INTRODUCTION Organic compounds differ in volatility because of the intermolecular forces present and involved in each compound.

Volatility is based on the equilibrium vapor pressure exerted by the compound at a particular temperature. Compounds having strong intermolecular forces will definitely be more difficult to separate. Thus, compounds having strong intermolecular forces will be less volatile. It is therefore possible to separate compounds from each other in a mixture based on their volatility differences. More volatile compounds will be converted into vapor faster than those that have low volatilities. Thus, the process of separating compounds based on their volatility differences is called distillation. There are several types of distillation. Two of them are the simple and steam distillation, which are used for this experiment. Simple distillation, a volatile compound is separated from a nonvolatile compound by applying heat to the mixture. The vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. Consequently, the distillate is not pure but rather its composition is identical to the composition of the vapors at the given temperature and pressure. That concentration follows Raoult's law. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually sufficiently different that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose. Steam distillation is a method for distilling compounds which are heat-sensitive. The temperature of the steam is easier to control than the surface of a heating element, and allows a high rate of heat transfer without heating at a very high temperature. This process involves bubbling steam through a heated mixture of the raw material. By Raoult's law, some of the target compound will vaporize (in accordance with its partial pressure). The vapor mixture is cooled and condensed, usually yielding a layer of oil and a layer of water. This is used to recover organic compound that exerts very little vapor pressure even at high temperatures. Water is added to increase vapor pressure so that it can have atmospheric pressure at a lower temperature. Thus, in this experiment, the purpose is to (1) assemble a simple and a steam distillation setup, (2) identify and recognize the significance of all parts of the setup and (3) purify a sample using simple and steam distillation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following are the apparatus used during the experiment: quick fit, pipette, hot plate and Erlenmeyer flask. Meanwhile, the following are the reagents used during the experiment: impure toluene, p-dichlorobenzene, distilled water and ice. The experiment was divided into two parts, basically, the simple and steam distillation parts. For the simple distillation, the setup as shown in Figure 3.1 was assembled first. Impure toluene measuring 15 ml was transferred into the pear-shaped flask. Then it was heated with the aid of the hot plate. The distillate was collected at different temperatures at the rate of 1 drop per second. Definitely, every time a drop of the distillate was collected, the volume was measured. (This was continued until the temperature dramatically increased)

The data recovered from this part was plotted in a graph, and from this the boiling point of the toluene was determined. For the steam distillation, p-dichlorobenzene was used as the reagent. The setup shown in Figure 3.2 was assembled for this part of the experiment. Water in an Erlenmeyer flask measuring 100 ml was boiled to serve as the steam generator for this part. While the water was boiled, pdichlorobenzene was put into the pear-shaped with arm flask, dissolved slightly in 5 ml of water. The set-up now was connected and continued with the distillation. After the distillation process the recovered mixture was cooled and vacuum filtered. Finally, percentage recovery as well as the melting point of the recovered substance was determined. FOR THE RESULTS, Boiling Point of the Sample (C) Total volume collected (ml) Percentage Recovery(%) 110-113 13.4 89.33

Observations The sample is orange in color. It smelled like a substance present in rugby. The sample took some time to boil. However, once it boiled, raise in temperature is fast.

Melting point of the crude sample (C) Melting point of the purified sample (C) Weight of crude sample (g) Weight of the purified sample (g) Percentage recovery (%)

46 -50 50-54 2.0 1.36 68

Observations The mixture is reddish-orange in color. It looked like slightly soluble because of the undissolved particles in the pear-shaped distilland. The mixture took some time to boil. The crystals are yellowish-white. The odor of the crystals is the odor of the toilet deodorizer.