Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and muckraker writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and womens right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition. 3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a trust-buster. That is, he broke up a few highprofile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. 4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation. 5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelts ways and the two split. Chapter# 28: Identifications Jacob Riis Early 1900s muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the US with his novel How the Ohter Half Lives. He exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in New York City and Hells Kitchen. Ida Tarbell A muckraker who wrote the magazine McClures (1921). As a younger woman in 1904, Tarbell made her reputation by publishing the history of the Standard Oil Company, the Mother of Trusts. Robert M. LaFollete Three term governor of Wisconsin. Nicknamed Fighting Bob and was the most militantt of the progressive Republican leaders. He wrestled control from railroad and lumber industries, regulated public utilities and was elected in 1901 Charles Evans Hughes Reformist Republican governor of New York. He had earlier gained national fame as an investigaror of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. Upton Sinclair Upped the interest in saver canned food products by writing the sensational novel The Jungle (1906). Intended to focus on the plight of the workers, but readers were more concerned with food sanitation. It caused Roosevelt to appoint a special investigating commision and then to pass the Meat Inspection Act. Initiative Favored direct primary elections and voers being able to directly propose legislation themselves so as to bypass power- hungry party bosses. Referendum Progressive device that would place laws on the ballot for final approval by the people, especially laws that had been railroaded through a compliant legislature by free-spending agents of the big businesses. Recall The progressive device of enabling voters to remove faithless elected officials, particularly those who had been bribed by bosses or lobbyists; Muckrakers Reporters who wrote to expose social evils. They were mudslingers and dirt-diggers. Elkins Act 1903. Aimed primarily at the rebate evil. Heavy fines could now be imposed both on the railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them. Hepburn Act 1906. Free passes (showed bribery) were restricted; Expanded the Interstate Commerce Commision and its reach was extended to include express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines.

Commission able to nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates. Northern Securities Case In 1902 Roosevelt attacked the Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding company organized by financial titan JP Morgan and empire builder James J HIll--they had sought to achieve a virtual monopoly of he railroads in the northwest. Court held up Roosevelts antitrust suit and ordered the company to be dissolved. The decision jolted Wall Street and angred big businesses but greatly enhanced Roosevelts reputation as a trust smasher. Meat Inspection Act 1906. Passed by Roosevel as a response to Sinclairs book, The Jungle. Decreed that the preperation of meat shipped over state lines should be subject to federal inspection from corral to can. Pure Food and Drug Act 1906; Companion to the Meat Inspection Act. Designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. Newlands Act 1902; Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects; settlers reapid the cost of reclamation from their low-productive soil, and the money was put into a revolving fund to finance more such enterprises; Led to a widespread dam construction. Dollar diplomacy Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through the use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries. Payne-Aldrich Act Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Weas supposed to lower tarrif rates but Senator Nelson N. Alterich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tarrifs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariffs) and conservatives (high tariff) Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, MOntana and Alaska against Roosevelts conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican party.

Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives? Before the first decade of the 20th century, the US would be influenced by a progressive movement that fought against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social justice. The purpose of the Progressives was to use the government as in agency of human welfare. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers? Lincoln Steffens unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and the government. Ida M Tarbell published an expose of the Standard Oil Company. Thomas W Lawson exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes. David G Phillips charged that 75 of the 90 US Senators did not represent the people, but actually the railroads and trusts. Ray Stannard Baker said that 90% of Americas 9 million blacks still lived in the South, and that a third of them were illiterate. John Spargo brought the abuses of child labor to light Dr. Harvey W Wiley exposed the frauds that sold potent patient medicines by experimenting on himself . Political Progressivism

Know:

Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired. The progressives favored the initiative so that voters could directly propose legislation, the referendum so that the people could vote on laws that affected them, and the recall to remove bad officials from office. They also wanted to root out graft, using a secret Australian ballot to counteract boss rule, and have direct election of US senators to stop corruption. Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level? Progressives in Galveston, TX either used, for the first time, expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs or the city-manager system, which was designed to take politics out of municipal administration. Urban reformers attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution. In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M LaFollette wrestled control from the crooked corporations and returned power to the people. Under the leadership of Governor Hiram W Johnson, other states also took to regulate railroads and trusts, such as Oregon and California. Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York, gained fame by investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies. Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills? They were successful. Progressives made major improvements in the fight against child albor. The landmark case of Muller v. Oregon found attourney Louis D Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers. Anti-liquor organizations like the Womans CHristian Temperance Union, founded by Frances E Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed. Finally in 1919 the 18th century Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking of alcohol. TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal? They were getting control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States natural resources. TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." He understood the political popularity of monopoly-smashing, but he did not consider it a sound economic policy. He did not want to punish the trusts for their economic success, so he made his purpose symbolic. He wanted to prove that the government, not private business, ruled the country. He did not come down on trusts as hard as he could have. Caring for the Consumer Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act 8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle? It enlightened the American public to the distinguisngly unsanitary food products in the big canning factories. Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?

Roosevelt, convinced by the actions other conservationists like Gifford Pinchot, head of the federal Division of Forestry, convinced Congress to pass the Newlands Act. He pined to preserve the nations shrinking forests by setting aside 125 million acres in federal reserves, emarking milions of acres of coal deposits, and he earmarked water resources for irrigation and power. The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907? The panic paved the way for long-overdue fiscal reforms, and Congress, in 1908, passed the AldrichVreeland Act in response to the hard-pressed banks being unable to increase the volume of money in circulation The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs 11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency? He was to be known as the president to tame capitalism giving it a long adult life, with enthusiasm and perpetual youthfulness, that strenuously sought the middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism, and most of al all, the president that started a conversation crusade. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain He was fat, jovial, graduated second in his class at Yale, had an enviable reputation as a judge and a lawyer and was a trusted administrated of Roosevelts but he had none of the arts of a dashing political leader, was passive to Congress, did not take criticism well, and he was more wedded to status quo than to change. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced? A policy which called for Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of stategic concern to the US, especially in the Far Eastand in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal. Taft seeing a possible strangulation of Chinese economic interests, had Secretary of State Philander C Knox propose that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to China. Taft also pumped the US dollars into Honduras and Haiti, while in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic, American forces were brought to restore order and protect American investment. Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft? In his four years of office, Taft brought 90 suits against trusts. In his seven and a half years in office, Roosevelt brought 44 suits against trusts. In 1911, the supreme court ordered the dissolution of the standard oil company. After taft tried to break apart US steel despite Roosevelt being personally involved in one of the mergers that prompted the suit, Taft increasingly became Roosevelts antagonist. Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft? Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, thus betraying his campaign promises and outraging the progressive wing of his party. Taft rubbed salt in the would by proclaiming it the best bill that the republican party ever passed. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?

In 1911, the national progressive republican league was formed, with LaFollete as its leader, but in February 1912, Roosevelt began writing to state governors that he was willing to accept the republican nomination. Roosevelt forthwith seized the progressive banner pushing LaFollette aside. Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes 1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. 4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.

Clayton Antitrust Act Congressional measure making credit available to farmers at low rates of interest

Chapter #29 Identifications The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom 1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's. Roosevelt campaigned for female sufferage and a broad program of social welfare, such as minimumwage laws and socialistic social insurance. Wilsons New Freedom favored small enterprise, desired to break up all trusts. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain. With the republicans split, woodrow wilson easily won with 435 Electoral votes, while Roosevelt had 88 and taft only had 8, but the Democrats did not receive the majority of the popular vote. Socialist Eugene V. Debs racked up over 900000 popular votes, while the combined popular totals of Roosevelt and Taft exceeded Wilson. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president? Woodrow Wilson was a sympathizer with the South, a fine orator, a sincere and morally appealing politician, a very intelligent man, cold personality-wise, austere, intolerant of stupidity, and very idealistic when convinced he was right, wilson would break before he would bend, unlike roosevelt. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff 4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?" The three parts were the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Wilson Battles the Bankers Know: The Federal Reserve Act 5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913? It had a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money. The President Tames the Trusts Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act 6. How did Wilson curb the trusts? In 1914, Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission act, which empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration and bribery. The 1914 Clayton AntiTrust Act lenghtened the sherman anti trust acts list of practices that were objectionable, exempted labor unions from being called trusts, and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis 7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions. Wilson proceeded with further reforms, such as the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, which made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest, and the warehouse act of 1916, which permitted loans on the security of staple crops. The La Follette Seamens act of 1915 required good treatment of Americas

Chapter #29: Identifications Eugene Debs Prominent radical, socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railraod Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike. Pancho Villa Mexican revolutionary who killed many Americans in Mexico. The US sent John J Pershing to capture him but never did. John J. Pershing Wilson ordered him and an expeditionary force of about 15000 soilders into mexico to capture Francisco Pancho Villa dead or alive. Central Powers World War I alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Allies World War I alliance that included Britain, France, Russia and later the United States and Italy. They opposed the Central Powers. Lusitania This British liner was sunk in 1915, by German U Boats, causing Wilson to issue a stern warning to the Germans, telling them not to attack unarmed vessels without warning. Sussex Pledge A torpedo from a German submarine hit a french passenger liner, called the Sussex in march 1916. Wilson demanded the Germans refrain from attacking passenger ships. In this statement, Germany said they would temporarily stop these attacks but might have to resume in the future if the British continued to blockade German ports. Federal Reserve Act This act created a central banking system, considering of 12 regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve board. It was an attempt to prived the US with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today. New Nationalism Roosevelts progressive political party that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice. New Freedom Woodrow Wilsons domestic policy that promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. Underwood Tariff Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax. Federal Trade Commission Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigate complaints against companies.

sailors, but it sent merchant freight rates soaring as a result of the costs to maintain sailor health. The workingmens compensation act of 1916 granted assistance of federal civil service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court. The 1916 Adamson Act established an eight-hour workday with overtime pay. Wilson appeased the business by appointing a few conservatives to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Trade Commission, but he used most of his energies for progressive support. New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: Haiti 8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft. Wilson, unlike his two previous predecessors, didnt pursue an aggressive foreign policy, as he stopped dollar diplomacy, persuaded Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, and even led to American Bankers pulling out of a six-nation, taft engineered loan to china. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration? Mexico had been exploited for decades by US investors in oil, railroads, and mines, but the Mexican people were tremendously poor, and in 1913, they revolted, and installed full blooded Indian General Victoriano Huerta to the presidency. The rebels were very violent and threatened Americans living in Mexico, but Woodrow Wilson would not intervene to protect American lives. After small party of American sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico, in 1914, wilson threatened to use force, and even ordered the navy to take over Vera Cruz, drawing protest from Huerta and Carranza. Thunder Across the Sea Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers 10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914? In 1914, a Serbian nationalist killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The domino-effect began where Austria declared war on Serbia, which was supported by Russia, who declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany, which declared war on Russia and France, then invaded neutral Belgium, and pulled Britain into the war and igniting World War I. A Precarious Neutrality Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II 11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers? German and Austro-Hungarian agents in America tarnished the Central Powers image when they resorted to violence in American factories and ports, and when one such agent left his briefcase in a New York elevator, the contents of which were found to contain sabotage. America Earns Blood Money Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex 12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.? Germany announced its use of submarine warfare around the British Isles, warning the US that it would try not to attack neutral ships, but that mistakes would probably occur. German subs, or U boats sank many ships, including the Lusitania, a British passenger liner that was carrying arms and munitions as well. The attack killed 1198 lives, including 128 americans. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" 13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916? The Democratic ticket, with Wilson at its head again, went under the slogan he kept us out of war and warned that electing Hughes would be leading America into World War I. Even though wilson didnt specifically promise to keep America out o war, enough people felt that he did to vote for him.

Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives? Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians 14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why? I think the new left historians are right. The Progressives wanted reform. They would not fight for reform if the corruption did not directly affect them in any way. The Progressives were the people who were affected by the corruption of trusts and wanted to do something about it.