Order and Security

Throughout history, people and

governments have tried to resolve
conflicts and establish order and
security.
People have sought ways to protect
themselves from danger and uncertainty.
To provide for their security, people have
created communities, nations, and
organizations. To help provide order,
people have created laws and economic
systems.

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values

Ideas, beliefs, and values have
resulted in distinct societies and
political systems.
Throughout history, people have sought to
find a deeper meaning to human life.
Religion, cultural values, and codes of
ethics have always influenced social
customs, laws, and forms of government.

Physical Geography
Physical geography influences the
development of culture and trade.
People and societies have been affected by
the physical world in which they exist. In
turn, human activities have had a
profound impact on the world.

Self-Determination
The quest for national self-
determination is universal.
Free will is the cornerstone of humanity.
People unite as a nation because they
believe that independence is essential to
freedomand that freedom is essential to
leading a full life.
World history is the story of the human communityhow people lived on a daily basis, how they
shared ideas, how they ruled and were ruled, and how they fought. As you read, you will see a number
of big ideas or broad themes behind world history events. These big ideas are described below.
C
o
m
s
t
o
c
k
/
P
i
c
t
u
r
e
Q
u
e
s
t
You will nd BIG IDEAS listed at the beginning
of each section in the text. Use these clues to
help you preview the material you are about
to read. You can also use the BIG IDEAS to
compare and contrast how different peoples
and societies dealt with similar issues.

Struggle for Rights

Throughout history, people have
struggled for rights.
The struggle for rights has been reflected
in struggles for the vote, for economic
freedom, for personal liberties, and for
national independence. There are few
nations in the world whose history has not
been marked by a struggle for rights
among its people.

New Technologies
New technologies bring changes
that can be both positive and
negative for societies.
For thousands of years, people have made
scientific discoveries and technological
innovations that have changed the world.
New discoveries can bring benefits, or
pose new dangers, to the world.

Devastation of War
War causes immeasurable
devastation.
Wars have always meant destruction and
disruption to some level. In the modern
period, wars usually have brought greater
devastation than in earlier epochs.
Genocide and ethnic cleansing have also
characterized the wars of the twentieth
century. Recovering from such losses is
costly, and the desire for revenge or
triumph can color the attitudes of an
entire generation.

Competition Among Countries

Countries compete for natural
resources and strategic advantages
over other countries.
Competition among nations has led to the
development of stable economies in some
cases, but also to the depletion of
economies in others. Strong economies
tend to mean stronger governments, and
this provides a sense of safety for citizens.

Human Rights
A totalitarian system violates human
rights in pursuit of power.
By definition, the totalitarian state
smothers the individuality of its citizens.
This system seeks to control political,
economic, social, intellectual, and cultural
areas of life and does so through
propaganda and through force.
Understanding the Big Ideas xxiii
Stockbyte/Punchstock Images
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Glencoe World History contains a wealth of information. The trick is to know
where to look to access all the information in the book. If you run through this
scavenger hunt exercise with your teachers or parents, you will see how the
textbook is organized, and how to get the most out of your reading and study time.
Lets get started!

1
How many chapters and how many units are in the book?

2
What time period does Unit 2 cover?

3
On what pages is the time line for Chapter 24?

4
In what two places can you find the Content Vocabulary for Section 2
of Chapter 6?

5
Where can you find a map on imperialism in Africa?

6
How are the Academic Vocabulary words for Section 3 of Chapter 12
indicated in the narrative?

7
The Web site has six activities for each chapter. The first previews the
chapter. The second has activities. The third has quizzes. What do the
others do?

8
Where do you look if you want to quickly find all the maps in the
book?

9
Most sections of a chapter include primary sources from the time in
the narrative. Where else can you find extended primary sources in
the textbook?
10
Where can you learn the definition of a physical map, a political map,
and a thematic map?
xxiv
Getty Images
Depression
Elevation
National capital
Towns
Canal
Claimed boundary
International boundary
Below sea level
Dry salt lake
Lake
Rivers
Lava
Sand
Swamp
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ATLAS KEY
SYMBOL KEY
Reference Atlas A1
REFERENCE ATLAS
World: Political A2
World: Physical A4
North America: Political A6
North America: Physical A7
South America: Political A8
South America: Physical A9
Europe: Political A10
Europe: Physical A12
Africa: Political A14
Africa: Physical A15
Asia: Political A16
Asia: Physical A18
Pacific Rim: Physical/Political A20
Worlds People A22
World: Population Cartogram A24
Geographic Dictionary A26
U.S.
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Washington, D.C.
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TROPIC OF CANCER
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WINKEL TRIPEL PROJECTION
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ABBREVIATIONS
AUST. ................ AUSTRIA
B.&H. ................. BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA
BELG. .......................... BELGIUM
CROAT. .............................. CROATIA
CZECH REP. ............... CZECH REPUBLIC
DEM. REP. ......................... DEMOCRATIC
OF THE REPUBLIC OF
CONGO THE CONGO
EQ. GUINEA ........ EQUATORIAL GUINEA
EST. ........................................... ESTONIA
HUNG. ................................... HUNGARY
LITH. ...................................... LITHUANIA
MACED. ............................. MACEDONIA
MOLD. ................................... MOLDOVA
NETH. .............................. NETHERLANDS
SERB. ....................................... SERBIA
MONT. ............................ MONTENEGRO
SLOV. ...................................... SLOVENIA
SWITZ. ............................. SWITZERLAND
U.A.E. ............. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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EAST TIMOR
(TIMOR-LESTE)
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Alexander
Archipelago
Siberia
Queen El i zabet h I s l ands
Queen Charlotte
Islands
H
a
w
a
i
i
a
n

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

Bahama
Islands
Marquesas
Islands
L
l
a
n
o
s

P
a
t
a
g
o
n
i
a

P
a
m
p
a
s

Antarctic
Peninsula
Mar i e Byr d Land
Ross Ice
Shelf
U
p p e r G u i n e a

A
tlas M
ountains
Cape Verde
Islands
Madeira
Islands
Canary
Islands
Azores
Corsica
Sardinia
Iberian
Peninsula
Great
Britain
Ireland
Iceland
Oodaaq I.
B
a
f
f
i
n

I
s
l
a
n
d

Ellesmere Island
Victoria
Island
Melville
Island
Banks
Island
Brooks Range
Al euti an Isl ands
A
laska Range
Vancouver
Island
C
o
a
s
t

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

C
a
s
c
a
d
e

R
a
n
g
e

Central
Lowland
Nova Scotia
Island of
Newfoundland
L
a
b
r
a
d
o
r

G
r
e
a
t
e
r

A
n
t i l l e s
Jamaica
Hispaniola
Trinidad
Hawaii
Samoa
Islands
S
o
c
i e
t
y

I
s
.

Tu
am
o
tu
A
r
c
h
ip
e
l
a
g
o

Tahiti
Easter Island
Galapagos
Islands
G
u
ia
n
a H
ighlands
B r a z i l i a n
H i g h l a n d s
Mato Grosso
Plateau
Baja
California
Cuba
Lesser
Antilles
S
South Shetland
Islands
F
i
j
i

I
s
.

T
o
n
g
a

I
s
.

L
o
A
p
p
a
l
a
c
h
i
a
n

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

Chiloe Island
Falkland Islands
Ellsworth Land
Ronne Ice
Shelf
South
Georgia
South
Sandwich
Islands
South
Orkney
Islands
Tierra del Fuego
G
r
a
n

C
h
a
c
o

A
t
a
c
a
m
a

D
e
s
e
r
t
S A
S A
R
O
C
K
Y


M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

Q u e e n
GREENLAND
No
C
a
n
a
d
i
a
n

S
h
i
e
l
d

G
r
e
a
t


P
l
a
i
n
s

W
E
S
T

I
N
D
I
E
S

A
N
D
E
S

P
O
L
Y
N
E
S
I
A

C
o
o
k

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

A
N
D
E
S

ALASKA
EQUATOR
P
R
I
M
E

M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

(
M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

O
F

G
R
E
E
N
W
I
C
H
)
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
0
60W 90W 120W 150W 3 0 30W
30N
30S
60S
60N
22,834 ft
6,960 m
-131 ft
-40 m
-282 ft
-86 m
20,320 ft
6,194 m
16,067 ft
4,897 m
North Magnetic Pole
WINKEL TRIPEL PROJECTION
WORLD
PHYSICAL
2000
2000 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
e
n
l
h
i c
d
C
A4 Reference Atlas
B
n
N
U
n
d
S
L
o
r
3
9
9
C
h
a
n
g
Jiang
(
Y
a
n
g
t
z
e R.)
Amur
L
e
n
a

L
e
n
a

M
e
k
o
n
g

S
a
l
w
e
e
n

Ganges

Brahmaputra
Angara
Y
e
n
i
s
e
y

O
b

O
b
Irtysh

I
n
d
u
s

Z
a
mb
e
z
i

Congo

W
h
i
t
e

N
i
l
e

N
i
l
e

B
l
u
e

N
i
l
e

N
i
g
e
r

D
anube
V
o
l
g
a

D
a
r
lin
g

Murr
a
y

H
u
a
n
g

H
e
(
Y
e
l
l
o
w

R
.
)
Lake
Baikal
Aral
Sea
Lake
Tanganyika
Lake
Victoria
Caspian
Sea
Lake Eyre
Dead Sea
Ar a b i a n
S e a
C o r a l
S e a
M
e d i t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n
S
e a
South
Chi na
Sea
Kara
Sea
Laptev Sea
East
Siberian Sea Barents
Sea
B
a
lt
i
c

S
e
a

Sea of
Okhotsk
Bering
Sea
Phi l i ppi ne
Sea
Tasman
Sea
n
l
a
n
d

S
e
a

N
o
r
w
e
g
i
a
n

S
e
a

Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
Yellow
Sea
Black Sea
R
e
d

S
e
a

East
China
Sea
A
n
d
a
m
a
n

S
e
a

Arafura
Sea
Ross S
e
a

Gulf of
Guinea
G
u
lf o
f A
d
e
n

Bay of
Bengal
North
Sea
h
i c
I ndi an
O c ean
No rt h
P ac i f i c
O c ean
South
Pacific
Ocean
c O c e a n
A F R I C A
A N T A R C T I C A
AUSTRALI A
E
U
R
O
P
E

A S I A
N
a
m
p
o

S
h
o
t
o

C e n t r a l
S i b e r i a n
P l a t e a u
W e s t
S i b e r i a n
P l a i n
U
r
a
l

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

The St eppes
ARABIAN
PENINSULA
NEW
ZEALAND
V
i
c
t
o
r
i a

L
a
n
d

C o n g o
B a s i n

A
l
p
s
British
Isles
S
c
a
n
d
i
n
a
v
i
a

Madagascar
Gr eat er Sunda
I s l ands
Kilimanjaro
Elbrus
Mt. Everest
Mt. Kosciuszko
R
y
u
k
y
u

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

Mariana
Islands
Maldive
Islands
S
u
m
a
t
r
a

Borneo
Bismarck
Archipelago
Solomon
Islands
Fiji
Islands
Kal ahar i
Des er t
G
r
e
a
t

D
i
v
i
d
i
n
g

R
a
n
g
e


K
u
r
i
l

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

Kamchatka
Peninsula
Honshu
Hokkaido
K
o
r
e
a

Taiwan
N
o
r
t
h

C
h
i
n
a

P
la
in

Luzon
Hainan
Aleutian Is.
A
l t a
y
M
o
u
n
t ai ns
T
i
a
n
S h a n
Plateau of Tibet
Taklimakan
Desert
Kunlun Shan
Deccan
Plateau
N
o
v
a
y
a

Z
e
m
lya
Cyprus
Z
a
g
r
o
s

M
o
u
n
t
a
in
s

Sri Lanka
Andaman
Islands
Nicobar Is.
I ndochi na
Peni ns ul a
Celebes
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

M
o
l
u
c
c
a
s

New
Caledonia
North Island
South Island
Great
Sandy Desert
Great
Victoria Desert
Tasmania
T
r
a
n
s
a
n
t
a
r
c
t
ic
M
o
untains
Kerguelen Islands
Seychelles
N
a
m
i
b

D
e
s
e
r
t

D
r
a
k
e
n
s
b
e
r
g

P
e
n
i
n
s
u
l
a

S
o
m
a
l
i


L
i
b
y
a
n

D
e
s
e
r
t

U
p p e r G u i n e a

A
tlas M
ountains
Sicily
Corsica
Sardinia
Iberian
Peninsula
Great
Britain
d
Ethiopian
Highlands
New
Guinea
Marshall
Islands
Gilbert
Islands
Malay
Peninsula
M
ascarene Islands
Svalbard
Java
Auckland
Islands
L
o
w
e
r

G
u
i
n
e
a

R
oss Ice S
h
elf
V
a
n
u
a
t
u

C
a
u
c
a
s
u
s M
ts.
S A H A R A
S I B E R I A
M
I
C
R
O
N
E
S
I
A

M
E
L
A
N
E
S
I
A

S A H E L
Q u e e n M a u d L a n
d

J
a
p
a
n
G
O
B
I

No r t h
e
r
n

E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

P
l
a
i
n

H
I
M
A
L
A Y A
I N D I A
I n d o n e s i a
P
R
I
M
E

M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

(
M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

O
F

G
R
E
E
N
W
I
C
H
)
CIRCLE
EQUATOR
60E 90E 120E 150E
60N
30E 0
60S
30N
19,340 ft
5,895 m
-1,349 ft
-411 m
18,510 ft
5,642 m
7,310 ft
2,228 m
29,035 ft
8,850 m
-52 ft, -16 m
South
Magnetic
Pole
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A5
Den.
C.R.
U.K.
U.S.
Mex.
U.K.
U.S.
North M
ag
n
e
tic
P
o
le

S
e
v
e
r
n
C
h
u
rc
h
i
l
l

M
i
s
s
i
s
s
i
p
p
i

Missouri
A
t
h
a
b
a
s
c
a

A
r
k
a
n
sas
Rio
G
r
a
n
d
e

Y
ukon
M
a
c
k
e
n
z
i
e

Great
Bear Lake
Lake
Winnipeg
Great
Salt Lake
Great
Slave Lake
Lake
Huron
Lake
Superior
L. Erie
L. Ontario
B
e
r
in
g
S
tra
it
Gulf of
St. Lawrence
P
a
n
a
m
a
C
anal
Lake
Michigan
Beaufort
Sea
Greenl and
Sea
D
a
v
i
s

S
t
r
a
i
t

Baffi n
Bay
Hu d s o n
Ba y
L a b r a d o r
S e a
G u l f
o f
M e x i c o
C a r i b b e a n
S e a
Gulf of
Alaska
Beri ng
Sea
Chukchi Sea
A RC T I C
O C EaN
A T L aNT I C
O C EaN
PaCIFIC
OCEaN
TENNESSEE
N.C.
VA.
W.VA.
N.J.
PA.
CONN.
R.I. NEW YORK
MASS.
ME.
N.B.
NOVA SCOTIA
P.E.I.
ALA. GEORGIA
T E XAS
S.C.
OKLAHOMA
KANSAS
NEBRASKA
NEW
MEXICO
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 8
1 9
20
22
21
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
24
1 5
1 6
1 7
25
2
ARIZONA
COLORADO
UTAH
NEVADA
WYOMING
OREGON
WASHINGTON
MONTANA
ALBERTA
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
A L A S K A
NORTH
DAKOTA
SOUTH
DAKOTA
MINN.
WIS.
IOWA
ILL. IND.
MANITOBA
O N T A R I O
KENTUCKY
OHIO
MISSOURI
ARK.
VT.
N.H.
MISS.
LA.
NORTHWEST
TERRI TORI ES
N U N A V U T
YUKON
TERRITORY
N
E
W
F
O
U
N
D
L
A
N
D

A
N
D

L
A
B
R
A
D
O
R

Q U E B E C
DEL.
IDAHO
D.C.
M
I
C
H
I
G
A
N

F
L
O
R
I
D
A

PUERTO
RICO
MD.
S
A
S
K
A
T
C
H
E
W
A
N

C
A
L
I
F
O
R
N
I
A

U N I T E D S T A T E S
E
L

S
A
L
V
A
D
O
R

HAITI
CUBA
NICARAGUA
BELIZE
JAMAICA
PANAMA
COSTA RICA
H
O
N
D
U
RAS
ST. VINCENT AND
THE GRENADINES
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
GRENADA
ST. LUCIA
DOMINICA
C A N A D A
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
BARBADOS
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
BAHAMAS
GREENLAND
( KALAALLIT NUNAAT)
G
U
A
T
E
M
A
L
A

M
E
X
I
C
O

Point Barrow
Bermuda Islands
Guadalupe I.
Cayman Is.
Cocos I.
Qeqertarsuaq
St.-Pierre & Miquelon
Fr.
Boothia
Peninsula
Banks
Island
Victoria
Island
Parry I sl an
d
s
Queen
Elizabeth
Islands
Ellesmere
Island
R
O
C
K
Y

M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

Southampton
Island
B
a
f
f
i
n

I
s
l
a
n
d

Vancouver
Island
T
R
O
P
IC
O
F
C
A
N
C
ER

A
R
C
T
I
C

C
I
R
C
L
E

EQUATOR
N
70W 80W
130W
140W
150W
160W
170W
180
0
10N
2
0

N
3
0

N
4
0

N
5
0

N
6
0

N
7
0

N
8
0

N
7
0

N
6
0

N
5
0

N
4
0

N
3
0

N
2
0

N
10N
60W
50W
40W
30W
20W
10W
S O U T H
A M E R I C A
A S I A
E U R O P E
S
a
n
t
o

Dom
in
g
o

Havana
G
u
a
t
e
m
a
l
a

Panama
San Jose
Managua
Tegucigalpa
Kingston
Port-au-
Prince
Ottawa
S
a
n

S
a
l
v
a
d
o
r

W
a
s
h
in
g
ton,
Nassau
Belmopan
D.C.
Mexico
City
Nuuk
(Godthab)
AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
NORTH
AMERICA
POLITICAL
1 . BAJA CALIFORNIA
2. BAJA CALIFORNIA
SUR
3. SONORA
4. CHIHUAHUA
5. SINALOA
6. DURANGO
7. COAHUILA
8. NUEVO LEON
9. ZACATECAS
1 0. TAMAULIPAS
1 1 . NAYARIT
1 2. AGUASCALIENTES
1 3. SAN LUIS POTOSI
1 4. JALISCO
1 5. GUANAJUATO
1 6. QUERETARO
1 7. HIDALGO
1 8. COLIMA
1 9. MICHOACAN
20. MEXICO
21 . DISTRITO FEDERAL
22. TLAXCALA
23. MORELOS
24. PUEBLA
25. VERACRUZ
26. GUERRERO
27. OAXACA
28. TABASCO
29. CHIAPAS
30. CAMPECHE
31 . QUINTANA ROO
32. YUCATAN
1000
1000 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A6 Reference Atlas
North Magnetic Pole
M
a
c
k
e
n
z
i
e

M
i
s
s
i
s
s
i
p
p
i

M
issouri
C
o
l
o
r
a
d
o

A
r
k
a
n
s
a
s

R
io

G
r
a
n
d
e

Y
uko
n

K
u
s
k
okwim
N
e
lson
S
a
s
k
atchew
a
n

C
h
urchill
S
t
.

L
a
w
r
e
n
c
e

S
l
a
v
e

A
th
a
b
a
s
c
a

P
eace
M
i
s
s
o
u
r
i

P
latte
R
ed

O
h
i
o

S
nak
e

Lake
Winnipeg
Great
Salt Lake
L
.

M
i
c
h
i
g
a
n

Ungava
Bay
Lake
Athabasca
Chesapeake Bay
Gulf of
Maine
Bay of
Fundy
Great
Bear Lake
Great
Slave Lake
Bristol
Bay
H
udson Strait
Gulf of St. Lawrence
J
a
m
e
s

B
a
y

Foxe
Basin
L
ake Nicaragua
Lake
Huron
Lake
Superior
L. Erie
L. Ontario
G
u
l
f

o
f

C
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
a

Beaufort
Sea
Greenl and
Sea
D
a
v
i
s

S
t
r
a
i
t

Baffi n
Bay
Hu d s o n
Ba y
L a b r a d o r
S e a
Gulf of
Alaska
Beri ng
Sea
Lincoln
Sea
Chukchi Sea
C
a r i b b e a n S e
a

G
u
lf
o
f

Teh
u
a
n
t
e
p
e
c

G u l f
o f
Me x i c o
A t l ant i c
O c ean
A rc t i c
O c ean
Pacific
Ocean
U N I T E D S T A T E S
E
L

S
A
L
V
A
D
O
R

CUBA
NICARAGUA
BELIZE
JAMAICA
PANAMA
COSTA RICA
H
O
N
D
U
RAS
C A N A D A
M
E
X
I
C
O

B
A
H
A
M
A
S

HAITI
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
S O U T H
A M E R I C A
A S I A
E U R O P E
Point Barrow
N
o
r
t
h

S
l
o
p
e

A
l
a
s k a R
a
n
g
e

Kenai
Peninsula
Kodiak I.
S
o
m
erset I.
Oodaaq Island
Hayes
Peninsula
Cape Farewell
Cape Breton Island
L
a
u
r
e
n
t
i
a
n


M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

Belcher
Islands
C
o
l
u
m
b
i
a

M
t
s
.

Fraser
Plateau
Cape Mendocino
C
o
l
u
m
b
i
a


P
l
a
t
e
au
Channel
Islands
Colorado
Plateau
F
l
o
r
i
d
a

Hispaniola
Les ser Ant i l l es
M
a
c
k
e
n
z
i
e

M
t
s
.

Avalon
Peninsula
Bermuda
Islands
A
leutian Range
Nova
Scotia
Olympic
Peninsula
Yucatan
Peninsula
Southampton
Island
Prince of
Wales I.
Boothia
Peninsula
Banks
Island
Melville
Island
Devon I.
Melville
Peninsula
Seward
Peninsula
B
a
j
a

C
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
a

Sonoran
Desert
Long Island
Cape Cod
Florida K
e
y
s

Cozumel
Island Martinique
Guadeloupe
Isthmus of
Tehuantepec
Isthm
u
s of Panam
a

Trinidad
V
ir
g
in
Is
la
n
ds
Puerto
Rico
L
e
s
s
e
r

A
n
t
i
l
l
e
s

G
aspe
P
e
n.
Cayman
Islands
Cape
Hatteras
St. Lawrence Island
Nunivak
Island
Mt. Whitney
Death Valley
Mt. McKinley (Denali)
Mt. Logan
Gunnbjorn
Orizaba
Prince Edward Island
Grand
Canyon
Ozark
Plateau
R
O
C
K
Y

M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

C

A

N

A

D

I

A

N



S
H I

E

L

D

G
R
E
A
T

P
L
A
I
N
S

A L A S K A
C E N T R A L
A ME R I C A
G R E E N L A N D
B
r
o
o
k
s

R
a
n
g
e

Yukon
Plateau
Alexander
Archipelago
C
o
a
s
t

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

Victoria
Island
Ellesmere
Island
B
a
f
f
i
n

I
s
l
a
n
d

Island of
Newfoundland
LABRADOR
Queen
Charlotte
Islands
Vancouver
Island
C
a
s
c
a
d
e


R
a
n
g
e

G r e a t
B a s i n H
i
g
h

P
l
a
i
n
s

S
i
e
r
r
a


N
e
v
a
d
a

C E N T R A L
L O W L A N D
A
P
P
A
L
A
C
H
I
A
N

M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

C
O
A
S
T
A
L

P
L
A
I
N

W
E S T I
N
D
I
E
S

S
i
e
r
r
a

M
a
d
r
e

O
r
i
e
n
t
a
l

S
i
e
r
r
a

M
a
d
r
e

O
c
c
i
d
e
n
t
a
l

C
o
a
s
t

R
a
n
g
e
s

G
r
e
a
t
e r A n t i l l e
s

Queen
Elizabeth
Islands
20,320 ft
6,194 m
12,139 ft
3,700 m
14,494 ft
4,418 m
18,855 ft
5,747 m
19,551 ft
5,959 m
-282 ft
-86 m
T
R
O
P
IC
O
F
C
A
N
C
E
R

A
R
C
T
I
C

C
I
R
C
L
E

EQUATOR
N
70W 80W 90W 100W
130W
140W
150W
160W
170W
180
0
10N
2
0

N
3
0

N
4
0

N
5
0

N
6
0

N
7
0

N
8
0

N
7
0

N
6
0

N
5
0

N
4
0

N
3
0

N
2
0

N
10N
0
50W
40W
30W
20W
10W
G
U
A
T
E
M
A
L
A

Havana
San Jose
Managua
Tegucigalpa
Kingston
Ottawa
Belmopan
Washington
S
a
n

S
a
l
v
a
d
o
r

Nuuk
(Godthab)
G
u
a
t
e
m
a
l
a
Panama
Mexico City
AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
NORTH
AMERICA
PHYSICAL
1000
1000 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A7
Chil.
Chil.
Col.
U.K.
(Claimed by Arg.)
Fr.
U
r
u
g
u
a
y
P
a
r
a
g
u
a
y
P
u
r
u
s
N
egro
M
a
d
e
i
r
a
T
a
p
a
j
o
s
Orinoco
T
o
c
a
n
t
i
n
s
T
e
l
e
s
P
i
r
e
s
U
c
a
y
a
l
i
P
a
r
a
n
a
X
i
n
g
u
M
aran
o
n
N
eg
r
o
Amaz
o
n
(
S
olim
oes)
A
m
a
z
o
n
S
a
o
F
r
a
n
c
isco
M
achu Picchu
Cape Horn
Malpelo I.
South Georgia I.
San Felix I. San Ambrosio I.
Marajo
Island
Juan Fernandez Is.
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
A M A Z O N
B A S I N
A
N
D
E
S
A
N
D
E
S
TIERRA DEL FUEGO
Lake
Maracaibo
L
a
k
e
T
it
ic
a
c
a
Strait of Magellan
R
i
o
d
e
la
P
lata
C
a
r
i
b
b e a n S e a
A T L a N T I C
O C E a N
P a C I F I C
O C E a N
Caracas
Brasilia
Montevideo Santiago
Buenos
Aires
Bogota
Lima
Paramaribo
Georgetown
Quito
La Paz
A
s
u
n
c
io
n
Sucre
Recife
Salvador
(Bahia)
Medellin
Belo Horizonte
Porto Alegre
Barranquilla
Fortaleza
Rio de Janeiro
Nova Iguacu
Sao Paulo
Guayaquil
Manaus
Belem
Cali
Natal
Goiania
Callao
Santa Cruz
Curitiba
Mar del Plata
Santos
Valparaiso
La Plata
B
a
r
q
u
is
im
e
t
o
M
a
r
a
c
a
ib
o
San Miguel
de Tucuman
R
osario
Cordoba
Valencia
Cartagena
Bucaramanga
Iquitos
Santarem
Teresina
Porto Velho
Rio
Branco
Ayacucho
Cuzco
Arequipa
Trinidad
Uberaba
Tarija
Oruro
Iquique
Arica
Coquimbo
La Serena
Bahia Blanca
Rio Gallegos
Salta
Esmeraldas
Uberandia
Campo Grande
Londrina
Puerto Montt
Concepcion
Punta Arenas
U
ruguaiana
S
a
n
ta
M
aria
Ciudad Guayana
Campina Grande
Antofagasta
Campinas
S
a
n
t
a
M
a
r
ta
Mendoza
Comodoro Rivadavia
San
Cristobal
Boa Vista
Ushuaia
Stanley
Cayenne
C O L O M B I A
SURINAME
C
H
I
L
E
A
R
G
E
N
T
I
N
A
P
E
R
U
ECUADOR
P
A
R
A
G
U
A
Y
B R A Z I L
BOL I V I A
URUGUAY
V E N E Z U E L A
GUYANA
FRENCH
GUIANA
TROPIC
OF CAPRICORN
EQUATOR
N
100W 90W 80W 70W 60W 50W 40W
40W 50W 60W 80W
30W 20W
5
0

S
40S
30S
20S
10S
10N
0
40S
5
0

S
30S
20S
10S
10N
0
Boundary claimed
by Suriname
Administered by
United Kingdom
AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
SOUTH
AMERICA
POLITICAL
800
800 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A8 Reference Atlas
U
r
u
g
u
a
y
P
a
r
a
g
u
a
y
P
u
r
u
s
Negro
M
a
d
e
i
r
a
Am
a
z
o
n
T
a
p
a
j
o
s
Orinoco
A
m
a
z
o
n
T
o
c
a
n
t
i
n
s
S
a
o
F
r
a
n
c
i
s
c
o
T
e
le
s
P
i
r
e
s
U
c
a
y
a
l
i
P
a
r
a
n
a
X
i
n
g
u
N
e
g
r
o
Boundary claimed
by Suriname
Total drop
3,212 ft 979 m
Tierra del Fuego
G U I A N A H I G H L A N D S
A
N
D
E
S
P
A
M
P
A
S
P
A
T
A
G
O
N
I
A
A
N
D
E
S
S e l v a s
B R A Z I L I A N
H I G H L A N D S
A M A Z O N
B A S I N
M
achu
Picchu
Valdes Peninsula
Cape Horn
Taitao
Peninsula
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
MATO GROSSO
PLATEAU
L
L
A
N
O
S
Aconcagua
Malpelo I.
San Felix I. San Ambrosio I.
Wellington I.
Chiloe Island
Marajo
Island
A
l
t
i
p
l
a
n
o
Juan Fernandez Is.
G
R
A
N
C
H
A
C
O
South Georgia I.
-131 ft
-40 m
22,834 ft
6,960 m
Gulf of
San Jorge
R
i
o
d
e
l
a
P
lata
Lake
Maracaibo
L
a
k
e
T
itic
a
c
a
Strait of Magellan
Iguazu
Falls
Salar
de Uyuni
Angel Falls
C
a
r
i
b
b e a n S e a
A T L a N T I C
O C E a N
P a C I F I C
O C E a N
Caracas
Brasilia
Montevideo Santiago
Buenos
Aires
Bogota
Lima
Paramaribo
Georgetown
Quito
La Paz
A
s
u
n
c
io
n
Sucre
SURINAME
C
H
I
L
E
A
R
G
E
N
T
I
N
A
P
E
R
U
ECUADOR
P
A
R
A
G
U
A
Y
B R A Z I L
BOL I V I A
URUGUAY
GUYANA
C O L O M B I A
V E N E Z U E L A
Cayenne
FRENCH
GUIANA
Stanley
100W 90W 80W 70W 60W 50W 40W
40W 50W 60W 80W
30W 20W
5
0

S
40S
30S
20S
10S
10N
0
40S
5
0

S
30S
20S
10S
10N
0
TROPIC
OF CAPRICORN
EQUATOR
N
AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
SOUTH
AMERICA
PHYSICAL
800
800 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A9
Den.
U.K.
Fr.
It.
Sp.
U.K.
Are
Torshavn
Inverness
Lerwick
Tromso
Kiruna
Alesund
Trondheim
Bergen
Akureyri
Aberdeen
Cork
Brest
Bonn
Cadiz
Cordoba
Coimbra
Cartagena
Palma
Le Havre
Limoges
La Coruna
Bordeaux
Vigo
Rennes
Strasbourg
Stavanger
Lulea
Umea
Vaasa
Sundsvall
Pori
Turk
Uppsala
Malmo
Arhus
Cagliari
Southam
pto
n

S
a
n
S
e
bastian
D
o
n
o
stia-
La Rochelle

Geneva
Liverpool
Manchester
Kiel
Frankfurt
Wroclaw
Nantes
Lyon
Zurich
Bilbao
Zaragoza
Seville
Porto
Valladolid
Valencia
Malaga
Nice
The
Hague
Goteborg
Gdansk
Lodz
Messina
Catania
Palermo
Glasgow
Turin
Belfast
Edinburgh
Cardiff
K
a
u
n
M
a
rseille
V
e
n
ic
e

Murcia
Genoa
Toulouse
Bydgoszcz
Krakow
Birmingham
Munich
Naples
B
a
r
c
e
lo
n
a
Hamburg
Milan
Reykjavk
Oslo
Stockholm
London
Berlin
Paris Prague
Budapest
Belgrad
Madrid
Rome
Warsaw
Amsterdam
Dublin
Zagreb
Sarajevo
Lisbon
Ljubljana
Sko
B
ra
t
is
la
v
a

Brussels
Bern
Tirane
Podgorica
Vienna
Valletta
Copenhagen
Cape
St. Vincent
Land's End
Rockall
Isle of Lewis
Gotland
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
Faeroe Islands
Shetland
Islands
Orkney Islands
Balearic
Islands
Pelopon
L
A
P
C a
r
p
A
L
P
S
P
y
r
e
n
e
e
s

O
d
e
r

R
h
i
n
e

ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
English Channel
S
k
a
g
e
r
r
a
k

Strait of Gibraltar
N
o
r
w
e
g
i
a
n

S
e
a

M e d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n


S e
G
u
l
f

o
f








B
o
t
h
n
i
a

B
a
l
t
i
c


S
e
a
North
Sea
Irish
Sea
Celtic
Sea
Bay of
Bi scay
A
d
r
i
a
t
i
c


S
e
a

Ionian
Sea
Tyrrhenian
Sea
LITH
GREE
ALBANIA
MACED
R
BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA
ITALY
SAN
MARINO
RUSSIA
POLAND
DENMARK
NETH.
GERMANY
CZECH REP.
HUNGARY
SERBIA
AUSTRIA
LIECH.
LUX.
BELGIUM
F R A N C E
VATICAN
CITY
ANDORRA
S P A I N
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
ES
ICELAND
MALTA
N
O
R
W
A
Y

S
W
E
D
E
N

L A
S
L
O
V
A
K
I
A

C
R
OATIA
P
O
R
T
U
G
A
L

MON
A
C
O

S
L
O
VENIA
SWITZERLAND
MONTENEGRO
WALES
ENGLAND
SCOTLAND
NORTHERN
IRELAND
GIBRALTAR
KOSOVO
A
R
C
T
IC
C
IR
C
LE
P
R
I
M
E

M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

(
M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

O
F

G
R
E
E
N
W
I
C
H
)
N
A F R I C A
6
0

N

7
0

N

5
0

N

30W
20W
4
0

N

10E 10W 20W 30W
40W
0
10E 10W 0
3
0

N
AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
400
400 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
EUROPE
POLITICAL
T
l
n
s
m
a
e
o
T
o
a
l
o
S
I
OV
AN
.
N
A
E
S
A
A10 Reference Atlas
a
a
k
n
a
w
d
w
o
n
P
p
e
TH
D
R
ES
A
9
9
Kem
Tobseda
Iva
lo

Tromso
Kiruna
Kemi
Lulea
Umea
Oulu
Vaasa
l
Pori
Tampere
Velikiy
Novgorod
Turku
a
Kuopio
Daugavpils
Chernihiv
Sumy
Stavropol
Kerch
Yalta
Iraklio
Kirovsk
Umba
Severodvinsk
Pechora
Syktyvkar
Oral
Murmansk
Arkhangelsk
nsk
Lodz
Lviv
Homyel
Poltava
Kursk
Vinnytsya
Donetsk
Simferopol
Varna
Thessaloniki
Perm
Kirov
Ufa
Yaroslavl
Kazan
Tver
Ryazan
Vitsyebsk
Smolensk
Penza
Saratov
Volgograd
Astrakhan
Bryansk
K
a
u
n
a
s

S
e
vastopol
Orenbu
rg

Grozny
szcz
Krakow
Constanta
St. Petersburg
Nizhniy
Novgorod
Samara
Kharkiv
Rostov
Odesa
Istanbul
D
n
ip
ropetrovsk
m
Tallinn
Helsinki
Moscow
Minsk
Riga
Vilnius
Kyiv (Kiev)
Chiinau
Baku
apest
Belgrade Bucharest
Sofia
Warsaw
eb
o
Athens
Skopje
Tirane
orica
Nicosia
and
Rhodes
Crete
Crimea
Peloponnesus
L
A
P
L
A N
D
Kola
Peninsula
C a
r
p
a
t
h
i
a
n

M
t
s
.

C
a
u
c
a
s u s M o u n t a
i n
s
U
R
A
L

M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

Bal kan
M
t
s
.

O
d
e
r

Danube
D
n
ie
ster
V
o
l
g
a

U
r
a
l

Lake
Onega
Lake
Ladoga
B
o
s
p
o
r
u
s

Darda
n
e
lle
s

C
a
s
p
i
a
n

S
e
a

B l a c k S e a
B a r e n t s
S e a


S e a
G
u
l
f

o
f








B
o
t
h
n
i
a

W
h
i
t
e

S
e
a

l
t
i
c


S
e
a
Sea of
Azov
Aegean
Sea
onian
Sea
Sea of
Marmara
LITHUANIA
BELARUS
U K R A I N E
GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN
TURKEY
GREECE
BANIA
MACED.
ROMANI A
MOLDOVA
IA &
OVINA
RUSSIA
AND
.
NGARY
SERBIA
ESTONIA
R U S S I A
A
Y

E
N

F
I
N
L
A
N
D

L A T V I A
S
L
O
V
A
K
I
A

A
K
A
Z
A
K
H
S
T
A
N

BULGARIA
CYPRUS
EGRO
KOSOVO
Europe-Asia
boundary
A S I A
A S I A
7
0

N
30E 40E 70E
6
0

N
5
0

N
80E
70E
60E
50E
30E 40E 50E
4
0

N
3
0

N
A commonly accepted division
between Asia and Europehere
marked by a gray lineis
formed by the Ural Mountains,
Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus
Mountains, and the Black Sea
with its outlets, the Bosporus
and the Dardanelles.
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A11
London
Berlin
Paris
Prague
Budapest
Belgrad
Madrid
Rome
Sofi
Vienna
Amsterdam
Oslo
Copenhagen
Dublin
Sarajevo
Lisbon
V
Belfast
Edinburgh
Cardiff
Ljubljana
Sk
Stockholm
Helsink
Reykjavk
Warsaw
Brussels
Bern
Tirane
Valletta
Zag
re
b

Bratis
la
v
a

O
u
t
e
r

H
e
b
r
i
d
e
s

Highlands
Z
e
a
la
n
d

Shetland
Islands
Orkney
Islands
Jutland
Faeroe
Islands
Mont Blanc
Etna
Sardinia
Corsica
Cantabrian
M
o
u
n
ta
in
s
Sicily
Pelopon
B
r
i t
t
a
n
y

A
L
P
S
I B E R I A N
P E N I N S U L A
A
p
e
n
n
i
n
e
s

B A
P E N I
P
y
r
e
n
e
e
s

Balearic Isla
n
d
s

C a r p
a
t
S
C
A
N
D
I
N
A
V
Massif
Central


N
O
R
T
H

Bri t i sh
I sl es
Great
Britain
B a e t i c Mo u n
t
a
i
n
s

R
i
v
i
e
r
a
O
d
e
r

Tagus
R
h
i
n
e

Douro

R
h
o
n
e

S
e
i
n
e

Loire

E
l
b
e

Po
D
a
n
u
b
e
V
i
s
t
u
l
a

T
i
s
z
a

D
ra
v
a

Sava
E
b
r
o

D
a
n
u
b
e

ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
Strait of Gibraltar
Engl i sh Channel
B
a
l
t
i
c


S
e
a

Ba y o f
Bi s c a y
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Ionian
Sea
A
d
r
i
a
t
i
c

S
e
a

N
o
r
w
e
g
i
a
n

S
e
a

No r t h
S e a
G
u
l
f

o
f





B
o
t
h
n
i
a

Iri sh
Sea
M e d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n


S e
POLAND
GE RMANY
R
G
R
E
ITALY
N
O
R
W
A
Y
S
W
E
D
E
N

UNITED
KINGDOM
S P A I N
F R A N C E
ICELAND
LITH
MACED
SERBIA
BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA
RUSSIA
DENMARK
NETH.
CZECH REP.
AUSTRIA
IRELAND
E
C
R
O
ATIA
P
O
R
T
U
G
A
L

S
L
O
V
E
N
IA
L AT
SWITZ.
B
E
L
G
I
U
M

HUNGARY
LIECH.
LUX.
SAN MARINO
VATICAN
CITY
ANDORRA
M
O
N
A
C
O

MALTA
S
L
O
V
A
K
I
A

ALBANIA
MONTENEGRO
GIBRALTAR
A F R I C A
15,771 ft
4,807 m
10,902 ft
3,323 m
A
R
C
T
IC
C
IR
C
LE
P
R
I
M
E

M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

(
M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

O
F

G
R
E
E
N
W
I
C
H
)
N
6
0

N

7
0

N

5
0

N

30W
20W
4
0

N

10E 10W 20W 30W
40W
0
10E 10W 0
3
0

N
EUROPE
PHYSICAL
400
400 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
AZIMUTHEL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
p
o
m
I
O
d
v
a
a
l
o
Se
AN
A
I
O
P
I
N
S
BAN
E
A12 Reference Atlas
d
fi
V
k
k
w
n
N I
t
G
e
R
E
TH
D
E
AT
9
9
Moscow
Minsk
Kyiv (Kiev)
pest
Belgrade Bucharest
Baku
Sofia
Riga
o
Athens
Chiinau
Tallinn
Vilnius
Skopje
m
Helsinki
Warsaw
Tirane
Nicosia
Crimea
Kola
Peninsula
Elbrus
L a k e
R e g i o n
Peloponnesus
Rhodes
Crete
North Cape
B A L K A N
P E N I N S U L A
C a r p
a
t
h
i
a
n

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

C
a
u
c
a
s
u
s
M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

C
a
s
p
i
a
n

D
e p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

C E N T R A L
R U S S I A N
U P L A N D
U
R
A
L

M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

I
N
A
V
I
A

T
H



E
U
R
O
P
E
A
N

P
L
A
I
N

B
alkan Mountains
O
d
e
r

D
n
iester
V
o
l
g
a

U
r
a
l

V
i
s
t
u
l
a

T
i
s
z
a

a

D
a
n
u
b
e
ava
D
n
i
e
p
e
r

D
n
i
e
p
e
r

K
a
m
a

V
o
lga
O
k
a

D
o
n

D
o
n

V
o
lg
a

U
r
a
l

P
e
c
h
o
r
a

N
o
r
t
h
e
rn
D
v
in
a

D
a
n
u
b
e

Lake
Ladoga
Lake
Onega
Darda
n
e
lle
s

B
o
s
p
o
r
u
s

C
a
s
p
i
a
n

S
e
a

B l a c k S e a
B a r e n t s S e a
l
t
i
c


S
e
a

onian
Sea
Aegean
Sea
Sea of
Marmara
G
u
l
f

o
f





B
o
t
h
n
i
a

W
h
i
t
e

S
e
a

G
u
lf of Finland
Sea of
Azov


S e a
R U S S I A
AND
BE L ARUS
ROMANI A
G
R
E
E
C
E

K A Z A K H S T A N
A
Y
E
N

F
I
N
L
A
N
D

U K R A I N E
LITHUANIA
GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN
MACED.
SERBIA
IA &
OVINA
RUSSIA
P.
ESTONIA
IA
L AT V I A
BULGARIA
NGARY
MOLDOVA
S
L
O
V
A
K
I
A

BANIA
EGRO T
U
R
K
E Y
CYPRUS
A S I A
A S I A
Europe-Asia
boundary
18,510 ft
5,642 m
7
0

N
30E 40E 70E
6
0

N
5
0

N
80E
70E
60E
50E
30E 40E 50E
4
0

N
3
0

N
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A13
Sp.
Port.
Ang.
Mor.
U.K.
Port.
Congo
N
i
g
e
r
Z
a
m
b
e
z
i
Sene
g
a
l
W
h
i
t
e
N
i
l
e
N
i
l
e
Orange
Lake
Turkana
Lake Chad
Suez Canal
Strait of Gibraltar
Lake
Tanganyika
Lake
Victoria
Lake
Malawi
Lake
Nasser
M e
d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n
S e a
R
e
d
S
e
a
G
u
lf
o
f
A
d
e
n
M
o
z
a
m
b
i
q
u
e
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
INDIaN
OCEaN
N
TROPIC OF CANCER
TROPIC OF
CAPRICORN
EQUATOR
Boundary
in dispute
Boundary
claimed
by Sudan
Ascension
Cape of Good Hope
Sinai
Aswan High Dam
S A H A R A
L
i
b
y
a
n
D
e
s
e
r
t
KALAHARI
DESERT
Canary
Islands
Madeira
Islands
A
T
L
A
S
M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S
Azores
T
U
N
I
S
I
A
A L G E R I A
L I B Y A
C H A D
E GY P T
S U D A N
GAMBIA
GUINEA-
BISSAU
E T HI OP I A
CENTRAL
AFRICAN REPUBLIC
GABON
C
O
N
G
O
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF
THE CONGO
KENYA
RWANDA
Z
A
M
B
I
A
ANGOL A
BOTSWANA
LESOTHO
SWAZILAND
M
O
Z
A
M
B
I
Q
U
E
B
E
N
I
N
T
O
G
O
GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE
DJIBOUTI
S
O
M
A
L
I
A
COMOROS
M
A
L
A
W
I
M
A
D
A
G
A
S
C
A
R
NI GE RI A
N I G E R
MOROCCO
ERITREA
GHANA
LIBERIA
S
E
N
E
G
A
L
C
A
M
E
R
O
O
N
TANZANIA
U
G
A
N
D
A
ZIMBABWE
NAMIBIA
S OUT H
AF RI CA
M
A
U
R
I
T
A
N
I
A
SEYCHELLES
B
U
R
K
I
N
A
F
A
S
O
M A L I
BURUNDI
COTE
D'IVOIRE

A
O
Z
O
U
S
T
R
IP
E U R O P E
A S I A
RIO MUNI
WESTERN
SAHARA
CABINDA
Algiers
Tunis
Tripoli
Dakar
Cairo
Kinshasa
Luanda
Addis Ababa
Nairobi
Dar es Salaam
Maputo
Conakry
Mogadishu
Cape Town
a
r
c
c
A
n
a j
d i
b
A
Harare
Asmara
Khartoum
Bangui
Yaounde
Kampala
Lusaka
T
s
h
w
a
n
e
(
P
r
e
to
ria)
Abuja
Freetown
R
ab
a
t
Nouakchott
Bissau
Bamako
Niamey
Ouagadougou
Libreville
Malabo
Bujumbura
Kigali
Lilongwe
Windhoek
P
o
r
t
o
-
N
o
v
o
L
o
m
e
Monrovia
Djibouti
N'Djamena
Banjul
A
n
t
a
n
a
n
a
r
i
v
o
Sao Tome
Gaborone
Maseru
M
b
a
b
a
n
e
Moroni
Y
a
m
o
u
s
s
o
u
k
r
o
Brazzaville
Bloemfontein
Dodoma
Mombasa
Johannesburg
a c
n a l b a s a C
Alexandria
Lagos
Fes
Oran
Port Said
Suez
Omdurman
Port Elizabeth
Kitwe
Durban
Ibadan
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
i
n
e
Kolwezi
L
u
b
u
m
b
a
s
h
i
D
o
uala
Marrakech
Laayoune
Tombouctou
(Timbuktu)

30W 20W
10W
0 10E 20E 30E 40E
50E
60E
50N
50N
40N
20N
0
10S
20S
30S
40S
50E 40E 30E 20E 10E 0 10W
20W
40S
30S
20S
10S
0
20N
30N
40N
10N
30N
AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
AFRICA
POLITICAL
1000
1000 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A14 Reference Atlas
W
h
i
t
e

N
i
l
e


B
l
u
e




N
i
l
e

C
ongo
N
i
g
e
r

N
i
l
e

Z
a
m
b
e
z
i

Sen
e
g
a
l

O
ra
n
ge
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
INDIaN
OCEaN
Victoria Fa
lls

Suez Canal
Strait of Gibraltar
Lake Chad
Lake
Tanganyika
Lake
Victoria
Lake
Tana
Lake
Malawi
Lake
Turkana
Lake
Assal
Etosha
Pan
Lake
Nasser
R
e
d

S
e
a

M
o
z
a
m
b
i
q
u
e

C
h
a
n
n
e
l

M e
d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n S e a
G
u
lf
o
f

A
d
e
n

TROPIC OF CANCER
TROPIC OF
CAPRICORN
EQUATOR
N
Boundary
in dispute
Boundary
claimed
by Sudan
D
r
a
k
e
n
s
b
e
r
g

G
r
e
a
t



R
i
f
t



V
a
l
l
e
y

G
r
e
a
t

R
i
f
t

V
a
l
l
e
y

G
r
e
a
t

R
i
f
t

V
a
l
l
e
y

N
a
m
i
b



D
e
s
e
r
t

Sinai
Canary
Islands
Madeira
Islands
Azores
A
h
a
g
g
a
r M
ts.
Tibesti Air
Cape of Good Hope
C
a
p
e
A
g
u
lh
as
Virunga Mts.
Kilimanjaro
Ascension
Island
Cape
Verde
S A H A R A
S A H E L
S U D A N
A
T
L
A
S

M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

L
i
b
y
a
n

D
e
s
e
r
t

U P P E R G
U
I
N
E
A

C O N G O
B A S I N
L
O
W
E
R

G
U
I
N
E
A

KALAHARI
DESERT
K a t a n g a
P l a t e a u
Nouakchott
Bissau
Bamako
Niamey
Ouagadougou
Libreville
Malabo
Kigali
Lilongwe
Harare
Windhoek
P
o
r
t
o
-

N
o
v
o

L
o
m
e

Monrovia
Djibouti
N'Djamena
Banjul
A
n
t
a
n
a
n
a
r
i
v
o

Sao Tome
Gaborone
Maseru
M
b
a
b
a
n
e

Moroni

Asmara Khartoum
Bangui
Yaounde
Kampala
Lusaka
Abuja
Freetown
Algiers Tunis
Tripoli
Cairo
Kinshasa
Luanda
Addis Ababa
Nairobi
Dar es Salaam
Maputo
Mogadishu
Cape Town
A
b
id
ja
n

Rabat
Dakar
Yamoussoukro
Bujumbura
Brazzaville
Tshwane (Pretoria)
Conakry
A
c
c
r
a

DEM.
REP.
OF THE
CONGO
Bloemfontein
Dodoma
T
U
N
I
S
I
A

GAMBIA
GUINEA-
BISSAU
E T HI OP I A
CENTRAL
AFRICAN REPUBLIC
GABON
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
S

AO TOME & PRINCIPE

KENYA
RWANDA
BOTSWANA
LESOTHO
SWAZILAND
B
E
N
I
N

T
O
G
O

GUINEA
SIERRA
LEONE
DJIBOUTI
COMOROS
M
A
L
A
W
I

M
A
D
A
G
A
S
C
A
R


MOROCCO
ERITREA
GHANA
LIBERIA
SEN
E
G
A
L

C
A
M
E
R
O
O
N

U
G
A
N
D
A

NAMIBIA
S OUT H
AF RI CA
M
A
U
R
I
T
A
N
I
A

SEYCHELLES
B
U
R
K
I
N
A

F
A
S
O

BURUNDI
M A L I
A L G E R I A
L I B Y A
C H A D
E GY P T
S U D A N
NI GE RI A
N I G E R
S
O
M
A
L
I
A

ANGOL A
ZIMBABWE
M
O
Z
A
M
B
I
Q
U
E

TANZANIA
C
O
N
G
O

Z
A
M
B
I
A

COTE
D'IVOIRE

RIO MUNI
WESTERN
SAHARA
CABINDA
19,340 ft
5,895 m
-512 ft
-156 m
14,787 ft
4,507 m
E U R O P E
A S I A
30W 20W
10W
0 10E 20E 30E 40E
50E
60E
50N
50N
40N
30N
20N
0
10S
20S
30S
40S
50E 40E 30E 20E 10E 0 10W
20W
40S
30S
20S
10S
0
20N
30N
40N
10N
AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
AFRICA
PHYSICAL
1000
1000 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A15
Brit. Ind. Oc. Terr.
India In
India
Russ.
Yemen
Novosibirsk
Omsk
Chelyabinsk
Istanbul
Jeddah
Karachi
Mumbai
(Bombay)
Delhi
Chennai
(Madras)
Hyderabad
Bengaluru
(Bangalore)
Bhopal
Jaipur
K
o
lk
a
t
a

(C
alcu
tt
a
)

Urumqi
Lahore
Almaty
Indore
Riyadh
D
h
a
k
a

Sanaa
Masqat
New Delhi
Kabul
Kathmandu
Colombo
Doha
Islamabad
Kuwait
Manam
a

Abu Dhabi
Male
Tehran
Baku
Damascus
Ankara
Beirut
Tbilisi
Yerevan
Moscow
A
m
m
a
n

T
a
s
h
k
e
n
t
B
is
h
k
e
k

Ashkhab
a
d
Dushanbe
Jerusalem

Astana
Yang
(Rango
Baghdad
Thimphu
Adana
Basra
Zahedan
Aden
Makkah
(Mecca)
Madurai
Norilsk
A rc t i c O c e
I n d i a n O c e a n
A t l ant i c O c ean
Aral
Sea
Strait of
Hormuz
P
e
r
s
i
a
n

G
u
l
f

(
A
r
a
b
i
a
n

G
u
l
f
)

G
u
l
f

o
f

O
m
a
n

G
u
l f of Aden
G
u
l
f

o
f

O
b

R
e
d

S
e
a
Norwegian
Sea
B a r e n t s
S e a
Ka r a Se a Baltic Sea
Bl ack
Sea
C
a
s
p
i
a
n



S
e
a

M
e
d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n

S
e
a

A r a b i a n
S e a
B a y
o f
B e n g a l
Y
e
n
i
s
e
y

Ob
O
b

Ura
l

Yenisey
S
y
r
D
a
r
y
a
Ili
Irtysh

G
o
d
a
v
a
ri
G
anges
K
rishna
A
m
u

D
a
r
y
a

I
n
d
u
s

T
i
g
r
i
s
E
u
p
h
r
a
t
e
s

Socotra
Franz Josef Land
North
Land
C
a
u
c
a
s
u
s

M
t
s
.

U
R
A
L





M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

H
i ndu Kush K
U
N
L U N S H
A
R u b a l K h a l i
A
L
T
A
Y
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A

S I B E
Lakshadweep
Chagos Archipelago
An
Isla
Nicobar
Islands
S I NKI ANG
T I B E T
KASHMI R
R U S S
G
E
O
R
G
I
A

AZERBAIJAN
ARMENIA
K A Z A K H S T A N
KYRGYZSTAN
SYRI A
ISRAEL
MY
(B
SRI LANKA
LEBAN
O
N

T
U
R
K
E
Y

T
U
R
K
M
E
N
I
S
T
A
N

M O
C
KUWAIT
I R A N
A
F
G
H
A
N
I
S
T
AN
BHUTAN
N
E
P
A
L

I N D I A
PAKISTAN
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES
QATAR
S A U D I
A R A B I A
Y E M E N
O M
A
N

BAHRAIN
IRAQ
B
A
N
G
L
A
D
JORDAN
MALDIVES
Azerb.
T
A
J
I
K
I
S
T
A
N


U
Z
B
E
K
I
S
T
A
N

Europe-Asia
boundary
A F R I C A
E U R O P E
NORTH AMERICA
A
R
C
T
I
C

C
I
R
C
L
E

EQ
U
A
T
O
R
T
R
O
P
I
C

O
F

C
A
N
C
E
R

V
North Pole
N
8
0

N
7
0

N
6
0

N
5
0

N
4
0

N
3
0

N
2
0

S
0

1
0

N
2
0

N
80E 70E 60E 50E 40E
20E
10E
0
10W
20W
30E
0
20E
60E
80E 100E
Boundary
claimed
by India
A commonly accepted division
between Asia and Europehere
marked by a gray lineis
formed by the Ural Mountains,
Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus
Mountains, and the Black Sea
with its outlets, the Bosporus
and the Dardanelles.
TWO-POINT EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
ASIA
POLITICAL
1000
1000 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
lk
c
U
h
t
S
o
g
I
a
A
B
S
A
A16 Reference Atlas
n
g
o
e
y
Y
n
la
Y
B
O
D
9
9
India
India
Jap.
Jap.
Jap.
Jap.
Medan
Jambi
Quezon City
Ho Chi Minh City
Shanghai
Shenyang
Guangzhou
Chengdu
N
a
n
jin
g

Xian
Changchun
Kunming
Nanchang
Fuzhou
Shijiazhuang
Guiyang
Hiroshima
Sapporo
Lanzhou
Hong Kong
Jakarta
lk
a
t
a

cu
tt
a
)

Urumqi
C
h
angsha
Osaka
Kyoto
Qingdao
Taipei
Beijing
Seoul
Pyongyang
Tokyo
Manila
Phnom Penh
Vientiane
Bandar Seri
Begawan
D
h
a
k
a

Kuala Lum
p
u
r

Ulaanbaatar
Hanoi
Yangon
(Rangoon)
Bangkok
himphu
Xuzhou
Irkutsk
Vladivostok
Haiphong
Da Nang
Macau
Kepi
Merauke
Jayapura
Anadyr
Magadan
Norilsk
Yakutsk
Kupang
i c O c ean
n
P
a
c
i
f
i
c

O
c
e
a
n

Gulf of
Anadyr
J a v a S e a
T
i
m
o
r






S
e
a

Lake
Baikal
Yel l ow
Sea
Ea s t
Ch i n a
S e a
Bering Strait
A
n
d
a
m
a
n

S
e
a

Chukchi
Sea
Laptev
Sea
East
Siberian
Sea
Se a
Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
P h i l i p p i n e
S e a
S o u t h
C h i n a
S e a
Sea of
Okhotsk
B e r i n g
S e a
G
u
l
f

o
f

T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d

a y
o f
g a l
L
e
n
a

Y
e
n
i
s
e
y

L
e
n
a

A
m
u
r

Yenisey
Irtysh

H
e
r
l
e
n

(
Y
a
n
g
tze R.)
C
h
a
n
g
Jiang
(Yello
w


R
.
)
H
u
a
n
g

H
e
I
r
r
a
w
a
d
d
y

M
e
k
o
n
g

anges
A
l
d
a
n

Wrangel I.
Commander Is.
Marcus I.
Bonin Is.
Volcano Is.
Samar
Leyte
Mindoro
Panay
Negros
Palawan
Halmahera
Ceram
Dolak Buru
Tanimbar
Is.
Aru
Is.
Morotai
Okinawa
Parece Vela

B
iak
North
Land
New Siberian
Islands
K
o
l
y
m
a

R
a
n
g
e

C
h
e r s k i y R
a
n
g
e

G
O
B
I

Kamchatka
Peninsula
N S H
A
N

B o r n e o
A
L
T
A
Y

M
T S .

Y
A

B E R I A
Hokkaido
Kyushu
Honshu
K
u
r
i
l

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

Sakhalin
Luzon
Hainan
Mindanao
Ne w G u i n e a
Celebes
R
y
u
k
y
u

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

M
o
l
u
c
c
a
s
Sumatra
Andaman
Islands
Nicobar
Islands
Mentawai
Islands
Java
G R E A T E R
S U N D A I S L A N D S
V
e
r
k
h
o
y
a
n
s
k
i
M
o
u
n
t
a
i n
s
ANG
B E T
SARAWAK
SABAH
M
A
N
C
H
U
R
I
A

Dili
S S I A
NORTH
KOREA
J APAN
L
A
O
S

MYANMAR
(BURMA)
THAI LAND
VIETNAM
CAMBODIA
BRUNEI
M
A
L
A
Y
S
I
A

I N D O N E S I A
MALAYSIA
SOUTH
KOREA
M O N G O L I A
C H I N A
BHUTAN A
L

B
A
N
G
L
A
D
E
SH

TAIWAN
PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE
EAST TIMOR
(TIMOR-LESTE)
A U S T R A L I A
NORTH AMERICA
E
Q
U
A
T
O
R
T
R
O
P
I
C

O
F

C
A
N
C
E
R

V
North Pole
N
8
0

N
7
0

N
6
0

N
5
0

N
4
0

N
3
0

N
2
0

N
1
0

N
0

1
0

S
2
0

S
100E 120E 130E 140E 150E
160E
170E
180
170W
160W
80E 100E
120E
160E
180
110E
Boundary
claimed
by China
The People's Republic of China claims
Taiwan as its 23rd province.
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A17











T
R
O
P
I
C


O
F

C
A
N
C
E
R

Ob
O
b

O
b

Ura
l

Yenisey
A
ngara
S
y
r

D
a
r
y
a

Salween
G
anges
A
m
u

D
a
r
y
a

I
n
d
u
s

T
i
g
r
i
s

E
u
p
h
r
a
t
e
s

I
r
t
y
s
h

Y
e
n
i
s
e
y

M
Brahm
a
p
u
tr
L
a
c
c
a
d
i
v
e

S
e
a

L. Balkhash
Dead Sea
A
e
g
e
a
n

S
e
a

Aral
Sea
P
e
r
s
i
a
n

G
u
l
f

(
A
r
a
b
i
a
n

G
u
l
f
)

G
u
l
f

o
f

O
m
a
n

R
e
d

S
e
a

G
u
l f of Aden
G
u
l
f

o
f

O
b

Strait of
Hormuz
Norwegian
Sea
B a r e n t s
S e a
Ka r a S e a Baltic Sea
Bl ack
Sea
C
a
s
p
i
a
n



S
e
a

B a y
o f
B e n g a l
M
e
d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n

S
e
a

A r a b i a n
S e a
I n d i a n O c e a n
A t l ant i c O c ean
A rc t i c O c e
TAKLIMAKAN
DESERT
T
I A
N
S H A N
Qaidam
Basin
P L A T E A U
O F T I B E T
North
Land
T
a
y
m
yr
P
e
n
in
su
la
T H E S T E P P E S
A
L
T
A
Y
M
O
K
u n l u n S h a n
HINDU KUSH
And
Isla
Nicobar
Islands
Maldive
Islands
T
h
a
r
D
e
s
e
r
t

E
a
s
t
e
r
n
G
h
a
t
s

W
e
s
t
e
r
n

G
h
a
t
s

R u b a l K h a l i

C
aspian De
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

A
N
A
T
O
L
I
A

Syr i an
Des er t
M
e
s
o
p
o
t
a
m
i
a

C
a
u
c
a
s
u
s

M
t
s
.

Z
a
g
r
o
s

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

Sinai
E
l
b
u
rz M
ts.
DECCAN PLATEAU
Mt. Everest
S I B
W E S T
S I B E R I A N
P L A I N
C E
S I
P L
A r a b i a n
P e n i n s u l a
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A
U
R
A
L

M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S

-1,349 ft
-411 m
29,035 ft
8,850 m
Europe-Asia
boundary
Tashkent
Tehran
Ashkabad
Ankara
Yang
(Rango
New
Delhi
Dushanbe
Bishkek
Dhaka
Riyadh
Sanaa
Masqat
Kabul
Kathmandu
Colombo
Islamabad
Kuwait
T
himphu
Male
Baku
Damascus
Beirut
Tbilisi
Yerevan
Moscow
B
a
g
h
d
a
d

A
m
m
a
n

Jerusalem

Astana
Almaty
RUSSIA
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES
QATAR
B
A
H
R
A
IN

R U S S
G
E
O
R
G
I
A

AZERBAIJAN
ARMENIA
K A Z A K H S T A N
KYRGYZSTAN
SYRIA
ISRAEL
MY
(B
SRI LANKA
LEBAN
O
N

T
U
R
K
E
Y

T
U
R
K
M
E
N
I
S
T
A
N

M O
C
KUWAIT
I R A N
A
F
G
H
A
N
I
S
TAN
BHUTAN
N
E
P
A
L

I N D I A
PAKISTAN
S A U D I
A R A B I A
Y E M E N
O M
A
N

IRAQ
B
A
N
G
L
A
D
JORDAN
MALDIVES
T
A
JI
K
I
S
T
A
N


U
Z
B
E
K
I
S
T
A
N

A F R I C A
E U R O P E
NORTH AMERICA
A
R
C
T
I
C

C
I
R
C
L
E

EQ
U
A
T
O
R
N
V
North Pole
8
0

N
7
0

N
6
0

N
5
0

N
4
0

N
3
0

N
2
0

S
0

1
0

N
2
0

N
80E 70E 60E 50E 40E
20E
10E
0
10W
20W
30E
0
20E
40E
60E
80E 100E
TWO-POINT EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION
ASIA
PHYSICAL
1000
1000 0
0
mi
km
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
g
S e
a y
n
t i
K
T
A
E A
S
E
N
A
0
5
h
S
A
A18 Reference Atlas
y
n
M
tr
c e
m
O
d
a
E
L
g
o
MY
B
O
TAN
D
9
9
L
e
n
a

L
e
n
a

L
e
n
a

Yenisey
A
ngara
C
h
a
ng Jian
g
Salween

ges
A
l
d
a
n

Y
e
n
i
s
e
y

A
mur
A
m
u
r

K
o
l
y
m
a

H
u
a
n
g

H
e
M
ek
o
n
g

Brahm
a
p
u
tr
a

M
e
k
o
n
g

S
a
l
w
e
e
n
Y
a
n
g
t
z
e

(
Y
a
ngtze R
.)
(
Y
e
l
l
o
w

R
.
)
Ce l e b e s
S e a
Sulu Sea
A r a f u r a S e a
Lake
Baikal
Gulf of
Anadyr
J a v a S e a
T
i
m
o
r






S
e
a

Yel l ow
Sea
Ea s t
Ch i n a
S e a
Bering Strait
A
n
d
a
m
a
n

S
e
a

P h i l i p p i n e
S e a
Chukchi
Sea
Laptev
Sea
East
Siberian
Sea
S e a
Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
a y
f
n g a l
Sea of
Okhotsk
B e r i n g
S e a
G
u
l
f

o
f

T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d

S o u t h
C h i n a
S e a
n
P
a
c
i
f
i
c

O
c
e
a
n

t i c O c ean
C
h
e r s k i y R a n g e
K
o
l
y
m
a

R
a
n
g
e

V
e
r
k
h
o
y
a
n
s ki M
o
u
nt ai ns
Commander
Islands
S
i
k
h
o
t
e

A
l
i
n

R
a
n
g
e

M
a
n
c
h
u
r
i
a
n

P
l
a
i
n

G
r
e
a
t
e
r

K
h
i
n
g
a
n

R
a
n
g
e

Y
a
b
l
o
n
o
v
y
y

R
a
n
g
e

N
o
r
t
h

C
h
i
n
a

P
l
a
i
n

KAN
T
A N
Qaidam
Basin
Sichuan
Basin
E A U
B E T
Chukchi
Peninsula
Wrangel Island
New Siberian
Islands
North
Land
T
a
y
m
yr
P
e
n
in
su
la
A
L
T
A
Y
M
O
U
N
TAINS
S h a n
Andaman
Islands
Nicobar
Islands
M
a
l
a
y

P
e
n
i
n
s
u
l
a

C
a
r
o
l
i
n
e

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E

I
S
L
A
N
D
S

Ma r i a na
I s l a nds
Shikoku
Everest
Gongga Shan
Luzon
S
u
m
a
t
r
a

I B E R I A
G
O
B
I

A
l
e
u
t
i
a
n

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

N
C E N T R A L
S I B E R I A N
P L A T E A U
A
Y
A
N
a
m
p
o

S
h
o
t
o

G R E A T E R
S U N D A I S L A N D S
B o r n e o
Hokkaido
Kyushu
Honshu
K
u
r
i
l

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

Sakhalin
Hainan
Mindanao
Ne w G u i n e a
Celebes
R
y
u
k
y
u

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

M
o
l
u
c
c
a
s

Java
Mentawai
Islands
Kamchat ka
Peni nsul a
035 ft
50 m
24,790 ft
7,556 m
Manila
Yangon
(Rangoon)
Hanoi
Jakarta
Dili
Dhaka
Taipei
Beijing
Seoul
Pyongyang
Tokyo
Phnom Penh
Vientiane
Bandar Seri
Begawan
Kuala Lum
pur
imphu
Ulaanbaatar
Bangkok
S S I A
NORTH
KOREA
J APAN
L
A
O
S

MYANMAR
(BURMA)
THAI LAND
VIETNAM
CAMBODIA
EAST TIMOR
(TIMOR-LESTE)
BRUNEI
M
A
L
A
Y
S
I
A

I N D O N E S I A
MALAYSIA
SOUTH
KOREA
M O N G O L I A
C H I N A
BHUTAN
A
L

B
A
N
G
L
A
D
E
SH

TAIWAN
PHILIPPINES

S
IN
G
A
PORE
A U S T R A L I A
NORTH AMERICA
E
Q
U
A
T
O
R
T
R
O
P
I
C

O
F

C
A
N
C
E
R

N
V
North Pole
8
0

N
7
0

N
6
0

N
5
0

N
4
0

N
3
0

N
2
0

N
1
0

N
0

1
0

S
2
0

S
100E 110E
120E
130E 140E
150E
160E
170E
180
170W
160W
80E 100E
120E
160E
180
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A19
M
e
k
o
n
g

C
h
i
a
n
g
J
ia
n
g (Yang
t
z
e
)
Huang He
(Yellow
)


D
a
r
l
i
n
g

A
m
u
r

Lake
Baikal
P h i l i p p i n e
S e a
S o u t h
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Sulu
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Great
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N o r t h P a c i f i c
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Beijing
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TERRITORY NEW
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TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
105E 120E 135E 150E 165E 180 165W
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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HAWAII
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AMOA
FRENCH POLYNESIA
TROPIC OF CANCER
EQUATOR
45N
30N
15N
15S
30S
45S
150W 165W 135W 120W 105W 90W 75W
0
MILLER CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
PACIFIC
RIM
PHYSICAL/POLITICAL
1500
1500 0
0
mi
km
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A21
0 60W 120W
60N
30N
30S
60S
0
60E 120E

TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
EQUATOR
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
Atlantic
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
Indian
Ocean
NORTH
AMERICA
SOUTH
AMERICA
AFRICA
ASIA EUROPE
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
ANTARCTICA
60E 60W 120E 120W 0
60
S
30N
30S
0
60
N
PaCIFIC
OCEaN
INDIaN
OCEaN
PaCIFIC
OCEaN
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
T
L
Uni
M
5
2
Coal
Fishing
Iron ore
Petroleum
Resources
Commercial farming
Subsistence farming
Ranching
Nomadic herding
Hunting and gathering
Forests
Manufacturing area
Little or no activity
Agriculture
N
Roman Catholic
Protestant
Eastern Churches
Sunni Muslim
Shiite Muslim
Hinduism
Buddhism
Traditional religions
Judaism
Sikhism
Religions

N
World Religions
World Economy
WORLD'S
PEOPLE
RELIGIONS, ECONOMY,
LANGUAGES, AND
POPULATION DENSITY
3,000 0 km
WINKEL TRIPEL PROJECTION
3,000 0 mi.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
e
n
A22 Reference Atlas
T
L
i
M
5
2
9
9
0
0
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
EQUATOR
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
60E 60W 120E 120W 0
60
S
30N
30S
0
60
N
PaCIFIC
OCEaN
INDIaN
OCEaN
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
PaCIFIC
OCEaN
ANTARCTICA
Los Angeles
Chicago
Sao Paulo
New York City
Lagos
Mumbai
(Bombay)
Delhi
Sydney
Mexico City
Lima
Buenos
Aires
Caracas
Kinshasa
Cairo
Moscow
Istanbul
Berlin
Rome
Madrid
London
Paris
Tehran
Baghdad
Jakarta
Beijing
Tokyo
Hong Kong
Bangkok
Singapore
Seoul
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
0 60W 120W
60N
30N
30S
60S
0
60E 120E
Atlantic
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
Indian
Ocean
NORTH
AMERICA
SOUTH
AMERICA
AFRICA
ASIA
EUROPE
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
IndoEuropean
SinoTibetan
AfroAsian
UralicAltaic
Japanese and Korean
Dravidian
MalayoPolynesian
NigerKordofanian
NiloSaharan
Khoisan
All others
Language Families
N
City Population
(Metropolitan area)
Sq. Km Sq. Mi.
Persons per :
Uninhabited
Under 1
125
2550
50100
Over 100
Uninhabited
Under 2
260
60125
125250
Over 250
More than 10,000,000
5,000,00010,000,000
2,000,0005,000,000
N
e
um
ng
World Population Density
World Language Families
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
Reference Atlas A23
WORLD
POPULATION
CARTOGRAM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
SOUTH
AFRICA
CENTRAL
AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
CONGO
KENYA
LESOTHO
ZIMBABWE
MALAWI
MADAGASCAR
MOZAMBIQUE
TANZANIA
ZAMBIA
DEM. REP.
OF THE
CONGO
RWANDA
BURUNDI
UGANDA
NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
ANGOLA
GABON
CAMEROON
SUDAN
ERITREA
NIGERIA
BENIN
TOGO
BURKINA
FASO
GHANA
LIBERIA
SIERRA
LEONE
CHAD
NIGER
UNITED STATES
EGYPT
ETHIOPIA
MEXICO
CUBA
TRINIDAD
& TOBAGO
CAPE
VERDE
JAMAICA
PANAMA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
HAITI
PUERTO RICO
(U.S.)
BERMUDA
(U.K.)
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
HONDURAS
COSTA RICA
COLOMBIA
BRAZIL
VENEZUELA
CHILE
PARAGUAY
ECUADOR
PERU
BOLIVIA
ARGENTINA
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
GEORGIA
KAZAK
UZBE
TURKEY
IRAN
AFG
IRAQ
KU
SAUDI
ARABIA
U.A.E.
OMAN
YEMEN
ISRAEL
LEBANON
CYPRUS
JORDAN
QATAR
SYRIA
RUSSIA
UKRAINE
BELARUS
POLAND
FINLAND
SWEDEN
NORWAY
DENMARK
ESTONIA
LATVIA
GERMANY
UNITED
KINGDOM
FRANCE
NETHERLANDS
LUX.
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
ITALY
IRELAND
ICELAND
CZECH
REP.
HUNGARY
MOLDOVA
ROMANIA
SLOVAKIA
SWITZERLAND
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA
GREECE
BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA
BULGARIA
MACEDONIA
ALBANIA
CROATIA
SERBIA
MONTENEGRO
SOMAL
TUNISIA
LIBYA
ALGERIA MOROCCO
MALI
MAURITANIA
SENEGAL
GAMBIA
GUINEA-
BISSAU
GUINEA
GUYANA
CANADA
URUGUAY
LITHUANIA
BELGIUM
COTE
D'IVOIRE
SWAZILAND
296,000,000
107,000,000
184,000,000
132,000,000
60,000,000
60,000,000
82,000,000
47,000,000
143,000,000
73,000,000
70,000,00
59,000,000
74,000,000
77,000,000
Y
C
QU
A
R
I
A
U
AU
R
M
Y
YR
A
R
O
N
0
0
A24 Reference Atlas
9
9
K
E
G
U
AR
L
0
3% and above
2- 2.9%
1- 1.9%
0- .9%
Population loss
POPULATION
GROWTH RATE
(excluding effects
of migration)
Each square represents
one million people.
CIA, The World Factbook, 2006;
Population Reference Bureau,
2005 World Population
Data Sheet, 2006.
Not all countries shown
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
YA
CAR
QUE
A
REA
IA
AIJAN
TURKMENISTAN
RGIA
KAZAKHSTAN
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
URKEY
IRAN
PAKISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
IRAQ
KUWAIT
AUDI
RABIA
U.A.E.
MAN
YEMEN
BAHRAIN
QATAR
YRIA
INDIA
BANGLADESH
NEPAL
SRI
LANKA
I N D O N E S I A
SINGAPORE
MALAYSIA
MYANMAR
(BURMA)
VIETNAM
THAILAND
LAOS
CAMBODIA
TAIWAN
PHILIPPINES
AUSTRALIA
EAST TIMOR
(TIMOR-LESTE)
NEW
ZEALAND
PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
FIJI ISLANDS
CHINA
SOUTH
KOREA
NORTH
KOREA
JAPAN
MONGOLIA
A
RUS
OVA
NIA
SOMALIA
00
000,000
70,000,000
162,000,000
1,104,000,000
144,000,000
83,000,000
66,000,000
222,000,000
85,000,000
128,000,000
1,304,000,000
Reference Atlas A25
IsIand
Strait
Isthmus
Cape
Seacoast
GuIf
Bay
Ocean
VoIcano
Mountain peak
Sound
PeninsuIa
DeIta
Harbor
CIiff
IsIand
Strait
Isthmus
Cape
Seacoast
GuIf
Bay
Ocean
VoIcano
Mountain peak
Sound
PeninsuIa
DeIta
Harbor
CIiff
VaIIey VaIIey
As you read about the worlds geog-
raphy, you will encounter the terms
listed below. Many of the terms are
pictured in the diagram.
absolute location exact location of a place on the Earth
described by global coordinates
basin area of land drained by a given river and its branches; area
of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations
bay part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline,
generally smaller than a gulf
canyon deep and narrow valley with steep walls
cape point of land that extends into a river, lake, or ocean
channel wide strait or waterway between two landmasses that lie
close to each other; deep part of a river or other waterway
cliff steep, high wall of rock, earth, or ice
continent one of the seven large landmasses on the Earth
delta flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by
a river and deposited at its mouth
divide stretch of high land that separates river systems
downstream direction in which a river or stream flows from its
source to its mouth
elevation height of land above sea level
Equator imaginary line that runs around the Earth halfway
between the North and South Poles; used as the starting point
to measure degrees of north and south latitude
glacier large, thick body of slowly moving ice
gulf part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline,
generally larger and more deeply indented than a bay
harbor a sheltered place along a shoreline where ships can
anchor safely
highland elevated land area such as a hill, mountain, or plateau
hill elevated land with sloping sides and rounded summit;
generally smaller than a mountain
island land area, smaller than a continent, completely surrounded
by water
isthmus narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas
lake a sizable inland body of water
latitude distance north or south of the Equator, measured in
degrees
longitude distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured
in degrees
lowland land, usually level, at a low elevation
GEOGRAPHIC
DICTIONARY
A26
Canyon
Tributary
Source of
river
LowIand
Upstream
Downstream
HighIand
GIacier
Basin
Mountain range
HiIIs
Lake
PIateau
River
Mouth of river
PIain
ChanneI
Desert
Canyon
Tributary
Source of
river
LowIand
Upstream
Downstream
HighIand
GIacier
Basin
Mountain range
HiIIs
Lake
PIateau
River
Mouth of river
PIain
ChanneI
Desert
map drawing of the Earth shown on a flat surface
meridian one of many lines on the global grid running from
the North Pole to the South Pole; used to measure degrees of
longitude
mesa broad, flat-topped landform with steep sides; smaller than
a plateau
mountain land with steep sides that rises sharply (1,000 feet
or more) from surrounding land; generally larger and more
rugged than a hill
mountain peak pointed top of a mountain
mountain range a series of connected mountains
mouth (of a river) place where a stream or river flows into a
larger body of water
ocean one of the four major bodies of salt water that surround
the continents
ocean current stream of either cold or warm water that moves
in a definite direction through an ocean
parallel one of many lines on the global grid that circles the
Earth north or south of the Equator; used to measure degrees
of latitude
peninsula body of land jutting into a lake or ocean, surrounded
on three sides by water
physical feature characteristic of a place occurring naturally,
such as a landform, body of water, climate pattern, or resource
plain area of level land, usually at low elevation and often
covered with grasses
plateau area of flat or rolling land at a high elevation, about 300
to 3,000 feet (90 to 900 m) high
Prime Meridian line of the global grid running from the North
Pole to the South Pole at Greenwich, England; starting point for
measuring degrees of east and west longitude
relief changes in elevation over a given area of land
river large natural stream of water that runs through the land
sea large body of water completely or partly surrounded by land
seacoast land lying next to a sea or an ocean
sound broad inland body of water, often between a coastline and
one or more islands off the coast
source (of a river) place where a river or stream begins, often in
highlands
strait narrow stretch of water joining two larger bodies of water
tributary small river or stream that flows into a large river or
stream; a branch of the river
upstream direction opposite the flow of a river; toward the
source of a river or stream
valley area of low land usually between hills or mountains
volcano mountain or hill created as liquid rock and ash erupt
from inside the Earth
A27
1 Location
Location describes where something is. Absolute location
describes a places exact position on the Earths surface.
Relative location expresses where a place is in relation to
another place.
2 Place
Place describes the physical and human characteristics that
make a location unique.
3 Regions
Regions are areas that share
common characteristics.
4 Movement
Movement explains how and why people and things move
and are connected.
5 Human-Environment Interaction
Human-Environment Interaction describes the relationship
between people and their environment.
5
Themes of Geography
How Do I Study Geography?
Geographers have tried to understand the best way to teach and
learn about geography, so they created the Five Themes of Geography.
The themes acted as a guide for teaching the basic ideas about geo-
graphy to students. However, many thought that the Five Themes
were too broad. In 1994, geographers created 18 national geography
standards. These standards were more detailed about what should
be taught and learned. The Six Essential Elements act as a bridge
connecting the Five Themes with the standards.
(
t

t
o

b
)

M
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6
Essential Elements
18
Geography Standards
I. The World in Spatial Terms
Geographers look to see where a place is located. Location
acts as a starting point to answer Where Is It? The location
of a place helps you orient yourself as to where you are.
1 How to use maps and other tools
2 How to use mental maps to organize information
3 How to analyze the spatial organization of people,
places, and environments
II. Places and Regions
Place describes physical characteristics such as landforms,
climate, and plant or animal life. It might also describe
human characteristics, including language and way of life.
Places can also be organized into regions. Regions are places
united by one or more characteristics.
III. Physical Systems
Geographers study how physical systems, such as
hurricanes, volcanoes, and glaciers, shape the surface of
the Earth. They also look at how plants and animals depend
upon one another and their surroundings for their survival.
IV. Human Systems
People shape the world in which they live. They settle
in certain places but not in others. An ongoing theme in
geography is the movement of people, ideas, and goods.
V. Environment and Society
How does the relationship between people and their natural
surroundings influence the way people live? Geographers
study how people use the environment and how their
actions affect the environment.
VI. The Uses of Geography
Knowledge of geography helps us understand the
relationships among people, places, and environments
over time. Applying geographic skills helps you understand
the past and prepare for the future.
17 How to apply geography to interpret the past
18 How to apply geography to interpret the present
and plan for the future
7 The physical processes that shape Earths surface
8 The distribution of ecosystems on Earths surface
9 The characteristics, distribution, and migration
of human populations
10 The complexity of Earths cultural mosaics
11 The patterns and networks of economic
interdependence
12 The patterns of human settlement
13 The forces of cooperation and conict
14 How human actions modify the physical
environment
15 How physical systems aect human systems
16 The meaning, use, and distribution of resources
4 The physical and human characteristics
of places
5 How people create regions to interpret
Earths complexity
6 How culture and experience inuence
peoples perceptions of places and regions
Essential Elements GH1
Throughout this text, you will discover how geography has
shaped the course of events in world history. Landforms,
waterways, climate, and natural resources all have helped
or hindered human activities. Usually people have learned
either to adapt to their environments or to transform
it to meet their needs. The resources in this Geography
Skills Handbook will help you get the most out of your
textbookand provide you with skills you will use for the
rest of your life.
Geographers use a wide array of tools to collect and analyze
information to help them understand the Earth. The study of
geography is more than knowing a lot of facts about places.
Rather, it has more to do with asking questions about the Earth,
pursuing their answers, and solving problems. Thus, one of the
most important geographic tools is inside your head: the ability
to think geographically.
CONTENTS
Globes and Maps
From 3-D to 2-D
Great Circle Routes
Projections
Planar Projection
Cylindrical Projection
Conic Projection
Common Map Projections
Determining Location
Latitude
Longitude
The Global Grid
Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Eastern and Western Hemispheres
Reading a Map
Using Scale
Absolute and Relative Location
Physical Maps
Political Maps
Thematic Maps
Qualitative Maps
Flow-Line Maps
Geographic Information Systems
BananaStock/PictureQuest
1. Explain the significance of: globe, map,
cartographer, great circle route.
2. Describe the problems that arise when
the curves of a globe become straight
lines on a map.
3. Use a Venn diagram like the one below to
identify the similarities and differences
between globes and maps.
Globes Maps
Geography Skills
Handbook
From 3-D to 2-D
Think about the surface of the Earth
as the peel of an orange. To flatten the
peel, you have to cut it like the globe
shown here. To create maps that are not
interrupted, mapmakers, or cartographers,
use mathematical formulas to transfer
information from the three-dimensional
globe to the two-dimensional map.
However, when the curves of a globe
become straight lines on a map, distortion of
size, shape, distance, or area occurs.
Great Circle Routes
A straight line of true directionone that
runs directly from west to east, for example
is not always the shortest distance between
two points. This is due to the curvature of the
Earth. To find the shortest distance, stretch a
piece of string around a globe from one point
to the other. The string will form part of a
great circle, an imaginary line that follows the
curve of the Earth. Ship captains and airline
pilots use these great circle routes to reduce
travel time and conserve fuel.
The idea of a great circle route is an
important difference between globes and
maps. A round globe accurately shows a
great circle route, as indicated on the map
below. However, as shown on the flat
map, the great circle distance (dotted line)
between Tokyo and Los Angeles appears to
be far longer than the true direction distance
(solid line). In fact, the great circle distance is
345 miles (555 km) shorter.
G
reat Circle Route
Tokyo
Los
Angeles
North
Pole
N
S
W E
Tokyo
Los Angeles
5
,4
7
2
mi. (8,807
k
m
)
G
r
e
a
t
Circle Dista
n
c
e
True Direction Distance
5,787 mi. (9,313 km)
N
S
W E
Globes and Maps
A globe is a scale model of the Earth. Because Earth is round,
a globe presents the most accurate depiction of geographic
information such as area, distance, and direction. However,
globes show little close-up detail. A printed map is a symbolic
representation of all or part of the planet. Unlike globes, maps can
show small areas in great detail.
Geography Skills Handbook GH3
Projections
To create maps, cartographers project the round Earth onto a flat
surfacemaking a map projection. Distance, shape, direction, or
size may be distorted by a projection. As a result, the purpose of the
map usually dictates which projection is used. There are many kinds
of map projections, some with general names and some named for
the cartographers who developed them. Three basic categories of
map projections are shown here: planar, cylindrical, and conic.
Planar Projection
A planar projection shows the Earth
centered in such as way that a straight
line coming from the center to any other
point represents the shortest distance. Also
known as an azimuthal projection, it is most
accurate at its center. As a result, it is often
used for maps of the Poles.
Cylindrical Projection
A cylindrical projection is based on the
projection of the globe onto a cylinder. This
projection is most accurate near the Equator,
but shapes and distances are distorted near
the Poles.
Conic Projection
A conic projection comes from placing a
cone over part of a globe. Conic projections
are best suited for showing limited east-
west areas that are not too far from the
Equator. For these uses, a conic projection
can indicate distances and directions fairly
accurately.
E
Q
U
A
TOR
EQUATOR
GH4 Geography Skills Handbook
1. Explain the significance of: map
projection, planar, cylindrical, conic,
interrupted projection.
2. How does a cartographer determine
which map projection to use?
3. How is Goodes Interrupted Equal-Area
projection different from the Mercator
projection?
4. Which of the four common projections
described above is the best one to use
when showing the entire world? Why?
5. Use a Venn diagram like the one below
to identify the similarities and
differences between the Winkel Tripel
and Mercator projections.
Winkel Tripel Mercator
Geography Skills
Handbook
Common Map Projections
Each type of map projection has advantages and some degree of
inaccuracy. Four of the most common projections are shown here.
Winkel Tripel Projection
P
R
I
M
E

M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

EQUATOR
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
ARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CANCER
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
Most general reference world maps are the
Winkel Tripel projection. It provides a good
balance between the size and shape of land
areas as they are shown on the map. Even
the polar areas are depicted with little distor-
tion of size and shape.
Robinson Projection
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
ARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CANCER
P
R
I
M
E

M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

The Robinson projection has minor distor-
tions. The sizes and shapes near the eastern
and western edges of the map are accurate,
and outlines of the continents appear much
as they do on the globe. However, the polar
areas are flattened.
Goodes Interrupted Equal-Area Projection
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC
CIRCLE
ARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CANCER
P
R
I
M
E
M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N
An interrupted projection looks something
like a globe that has been cut apart and laid
flat. Goodes Interrupted Equal-Area projec-
tion shows the true size and shape of Earths
landmasses, but distances are generally
distorted.
Mercator Projection
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
ARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CANCER
P
R
I
M
E

M
E
R
I
D
I
A
N

The Mercator projection increasingly distorts
size and distance as it moves away from the
Equator. However, Mercator projections do
accurately show true directions and the
shapes of landmasses, making these maps
useful for sea travel.
Geography Skills Handbook GH5
Determining Location
Geography is often said to begin with the question: Where? The
basic tool for answering the question is location. Lines on globes
and maps provide information that can help you locate places. These
lines cross one another forming a pattern called a grid system, which
helps you find exact places on the Earths surface.
A hemisphere is one of the halves into which the Earth is
divided. Geographers divide the Earth into hemispheres to help
them classify and describe places on Earth. Most places are located
in two of the four hemispheres.
Latitude
Lines of latitude, or parallels, circle the
Earth parallel to the Equator and measure
the distance north or south of the Equator
in degrees. The Equator is measured at 0
latitude, while the Poles lie at latitudes 90N
(north) and 90S (south). Parallels north
of the Equator are called north latitude.
Parallels south of the Equator are called
south latitude.
Longitude
Lines of longitude, or meridians, circle
the Earth from Pole to Pole. These lines
measure distance east or west of the Prime
Meridian at 0 longitude. Meridians east
of the Prime Meridian are known as east
longitude. Meridians west of the Prime
Meridian are known as west longitude. The
180 meridian on the opposite side of the
Earth is called the International Date Line.
0 (Prime Meridian)
15E
15W
30W
45W
60W
30E
45E
60E
The Global Grid
Every place has a global address, or
absolute location. You can identify the
absolute location of a place by naming
the latitude and longitude lines that cross
exactly at that place. For example, Tokyo,
Japan, is located at 36N latitude and 140E
longitude. For more precise readings, each
degree is further divided into 60 units called
minutes.
0 (Equator)
15N
15S
30S
45S
90E
105E
120E
135E
75E
60E
30N
45N
60N
75N
90N (North Pole)
Tokyo
0 (Equator)
15N
15S
30S
45S
60S
90S (South Pole)
75S
30N
45N
60N
75N
90N (North Pole)
GH6 Geography Skills Handbook
Geography Skills
Handbook
Northern and Southern
Hemispheres
The diagram below shows that the
Equator divides the Earth into the Northern
and Southern Hemispheres. Everything
north of the Equator is in the Northern
Hemisphere. Everything south of the
Equator is in the Southern Hemisphere.
NORTH
AMERICA
ASIA
EUROPE
AFRICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN North
Pole
SOUTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
AFRICA
ANTARCTICA
INDIAN
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
South
Pole

Eastern and Western
Hemispheres
The Prime Meridian and the International
Date Line divide the Earth into the Eastern
and Western Hemispheres. Everything east
of the Prime Meridian for 180 is in the
Eastern Hemisphere. Everything west of the
Prime Meridian for 180 is in the Western
Hemisphere.
SOUTH
AMERICA
NORTH
AMERICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
AUSTRALIA
ASIA
EUROPE
AFRICA
INDIAN
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
1. Explain the significance of: location, grid
system, hemisphere, Northern
Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere,
Eastern Hemisphere, Western
Hemisphere, latitude, longitude, Prime
Meridian, absolute location.
2. Why do all maps label the Equator 0
latitude and the Prime Meridian 0
longitude?
3. Which lines of latitude and longitude
divide the Earth into hemispheres?
4. Using the Reference Atlas maps, fill in a
chart like the one below by writing the
latitude and longitude of three world
cities. Have a partner try to identify the
cities.
5. Use a chart like the one below to identify
the continents in each hemisphere. Some
may be in more than one hemisphere.
Hemisphere Continents
Northern
Southern
Eastern
Western
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Geography Skills Handbook GH7
6
0

N
4
0
N
5
0
N
20E
30E
40E 50E 10E
0
10W 20W 30W
ARCTIC
CIRCLE
Black
Sea
North
Sea
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Mediterranean
S
e
a
B
a
l
t
i
c
S
e
a
London
Paris
Lisbon
Rome
Sarajevo
Tirane
Cetinje
Amsterdam
Brussels
Berlin
Bern
Budapest
Bucharest
Constantinople
Soa
Athens
Belgrade
Vienna
Madrid
Seville
Copenhagen
Christiania
(Oslo)
Helsingfors
(Helsinki)
Stockholm
St.
Petersburg
AFRICA
GERMANY
R US S I A
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
NETH.
DENMARK
LUX.
LIECHT.
ANDORRA
MONACO
SAN
MARINO
SWITZ.
BELG.
PORTUGAL
UNITED
KINGDOM
SPAIN
FRANCE
ITALY
SWEDEN
NORWAY
ROMANIA
SERBIA
MONT.
ALBANIA
BULGARIA
GREECE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
ICELAND
Den.
MALTA
U.K.
CYPRUS
U.K.
600 miles
600 kilometers
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
0
0
N
S
W
E
National
boundary
National
capital
Major city
EUROPE BEFORE WORLD WAR I
Reading a Map
In addition to latitude and longitude, maps feature other
important tools to help you interpret the information they contain.
Learning to use these map tools will help you read the symbolic
language of maps more easily.
Title
The title tells you what kind of
information the map is
showing.
Key
The key lists and explains the symbols, colors, and lines
used on the map. The key is sometimes called a legend.
Compass Rose
The compass rose indicates
directions. The four cardinal
directionsnorth, south, east,
and westare usually indicated
with arrows or the points of a
star. The intermediate
directions northeast,
northwest, southeast, and
southwestmay also be shown.
Scale Bar
The scale bar shows the
relationship between map
measurements and actual
distances on the Earth. By laying
a ruler along the scale bar, you
can calculate how many miles
or kilometers are represented
per inch or centimeter. The map
projection used to create the
map is often listed near the
scale bar.
Cities
Cities are represented by a dot.
Sometimes the relative sizes of
cities are shown using dots of
different sizes.
Boundary Lines
On political maps of large areas,
boundary lines highlight the
borders between different
countries or states.
Capitals
National capitals are often
represented by a star within a
circle.
GH8 Geography Skills Handbook
1. Explain the significance of: key,
compass rose, cardinal directions,
intermediate directions, scale bar, scale,
relative location.
2. Describe the elements of a map that
help you interpret the information
displayed on the map.
3. How does the scale bar help you
determine distances on the Earths
surface?
4. Describe the relative location of your
school in two different ways.
5. Use a Venn diagram to identify the
similarities and differences of small-
scale maps and large-scale maps.
Small-scale
maps
Large-scale
maps
Geography Skills
Handbook
Using Scale
All maps are drawn to a certain scale. Scale is a consistent,
proportional relationship between the measurements shown on the
map and the measurement of the Earths surface.
Small-Scale Maps A small-scale map, like this
political map of France, can show a large
area but little detail. Note that the scale bar
on this map indicates that about 1 inch is
equal to 200 miles.
Large-Scale Maps A large-scale map, like this
map of Paris, can show a small area with a
great amount of detail. Study the scale bar.
Note that the map measurements corre-
spond to much smaller distances than on the
map of France.
50N
45N
0 5W 5E 10E
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Bay of
Biscay
English Chann
e
l
Corsica
FRANCE
SPAI N
U. K.
GERMANY
SWITZ.
I TALY
LUX.
ANDORRA
BELG.
Paris
Nantes
Lyon
Toulouse
Marseille
Nice
Orlans
Bordeaux
Lille
National
boundary
Regional
boundary
National
capital
Major city
200 miles
200 kilometers
0
0
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
N
S
W
E
Seine
PARC
MONCEAU
CHAMP
DE MARS
ESPLANADE
DES INVALIDES
TUILERIES
GARDENS
le
d
e
la
C
it
A
V

D
E V
ILLIER
S
BLV
D
D
ES
CO
U
R
C
ELLES
B
L
V
D

BLVD
HAUSSM
ANN
G
RA
N
D
S BLVD
S
R
U
E
D
E
R
IV
O
L
I
B
L
V
D

B
L
V
D


R
A
S
P
A
I
L

SA
IN
T
G
E
R
M
A
IN








B
L
V
D


S
T

M
I
C
H
E
L

B
L
V
D


D
E

S

B
A
S
T
O
P
O
L
B
L
V
D

D
E

S
T
R
A
S
B
O
U
R
G
M
A
L
E
S
H
E
R
B
E
S
BLV
D
D
E
BATIG
N
O
LLES
C
H
A
M
P
S

LY
S

E
S
Q
U
A
I
D
E
S
T
U
ILE
R
IE
S
B
LV
D
D
E
C
LICHY
QUAI DORSAY
MARAIS
MONTMARTRE
INVALIDES
ST. GERMAIN
LATIN
QUARTER
CHAILLOT
TERNES
Arc de Triomphe
Place
Charles
de Gaulle
(toile)
Place de la
Concorde
Grand Palais
National
Assembly
Rodin
Museum
Htel des
Invalides
Eiffel
Tower
Louvre
Notre
Dame
Sorbonne
Luxembourg
Palace
Htel
de Ville
Bibliothque
Nationale
Pompidou
Center
Opra
Sacr Coeur
Gare
du Nord
Gare
de lEst Gare
St. Lazare
1 mile
1 kilometer
0
0
N
S
W E
As you learned on page GH6, absolute
location is the exact point where a line of
latitude crosses a line of longitude. Another
way to indicate location is by relative
location, or the location of one place in
relation to another. To find relative location,
find a reference pointa location you
already knowon a map. Then look in the
appropriate direction for the new location.
For example, locate Paris (your reference
point) on the map of France above. The
relative location of Lyon can be described as
southeast of Paris.
Absolute and Relative Location
Geography Skills Handbook GH9
1. Explain the significance of: physical
map, topography, relief, elevation.
2. Complete a table like the one right to
explain what you can learn from the map
about each of the physical features
listed.
Physical Feature
What You Can Learn
From the Map
Tian Shan
Chang Jiang
Northeast Plain
Ulaanbaatar
rmqi
Chengdu
Tianjin
Wuhan
Nanjing
Chongqing
Shanghai
Zhengzhou
Beijing
Shenyang
Harbin
Taipei
Hong Kong
Guangzhou
Lhasa
A
m
u
r
R
.
Chan
g
J
i
a
n
g
(
Y
a
n
gtze R.)
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
(Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
.
)
Xi R.
South
China
Sea
East
China
Sea
Bay of
Bengal
Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
PACIFIC
OCEAN
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A
A
L
T
A
Y
S
H
A
N
G O
B
I
T I A N S H A N
K
A
R
A
K
O
R
A
M
R
A
N
G
E
PAMIRS
KUNLUN S
H
A
N
N
o
r
t
h
C
h
i
n
a
P
l
a
in
Sichuan
Basin
Shandong
Peninsula
Korea
Peninsula
Northeast
Plain
Yunnan
Plateau
PLATEAU OF TI BET
Taiwan
Kyu shu
Shikoku
Hokkaido
Honshu
Fuji
12,388 ft.
(3,775 m)
Mt. Everest
29,028 ft.
(8,848 m)
K2
28,250 ft. (8,611 m)
Turpan
426 ft.
(130 m)
RUSSIA
CHINA
CENTRAL
ASIA
SOUTH
ASIA
S OUT HE AS T AS I A
4
0

N
2
0
N
0
6
0

N
TRO
PIC
O
F
C
A
N
C
E
R
120E 140E 160E
100E
80E
60E
600 miles
600 kilometers
0
0
Two-Point
Equidistant projection
N
S
W
E
National boundaries
Mountain peaks
Lowest points
Physical Maps
A physical map shows the location and the topography, or shape
of the Earths physical features. A study of a countrys physical
features often helps to explain the historical development of the
country. For example, mountains may be barriers to transportation
and rivers and streams can provide access into the interior of a
country.
Relief
Physical maps use shading and texture to show
general relief the differences in elevation , or height, of
landforms.
Landforms
Physical maps may show
landforms such as mountains,
plains, plateaus, and valleys.
Water Features
Physical maps show rivers,
streams, lakes, and other water
features.
GH10 Geography Skills Handbook
1. Explain the significance of: political
map, human-made.
2. What types of information would you
find on a political map that would not
appear on a physical map?
3. Complete a table like the one below to
explain what you can learn from the map
about each of the human-made features
listed.
Human-Made Feature
What You Can Learn
From the Map
Seoul
Tokyo
North Korea/South Korea
boundary
A
m
u
r
R
.
Chan
g
J
i
a
n
g
(
Y
a
n
gtze R.)
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
(Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
.
)
Xi R.
South
China
Sea
East
China
Sea
Bay of
Bengal
Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
PACIFIC
OCEAN
RUSSIA
CENTRAL
ASIA
SOUTH
ASIA
S OUT HE AS T AS I A
Seoul
Pyo ngyang
Tokyo
Nagoya
Ko be
Sapporo
Fukuoka
Hiroshima
O saka
Beijing
Fuzhou
Chengdu
Kunming
Lanzhou
Xian
Nanjing
Hong
Kong
Guangzhou
Ulaanbaatar Harbin
Shenyang
Tianjin
Shanghai
Chongqing
Lhasa
rmqi
Kashi
Taipei
JAPAN
TAIWAN
MONGOLIA
CHINA
NORTH
KOREA
SOUTH
KOREA
4
0

N
2
0
N
0
6
0

N
TRO
PIC
O
F
C
A
N
C
E
R
120E 140E 160E
100E
80E
60E
600 miles
600 kilometers
0
0
Two-Point
Equidistant projection
N
S
W E
National capital
Major city
Geography Skills
Handbook
Political Maps
A political map shows the boundaries and locations of political
units such as countries, states, counties, cities, and towns. Many
features depicted on a political map are human-made, or determined
by humans rather than by nature. Political maps can show the
networks and links that exist within and between political units.
Human-Made Features
Political maps show human-made features such as
boundaries, capitals, cities, roads, highways, and
railroads.
Nonsubject Area
Areas surrounding the subject
area of a map are usually a
different color to set them apart.
They are labeled to give you a
context for the area you are
studying.
Physical Features
Political maps may show some
physical features such as relief,
rivers, and mountains.
Geography Skills Handbook GH11
80W 100W 60W 40W 20W
0
20S
4
0

S
6
0

S
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CAPRICO
RN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
BOLIVIA
CHILE
PERU
ECUADOR COLOMBIA
VENEZUELA
GUYANA
SURINAME
PARAGUAY
ARGENTINA
BRAZIL
URUGUAY
FR.
GUIANA
(Fr.)
Au
Au
Au
1,000 miles
1,000 kilometers
0
0
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
Primary Products
as a Percentage
of Exports
75% or more
50%74%
25%49%
Less than 25%
No data
Resources
Coal
Petroleum
Natural gas
Iron ore
Bauxite
Copper
Gold
Zinc
Timber
Au
Food
products
Coffee
Sugar cane
Cotton
Cut owers
Leather
Wool
N
S
W
E
40N
50N
20E
10E
30E
Black
Sea
B
a
l
t
i
c
S
e
a
A
d
r
i
a
t
i
c
S
e
a
D
n
ie
p
e
r
R
.
D
n
ie
ste
r R
.
V
i
s
t
u
l
a
R
.
Danube
R
.
POLAND
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
BELARUS
RUSSIA
TURKEY
GREECE
UKRAINE
HUNGARY
SLOV.
RUSSIA
CROATIA
BOS.&
HERZ.
ALBANIA
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
MACEDONIA
SERBIA
MOLDOVA
ESTONIA
GERMANY
AUSTRIA
ITALY
MONT.
S
L
O
V
A
KIA
C
Z
E
C
H
REP.
SLAVIC
HOMELAND
200 miles
200 kilometers
0
0
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
N
S
W
E
Eastern Slavs
Western Slavs
Southern Slavs
Present-day
boundary
Migration of
Slavic Peoples, c. 700
Thematic Maps
Maps that emphasize a single idea or a particular kind of
information about an area are called thematic maps. There are many
kinds of thematic maps, each designed to serve a different need. This
textbook includes thematic maps that show ancient civilizations,
the spread of religious ideas, exploration and trade, and war and
political conflicts.
Qualitative Maps
Maps that use colors, symbols, lines,
or dots to show information related to a
specific idea are called qualitative maps.
Such maps are often used to depict historical
information. For example, the qualitative
map below shows the spread of farming in
Latin America over time.
Flow-Line Maps
Maps that illustrate the movement of
people, animals, goods, and ideas, as well
as physical processes like hurricanes and
glaciers, are called flow-line maps. Arrows
are usually used to represent the flow
and direction of movement. The flow-line
map below shows the movement of Slavic
peoples throughout Europe.
GH12 Geography Skills Handbook
1. Explain the significance of: thematic
maps, qualitative maps, flow-line maps.
2. Which type of thematic map would best
show the spread of Islam during
Muhammads time?
3. Which type of thematic map would best
show average income per capita in the
United States?
4. How does GIS allow cartographers to
create maps and make changes to maps
quickly and easily?
5. Complete a chart like the one below by
identifying three examples of each type
of thematic map found in this textbook.
Note the page numbers of each.
Qualitative Maps Flow-Line Maps
Geography Skills
Handbook
Geographic Information Systems
Modern technology has changed the way maps are made.
Most cartographers use computers with software programs called
geographic information systems (GIS). A GIS is designed to
accept data from different sourcesmaps, satellite images, printed
text, and statistics. The GIS converts the data into a digital code,
which arranges it in a database. Cartographers then program the
GIS to process the data and produce maps. With GIS, each kind of
information on a map is saved as a separate electronic layer.
The first layer of information in a GIS
pinpoints the area of interest. This
allows the user to see, in detail, the
area he or she needs to study. In this
case, the area of study is a 5 mile
(8 km) radius around Christ Hospital
in Jersey City, New Jersey.
Additional layers of information are
added based on the problem or issue
being studied. In this case, hospital
administrators want to find out about
the population living in neighborhoods
near the hospital so they can offer the
community what it needs. A second
layer showing African Americans who
live within the 5 mile (8 km) radius has
been added to the GIS.
Complex information can be presented
using more than one layer. For example,
the hospitals surrounding neighbor-
hoods include other groups in addition
to African Americans. A third layer
showing whites who live within the
5 mile (8 km) radius has been added to
the GIS. Administrators can now use
this information to help them make
decisions about staffing and services
associated with the hospital.
Geography Skills Handbook GH13
Copyright 2008 by David W. Boles. All Rights Reserved.