (urgund! lands, doubled si#e of em ire, used the institution of 3ouer to create a owerful nation ,. /ower went to the heads of neAt >rench rulers, and b! the mid 12 th centur! >rnace was di&ided again S ain 1. 3astile and Aragon were di&ided until union of 4sabella and >erdinand in 172? a. D!nasticall! united Aragon and 3astile, although the! remained constitutionall! se arate i. 3astile is stronger, ) million o ulation and strong econ &s. AragonEs 1 mil. '. Together, >erdinand and 4sabella could secure their borders, &enture abroad militaril!, and 3hristiani#e 1 ain a. 3onJuered Cranda between 17I7 and 17?' b. 5a les 1)67 c. 5a&arre +5. 1 ain- 1)1' ,. Hing and Kueen also won allegiance of Hermanadad, which was a owerful league of cities 7. *nd of religious toleration of "udaism and 4slam, state controlled 3hristianit! b! 4sabella a. A ointed Tomas de TorJuemada +d. 17?I- ran a national agenc! which watched closel! con&erted "ews +con&ersos- and Muslims +Moriscos-

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

b. Those who didnEt con&ert in Cranda were eAiled ). Arranged marriages for their children in a wa! to wea$en >rance 2. /romoted o&erseas eA loration, 3hristo her 3olumbus 'n4land 1. 'nd half of 1)th centur! was tough for *ngland a. After Hundred Oears 8ar, ci&il war brea$s out between House of Oor$ and House of =ancaster i. Hee s *ngland in turmoil from 17));17I) '. *dward 4G +r. 17'';1721-, son of the du$e of Oor$, sei#es the throne, rules for '6 !ears a. 0ichard 444 +r. 17I,;17I)- &illain, usur s throne from *dwardEs son, allowed the eAiled Henr! the Tudor to return to *ngland b. Henr! the Tudor rules as Henr! G44 +r. 17I);1)6?-, started Tudor d!nast! dominates 12 th centur! i. 3ontrols nobles with 3ourt of 1tar 3hamber, 17ID ii. @sed law to strengthen monarch! The "oly Ro!an '! ire 1. Did not achie&e national monarch! ; late 1)th centur! Cerman! di&ided into ,66 $ingdoms '. An attem t, Golden &#ll, an agreement between 3harles 4G and the Cerman territorial leaders established a D member electoral collegeBadministrati&e bod! a. Man! limits on ower, em eror was ruler in law, but still little ower ,. Tr! to sto feuding with 0eichstag, national assembl! of D electors, nonelectoral rinces, and 2) cities a. 0esulted in ban on ri&ate warfare, 1u reme 3ourt of "ustice, 3ouncil of 0egenc! i. 0eforms are still not as good as national unit! The :orthern Renaissance 1. Humanists create climate that welcomes religious and educational reofmr a. Humanism started b! contact with 4talian traders i. 5orthern Humanists had distinct culture +1- De&oted to religious reform, wrote for the la! audience The $rintin4 $ress 1. 1chools and uni&ersities increase literac! '. Demand for boo$s is &er! high, "ohann Cutenberg +d. 172I- in&ented mo&able t! e a. (oo$s are roduced ra idl!, to ics li$e religion, calendars, almanacs, how;toEs ,. /rinting ress is rofitable, large audiences of humanists 7. =iterac! increased self;esteem, intelligence, canEt be fooled b! churchBgo&t. 'ras!#s 1. >amous northern humanist, 3atholic but eA ressed need for reform &ia rinting ress '. 8rote Colli!uoes and "dages, which had religious satire and ro&erbial common eA ressions ,. 8anted to unite humanit! and 3hristianit!, hiloso hia 3hristi 7. 0e ublished the 5ew Testament, edited it to ma$e it ideal li$e he desired ). =eft the tools for future reformers, *rasmus laid the egg, =uther hatched it "#!anis! and Refor! Ger!any 1. 0udolf Agricola +177,;17I)- introduced 4talian learning to Cerman! a. @lrich &on Hutten +17II;1)',- Cerman humanism 9 hostile to foreign culture i. 3ombined humanism, Cerman nationalism, and =utheran religious reform ii. Gon Hutten su orted scholar "ohann 0euchlin and his "ewish writing in the name of humanism +1- 5orthern humanists later su ort Martin =uther 'n4land 1. Humanism came to *ngland &ia scholars and merchants &isiting 4tal! a. *nglish humanists i. "ohn 3olet +172D;1)1?- romoted religious reform ii. Thomas More +172D;1)1?- wrote #to$ia, social commentar!, ri&aled 1ha$es eare in o ularit! +1- (ecame a trusted di lomat of Henr! G444 +a- >ell out of fa&or do to disa ro&al of Anglican 3hurch and $ings marriage of Anne (ole!n, e&entuall! eAecuted b. Humanists a&ed the wa! for *nglish 0eformation (rance 1. >rench in&asions of 4tal! bring humanism a. Cuillaume (ude +172I;1)76- and "acJues =efe&re dE*ta les +17)7;1),2- lead >rench humanism i. *Aem lified critical scholarshi , influenced !oung minds +1- /roduced "ohn 3al&in S ain 1. 3atholic 3hurch uses humanism a. >rancisco "imene# de 3isneros +17,D;1)1D- , The Crand 4nJuisitor i. Com$lutensian Polyglot Bi%le siA &olume wor$ that laced Hebrew, Cree$ and =atin &ersions of the (ible side b! side. 2oya4es of Disco,ery and the :ew '! ire in the -est and 'ast

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

1. America eA ands the hori#ons of *uro e '. (attle for commercial su remac! shifts from *uro e to America The $ort#4#ese Chart the Co#rse 1. Henr! the 5a&igator +1,?7;1726- ca tures 5orth African cit! of 3euta a. Moti&es were mercenar! and religious, starts /ortuguese eA loration i. =ater moti&es are sla&es, and then trade routes to Asia '. /ortuguese bro$e u Genetian s ice mono olies with trade routes, won the church as allies +eA loration leads to con&ertsa. (artholomew Dias made it to the 3a e of Cood Ho e, Gasco de Cama all the wa! to 4tal! ,. /ortuguese focused on going west instead of east The S anish 2oya4es of Col#!;#s 1. =ands in (ahamas, thin$s he is in "a an, 4ndians a. Met b! friendl!, eas! to ensla&e nati&es '. =ater, Amerigo Ges ucci +17)1;1)1'-, >erdinand Magellan +17I6;1)'1-, figured out Americas were not Asia Intended and <nintended Conse=#ences 1. Disco&er! leads to conJuest '. >ounding of colonies leads to *uro ean trade 9 economic eA ansion ,. 3olombian *Achange The S anish '! ire in the :ew -orld 1. A#tecs dominated Mesoamerica, 4ncans dominate 1outh America when 1 anish arri&e, both rich em ires The *1tecs in 3e8ico '. A#tecs rule almost all of central MeAico when 1 anish come ,. Hernan 3ortes lands in 1)1?, ossibl! A#tec thin$ he is a god. 3ortes begins to ta$e ad&antage of A#tecs, relations brea$ down, lead to conflict and conJuest The Incas in $er# 1. >rancisco /i#arro lands in 1),', lures 4ncan leader into conference, $idna s Hing Atahual a, $ills followers. /i#arro e&entuall! eAecutes Atahual a a. 3a ture 3u#co, but 4nca resistance doesnEt end until 1)D6 '. 3onJuests of MeAico and /eru are brutal, small oA, destruction of culture, abuse The Ch#rch in S anish *!erica 1. /riests accom an! the conJuistadors, want to bring 3hristianit! '. 8ithout a conflict, riests canEt con&ert but riests hate the conditions of the wars a. (artolome de =as 3asas critici#es conJuests, led to new regulations for 4ndians after 1))6 ,. (! end of 12th centur!, 3hurch u holds the colonial status Juo 7. America Juic$l! became a conJuered world The 'cono!y of '8 loitation 1. *uro eans eA loit American lands and eo le for ur ose of econom! '. , major com onents, mining, agriculture, shi ing 3inin4 1. *arl! conJuistadors wanted gold, but sil&er mining turned out to be more rofitable a. Creat sil&er mine /otosi, 1 ain too$ 1B) of all mining rofit *4ric#lt#re 1. "acienda s!stem, lantations, owned b! eninsulares or creoles a. /ro&ided food and leather roducts, but both farming and ranching were inferior to mining '. 1hi ing was dominated b! the eninsulares, trading of goods and sla&es 0a;or Ser,it#de 1. The econom! need labor. HowM i. 'nco!ienda/ formal grant of labor of 4ndian, declined because 1 anish monarchs feared holders would become too owerful ii. 0e artimiento, mita, a$a the labor taA, reJuired labor for 4ndian males on a certain number of da!s iii. Debt eonage: the labor is technicall! unforced, but wor$ for free, ha&e to bu! su lies from the eo le the! are wor$ing for i&. (lac$ sla&er! The I! act on '#ro e 1. 4f traditional $nowledge on geogra h! was so incorrect, what else was it wrong aboutM '. 3olumbus bac$lash for treatment of nati&es ,. 1u l! of goods, bullion, and coined mone! led to inflation, but gradual a. 8ages lagged e&en farther behind inflation though 7. *Acess wealth allows go&ernment to s onsor mining, teAtile, rinting, shi ing and wea ons research a. 0ise of ca italist institutions +1- =eads to the social roblems of ca italism ii. Di&isions in societ!

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

1> ?#tline/ Renaissance and Disco,ery on %&er&iew

Section ?ne/ The Renaissance in

"acob (urc$hardt, a 1wiss historian, described the 0enaissance as the rotot! e of the modern world in his boo$ Civili&ation of the 'enaissance in (taly +1I26 4n 4tal! blossomed new secular and scientific &iews /eo le became to a roach the world em iricall! and draw rational conclusions based on obser&ation (urc$hardt saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the re;modern, or medie&al, eriod 1ome critici#e (urc$hardt for o&erloo$ing the continuit! between the Middle Ages and the 0enaissance

1cholars agree that the 0enaissance +1,D);1)'D-was a transition from medie&al to modern times Different from the feudal fragmentation of medie&al times, 0enaissance *uro e was characteri#ed b! growing national consciousness and olitical centrali#ation, an urban econom! based on organi#ed commerce and ca italism, and growing la! control of secular thought and culture

The 4talian 3it! 1tate Crowth of 3it!;1tates

8hen commerce re&i&ed in the ele&enth centur!, 4talian merchants mastered the organi#ational s$ills needed for trade: boo$;$ee ing, scouting new m securing new mar$ets, and ban$ing

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, trade;rich cities became owerful cit!;states, dominating the olitical and economic life of the surround countr!side

4ncessant warfare between o e and em eror and the Cuelf Q ro a alR and Chibelline Q roim erialR factions created an en&ironment in which cit!;stat emerge and eA and as the two major owers wea$ened each other A uniJue urban rich emerged in 4tal! com rised of the local nobilit! and new rich >i&e major cit!;states e&ol&ed: the duch! of Milan, the re ublics of >lorence and Genice, the /a al 1tates, and the Hingdom of 5a les

1ocial 3lass and 3onflict >lorence as an eAam le of social di&ision and anarch! >our social grou s of >lorence )randi:the old rich, or nobles and wealth! merchants who traditionall! had ruled the cit!

Po$olo grosso +fat eo le-:the newl! rich merchant class, ca italists and ban$ers, who began to the old rich for olitical owers

Middle;burgher ran$s of guild masters, sho owners, and rofessionals, the smaller business eo le, who tended to side with the n against the conser&ati&e olicies of the old rich Po$olo minuto +little eo le-:the lower economic classes Po$olo Minuto +little eo le-:the lower economic classes /au ers:in 17)D, one;third the o ulation of >lorence, was officiall! listed as au ers, or ha&ing no wealth at all

3iom i 0e&olt:a great u rising of the oor that occurred in >lorence in 1,DI Three reasons that made life unbearable for the lower classes feuding between the old rich and the new rich

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

Des otism and Di lomac! >lorence and the Medici >amil! social anarch! created when the (lac$ Death cut the cit!Es o ulation almost in half the colla se of the great ban$ing houses of (ardi and /eru##i

the re&olt established a chaotic four;!ear reign of ower b! the lower >lorentine classesF stabilit! did not return to >lorence until th the Medici famil! in 17,7

3osimo deE Medici, the wealthiest >lorentine and natural statesmen, controlled the >lorence from behind the scenes b! mani ulating the con and mani ulating elections

*ignoria:a council of first siA and later of eight members go&erned the cit!F these men were chosen from the most owerful guilds, mainl! t re resenting the major clothing industries +cloth, wool, fur, and sil$- and such other grou s as ban$ers, judges, and doctors Des otism in >lorence

3osimoEs grandson, =oren#o the Magnificent, ruled >lorence in a totalitarian fashion during the last Juarter centur! of the fifteenth

=oren#oEs brother had been assassinated b! a ri&al famil!, the /a##i, who had long lotted with the o e against the Medicis whic =oren#o a cautious ruler

Des otism throughout 0enaissance 4tal! %ligarchies, or a small grou of wealth! elites, hired strongmen, or des ots, $nown as $odesta to maintain law and order

Podesta held eAecuti&e, militar!, and judicial authorit!, and had the tas$ of maintaining the normal flow of business acti&it! in the c b! whate&er means necessar!

Condottieri+militar! bro$ers who sent mercenar! armies who were hired b! the des ots of the different cit!;statesF since the des could not rel! on the lo!alt! of their di&ided o ulaces to ser&e as soldiers, the! relied on mercenaries who the! contracted throug condottieri 1ome des ots, li$e the Gisconti and 1for#a families in Milan, came to rule their res ecti&e cit!;states free from interference from oligarchies

Humanism

/olitical turbulence and warfare of the 0enaissance eriod ga&e rise to the art of di lomac! and man! des ots established reside embassies and a ointed ambassadors to other owerful cit!;states and nations

1cholars debate o&er the meaning of the term humanism humanism is the birth of modernit!, dri&en b! an anti;3hristian hiloso h! that stressed the dignit! of human$ind, indi&idual, and secularism humanists as the cham ions of 3atholic 3hristianit!, o osing the agan teachings of Aristotle humanism is a form of historic scholarshi ado ted to romote a sense of ci&ic res onsibilit! and olitical libert!

/aul Hristellar, a famous historian, belie&es that humanism was not hiloso h! or &alue s!stem, but an educational rogram built on rhetoric and scho

Most scholars agree that humanism was the scholarl! stud! of =atin and Cree$ classics and of the ancient 3hurch >athers, both for its own sa$e and in the ho e re&i&ing ancient norms and &alues Humanists ad&ocated the studia humanitatis, a liberal arts rogram of stud! embracing , rhetoric, oetr!, histor!, olitics, and moral hiloso h!

>irst humanists were orators and oets, wrote literature in classical languages and &ernacular, taught rhetoric and grammar at uni&ersities, and wor$e rincel! courts as secretaries, s eechwriters, and di lomats

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

Humanists ideas were s read throughout 4tal! when the (!#antine, Cree$ scholar 3hr!soloras too$ a osition as the head of classical learning at a un in >lorence

*arl! humanists >rancesco /etrarch:the father of humanism 8rote ersonal letters to 3icero, =i&!, Girgil, and Horace 8rote a =atin * ic oem, "frica, a tribute to a 0oman general, and biogra hies of famous 0oman men *onnets to ,aura remains his most famous wor$ 3lassical and 3hristian &alues coeAist in his wor$s

Dante Alighieri 8rote -ita .uova and Divine Comedy which were far less secular than /etrarchEs wor$s

Cio&anni (occaccio

8rote Decameron, a collection of one hundred tales told b! three men and se&en women in a countr! retreat awa! from lague;ra&aged >lo is a social commentar! about seAual and economic misconduct as well as a s!m athetic loo$ at human nature

*ducational 0eforms and Coals

/ietro /aolo Gergerio wrote On the Morals That Befit a /ree Man which is the most influential tract on education which encouraged the ideal of education and eA lained that well;rounded eo le ins ired far;reaching reforms in traditional education

(aldassare 3astiglioneEs Book of Courtier was written for the nobilit! at the court of @rbino, a small duch! in central 4tal!F it ro&ided humanists guid the standard of education and etiJuette to which a member of court ought to as ire

3hristine de /isan wrote man! oems, but most notabl! The Treasure of the City of ,adies , which was a chronicle of the accom lishments of the grea of histor!

The >lorentine Academ! and the 0e&i&al of /latonism @nli$e their medie&al redecessors who embraced Aristotle, 0enaissance scholars embraced the Cree$ scholar /lato /latonism a ealed to 0enaissance scholars due to its flattering &iew of human nature /latonism distinguished between an eternal s here of being and the erishable world in which humans actuall! li&ed

3osimo de Medici ro&ided the atronage to create the >lorentine /latonic Academ!

The academ! was not actuall! a school, but rather an informal gathering of 0enaissance humanists de&oted to the re&i&al of / 5eo latonists Marsilio >icino and /ico della Mirandola su er&ised the academ!

/icoEs Oration on the Dignity of Man is erha s the most famous 0enaissance statement on the nature of human$ind:the human nature, the redecessor to modern s!cholog!, was first studied b! 0enaissance humanists

Oration de icts human beings as the onl! creatures ca able of controlling their own destin!:ca able of rising to the angels but also just as Juic$l! wallowing with igs

3ritical 8or$ of the Humanists: =oren#o Galla 1ometimes unintentionall!, humanists wor$s:li$e those of Galla:were critical of longstanding traditions li$e the 3atholic 3hurch

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

GallaEs Elegances of the ,atin ,anguage re&ealed that a document titled Donation of Constantine, ur orted to be a grant of &ast territories that th em eror 3onstantine donated to the /o e during the fourth centur!, was fraudulent Galla used teAtual anal!sis and historical logic to ro&e that the document had been written in the eighth, rather than the fourth, centur! =ess than a centur! later, Galla became a hero to /rotestant reformers

3i&ic Humanism emerged out of the belief that education:unli$e that ro&ided b! scholastics:should romote indi&idual &irtue and ublic ser&ice

Three famous ci&ic humanists were 3oluccio 1alutati, =eonardo (runi, and /oggio (racciolini who used their rhetorical s$ills to rall! the >lorentine the aggression of 5a les and Milan

0enaissance Art 5ew themes and techniJues

4n 0enaissance 4tal! the &alues of interests of the lait! were no longer subordinate to those of the clerg! and the lait! established models in educa culture for the clerg! to emulate

This ha ened due to the loss of international ower of the 3hurch in the late Middle Ages when the rise of national sentiments and bureaucracies:staffed b! la!men rather than clerics:too$ a leadershi role in the ra id eA ansion of la! education Medie&al 3hristian &alues were adjusted to a more this worldl! s irit

0enaissance art embraced the natural world and human emotions and ga&e their wor$ a rational, e&en mathematical, order: erfect s!mm ro ortionatel! reflecting a belief in the harmon! of the of uni&erse A&ailabilit! of oil aints im ro&ed the Jualit! of aintings

Chiarosc#ro, the use of shading to enhance naturalness, and linear ers ecti,is!, the adjustment of the si#e of figures to gi&e the &iewer dimensional sense of the ainting, eJui ed artists with the abilit! to create realistic aintings *arl! 0enaissance Artists Ciotto:considered b! man! as the first 0enaissance artist ins ired b! his lo&e for 1aint >rancis, whose lo&e for nature he shared, Ciotto ainted a more natural world though still de&outl! religious in ractice and theme, CiottoEs wor$s were no longer abstract and unnatural li$e the aintings that him

the ainter Masaccio and scul tor Donatello also ortra!ed the world around them naturall!

=eonardo da Ginci

a true 0enaissance man who was one of the greatest ainters of all time, ad&ised 4talian rinces and the >rench $ing >rancis 4 on engineering, ad&ocated scientific eA erimentation, dissected cor ses to learn anatom!, etc most famous ainting The Mona ,isa shows his s$ill at con&e!ing inner moods through com leA facial eA ressions

0a hael >amous for his ortra!als of the Madonna and his frescoes in the Gatican His *chool of "thens is a erfect eAam le of 0enaissance techniJue as it de icts /lato and Aristotle surrounded b! other great hiloso scientists

Michelangelo His statue David is a erfect eAam le of 0enaissance harmon!, s!mmetr!, and ro ortion, all ser&ing the glorification of the human form

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

>rescoes in the *istine Cha$el were commissioned b! /o e "ulius 44 and remains the crowning achie&ement of 0enaissance ainting

His later wor$s are more com leA and suggest dee ersonal changes and mar$ the assing from the High 0enaissance st!le of aintin &alued s!mmetr! and sim licit!:to a new st!le $nown as mannerism:which acce ted the strange and abnormal, gi&ing freer reign to the i erce tions and mood of the artist Tintoretto and *l Creco are mannerismEs best eAam les

1la&er! in the 0enaissance 1la&er! de&elo ed in 4tal! in the twelfth centur! when the 1 anish sold Muslims the! ca tured in raids and war to wealth! 4talians and other bu!ers This form of sla&er! was ercei&ed as a merciful act b! contem oraries as the alternati&e would mean death for these ca ti&es

1la&es were used as domestic sla&es and to wor$ on lantations in the sa&annahs of the 1udan and the Genetian estates on the islands of 3! rus and 3re sugarcane was grown

8hen the (lac$ /lague caused a major labor shortage in 4tal!, the number of sla&ed soared and were ca tured randoml! and consisted of eo le of ma including Tatars, 3ircassians, Cree$s, 0ussians, Ceorgians, and 4ranians as well as Africans and Asians 1la&es became so common lace in Tuscan! that nearl! e&er! well;to;do household ossessed them

Two--Italy5s $olitical Decline/ The (rench In,asions (1676-1527) 1ection %&er&iew

As a eninsula of autonomous cit!;states, 4tal! had relied on internal coo eration in the second half of the fifteenth centur! to ro&ide a united front agains in&aders

Treaty of 0odi (1656) brought Milan and 5a les, long traditional enemies, into an alliance with >lorence and these three cit!;states stood to o osition to an alliance between Genice and the /a al 1tates if a foreign enem! threatened, the fi&e could resent a united front

8hen 0#do,ico il 3oro rose to ower in Milan, hostilities between Milan and 5a les resumed 5a les, >lorence, and the /o e AleAander G4 allied and threatened Milan =udo&ico as$ed the Hing of >rance for hel >rench $ings had ruled 5a les from 1'22;177' before forced out b! Du$e Alfonso of 1icil!

=udo&ico in&ited the >rench to enter 4tal! and claim 5a les but the >rench soon threatened Milan

3halres G444Es March Through 4tal! The >rench arm! marched o&er the Al s and into >lorence

/iero deE Medici, leader of >lorence who was allied with 5a les against Milan, tried to lacate 3halres G444 b! handing o&er /isa and other > ossessions

This offering led the citi#enr! of >lorence, who were ins ired b! a Dominican reacher named Cirolamo 1a&onarola, to eAile /iero deE Me >lorence 1a&onarola con&inced the eo le of >lorence that the >rench were the rightful rulers of >lorence 3harles G444 lea&es >lorence under the control of 1a&onarola

The =eague of Genice

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

>erdinand of Aragon :ho ing to gain land in 4tal! from a base he established in 1icil!:found himself &ulnerable so he established the =eague o with the /a al 1tates, and *m eror MaAimilian 4 This set the stage for a bitter ri&alr! between >rance and 1 ain

=udo&ico, reali#ing the fatal mista$e he made b! in&iting >rance to 4tal!, joined the =eague of Genice

3harles G444 and his >rench arm! are forced to retreat from 4tal! due to the strength of the =eague of Genice /o e AleAander G4 and the (orgia >amil! >rance returned to 4tal! under 3harlesEs successor, =ouis N44, when /o e AleAander G4 assisted them AleAander G4 is $nown as the most corru t /o e in histor! who aligned his 3hurch olicies with his ersonal ambition to gain ower and land AleAander G4 o enl! romoted the olitical careers of his two sons 3esare and =ucre#ia

The /a al 1tates had lost territor! in the 0omagna during the !ears the a ac! o erated from A&ignon and AleAander G4 aligned with the >rench $ing =ouis N44 this territor! 4n 17?? =ouis N44 and his >rench arm! in&aded Milan and conJuered 5a les which was s lit and half gi&en to >erdinand of Aragon AleAander and his son 3esare (orgia were su orted in their conJuest of the cities of the 0omagna b! the >rench 3esare (orgia was gi&en the title Du$e of 0omagna and this territor! became the ossession of the (orgia famil!

/o e "ulius 44:8arrior /o e "uliusEs 8ars

1ucceeded AleAander G4 to the a ac! and fought incessantl! to lace the lands under the control of the (rogia famil! in the 0omagna und jurisdiction

4n 1)11, "ulius formed the Hol! =eague with >erdinand of Aragon, e&entuall! joined b! the alliance of Genice, *m eror MaAimilian 4, and the 1wissF =eague was successful in dri&ing >rance from 4tal! The >rench fought bac$ in 1)1) under the leadershi of Hing >rancis 4 and the >rench won a few Juic$ &ictories

3oncordat of (ologna:see$ing to end the >rench from meddling in 4talian affairs, "ulius agreed to gi&e the >rench $ing control o&er the clerg! in > eAchange for >rench recognition of the a al authorit! o&er church council and the right to collect annates in >rance

The secular nature of the a ac! during the reign of "ulius 44 rom ted the humanist *rasmus to write the satire Julius Excluded from Heaven 5iccolo Machia&elli He li&ed through the tumultuous !ears when >rench, Cerman, and 1 anish armies wrea$ed ha&oc on 4tal! leading him to conclude that 4talian unit! was needed He belie&ed internal fighting had led to foreign interference

He was a humanist who studied classical 0ome and was im ressed b! the abilit! of the 0omans to fend off enemies and their commitment to the idea of virtu+ to act decisi&el! and heroicall! for the good of the countr!

4n his boo$ The Prince, Machia&elli encourages rulers to use fraud and deceit to maintain owerF he dedicated the boo$ to =oren#o deE Medici and he ho ed that leader of whom he writes in The Prince would emerge from the Medici famil! =eo N, a member of the Medici famil!, had recentl! been named o e and this ro&ided ho e for Machia&elliEs grand &ision 5onetheless, the second Medici o e, 3lement G44, fell &ictim to *m eror 3harles G when he sac$ed 0ome in 1)'D

Three@Re,i,al of 3onarch in :orthern '#ro e

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

Section ?,er,iew

Trul! so&ereign monarchs begin to consolidate and centrali#e their ower unli$e the feudal monarchs of the High Middle Ages who forfeited ower to semi;auto &assals, towns, and clerg!

After the Hundred OearsE 8ar and the Creat 1chism in the church, the nobilit! and the clerg! were in decline and less able to bloc$ the ower of growing monarchies

During this eriod both towns eo le and monarchs wor$ed to create closer ties with each other. As towns became more ros erous, $ings wanted to benefit fro commercial centers in the form of tribute and taAes. =i$ewise, the towns wanted the rotection that could be afforded b! the $ing.

=o!al, business;wise towns eo le, not the nobilit! and the clerg!, increasingl! staffed ro!al offices and became the $ingEs law!ers, militar! tacticians, an di lomats. This new alliance between $ing and towns eo le bro$e the bonds of feudal societ! and made ossible the rise of so&ereign states

4n so&ereign states, the owers of taAation, war ma$ing, and law enforcement no longer belong to semiautonomous &assals, but are concentrated in the han monarch and eAercised b! his or her chosen agents Monarchies began to create standing national armies in the fifteenth centur!. The noble ca&alr! disa eared and was re laced b! the infantr! and artiller! (rance 3harles G44 +17'';1721 created a ermanent rofessional arm! in >rance

he used the eA ertise of an inde endent merchant;ban$er named "acJues 3oeur to build a strong econom!, di lomatic cor s, and national administ >rance

=ouis N4 +1721;17I, During his reign, the *nglish *m ire in >rance ended when the *nglish were slowl!:but steadil!:forced out of >rance during the course of the OearsE 8ar

(urgund!, a duch! in >rance, had maintained its inde endence throughout the medie&al eriod. 8ith the death of its leader, 3harles the (old, (urgund! was di&ided b! >rench $ing =ouis N4 and Habsburg em eror MaAimilian 4 =ouis N4 ended his reign as $ing with nearl! double the land holdings he inherited when he came to the throne he established a national ostal s!stem, eA anded trade and industr!, and de&elo ed a lucrati&e sil$ industr!

=ouis N4Es successors, howe&er, made oor foreign olic! decisions. >or eAam le, >rance suffered from losing conJuests in 4tal! in the 17?6s and lost a serie with the Habsburgs in the first half of the siAteenth centur! S ain 4sabella of 3astile and >erdinand of Aragon wor$ to @nif! 1 ain The marriage of 4sabella of 3astile and >erdinand of Aragon in 172? created a new ower in *uro e that alarmed both >rance and /ortugal

Although the marriage d!nasticall! united the two $ingdoms, constitutionall! the remained se arate as each retained se arate laws, armies, coinage and cultural traditions

(etween 17I' and 1)67, 4sabella and >erdinand had conJuered the Moors in Cranada, made 5a les a 1 anish ossession, and conJuered the $in 5a&arre in the north The! won the allegiance of the Hermandad, a owerful league of cities and towns that ser&ed them rather the noble landowners

1 ain, once a rare melting ot of "ews, 3hristians, and Muslims, became a 3hristian nation as >erdinand and 4sabella made 1 ain the shining eAam state;controlled religion

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

4n 17?', non;con&erting "ews were eAiled from 1 ain and their ro ert! confiscatedF in 1)6', non;con&erted Moors were eAiled 4sabella and >erdinand negotiate marriages for the offs ring Their eldest daughter, "oanna, married Archdu$e /hili , the son of *m eror MaAimilian 4

The son of "oanna and /hili , 3harles 4 was the first to rule o&er a united 1 ainF with his inheritance and election as em eror in 1)1?, hi almost eJualed the si#e of that of 3harlemagne

Their second daughter, 3atherine of Aragon, first married /rince Arthur, the son of *nglish $ing Henr! G44F after ArthurEs remature death, she ma brother Henr! G444F the failure of their marriage led to the creation of the Anglican 3hurch and *nglish 0eformation

4sabella and >erdinand ma$e 1 ain the su reme ower in *uro e in the siAteenth centur! 'n4land Turmoil in the latter half of the fifteenth centur! 3i&il war bro$e out between the House of Oor$ and the House of =ancaster The roots of the conflict la! in the succession irregularities after the forced de osition of the erratic $ing 0ichard 44

The! romoted o&erseas eA loration from which the! benefitted when 3olumbus landed in the 3aribbean 4slands while searching for a shorter route t *ast. The! created the 1 anish *m ire in MeAico and /eru whose gold a sil&er mines hel ed ma$e 1 ain the wealthiest nation in *uro e

The du$e of Oor$ and his su orters in the ros erous southern towns challenged the =ancastrian monarch! of Henr! 4G. 4n 1721, *dwar of the du$e of Oor$, sei#ed ower and ruled for more than '6 !earsF his reign was onl! briefl! interru ted b! Henr! 4GEs short;li&ed restoratio

*dward 4GEs brother, 0ichard 444, usur ed ower from *dward 4GEs son, and after 0ichardEs death, the new Tudor d!nast! ortra!ed him as who $illed *dwardEs sons in the Tower of =ondon

0ichardEs reign saw the growth for su ort of the =ancastrian Henr! Tudor, who came bac$ to *ngland from >rance and defeated 0ichard battle of (osworth >ield in 17I)

Henr! G44 consolidates his ower o&er *ngland Henr! Tudor married the daughter of *dward 4G, *li#abeth of Oor$, in order to ma$e the throne of *ngland uncontestable

He created the 3ourt of the 1tar 3hamber which too$ the ower of administering justice awa! from nobles and laced it firml! in the hands of ro!a nobles were no longer ca able of rigging &erdicts to romote their interests

Henr! mani ulated *nglish law to confiscate lands and fortunes from nobles with such success that he was able to manage the go&ernmen de ending on /arliament for ro!al funds

"oly Ro!an '! ire Cerman! and 4tal! were the eAce tions to the rule when >rance, *ngland, and 1 ain steadil! began to oliticall! centrali#e 0ulers in the Hol! 0oman *m ire continued to artition their $ingdoms, howe&er small, among their sonsF b! the late fifteenth centur!, Cerman! was di&ided three hundred inde endent olitical entities

Colden (ull, an agreement reached in 1,)2, established a se&enteen member electoral college consisting of the archbisho s of Main#, Trier, and 3ologneF the 1aAon!F the margra&e of (randenburgF the count of /alatineF and the $ing of (ohemia. The! functioned as an administrati&e bod! and elected the em eror

'eichstag was created in the fifteenth centur! to bring to a halt the constant feuding. 4t was a national assembl! of the se&en electors, the nonelectoral rin re resentati&es from the siAt!;fi&e im erial free cities 1ection (o#r@The :orthern Renaissance Section ?,er,iew

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

1cholars of the northern 0enaissance created conditions that would hel s ring forth the /rotestant 0eformation as the! read original =atin teAts of the 3hurc and reali#ed man! discre ancies to the dominant 3atholic orthodoA! 5orthern humanists came from more di&erse social bac$grounds and were more de&oted to religious reform than their 4talian counter arts

The de&elo ment of rint, or mo&eable t! e, ga&e northern humanists, the 3hurch and state new influence to o ulari#e their &iew oints freel! and to a wider au The $rintin4 $ress

"ohann Cutenberg in&ented rinting with mo&eable t! e in the middle of the fifteenth centur! in Main#, Cerman! which became the rinting ca ital for all o *uro e (oo$s were ra idl! roduced on religious as well as ractical to ics li$e how;to boo$s on childrearing, ma$ing brandies and liJuors, curing animals, and farming 'ras!#s 5orthern humanists who made clear in his man! wor$s that de&out 3atholics wanted the 3hurch to reform

He re ared short =atin dialogues for his students to teach them good manners of s eech and how to li&e well, but also anticlerical dialogues, and satires on dogmatismF this collection of his dialogues were titled Collo!uies He also ublished a boo$ of "dages which included o&er ),666 contem orar! and ancient ro&erbs He encouraged what he called $hiloso$hia Christi, a sim le, ethical iet! in imitation of 3hrist and his a ostles He translated old 3hristian teAts from =atin and Cree$ into &ernacular languages as to be a&ailable to more eo le 4n the 1)'6s a o ular sa!ing de&elo ed: *rasmus laid the egg that =uther hatched. "#!anis! and Refor! Cerman! 0udolf Agricola +177,;17I)-, the father of Cerman humanism studied in 4tal! under the 4talian humanists and introduced these ideas to Cerman! returned

3onrad 3eltis, the first Cerman oet laureate, and @lrich &on Hutten, a fier! $night, fused humanism with nationalism that s read ideas that we toward eo le of non;Cerman cultures 0euchlin Affair

"ohann 0euchlin was *uro eEs foremost 3hristian authorit! on Hebrew and "ewish learning who wrote the first reliable Hebrew gramm 3hristian

/feffer$orn, a "ewish man who con&erted to 3hristianit!, su orted b! the Domincan order in 3ologne, began a mo&ement to su res writings and 0euchlin came under attac$ Cerman humanists, in the name of freedom and good scholarshi , rushed to defend 0euchlin

The conflict lasted for !ears and roduced ,etters of O%scure Men, a merciless satire of mon$s and scholastics to which &on Hutten contrib

*ngland Gisiting lecturers s read humanism to *ngland 8illiam Croc!n and Thomas =inacre lectured at %Aford *rasmus lectured at 3ambridge

"ohn 3olet, the dean of 1aint /aulEs 3athedral, atroni#ed humanist studies for the !oung and romoted religious reform

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

Thomas More +17DI;1),)-:the most famous *nglish humanists +and close friend of *rasmus

MoreEs boo$ #to$ia, a conser&ati&e criticism of contem orar! societ!, ri&als the la!s of 1ha$es eare as the most widel! read *nglish wor$ #to$ia de icted a societ! based on tolerance and reason where all ro ert! was held in common

More was to ad&isor to Hing Henr! G444 8hen he refused to acce t the Act of 1u remac! and recogni#e Henr! G444Es marriage to Anne (ole!n, he was eAecuted

>rance >rench in&asions of 4tal! led to the ermeation of 4talian humanism in >rance Cuillaume (ude:a Cree$ scholar:and "acJues =efe&re dE*ta les:a biblical scholar:were the leaders of >rench humanism 1 ain =efe&reEs wor$ influenced Martin =uther

The future /rotestant reformer "ohn 3al&in was educated b! >rench humanists

4nterestingl!, humanism;;the same wea on used to bring down the 3atholic 3hurch in northern /rotestant countries li$e *ngland, >rance, and Cerma used to strengthen the 3atholic 3hurch in 1 ain

>rancisco "imene# de 3isneros, ad&isor to Kueen 4sabella and a ointed Crand 4nJuisitor and 1 anish scholar of humanism, enforced strict orthodoA! >ounded the @ni&ersit! of Alcala near Madrid

His greatest achie&ement was the Com$lutensian Polygot Bi%le in which he laced the Hebrew, Cree$, and =atin &ersions of the (ible i columns

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

Section ?,er,iew Disco&er! of the Americas eA anded *uro ean hori#ons both intellectuall! and geogra hicall! Mineral and human wealth set in motion the engines of ca italism and trade shifted from the Mediterranean and (altic areas to the Atlantic seaboard The $ort#4#ese Chart the Co#rse /rince Henr! the 5a&igator, the brother of the $ing of /ortugal, ca tured the 5orth African Muslim cit! of 3euta He was in search of gold, sla&es, and also launched missionar! efforts here to sa&e the Muslims /ortuguese shi s deli&ered o&er 1)6,666 sla&es to *uro e in the second half of the fifteenth centur! Henr! searched for a safe route around the ti of Africa to AsiaEs s ice mar$et 3lo&es and e er were the most sought after s ices

(i,e@2oya4es of Disco,ery and the :ew '! ires in the -est and 'ast

/rior to Henr!Es eA edition, a limited su l! of s ices had been made a&ailable b! Genetian merchants who urchased them from *g! tian m trading osts in the %ttoman *m ire

(artholomew Dias was the first /ortuguese eA lorer to sail around the 3a e of Cood Ho e in 17ID Gasco da Cama sailed all the wa! to 4ndia and returned with a &essel filled with s ices worth 26N the cost of the &o!age The /ortuguese established colonies in 3alcutta and Coa on the cost of 4ndia The S anish 2oya4es of Col#!;#s

8hereas /ortuguese eA loration focused east on 4ndia, the 1 anish sought a faster route to the east, and access to the s ice trade, b! sailing west across the A 3olumbusE first &o!age across the Atlantic too$ thirt!;three da!s and when he landed in 1an 1al&ador in the eastern (ahamas, he thought he had landed on island of "a an 5ot until his third &o!age to the 3aribbean in 17?I did he reali#e 3uba was not "a an and 1outh America was not 3hina

(elie&ing he landed in the *ast 4ndies, 3olumbus called the Taino 4ndians:who s o$e a language $nown as Arawa$:4ndians, a name that s *uro eans

Amerigo Ges ucci and >erdinand Magellan eA lored the coastline of 1outh America Magellan rounded the ti of 1outh America and continued onto the /acific %cean where he landed and was $illed in the /hili ines

4ntended and unintended conseJuences The 1 anish launched a series of wars of conJuests, along with missionar! efforts, against the nati&e eo le of the Americas

Cold and sil&er eAtracted from 1 ainEs colonies in America hel ed ignite a eriod of economic eA ansion in *uro e and finance 1 ainEs wars of relig siAteenth and se&enteenth centuries

American 4ndian o ulation were de&astated b! the e idemics of measles and small oA that the *uro eans carried with them while the! returned t with a deadl! strand of s! hilis

1 anish conJuests in 5orth and 1outh America left an im rint of 0oman 3atholicism, economic de endenc!, and hierarchical social structure, all s toda!

The S anish '! ire in the :ew -orld

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

1 anish 3onJuests of the A#tecs in MeAico The A#tecs ruled all of 3entral America from their ca ital of Tenochtitlan +modern;da! MeAico cit!- when the Hernan 3ortes arri&ed in 1)1?

3ortes arri&ed with fi&e hundred men and a few horses, was initiall! belie&ed to be the god Kuet#alcoatl b! A#tec em eror Mocte#uma 44, and estab alliance with TlaAcala:an inde endent state and long enem! of the A#tecs

3ortes, along with his men and the TlaAcala marched on the A#tec ca ital, $illing most and dri&ing the rest from the cit!F he declared this land 5ew 1

1 anish 3onJuests of the 4ncas in /eru 4ncas controlled an enormous em ire in the highlands of /eru

>rancisco /i#arro landed on the western coast of 1outh America with a grou of '66 men, $illed Atahual a:the leader of the 4ncas:and ca ture their ca ital

This mar$s the transformation of 1outh America into =atin America The Ch#rch in S anish *!erica

Missionaries accom anied the earliest eA lorers and conJuerors and attem ted to con&ert *uro eans to 3hristianit!, and brought with them *uro ean st!le of e and ci&ili#ation

A Dominican missionar!, (artolome de =as 3asas was outs o$en about the oor treatment of nati&esF he also belie&ed that conJuests was not necessar! for co The colonial 3hurch ros ered as the 1 anish elite ros ered b! eA loiting the resources and eo les of the 5ew 8orld The 3hurch became a great landowner in the new world as it was gi&en large tracts of land b! the crown The 'cono!y of '8 loitation Mining Agriculture 3onJuistadores set u gold and sil&er mines:/otosi in /eru >orced nati&es to labor in the mines

Hacienda:unit of land owned b! ersons born in 1 ain + $eninsulars- or ersons of 1 anish descent born in America + creoles-;; which were la nati&es who had little legal freedom and no legal right to mo&e around +similar to the status of serfs in medie&al *uro eHacienda econom! roduced food for the mining regions and leather goods used in mining machiner! 4n 3uba, His aniola, /uerto 0ico, and other islands, blac$ Africans wor$ed as sla&es on the sugar lantations

=abor 1er&itude Encomienda:a formal grant of the rights to the labor of a s ecific number of 4ndians for a designated eriod of time

Encomienda was re laced b! the re$artimiento:a law that reJuired male 4ndians to de&ote a designated number of da!s annuall! to 1 anish e enter rise

De%t $eonage:free 4ndian laborers were reJuired to urchase goods from the landowner of mine owner, to whom the! became fore&er indeb ractice lasted well into the twentieth centur!

4nteresting >act:The nati&e o ulation of MeAico was reduced from ') million to ' million The I! act of '#ro e

Chapter 10 Outline Renaissance and Discovery (RS = Renaissance)

3olumbusEs disco&er! demonstrated foll! of rel!ing on an! fiAed bod! of resumed authoritati&e $nowledge.

*nlightenment hiloso hers com ared 3olumbusEs disco&er! of the 5ew 8orld to the in&ention of the rinting ress in terms of their statuses as world historic e& 5ew wealth enabled go&ernments and ri&ate entre reneurs to s onsor research and eA ansion in rinting, shi ing, mining, teAtile, and wea ons industr! 8hene&er ossible, entre reneurs established mono olies

5ew industries disru ted the traditional social di&isions and this made the wa! for the 0eformation b! ma$ing eo le critical of all traditional institutions