THIT K ANTEN YAGI

1. Cu trc ca Anten Yagi

S ca Anten c v hnh di. N gm
mt chn t ch ng thng l chn t na
sng, mt chn t phn x th ng, v mt s
chn t dn x th ng. Thng th cc chn
t phn x v dn x th ng c gn trc
tip vi thanh kim loi. Nu chn t ch
ng l chn t vng dt th n cng c th gn
trc tip vi thanh v kt cu Anten s tr
nn n gin. Vic gn trc tip cc chn t ln
thanh kim loi thc t s khng nh hng g
n phn b dng in trn anten v im gia
ca cc chn t cng ph hp vi nt ca in
p. Vic s dng thanh bng kim loi cng
khng nh hng g n bc x ca anten v n c t vung gc vi cc chn t.
tm hiu nguyn l lm vic ca Anten ta hy xt mt Anten dn x gm ba phn t:
Chn t ch ng A, chn t phn x P v chn t dn x D. Chn t ch ng c ni
vi my pht cao tn. Di tc dng ca trng bc x to bi A, trong P v D s xut
hin dng cm ng v cc chn t ny s bc x th cp. Nh bit, nu chn c chiu
di ca P v khong cch t A n P mt cch thch hp th P s tr thnh chn t phn x
ca A. Khi y, nng lng bc x ca cp A P s gim yu v pha chn t phn x v
c tng cng theo hng ngc li (hng +z). Tng t nh vy, nu chn c
di ca D v khong cch t D n A mt cch thch hp th D s tr thnh chn t dn x
ca A. Khi y, nng lng bc x ca h AD s c tp trung v pha chn t dn x v
gim yu theo hng ngc (hng z). Kt qu l nng lng bc x ca c h s c
tp trung v mt pha, hnh thnh mt knh dn sng dc theo trc ca anten, hng t
chn t phn x v pha chn t dn x.
2. Cc thng s bn ngoi anten:
Xt mt anten Yagi c N chn t, thng thng bao gm 1 chn t phn x, 1 chn t ch
ng ni ngun pht cao tn vo, v N 2 chn t cn li l dn x.
lP di chn t phn x
lA di chn t ch ng (pht x)
lD di chn t dn x

dP khong cch gia chn t phn x P v chn t ch ng A

dD khong cch gia chn t dn x th nht vi chn t ch ng A
dn khong cch gia chn t dn x th n vi chn t ch ng A. dn = n.dD ngha l ta
coi cc chn t dn x cch u nhau.
L chiu di ca anten
3. Cc thng s tr khng ca anten:
- Tr khng bc x ca chn t:
i vi mt chn t bt k c hm phn b dng in trn n l
v thnh phn tip
tuyn cng in trng gn b mt
th c th tnh c tr khng bc x ca n l

y Io l bin dng in u vo, thng thng t gia chn t. Nu

l hm
thc th tr khng bc x s chnh l tr khng vo ring l ca chn t . Trong trng
hp dng in trn phn b theo quy lut sng ng hnh sin
| |)

| |)

| |)
(
Ta thy
l mt hm thc, vy tr khng bc x
ca chn t c dng trn s bng tr khng ring, v
d nh chn t na sng.
- Tr khng tng h gia chn t ch ng v chn
t th ng trong anten
Xt 2 chn t trong anten, 1 ci l chn t ch ng lA,
ci cn li l chn t th ng th n (c th l phn x
hoc dn x) lD, c t cch nhau mt khong l dn.
T cng thc rt ra chng 6, ta c th tnh c tr
khng tng h ca chn t th ng do chn t ch
ng A tc ng ln

Trong
l bin dng in ti u vo chn t ch ng,
l hm phn b
dng in trn chn t th ng.
l thnh phn tip tuyn cng in trng trn chn t th ng m do cm ng
t chn t ch ng.
T chng 2 ta bit c biu thc ca nhng hm trn. Nu nh chn cc chn t th
ng c di gn bng chn t ch ng (chnh lch khng qu 5%) th cng c th coi
dng trn cng tun theo quy lut sng ng.
(
{

Vi
{

| |)

Nh vy
{

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- Tr khng vo ca anten nhn t chn t ch ng:

Trong :
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{
4. Cc thng s bc x ca anten:
- Hm phng hng chun ha ring ca chn t i xng: c rt ra t chng 3
|

)
(

) th c th vit gn ng bng

Nu l chn t na sng (

- Hm phng hng t hp ca anten:

T chng 5 ta c cng thc tng qut
|

Nu nh cc chn t trong anten c cng dng chn t na sng th hm phng hng t

hp c xc nh t chng 5 (cng thc ny i hi dng in trn cc chn t u bng
nhau v gc lch pha gia cc chn t lin tip nh nhau, v vy iu kin va ri l cn
thit)
|
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)|

|
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)|

Vi iu kin khong cch gia cc chn t khng qu chnh lch nhiu vi nhau, ngi ta
dng i lng khong cch trung bnh gia hai chn t.
vi L l chiu di ca anten
Nu cho
vi l h s sng chm.
|

)|

| (
)|
m bo cng thc trn gn ng vi anten th chiu di cc chn t khng c qu
sai lch nhau khong 5%.
- H s nh hng cc i ca anten:
3

T chng 5 ta rt ra c h s nh hng cc i ca h thng i vi chn t bc

x v hng

trong
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)|

(
)
| (
)|
Mt ln na y cng ch l cng thc gn ng bi v thc cht trong anten cc chn t
khc nhau v chiu di. Cho nn y ta ch ly xp x, mc d i vi trng hp cc
chn t sai nhau mt on ln th kt qu sai s rt ln.
5. Thit k anten Yagi 5 chn t,
.
Cc thng s ca anten xc nh t bi l N = 5, bc sng ca anten lm vic l

u tin ta xc nh chiu di anten yu cu, hay khong cch gia cc chn t trong anten
d, theo cng thc tnh h s nh hng.
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Gi thit anten lm vic vi h s sng chy
.
Trong chng trnh MATLAB, ta c th vit c hm tnh h s nh hng c tn Direct
ph thuc vo cc i lng chiu di chn t ngun l, s chn t N, h s sng k v
khong cch d nh sau
function [D] = Direct(l,N,k,d)
P = 0;
p = 100000;
for i = 1:p
dx = pi./p;
x = i.*dx;
F = (cos(k.*l.*cos(x)./2)-cos(k.*l./2))./(sin(x).*(1-cos(k.*l./2)));
G = (sin(N.*k.*d.*(cos(x)-1)./2))./(N.*(sin(k.*d.*(cos(x)-1)./2)));
P = P + (F.*G).^2.*sin(x).*dx;
end
D = 2./P;
end

th di y l gi tr h s nh hng ca anten yu cu
khi cho d chy t 0,05 m cho n 0,6 m.

35

30

25

20

15

X: 0.12
Y: 10.62

10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

T th trn ta c th xc nh vi
, th Dmax = 10,62 = 10,26 dB. Khi
chiu di anten l
.
Chn t ch ng lun l chn t na sng, v nh th th cc cng thc trn mi gn ng.
Ta c th thay i mt on nh iu chnh cng hng cho tr khng vo ca ring
chn t ngun khng c thnh phn in khng. Thc nghim cho ta kt qu rng, vi
chn t c bn knh ln th
, cn vi bn knh nh th
.
Trn mi nhnh ca chn t ta rt ngn i mt on l , khi chiu di chn t ngun
sau khi rt ngn l

. in khng ca chn t mi c coi gm hai phn c tng

bng khng: in khng bc x

hnh h mch khng tn hao di l

, v in khng vo ca ng dy song
.

Vi
l tr khng sng ca anten
(
)
Ta chn ng knh ca chn t 2a = 2 . 1mm = 2 mm rt nh so vi chiu di anten.
Do
, cho nn ta rt ra c chiu di ca chn t mi l.
(

Thay s vo
. Ta c kt qu
.
Cn li ta cn xc nh chiu di chn t phn x v chiu di cc chn t dn x, ta coi
nh cc chn t dn x c di nh nhau
.
Chiu di phn x c th ly ty , sao cho chnh lch so vi chn t ngun khng nhiu,
y ta ly
, nh vy vic cn li l tm chiu di da vo cc
thng s trc cng vi yu cu cui cng ca bi l tr khng vo,
.

Trong chng trnh MATLAB ta thit lp hm tnh in tr tng h dientro(l1,l2,d,k,H,x,y)v

tnh in khng tng h dienkhang(l1,l2,d,k,H,x,y) gia chn t ngun l1v chn t th ng
cch nhau d, h s sng k, khong cch so le H v gc x gc to bi chn t th ng vi chn t ngun,
gc y gc to bi hnh chiu ca chn t th ng ln mt phng vung gc chn t ngun vi trc h
thng.
function [a]=dientro(l1,l2,d,k,H,x,y)
% x la theta, y la phi
xi=0;
n=80*l2;
for i=1:n
ds=l2/(2*n);
S=i.*ds-0.5.*ds;
Sx=S.*sin(x).*cos(y);
Sy=S.*sin(x).*sin(y);
Sz=S.*cos(x);
jo=sqrt(Sx.^2+(d+Sy).^2);
R=sqrt(jo.^2+(H+Sz).^2);
r1=sqrt(jo.^2+(H+Sz+l1/2).^2);
r2=sqrt(jo.^2+(H+Sz-l1/2).^2);
a1=(sin(k.*r1)).*(Sz+H+l1/2)/r1;
a2=(sin(k.*r2)/r2).*(Sz+H-l1/2);
a3=2*(sin(k.*R)/R).*(cos(k.*l1/2)).*(Sz+H);
b=((Sx.*sin(x).*cos(y))+(d+Sy).*sin(x).*sin(y))/jo;
c=((2*cos(k.*l1/2).*sin(k.*R)/R)-(sin(k.*r1)/r1)-(sin(k.*r2)/r2)).*cos(x);
f=sin(k.*(l2/2-abs(S)));
u=(((a1+a2-a3).*b+c).*f.*ds);
u=-30*u;
xi=xi+u;
end
a=2*xi;
end
function [a]=dienkhang(l1,l2,d,k,H,x,y)
% x la theta, y la phi
xi=0;
n=80*l2;
for i=1:n
ds=l2/(2*n);
S=i.*ds-0.5.*ds;
Sx=S.*sin(x).*cos(y);
Sy=S.*sin(x).*sin(y);
Sz=S.*cos(x);
jo=sqrt(Sx.^2+(d+Sy).^2);
R=sqrt(jo.^2+(H+Sz).^2);
r1=sqrt(jo.^2+(H+Sz+l1/2).^2);
r2=sqrt(jo.^2+(H+Sz-l1/2).^2);
a1=(cos(k.*r1)).*(Sz+H+l1/2)/r1;
a2=(cos(k.*r2)/r2).*(Sz+H-l2/2);
a3=2*(cos(k.*R)/R).*(cos(k.*l1/2)).*(Sz+H);
b=((Sx.*sin(x).*cos(y))+(d+Sy).*sin(x).*sin(y))/(jo.^2);
c=((2*cos(k.*l1/2).*cos(k.*R)/R)-(cos(k.*r1)/r1)-(cos(k.*r2)/r2)).*cos(x);
f=sin(k.*(l2/2-abs(S)));
u=(((a1+a2-a3).*b+c).*f.*ds);
u=-30*u;
xi=xi+u;
end
a=2*xi;
end

Thit lp xong cc hm, ta xy dng chng trnh tnh tr khng vo ca anten vi cc gi tr chiu
di dn x khc nhau, biu din s ph thuc vi di tn lm vic t 1 MHz n 1 GHz, chn ra
gi tr ph hp vi gi tr tr khng vo 50 ti 500 MHz.
lcd
ldx
lpx
d =

= input('Nhap chieu dai

= input('Nhap chieu dai
= input('Nhap chieu dai
input('Nhap khoang cach

chan
chan
chan
giua

tu chu dong lcd(m) = ');

tu dan xa ldx(m) = ');
tu phan xa lpx(m) = ');
cac chan tu d = ');

a = 0.001;
f = 1:1000;
lambda = (3*10^8)./(f.*10^6);
k = 2*pi./lambda;
%Tinh tro khang tuong ho giua chan tu dan xa 1
r10 = dientro(lcd,ldx,d,k,0,0,0);
x10 = dienkhang(lcd,ldx,d,k,0,0,0);
r11 = dientro(ldx,ldx,a,k,0,0,0);
x11 = dienkhang(ldx,ldx,a,k,0,0,0);
z10 = r10 + j*x10;
z11 = r11 + j*x11;
phi1 = pi + atan(x10/r10) - atan(x11/r11);
a1 = abs(z10)/abs(z11);
%Tinh tro khang tuong ho giua chan tu dan xa 2
r20 = dientro(lcd,ldx,2*d,k,0,0,0);
x20 = dienkhang(lcd,ldx,2*d,k,0,0,0);
r22 = dientro(ldx,ldx,a,k,0,0,0);
x22 = dienkhang(ldx,ldx,a,k,0,0,0);
z20 = r20 + j*x20;
z22 = r22 + j*x22;
phi2 = pi + atan(x20/r20) - atan(x22/r22);
a2 = abs(z20)/abs(z22);
%Tinh tro khang tuong ho giua chan tu dan xa 3
r30 = dientro(lcd,ldx,3*d,k,0,0,0);
x30 = dienkhang(lcd,ldx,3*d,k,0,0,0);
r33 = dientro(ldx,ldx,a,k,0,0,0);
x33 = dienkhang(ldx,ldx,a,k,0,0,0);
z30 = r30 + j*x30;
z33 = r33 + j*x33;
phi3 = pi + atan(x30/r30) - atan(x33/r33);
a3 = abs(z30)/abs(z33);
%Tinh tro khang tuong ho giua chan tu phan xa
rp0 = dientro(lcd,lpx,d,k,0,0,0);
xp0 = dienkhang(lcd,lpx,d,k,0,0,0);
rpp = dientro(lpx,lpx,a,k,0,0,0);
xpp = dienkhang(lpx,lpx,a,k,0,0,0);
zpp = rpp + j*xpp;
zp0 = rp0 + j*xp0;
phip = pi + atan(xp0/rp0) - atan(xpp/rpp);
ap = abs(zp0)/abs(zpp);
%Tro khang cua chan tu nua song
ra = dientro(lcd,lcd,a,k,0,0,0);
xa = dienkhang(lcd,lcd,a,k,0,0,0);
Zo = ra + j*xa;
%Tro khang ra cua anten
Zva = zp0.*ap.*exp(-j*phip) + Zo + a1.*z10.*exp(-j*phi1) + a2.*z20.*exp(-j*phi2)
+ a3.*z30.*exp(-j*phi3);
Rva = real(Zva);
Xva = imag(Zva);
plot(f,Rva,'r-');
hold on;
plot(f,Xva,'b-');

Thay cc gi tr bit ca anten, ng thi thay tng gi tr ca chiu di chn t dn x

vo, ta c th thu c kt qu, vi gi tr
th tr khng vo c gi tr
, nh hnh v.

300
250
200
150

Ohm

100

X: 500
Y: 55.5

50
0
X: 500
Y: -7.163

-50
-100

Rva
Xva

-150
-200

100

200

300

400

500
600
f (MHz)

700

800

900

1000

Hnh dng anten thit k

th phng hng t hp ca anten |

Do thi buc xa trong mat phang E

90

Do thi buc xa trong mat phang H khong tinh anh huong cua dat
90

120

60

60
0.8

0.6

0.6

150

30

150

30

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

180

180

210

330

240

120

0.8

210

300

330

240

270

300
270

M phng anten trn phn mm EZNEC Demo 5.0 ca ARRL:

th phng hng ca anten ( trang k tip), ti y ta thy h s nh hng ch cn
7,81 dB ti bp sng chnh do cc chn t c sai lch chiu di tng i.
V tr khng vo qua m phng trn phn mm, n c gi tr
,
h s sng ng ti f = 500 MHz l 1,15.
8

CHT

10