1 26

.
1. 0 ;

+ i

+i

, =

= = .

+ i = + i

0 = 0 + 0i ,
+ i = 0

= 0 = 0 .

2. ;

+ i

+ i

( + i ) + ( + i ) = ( + ) + ( + )i .

+ i

+ i

+ i

, :

( + i ) ( + i ) = ( + i ) + ( i ) = ( ) + ( )i .

( + i ) ( + i ) = ( ) + ( )i .

+ i

+ i

( + i)( + i) = ( + i) + i( + i) = + i + i + ( i)(i) =
= + i + i + i 2 = + i + i = ( ) + ( + )i

:
( + i )( + i ) = ( ) + ( + )i .

+ i
+ i

+ i 0 ,

+ i ,

:
+ i ( + i )( i ) ( + ) + ( )i +
=
=
= 2
+ 2
i.
+ i
( + i )( i )
2 + 2
+ 2
+ 2

,
:

24/1/2014

 2 26
+ i +
= 2
+
i
+ i
+2 2 +2

3. z = + i ;

z = + i z = i .
z

+ i

. :

+i = i

i = + i

+ i

.
.

4.

z 1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 .

y
M(z)

M (z )

M (, )
.

z = + i

z = i

M (, )

z = + i

z = i

, :
z + z = 2

z z = 2 i

z1 = + i z 2 = + i , :

1.

z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2

2.

z1 z 2 = z1 z 2

3.

z1 z 2 = z1 z 2

4.

z1

z2

z1
=
.
z2

5.

z1 + z 2 + + z = z1 + z 2 + + z

6.

z 1 z 2 ... z = z 1 z 2 ... z

24/1/2014

 3 26

5. :

z 1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2

z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 :
z1 = + i z 2 = + i , :

z1 + z 2 = ( + i ) + ( + i ) = ( + ) + ( + )i

= ( + ) ( + )i = ( i ) + ( i ) = z1 + z 2
= ( + ) ( + )i = ( i ) + ( i ) = z1 + z 2

6. i ;

i ,
= 4 + ,
4, :
i = i 4 +

1
i

= i 4 i = (i 4 ) i = 1 i = i =
-1

,
,
,
,

=0
=1
=2
=3

7. z 2 + z + = 0 , , R
0 .

z 2 +z + =0 , , , R 0 .
, , :
2

z +
=
2
4 2

= 2 4

. , :

> 0 , : z1, 2 =

= 0 , : z =

2
2

(1)( ) i 2 ( ) 2 i
=
=
< 0 , , 2 =

, :
4
4 2
(2) 2
2
2
i

z +
=
2
2

z1, 2 =

i
, .
2

24/1/2014

 4 26

:
z :
z , z = z
z , z = z .

.
y

5
M(x,y)

|z|

8. ;

M ( x, y ) z = x + yi .
z M O ,
| z | =| OM | =

x 2 +y 2

9. .

| z | = | z | = | z |

| z |2 = z z

| z1 z 2 | = | z1 | | z 2 |
z1
z
= 1
z2
z2

| z | =| z |

| | z1 | | z 2 | | | z1 + z 2

| | z 1 | +| z 2 |

10. :

| z1 z 2 | = | z1 | | z 2 |

24/1/2014

 5 26

:
| z1 z 2 | = | z1 | | z 2 | | z1 z 2 | 2 = | z 1 | 2 | z 2 | 2
( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) = z1 z1 z 2 z 2

z1 z 2 z 1 z 2 = z 1 z1 z 2 z 2

, .

11.) ,
| z1 z 2 |

| z z 0 | = , > 0;

) | z z1 | = | z z 2 | ;

) .
:

( M 1 M 2 ) =| z 1 z 2 |

| z z 0 | = , > 0
K ( z 0 ) .
)

| z z1 | = | z z 2 |

A( z1 ) B( z 2 ) .

24/1/2014

 6 26

:
-

.
1. f A ;

f (A) = {y | y = f (x)

f A

xA

x A} .

f ( A) .

2. f A ;

f M ( x, y ) y = f ( x ) ,
M ( x, f ( x)) , x A .

- f C

- , , y = f (x ) C f . , y = f (x )
f.
- C f f, :
) f C f .
) f f ( A) C f .
) f x 0 A x = x 0 C f (. 8).

y
Cf

()

Cf

f ()

x=x0

Cf

f (x0)

O
()

A(x0,f (x0))
x0

()

- C f , f , ,
f | f | .

24/1/2014

 7 26
) f ,
x x , f,

M ( x,f ( x))

M ( x, f ( x)) , x x . (. 9).

y=f (x)

(x,f (x))

O
(x,f (x))

y = f (x)

10

y=f (x)

y=| f (x)|

) | f | C f
x x , x x , C f
. (. 10).

3.
) f ( x ) = x +

) f ( x ) =

2
) f ( x ) = x ,

, 0
x

f ( x) =

x ,

3
) f ( x ) = x , 0

g( x ) = | x |

:
) f ( x ) = x +

11

a>0

a<0

a=0

) f ( x ) = x 2 , 0 .

24/1/2014

 8 26

12

y
x

O
>0

<0

) f ( x ) = x 3 , 0 .

>0

13

<0

) f ( x ) =

, 0.
x
y

14

x
x

>0

<0

) f ( x ) = x , g ( x ) = | x | .

15

y
y=

y=

|x |

4. :
f (x) = x ,
f (x) = x
) f (x) = x ,
)

f ( x) = x

, 0< 1

) f ( x ) = log x , 0 < 1

24/1/2014

 9 26

:
) : f ( x ) = x , f ( x ) = x , f ( x ) = x

16

1
O

y=x

()

y
1
O

y=x

( )

/2

/2

3/2

y=x

()

, f ( x ) = x f ( x ) = x T = 2 ,
f ( x ) =x T = .

f ( x) = x

, 0 < 1.

17

()

>1

O
0<<1

()

:
> 1 ,

0 < < 1 ,

x1 < x 2 x1 < x 2
x1 < x 2 x1 > x 2 .

24/1/2014

 10 26

) f ( x ) = log x , 0 < 1
y

18

1
1

()

>1

()

0<<1

4) log ( x 1 x 2 ) = log x 1 + log x 2

1) log x = y y = x

1
5) log = log x 1 log x 2
x
2

2) log x = x log x = x
3) log = 1

log 1 = 0

6) log x 1k = log x 1

7) > 1 , : log x 1 < log x 2 x 1 < x 2 ,

0 < < 1 ,

log x 1 < log x 2 x 1 > x 2 .

8) x = e xln , = e ln .

5. f ,g ;

f g :

x A f ( x ) = g ( x ) .

6. , ,
f ,g ;

f + g , f - g , fg

f
f, g
g

( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x)

( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x )

24/1/2014

 11 26
( fg )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )

f + g , f g fg
f
g

g ,

f ( x)

( x) = g ( x )

A B f

A B , x

g ( x ) ,

{x | x A

x B ,

g ( x) 0} .

7. f g ;

f, g , ,
g o f ,

g,

( gof )( x ) = g ( f ( x )) .

f (A)

24

f (x)

g(B)

A
g
x

g( f (x))

go f

A1

) g o f x f

f ( x)

g.

A1 = {x A | f ( x) B} .

gof , A1 , f ( A) B .

) , f, g

gof fog ,

.
f , g , h ho( gof ) , ( hog )of
ho( gof ) = ( hog )of .

f, g h hogof .
.

8. f ;

f ,
x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :

f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 )

24/1/2014

 12 26
,

f
x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :

f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 )

9. f A x o A
;

f :
x 0 A () , f ( x 0 ) ,

f ( x ) f ( x 0 ) x A
x 0 A () , f ( x 0 ) ,

f ( x) f ( x 0 )

x A

10. f A 1 1 ;

f :A R 1 1 , x1 , x 2 A
:
x1 x 2 ,

f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

) f :A R 1 1 , x1 , x 2 A
:

f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) ,

x1 = x 2 .

f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) x1 = x 2
) f 1 1 , :
- y f ( x ) = y x.
- .
f .
- , "1 1" . .
1 1
.
34
y

y=g(x)

x , x 0

g ( x ) = 1
(. 34).
, x >0

1 1,

11. f A ;
:

24/1/2014

 13 26

f :A R , 1 1 . f

f 1

f (x) = y f 1 (y) = x

) :
f

( f ( x )) = x ,

f ( A) f,

x A

f(f

( y )) = y ,

y f ( A) .

f .

) C C f f
y = x xOy x Oy .

24/1/2014

 14 26

:
-

.
1. f x o f x o ;

:
f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , :

lim f ( x) =

x x0

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) =

x x0

x x0+

) :

lim f ( x) =

()

x x0

lim ( f ( x) ) = 0

x x0

lim f ( x) =

()

x x0

lim f ( x 0 + h) =
h 0

f ( x) 2 = lim+ f ( x)
) 1 = xlim
x x0
x
0

x 0

1 f x 0 , 2 f x 0 .

) f x 0 , f x 0 ,
f
( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , )
( , x 0 )

( x0 , ) .

x 0 (. 39, 39) .
f x 0 , , x 0 (. 39)
.

lim x = x 0

x x 0

c
xlim
x 0

=c

2. f x o

f
:

x 0 ,

) f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .

24/1/2014

 15 26
) f ( , x 0 ) , ,
( x 0 , ) .
) f ( x 0 , ) , ,
(, x 0 ) .

3. x o .

:
) 1

lim f ( x) > 0 ,

x x0

lim f ( x) < 0 ,

f ( x ) > 0 x 0

f ( x) < 0

x x0

x 0

) 2
f , g x 0 f ( x ) g ( x ) x 0 ,

lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x x0

x x0

) 3
f g x 0 , :
1.
2.

3.

lim ( f ( x) + g ( x)) = lim f ( x) + lim g ( x)

x x0

x x0

x x0

lim (f ( x)) = lim f ( x) ,

x x0

x x0

lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x x0

x x0

4.

x x0

R
lim f ( x)
f ( x ) x x0
lim
=
,
x x0 g ( x )
lim g ( x)

g ( x) 0
xlim
x
0

x x0

5.

lim | f ( x ) | = lim f ( x )

x x0

x x0

6.

lim

x x0

f ( x) = k lim f ( x) ,
x x
0

f ( x ) 0

x0 .
) 4

P ( x ) = x + 1 x 1 + + 1 x + 0

x 0 R . :

lim P ( x) = P ( x 0 )

x x0

f (x) =

lim

x x0

P(x)
P(x) Q(x)
x0 R
Q(x 0 ) 0 .
Q(x) ,
,
x

P( x) P( x 0 )
=
Q( x) Q( x 0 )

Q( x 0 ) 0

24/1/2014

 16 26
) 5

f ,g,h

h(x) f (x) g(x)

lim h(x) = lim g(x) =

x x 0

x x 0

x0

lim f (x) =

x x 0
)

|x | | x | ,

limx =x

x x 0

x R .

x
=1
x 0 x

lim

x =0.

limx =x 0

x x 0

x 1
=0
x 0
x

lim

4 .

f o g

xo .

f og

x 0 ,

lim f ( g ( x)) , :

x x0

1. u = g (x ) .
2. ( )
3. ( )

u 0 = lim g ( x )
x x0

= lim f (u ) .
u u0

g ( x) u 0 x 0 , , :

lim f ( g ( x )) = lim f ( u) .

x x0

u u0

5 . x o .

,
(, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , :

lim f ( x) = +

x x0

x x0

lim f ( x) =

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = +

x x0

x x0+

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) =

x x0

f ( x) = + ,
) xlim
x0

x x0+

f ( x ) > 0 x 0 ,

lim f ( x) = ,

x x0

f ( x ) < 0

x0 .

24/1/2014

 17 26

f ( x) = + , lim ( f ( x)) = , lim f ( x) = , lim ( f ( x)) = + .

) xlim
x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
f ( x) = +
) xlim
x0

f ( x) = 0
) xlim
x0

lim

x x0

1
=0 .
f ( x)

) i) lim
x 0
ii)

| f ( x ) | = + .
, xlim
x0

1
1
= + lim 2 = + ,
2
x 0 x
x

lim

x 0 +

1
x

2 +1

= + ,

lim

x 0

1
x

2 +1

lim f ( x) = 0

x x0

1
= .
f ( x)

x 0 , lim
x x

f ( x ) < 0

f ( x) = +
) xlim
x0

1
= + ,
f ( x)

f ( x ) > 0 x 0 , lim
x x

lim f ( x) = + , lim

x x0

x x0

f ( x ) = + .

N*
= ,

) :
1 ( )

x0
f :
g :
f + g :

+
+

+
+
+

R
-
-

-
- -
-

2 ( )

x0 R ,
f
:
g
:

fg :

>0

<0

>0

<0

( ) ( ) ,

0
,
0

:
( +) + ( ) , 0 ( ) , ( +) ( +) ,

6 . .

24/1/2014

)
:
x = +
xlim
+

lim

x +

18 26

1
=0,
x

N*

+ ,

lim x =
x
- ,

1
=0,
x

lim

* .

) P( x ) = x + 1 x 1 + + 0 , 0 :
lim P ( x ) = lim ( x )

x +

) f ( x) =

x +

lim P ( x ) = lim ( x )

x + 1 x 1 + + 1 x + 0
x + 1 x 1 + + 1 x + 0

x
lim f ( x) = lim
x +
x + x

, 0 , 0 :

x
lim f ( x) = lim
x
x x

) -

> 1 (. 60),

60
y=a x

y=loga x
O

lim x = 0 ,

lim x = +

x +

lim log x = +

x +

0 < < 1 (. 61),

lim x = + ,

lim log x =

lim x = 0

x +

y=a

61

x +

1
O 1

x
y=loga x

24/1/2014

 19 26

f
( ,+) .
f
, ) .
(

+ ,

+ , x 0 :

.

24/1/2014

 20 26

:
-

1. f x 0 ;

f x 0 x 0 . f

lim f(x) = f(x 0 )

x 0 ,

x x0

f(x) f(x 0 ) = 0
: , f x 0 , xlim
x
0

2. f x 0 ;

M f x 0 :
) x 0
) x 0 , , f(x 0 ) x 0 .

3. f ;

f , , ,
.

4. ;

P ( x) = P( x 0 ) .
, x 0 xlim
x0

P
, x 0
Q

lim

x x0

P ( x) P ( x 0 )
=
.
Q( x) Q( x 0 )

f ( x ) = x g ( x ) = x , x 0

lim x = x 0

x x0

lim x = x 0 .

x x0

, ( ) :
f ( x ) = x

g ( x ) = log x , 0 < 1 .

24/1/2014

 21 26

5.
x 0 :
f g x 0 , x 0 :
f +g

c f

c ,

f g

f
,
g

| f |

x 0 .

6.
f x 0 g f ( x 0 ) ,
gof x 0 .

7. f ( , ) ;

f ( , ) ,
(, ) . (. 63)

8. f [ , ] ;

f [ , ] ,
(, )
lim f ( x ) = f ( ) (. 63)
lim f ( x) = f ( )

x
x +
y

(
a
()

63

[
a

()

:
f [ ,]
x 0

2.
9. Bolzano
f , [, ] . :
f [, ] , ,
f ( ) f ( ) < 0 ,
, , x 0 (, ) ,
f ( x0 ) = 0

24/1/2014

 22 26

, , , f ( x) = 0 (, ) .
, f (
).

Bolzano :
f ,
x x , .
(. 65)
y
y
65
f (x)>0

a
O

f (x)<0
()

()

f
f .
y
66

+
4

10. f ;

) f.
) ,
f . f
.

11. ( Bolzano)
f, [, ] . :
f [, ]
f ( ) f ( )
, f ( ) f ( ) , x 0 (, ) ,

f ( x0 ) =

24/1/2014

 23 26

f ( ) < f ( ) .

f ( ) < < f ( ) (. 67).

g ( x) = f ( x) , x [, ] , :
g [, ]
g ( ) g ( ) < 0 ,

67

f ()

B(, f ())

y=
f (a)
O

( , f ())
a x0

x0

x0

g ( ) = f ( ) < 0

g ( ) = f ( ) > 0 .

, Bolzano, x 0 (, ) ,
g ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 ) = 0 , f ( x 0 ) = .

68

f()

y=
f (a)
O

f
[ , ] ,

, ,

24/1/2014

 24 26

12.
f ( ) f
.

(
a
()

69

(
a
()

[
a

()

[, ] , .

24/1/2014

 25 26

13. ( )
f [, ] , f [, ]
m. (. 69)
, x1 , x 2 [, ] , , m = f ( x1 ) M = f ( x 2 ) ,
m f ( x) M ,

x [ , ] .

m
O

[
a

m
x2
()

x1

f [, ]
y
[ m , M ] , m .

70

1
3/2
O

/2

x
2

1
1, 1] ,
, f ( x ) = x , x [0, 2 ] [
[
0
,
2

]
m
=

M = 1 .

14. f (, ) ,
( , ) (. 71),

= lim f ( x)
x +

B = lim f ( x ) .
x

, , f (, ) ,
( B, A) (. 71).

24/1/2014

 26 26

y
B

(
a

()

71

(
a

()

24/1/2014