6.

003: Signals and Systems

Relations among Fourier Representations

November 15, 2011

1

Mid-term Examination #3
Wednesday, November 16, 7:30-9:30pm, No recitations on the day of the exam. Coverage: Lectures 118 Recitations 116 Homeworks 110

Homework 10 will not be collected or graded. Solutions are posted. Closed book: 3 pages of notes (8 1 2 11 inches; front and back). No calculators, computers, cell phones, music players, or other aids. Designed as 1-hour exam; two hours to complete. Prior term midterm exams have been posted on the 6.003 website.

Fourier Representations
Weve seen a variety of Fourier representations: CT CT DT DT Fourier Fourier Fourier Fourier series transform series transform

Today: relations among the four Fourier representations.

Four Fourier Representations

We have discussed four closely related Fourier representations. DT Fourier Series DT Fourier transform

1 ak = ak+N = N

x[n]ej N kn
n=<N >

X (e j ) =
n=

x[n]ej n

x [ n ] = x[ n + N ] =
k=<N >

ak e

j2 N kn

x[ n] =

1 X (e j )e j n d 2 <2>

CT Fourier Series

CT Fourier transform

ak =

2 1 x(t)ej T kt dt T T

X (j ) =
2 kt T

x(t)ejt dt

x(t) = x(t + T ) =
k=

ak e j

x(t) =

1 X (j )e jt d 2

Four Types of Time

discrete vs. continuous (t) and periodic vs aperiodic () DT Fourier Series DT Fourier transform

CT Fourier Series

CT Fourier transform

t
5

Four Types of Frequency

discrete vs. continuous () and periodic vs aperiodic (t) DT Fourier Series DT Fourier transform

2 k N

CT Fourier Series
2 k T

CT Fourier transform

Relation between Fourier Series and Transform

A periodic signal can be represented by a Fourier series or by an equivalent Fourier transform. Series: represent periodic signal as weighted sum of harmonics 0 2 x(t) = x(t + T ) = ak ej0 kt ; 0 = T
k=

The Fourier transform of a sum is the sum of the Fourier transforms: 0 X (j ) = 2ak ( k0 )
k=

Therefore periodic signals can be equivalently represented as Fourier transforms (with impulses!).

Relation between Fourier Series and Transform

A periodic signal can be represented by a Fourier series or by an equivalent Fourier transform. Fourier Series

a a 1a0 a1 a2 a3 2 a3 a4 a4

0 1 ak ej0 kt
Fourier Transform

x(t) = x(t + T ) =
k=

2a4 2a3 2a2 2a1 2a0 2a1 2a2 2a3 2a4 0 0

8

Relations among Fourier Representations

Explore other relations among Fourier representations. Start with an aperiodic CT signal. Determine its Fourier transform. Convert the signal so that it can be represented by alternate Fourier representations and compare.

periodic DT DTFS interpolate sample

N
periodic extension

aperiodic DT DTFT sample

interpolate

periodic CT CTFS

T
periodic extension

aperiodic CT CTFT

Start with the CT Fourier Transform

Determine the Fourier transform of the following signal.

x(t) 1 1 0 1 t

Could calculate Fourier transform from the denition.

X (j ) =

x(t)ejt dt

Easier to calculate x(t) by convolution of two square pulses:

y (t) 1
1 1 2 2

y (t ) 1 t
10

1 1 2 2

Start with the CT Fourier Transform

The transform of y (t) is Y (j ) = sin(/2) /2

y (t) 1
1 1 2 2

Y (j ) 1 2 2

so the transform of x(t) = (y y )(t) is X (j ) = Y (j ) Y (j ).

x(t) 1 1 1 t

X (j ) 1 2 2

11

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

What is the eect of making a signal periodic in time? Find Fourier transform of periodic extension of x(t) to period T = 4.

z (t) =
k=

x(t + 4k ) 1 t

Could calculate Z (j ) for the denition ... ugly.

12

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

Easier to calculate z (t) by convolving x(t) with an impulse train.

z (t) =
k=

x(t + 4k ) 1 t

z (t) = where p(t) = Then

0 k= 0 k=

x(t + 4k ) = (x p)(t)

(t + 4k )

Z (j ) = X (j ) P (j )
13

Check Yourself

Whats the Fourier transform of an impulse train?

x(t) =
k=

(t kT ) 1 0 t T

14

Check Yourself
Whats the Fourier transform of an impulse train?

x(t) =
k=

(t kT ) 1 0 t T k
1 T

1 ak = T

X (j ) =
k=

2 2 ( k ) T T
2 T

0
15

2 T

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

Easier to calculate z (t) by convolving x(t) with an impulse train.

z (t) =
k=

x(t + 4k ) 1 t

z (t) = where p(t) = Then

0 k= 0 k=

x(t + 4k ) = (x p)(t)

(t + 4k )

Z (j ) = X (j ) P (j )
16

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

Convolving in time corresponds to multiplying in frequency.

X (j ) 1 2 P (j )
2 2 2

Z (j ) /2

2 2
17

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

The Fourier transform of a periodically extended function is a discrete function of frequency .

z (t) =
k=

x(t + 4k ) 1 t

Z (j ) /2

2 2

18

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

The weight (area) of each impulse in the Fourier transform of a periodically extended function is 2 times the corresponding Fourier series coecient.

Z (j ) /2

2 2

ak 1/4 k

1 1

19

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

The eect of periodic extension of x(t) to z (t) is to sample the frequency representation.

X (j ) 1 2 2 Z (j ) /2

2 2

ak 1/4 k

1 1
20

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

Periodic extension of CT signal discrete function of frequency. Periodic extension = convolving with impulse train in time = multiplying by impulse train in frequency sampling in frequency

periodic DT DTFS interpolate sample

N
periodic extension

aperiodic DT DTFT sample

interpolate

periodic CT CTFS

T
periodic extension (sampling in frequency)
21

aperiodic CT CTFT

Four Types of Time

discrete vs. continuous (t) and periodic vs aperiodic () DT Fourier Series DT Fourier transform

CT Fourier Series

CT Fourier transform

t
22

Four Types of Frequency

discrete vs. continuous () and periodic vs aperiodic (t) DT Fourier Series DT Fourier transform

2 k N

CT Fourier Series
2 k T

CT Fourier transform

23

Relation between Fourier Transform and Series

Periodic extension of CT signal discrete function of frequency. Periodic extension = convolving with impulse train in time = multiplying by impulse train in frequency sampling in frequency

periodic DT DTFS interpolate sample

N
periodic extension

aperiodic DT DTFT sample

interpolate

periodic CT CTFS

T
periodic extension (sampling in frequency)
24

aperiodic CT CTFT

Relations among Fourier Representations

Compare to sampling in time.

periodic DT DTFS interpolate sample

N
periodic extension

aperiodic DT DTFT sample

interpolate

periodic CT CTFS

T
periodic extension

aperiodic CT CTFT

25

Relations between CT and DT transforms

Sampling a CT signal generates a DT signal. x[n] = x(nT )

x(t) 1 1 0 1
Take T = 1 2.

x[ n ]

n 1 1
What is the eect on the frequency representation?
26

Relations between CT and DT transforms

We can generate a signal with the same shape by multiplying x(t) by an impulse train with T = 1 2. xp (t) = x(t) p(t) where p(t) =
0 k=

(t + kT )

x(t) 1 1 0 1 x[ n ] t xp (t)

n 1 1
27

t 1 1

Relations between CT and DT transforms

We can generate a signal with the same shape by multiplying x(t) by an impulse train with T = 1 2. xp (t) = x(t) p(t) where p(t) =
0 k=

(t + kT )

x(t) 1 1 0 1 xp (t) t

t 1
28

Relations between CT and DT transforms

Multiplying x(t) by an impulse train in time is equivalent to convolving X (j ) by an impulse train in frequency (then 2 ).

X (j ) 1 2 P (j ) 4 4 Xp (j ) 2 4
29

Relations between CT and DT transforms

Fourier transform of sampled signal xp (t) is periodic in , period 4 .

xp (t)

t 1 1 Xp (j ) 2 4 4

30

Relations between CT and DT transforms

Fourier transform of sampled signal xp (t) has same shape as DT Fourier transform of x[n].

x[ n ]

n 1 1 X (ej ) 2

31

DT Fourier transform
CT Fourier transform of sampled signal xp (t) = DT Fourier transform of samples x[n] where = T , i.e., X (j ) = X (ej )
=T

xp (t) t 1 x[ n ] n 1 1
= T = 1 2
32

Xp (j ) 2 4 X (ej ) 2 4

Relation between CT and DT Fourier Transforms

Compare the denitions: X (ej ) = 0
n

x[n]ej n

Xp (j ) = = = =

xp (t)ejt dt 0
n

x[n] (t nT )ejt dt (t nT )ejt dt

0
n

x[n]

0
n

x[n]ejnT

= T

33

Relation Between DT Fourier Transform and Series

Periodic extension of a DT signal is equivalent to convolution of the signal with an impulse train.

x[ n ]

n 1 1 p[ n]

n 8 xp [n] = (x p)[n] 8

n 8 1 1
34

Relation Between DT Fourier Transform and Series

Convolution by an impulse train in time is equivalent to multiplication by an impulse train in frequency.

X (ej ) 2

2 P (ej )

Xp (ej )
2

4 4
35

Relation Between DT Fourier Transform and Series

Periodic extension of a discrete signal (x[n]) results in a signal (xp [n]) that is both periodic and discrete. Its transform (Xp (ej )) is also periodic and discrete.

xp [n] = (x p)[n]

n 8 1 1 Xp (ej )
2

4 4

36

Relation Between DT Fourier Transform and Series

The weight of each impulse in the Fourier transform of a periodically extended function is 2 times the corresponding Fourier series coecient.

Xp (ej )
2

4 4

ak
1 4

1 1

37

Relation between Fourier Transforms and Series

The eect of periodic extension was to sample the frequency representation.

X (ej ) 2

2 ak

1 4

1 1

38

Four Types of Time

discrete vs. continuous (t) and periodic vs aperiodic () DT Fourier Series DT Fourier transform

CT Fourier Series

CT Fourier transform

t
39

Four Types of Frequency

discrete vs. continuous () and periodic vs aperiodic (t) DT Fourier Series DT Fourier transform

2 k N

CT Fourier Series
2 k T

CT Fourier transform

40

Relation between Fourier Transforms and Series

Periodic extension of a DT signal produces a discrete function of frequency. Periodic extension = convolving with impulse train in time = multiplying by impulse train in frequency sampling in frequency

periodic DT DTFS interpolate

periodic extension (sampling in frequency) sample interpolate

aperiodic DT DTFT sample

periodic CT CTFS

T
periodic extension
41

aperiodic CT CTFT

Four Fourier Representations

Underlying structure view as one transform, not four. DT Fourier Series DT Fourier transform

1 ak = ak+N = N

x[n]ej N kn
n=<N >

X (e j ) =
n=

x[n]ej n

x [ n ] = x[ n + N ] =
k=<N >

ak e

j2 N kn

x[ n] =

1 X (e j )e j n d 2 <2>

CT Fourier Series

CT Fourier transform

ak =

2 1 x(t)ej T kt dt T T

X (j ) =
2 kt T

x(t)ejt dt

x(t) = x(t + T ) =
k=

ak e j

x(t) =

1 X (j )e jt d 2

42

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6.003 Signals and Systems

Fall 2011

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