I nternational J ournal V ol .6, N o .

1 (2013)

of

I ntelligent T echnologies

and

A pplied S tatistics

pp .51 - 64,

DOI: 10.6148/IJITAS.2013.0601.03

A iriti P ress

Evaluate the Employability of Higher Education by Fuzzy Data

Wen-Tsung Lai1* and Tsung-kuo Tien-Liu2
1

De partment of Educational Polic y and Administration, N ational Chi N an U niversity, N antou, T aiwan
2

Center f or General Education, N ational Chi N an U niversity, N antou, T aiwan

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to construct a new method used in evaluating the demand and supply employability of higher education. The samples are 40 university graduates within one year from a department of a private university. The research method uses rule-base system to calculate the fuzzy-related membership function value and to do decision making about the demand and supply employability of higher education. And survey by fuzzy two-dimensional questionnaire. The results of this study are to construct the new model to evaluate the demand and supply employability of higher education by fuzzy data. Therefore, new model can apply to evaluate the demand and supply employability of one university by testing all departments .Advanced application to evaluate the demand and supply employability of higher education of one country by testing all universities. K e ywords: Higher education; Rule-base system; Fuzzy two-dimensional questionnaire; Employability

1. Introduction
According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education [23] data, the population over the age 15 of Taiwan university graduates were 6.08% in 1990. But af ter 20 years, it had increased to 25.11% in 2010. There were 167 colleges or universities in 2012, and the university admitted rate are 100%. When the university graduates are increasing, but they has not been synchronized to enhance students professional performance. Future employment and national talent cultivation is a major worry for graduates. Higher education emphasis on the employability of graduates in the world in recent years. Employment setbacks encountered to reduce the university graduates in the labor market. Governments began to actively promote the reform policy. In addition to the proposed economic stimulus plan, the content of school education
* Corresponding author: s100407904@mail1.ncnu.edu.tw

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conducted adjusts its strategic. Courses taught by the school can be more close to the direction of social change, and professionals to meet truly the industry. European Higher Education Area In 2010 to confirm to enhance the employability of European citizens as the goal of the reform of higher education. British HEFCE committed between 2002 and 2005 in the core skills of analysis and interpretation. The United States is actively studying what university graduates workplace essential skills. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2001 pointed out that the core of the most important employers skills. Employability Skills for the Future published in Australia 2002 that employability was divided into 8 categories. For the 11 countries in the European research team conducted Careers after Higher Education -- A European Research Survey, the CHEERS survey research, graduates should have the 32 kinds of ability. The Hong Kong UGC accounted to university funding in the years 2008 to 2011 base on graduates performance. College graduates employment f orce survey report of National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006, and employability concluded three kinds of capacity, Work attitude and cooperative ability, Career planning and learning enterprising capacity, Professional knowledge and applicative capacity. But how to implement the graduate employability as an important indicator of school evaluation efforts should be made in the direction of Taiwans education authorities. Higher education must to assess the effectiveness in Taiwan. They contains the assessment of over-assessment in higher education, the assessment of the quality of university education, assessment of graduate employability. How to construct a system both to evaluate over-education and quality of employability is the most important motive in this study. For the purposes of local appropriation, this study cited college graduate employment force survey report of National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006 [24]. The index concluded three items, Work attitude and cooperative ability, Career planning and learning enterprising capacity, Professional knowledge and applicative capacity (1) Work attitude and cooperative ability concluded good working attitude, stability and resistance to stress, teamwork abilities, understand and abide by professional ethics and moral. (2) Career planning and learning enterprising capacity concluded willingness to learn and plasticity, career planning capacity, understanding of the industry environment and development, job search and self-marketing capability, innovation capability, leadership abilities. (3) Professional knowledge and applicative capacity concluded presentation and communication ability, to explore and solve the problem capacity, prof essional knowledge and skills, basic computer application skills, foreign language ability, able to theories applied to practice.

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2. Literature review
2.1 Over education
2.1.1 Measurement method of over education Over-education commonly used measurement of the following three ways by worker education level. (1) Worker self-assessment: Many scholars measure Overeducation by Worker self-assessment. Listed as the f ollowing: Alba-Ramrez [1]; Bchel and van Ham [3]; Dolton and Vignoles [9]; Duncan and Hoffman [10]; Hersch [15]; McGuinness [21-22]; Sloane et al. [28]; Sicherman [29]. (2) Job analysis: Many scholars measure Over-education by job analysis. Listed as the following: Burris [4]; Chevalier [6]; Decker et al. [8]; Groot and Maassen van den Brink [12]; Hartog and Oosterbeek [14]; Kiker et al [17]; McGoldrick and Robst [20]; Rumberger [27]; Thurow [30]. (3) Means of realized matches: Many scholars measure Over-education by means of realized matches. Listed as the following: Bauer [2]; Groot [11]; Groot and Maassen van den Brink [12]; Patrinos [25]; Verdugo and Verdugo [31]. 2.2.2 Researchs of over education Xiao [34] regarding wage f unction, Qualif ication Model is less signif icant models. This indicates that personal view decides whether education inf luences wage or not. If taking the method of employers evaluation or the method of job analysis as a reference for Qualification Model, it will make Qualification Model become more reliable. Carrolla and Tani [5] f ind a notable age-related ef fect not reported in earlier studies. Young over-educated graduates were not penalized af ter unobserved heterogeneity had been addressed, whereas older over-educated graduates were at an earnings disadvantage relative to their well-matched peers. Keywords: over-education; graduate labor market; human capita. Yang [35] find: (1) polytechnic college graduates perform low in wage where their among four school types, degree of over-education tends to be higher than university graduates. (2) The over-education has negative impact on wage, and such effect varies by school type. However, such effect is not significant in male sample. (3) Wage differs by gender. However, it doesnt make dif ference between male and female by Jensen overeducation index. (4) The learning at school variables will significantly affect wage and the degree of over-education. College graduates in sciences tend to have the highest wage among different fields of graduates; however they also suffer the most serious degree of over-education.

2.2 Rule-base system

Rule is a natural knowledge representation, in the form of the If Then

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structure and rule base system (RBS) is popular for real applications among expert systems. RBS consists of two components, inference engine and assertions. The assertions can be divided into a set of facts and a set of rules that can be fired by patterns in facts. The inference engine, an interpreter of an RBS, uses an iterative match-select-act cycling model. In act phase of the cycle, a fired rule may modify or generate some facts. CLIPS, one of the most successful expert system shell, which allows a knowledge base to be partitioned into modules, provides a feature called def module, and provides a more explicit method for controlling the execution of a system. Each module is able to inf erence sequentially and independently by inference engine. Different domain knowledge can be placed in different modules created by defmodule functions. Logically, related rules and facts can be collected into one module, which provides better maintenance and performance. RBS has many advantages [26]. The f irst is naturalness of expression since experts rely on rules rather than on textbook knowledge. The second is modularity that permits RBS easy to construct, to debug, and to maintain. Restricted syntax and ability of explanation are also the advantages of RBS. Although RBS is powerful enough in many applications, it has several disadvantages in maintenance and construction, e.g. the weak ability of incremental construction of knowledge [18]. Accordingly, many researches aim to integrate object-oriented and rule-based programming paradigms to take advantage of the technology. There are two paradigms on the integration of objects and rules: incorporating rules into objects and embedding objects into rules. Knowledge objects are an integration of the objectoriented paradigm with logic rules [32]. Furthermore, many rule-base tools, which cooperate with the technology, are developed, e.g., COOL (CLIPS object-oriented language) [7].

3. Research method
3.1 Evaluating higher education employability based on the supply and demand
In order to understand the relationship between supply and demand of the higher education employability, firstly we use the concept of logistics in marketing, to analyze demand and supply of higher education employability. When the employability is not balanced there will be in short supply, oversupply two kinds of cases. The goal of the high education balanced development including: (1) To find higher education employability rule-based and multiple decision-making system. (2) If higher education employability demand is greater than supply, then we should promote the policy to bridge the gap between course demand and supply. (3) When the higher education employability demand is less than supply, we should reform the policy and consider.

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3.2 What is a rule-base system?

In computer science, rule-base systems are used as a way to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret inf ormation in a usef ul way. They are of ten used in artificial intelligence applications and research. Rule-base systems can be used in an expert system might help a doctor choose the correct diagnosis. Also known as the knowledge base, knowledge is stored as rules in the rule-base. Rules are of the form. The rule-base system of higher education in the educational strategies of employability is a method of f inding a rule in a rule-base. We can express the matching policies are as follows: Consists of a rule-base (permanent data); IF some condition THEN some action [13, 16]. Therefore, the rule-base of the higher education in the educational strategies of employability supply and demand model is set up as below [19]: Rule 1: If 0.5 Demand Supply 1, we will substantially reform the educational strategies of employability. Rule 2: If 0.1 < Demand Supply 0.5, we will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability. Rule 3: If 0 < Demand Supply 0.1, we will minutely reform the educational strategies of employability. Rule 4: If -0.1 < Demand Supply 0, we will minutely maintain the educational strategies of employability. Rule 5: If -0.5 < Demand Supply -0.1, we will moderately maintain the educational strategies of employability. Rule 6: If -1 < Demand Supply -0.5, we will substantially maintain the educational strategies of employability.

3.3 Using of the index of demand and supply in this study

For the purposes of local appropriation, this study cited college graduate employment force survey report of National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006 [24]. The index concluded three items, Work attitude and cooperative ability, Career planning and learning enterprising capacity, Professional knowledge and applicative capacity. (1) Work attitude and cooperative ability concluded good working attitude, stability and resistance to stress, teamwork abilities, understand and abide by professional ethics and moral. (2) Career planning and learning enterprising capacity concluded willingness to learn and plasticity, career planning capacity, understanding of the industry environment and development, job search and self-marketing capability, innovation capability, leadership abilities. (3) Professional knowledge and applicative capacity concluded presentation and communication ability, to explore and solve the problem capacity, prof essional knowledge and skills, basic computer application skills, foreign language ability, able to theories applied to practice.

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3.4 To survey by fuzzy two-dimensional questionnaire

We will put these two parts of compensation by addition. While inside these two factors, we would like to take it by the production. Since inside the factors, the variables are highly co-integrated. In this research, we take two dimensional f uzzy data: the weight X denote by U ,w( X ) as well as the memberships of satisfactory U , s( y1, y2, y3, y4, y5). y1 = ver y unsatisf actor y, y2 = unsatisf actory, y3 = medium, y4 = satisf actory, y5 = very satisf actory denote by U ,s(Y ) for the questionnaires on the discussion domain U = {exercise/games, art/music, leisure/tourism, religion }. Hence a random fuzzy sample for a two dimensional case can be written as

;Where ( xi, yi) is the sample f or weight and memberships (degree of satisfactory of the linguistic variables), is the degree of satisfactory for factors in the universe domain, j ( xi) is the weight of the factor j. In order to find the general index of leisure activities for population, we just calculate the mean of the sample I LA through population, that is, general Leisure .From the above definition we can find that, 0 I LA 1, Activities GI LA = 0 T I LA 1. Table 1. School leaders leisure activity indicators of fuzzy weight.
Leisure Activity Exercise/games (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.4; (0, 0, 0, .5, .5)) (.1; (.8, .2, 0, 0, 0)) (.2; (.4, .4, 0, .2, 0)) Art/music (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.3; (0, 0, .5, .5, 0)) (.1; (0, 0, 1, 0, 0)) (.2; (0, 0, 0, .5, .5)) Entertainment/ tourism (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.2; (0, 0, 1, 0, 0)) (0; (0, 0, 0, 1, 0)) (.5; (0, 0, .8, .2, 0)) Religion (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.1; (0, 0, .8, .2, 0)) (.8; (0, .0, 0, .4, .6)) (0; (0, 0, 1, 0, 0)) (.3; (1, 0, .6, .2, .2))

Index of Individual leisure Activities ILA =

U ,A ( X , Y ), U ,B ( X , Y ), U ,C ( X , Y ),

Fuzzy M ean (.23; (.4, .2, 0, .23, .17)) (.2; (0, 0, .5, .33, .17)) (.23; (0, 0, .6, .4, 0))

Example 3.1: Suppose there are three principles are doing the survey. They are asked to write down the weight as well as the degree of satisfactory based on the factors of the discussion domain. Table 1 shows the result [33].

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4. Empirical study
The samples are 40 university graduates within one year f rom a department of national university. This study tests all 40 university graduates within one year f rom 2009 graduates of the Department of Business Administration, Particular central Taiwan University of Science and Technology. Conducted a general survey of 40 questionnaires, 32 were recovered, recovery rate of 80%. We got the last 30 valid questions af ter excluding invalid questionnaires. To Survey by f uzzy twodimensional questionnaire select will be discovery of new operation and strategy methods. The excepted results: to construct the new model to evaluate the employability of higher education by fuzzy data.

4.1 The quiz scale of employability

The quiz scale of employability cited f rom the College graduate employment f orce survey report of National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006.It concluded three items, Work attitude and cooperative ability, Career planning and learning enterprising capacity, Prof essional knowledge and applicative capacity.They show in Table 2. Table 2. College graduate employment force survey report of National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006.
Category Cronbachs Work Attitude and Cooperative Ability 0.903 Good working attitude. Stability and resistance to stress. The Skills of Employability Teamwork abilities. Career Planning and Learning Enterprising Capacity 0.868 Willingness to learn and plasticity. Career planning capacity. Professional Knowledge and Applicative Capacity 0.851 Presentation and communication ability. To explore and solve the problem capacity. Professional knowledge and skills. Basic computer application skills. Foreign language ability. Able to theories applied to practice.

Understanding of the industry environment Understand and and development. abide by professional ethics and moral. Job search and selfmarketing capability. Innovation capability. Leadership abilities.

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4.2 The supply and demand of employability by the self -assessment of university graduates. They showed in Table 3 and Table 4
Table 3. The supply of employability by self-assessment in higher education.
Employability Work Attitude and Cooperative Ability (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.3; (.2, .1, .0, .0, .7)) (.2; (.2, .2, .3, 0, .3)) (.4; (.7, .1, .1, .1, 0)) (.2; (0, 0, 0, .5, .5)) (.4; (.3, .2, .1, .2, .2)) 0.566667 Career Planning and Learning Enterprising Capacity (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.5; (.3, .2, .1, .4, 0)) (.3; (.1, 0, .3, .5, .1)) (.1; (.2, .2, .2, .4, 0)) (.5; (0, 0, .8, .2, 0)) (.3;(.3, .2, .2, .2, .1)) 0.536667 0.549873 Professional Knowledge and Applicative Capacity (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.2; (0, 0, .2, .3, .5)) (.5; (0, .0, 0, .5, .5)) (.5; (.5, .3, .1, 0, .1)) (0; (0, 0, 1, 0, 0)) (.3; (.3, .2, .1, .2, .2)) 0.540667

U , 1 ( X , Y ), U , 2 ( X , Y ), U , 3 ( X , Y ),

U , 30 ( X , Y ),
Fuzzy M ean Index Demand Total Demand

Table 4. The demand of workplace employability by self-assessment.

Employability Work Attitude and Cooperative Ability (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.2; (.2, .5, 0, 0, .3)) (.6; (.2, 0, .3, 0, .5)) (.3; (.7, .1, .1, .1, 0)) (.4; (.2, .2, .1, .2, .3)) (.4; (.3, .2, .1, .2, .2)) 0.592667 Professional Knowledge and Career Planning Applicative Capacity and Learning (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) Enterprising Capacity (w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) (.2; (0, .2, .1, .4, .3)) (.2; (.1, 0, .3, .5, .1)) (.1; (.1, .1, .2, .4, .2)) (.2; (.1, .2, .1, .2, .4)) (.2; (.1, .2, .1, .2, .4)) 0.718667 0.654951 (.6; (0, 0, .2, .3, .5)) (.2; (0, .0, 0, .5, .5)) (.6; (.1, .1, .1, 0, .7)) (.4; (.2, .1, .2, .2, .3)) (.4; (.1, .1, .2, .2, .4)) 0.681333

U , 1 ( X , Y ), U , 2 ( X , Y ), U , 3 ( X , Y ),

U , 30 ( X , Y ),
Fuzzy M ean Index Demand Total Demand

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4.3 Summary
4.3.1 Work attitude and cooperative ability 1. Demand Supply = 2.963333 / 5 2.833333 / 5 = 0.130000 / 5 = 0.026000 2. Rule 3: If 0 < Demand Supply 0.1, we will minutely reform the educational strategies of employability. 3. Educative development in work attitude and cooperative ability, they will minutely reform the educational strategies of employability. 4.3.2 Career planning and learning enterprising capacity 1. Demand Supply = 3.593333 / 5 2.683333 / 5 = 0.910000 / 5 = 0.182000 2. Rule 2: If 0.1 < Demand Supply 0.5, we will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability. 3. Educative development in career planning and learning enterprising capacity, they will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability. 4.3.3 Professional knowledge and applicative capacity 1. Demand Supply = 3.406667 / 5 2.703333 / 5 = 0.703334 / 5 = 0.140667 2. Rule 2: If 0.1 < Demand Supply 0.5, we will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability. 3. Educative development in professional knowledge and applicative capacity, they will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability. 4.3.4 Employability of higher education 1. Demand Supply = 3.274756 / 5 2.749367 / 5 = 0.525389 / 5 = 0.105078 2. Rule 2: If 0.1 < Demand Supply 0.5, we will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability. 3. Educative development in the overall employability, they will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability.

5. Conclusion
Therefore, new model that showed in Figure 1 can apply to evaluate the demand and supply employability of one university by testing all departments. Advanced application to evaluate the demand and supply employability of higher education of the country by testing all universities.

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5.1 New model showed in Figure 1

Figure 1. Evaluate the employability of higher education by fuzzy data.

5.2 Superiority of the new mode in this study

5.2.1 Closer to real than over-education assessment The over education assessment focused on the analysis of the supply and demand of the overall national higher. The results of assessment are excessive education or lack of education. But such analysis methods are too macroscopic. Failed to point out where there is the problem. Because of this, this type of evaluation and conclusions could not improve the efficiency of policy and implementation. 5.2.2 More holistic connotation of the evaluation Visits members only independent alumni satisfaction survey at the evaluation of university or department. And they did not included in the evaluation project for the employment rate and the employability. Such practices lack an overall assessment. We must use the same respondents object to do the gap assessment of the education force and the market employability. And aptly reflect the educational quality of the department. This mode provides the more in-depth and appropriate method in the university evaluation.

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5.2.3 Both macroscopic features of the assessment model of over-education and microscopic f eatures of the assessment model of department employability This is an integrated assessment model. Base on the purposes that there are both macroscopic features of the assessment model of over-education and microscopic features of the assessment model of department employability. The new mode had both the microscopic and macroscopic features. It is the ssuperiority of the new mode in this study. But how to apply the new mode? Let us introduce in the following. 1. How to apply the new mode in the evaluation of a university? First for the department graduates to test the supply of employability by selfassessment. At the same time, to test the demand of workplace employability by selfassessment. Using the methods of expert decision-making system (rule-base system) to give the overall level of performance of the department employability had microscopic features. The type of using the same method to all departments had macroscopic features. 2. How to apply the new mode in the evaluation of higher education of a country? First for all university graduates in one university to test the supply of employability by self-assessment. At the same time, to test the demand of workplace employability by self-assessment. Using the methods of expert decision-making system (rule-base system) to give the overall level of performance of the university employability had microscopic features. And the type of using the same method to all universities had macroscopic features. It can apply in the quality evaluation of senior high school and the teacher evaluation of junior high school. 5.2.4 With high quality features The type of questionnaire in this new model designed by fuzzy two-dimensional questionnaire. Subjects must answer both f uzzy weight and f uzzy membership. Because f uzzy statistic method is more robust than traditional statistic method. Therefore, we can get the more real and more robustic results by the new model of this study. 5.2.5 The new model is suitable f or the assessment of the employability in Taiwan The employability index of cited from the National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006. Therefore, this new model is very appropriate to evaluate the local employability of higher education.

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