1.

2.







3. -






4.

-



1





5.





6.



()


()

- ()
7.


,
(, , , )
(, )


8.






2



9.






( )
( )
10.

-
()
()
-

- -
-
- -
- -
-


:
11.

-

/
-


/
/ - /
/ - /
/

Figure 1:

dV
1
= 0 sin(x)V = K dx
K = dxK =

dx

U0 - ;
Ii - ;
IS - ;

Id = f (Ud )


;
;
;
;
;
;

10

11

12


;
;
( );
;


, ;
, ;
, , ;

( , ).

,
. (Bipolar Junction Transistor).

( ).
, .


,
:
1. , ( )
;
2. ,
;
3. - , - ,
,
;
4. - , - ,
. ,
.

.

, .
, .
.
. ,
.

.
.
,
.
,
. , 10m,
.
IC0 , .
4

|IC | = | IE | + |IC0 | IB = |IE | |IC |

IE , UCB
:

dIC
|U =const = (0, 9 0, 995)
dIE CB

IC = IE + IC0 = (IC + IB )IC =

IC0
IB +
1
1

- .
=

dIC

1
=
=
=1+
dIB
1
1

10-1000.
ICE0 .
IC0
= (1 + ) IC0 = ICE0 IC = IB = ICE0
1

10

Figure 1: ( IC
)

:

IC ICB0
IB (ICB0 )

hF E =

IC
= DC
IB

hf e =

IC
|VCE = 0
IB

11

, hF E , hf e , ;
IC - ( 50mA50A);
PD ( 200mW 250W );
VCB0 - - ( 20 1500V );
VCE0 - - ( 20 800V );
VEB0 - - ( 4 20V );
IB - ;
fT - ,
. (1 5000M Hz );

hF E hf e ( 20%).

12

(RL )
.
,
,
.
,
.

13

- ()

IE0 IC0 (
).

N N .

I .
VC

VE

IC = N IE IC0 (e VT 1)IE = I IC IE0 (e VT 1)I IC0 = N IE0

VE = VT ln(1

IC + N IE
IE + I IC
)VC = VT ln(1
)
IE0
IC0

VT ( 26mV ).

14



.
- Ub e
.

gm =

Uc e , ib ic

IC
vbc
0
VT
vce
VA + VCE
VA
ic
|vce =0 =
r =
|vce =0 =
=
rO =
|vbe =0 =

vbe
VT
ib
gm
IB
ic
IC
IC

VT - ;
IC , IB ;
VA ;

15

16

17

Figure 2:

Figure 3:
.
. (80-95%
).
50%, 78,5% (/4),
78,5%, 90%.
: , , , , ,
.

18

Figure 4:

Figure 5: - 50%

19

20

U1 U2 .
UC = RC2 IC2 RC1 IC1

21


;
;
; ;
;
;

.
: , .
,
.
Junction FET .
().

,
.
Vgs ,
. (pincho voltage) Vp .

Metal Oxide Semi-conductor Field Eect Transistor.

.
Vds , , ,
.

Vgs .

Vgs , , (
) .
Vgs , ,
.
Vgs ,
.
:
4

 ;
;

( ).

.
Vgs ,
Vgs .

VGS > Vp
VGD = VGS VDS > Vp
2
iD = kn (2(VGS Vp )VDS VDS
)

kn
40A/V 2 .
6

VGS > Vp
VGD = VGS VDS Vp

VDS

VGS > Vp
VGD > Vp
- :
2
iD = kn (2(VGS Vp )VDS VDS
)

VGS > Vp
VGD > Vp

RS

VGS . -
, . RS
.

10

 ( )

( ) .
.
VGS < Vp ,
. .
, , .
.

11

12

 (Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductor)

.

.
.

13





( ,
, , )

Figure 1:

Vi = Vu

Figure 2:

Figure 3:
.
.
, :

Av =

vi (t)
vu (t)

Ai =

ii (t)
iu (t)

Ap =

pi (t)
pu (t)

:
$$A_v(dB) = 20log
.
.
:
0.

A(dB) <

Figure 4:

Figure 5:

Figure 6:
,
.
.

vi = A (v + + v )

1
vZ = (v + + v )
2
.
CM RR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio)
:

AD
AZ



.
:

;
;
;

Vu = Uu
Vi = A Vu
Ru > 1M
Ri 0
A
= 105
i+ 0
i 0
V+ V
CM RR > 104

.
.

V + = 0 V = 0(V + V )
I1 I2 I = 0 I1 = I2 (I 0)
I1 =

U1 V
U1
=
R1
R1

V U2
U2
=
R2
R2
U1
U2
Ui z
U2
R2
=
Ar =
=
=
R1
R2
Uu l
U1
R1
I2 =

10

V + = U1 V = U1 (V + V )
I1 I2 I = 0 I1 = I2 (I 0)
I1 =

V
U1
=
R1
R1

V U2
U1 U2
=
R2
R2
U1
U1 U2
Ui z
U2
R2
=
Ar =
=
=1+
R1
R2
Uu l
U1
R1
I2 =

11

Ui = U1

Rf
Rf
Rf
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3

12

v + = 0 v = 0(v + v )
iR iC i = 0 iR = iC (i 0)
u1 v
u1
=
R
R

duC
d(v u2 )
du2
iC = C
=C
= C
dt
dt
dt

u1
du2
u1
= C
du2 =
dt/
R
dt
RC
1
u2 =
u1 dt
RC
iR =

13

v + = 0 v = 0(v + v )
iC iR i = 0 iC = iR (i 0)
duC
d(u1 v )
du1
=C
=C
dt
dt
dt

v u2
u2
iR =
=
R
R

du1
u2
u1
C
=
du2 =
dt/
dt
R
RC

1
u2 =
u1 dt
RC

iC = C

14

v1 > v2 vi = VC C
v1 < v 2 vi = 0


. .
.

15


;
;
;
;
;
( .);

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

.
:
;
;

Figure 4: -
:
;
;
4

A=

Vi
Vu

Vi
A
= Vu Vi Ar =
A
1 + A
A .

Figure 5: -
. :

Ar =

A
1 A

Ar =

A
1 + A

1 + .

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A = 1 ;
A < 0 |A| < 1 Ar > A;
= 0 Ar = ;
A > 0 Ar < A;
A  1 .
A
A
Ar = 1+A
A
= 1 ;

Figure 6: -

Vr
R1
=
Vi
R1 + R2

A 105 A  1
Ar =

1
R2
=1+

R1

A  1,
.

, ,
( ) .

Figure 7:

A=

A0
1+j

f
fg

Ar =

A0
1+j ff

A0
1 + 1+j
f

fg

f  fg , Ar =

A0
1+A0

1+j

f
fg (1+A0 )

A0
.
1+A0

, fgr

= fg (1 + A).



. ,
:
-;
;
;

H(s).

,
:

H(s) =

P (s)
Q(s)

 , (

1 + A)

F (s) = L {f (t)} =

est f (t)dt (s = + i; > 0; t 0)

.

( ).

Figure 8:

.
1 + 0.

(1, 0), |1 + A| 1 .
A |1 + A| < 1, .

10


;
;
;
;
;
;
();
;
-;
;


.
.
,
.
, .

.

.
.
(
), , .

, ,
. ,
. ( ) .

.
.

.
.
. (Light
Emitting Diode). , .

, , .

, .
. ,
,
.


.
. , ,
.
, ,
.

Figure 1:
-,
EP Eg :

EP = h =

hc
Eg

h 6, 626 1034 Js, ,

, c .

.

. :
VD

i = if IS (e vT 1)
if . :
4

i = if IS
IS ,
.
,
.
(
).

,
.

 ()

. ,

.
-,
, .

:

VM AX = VT ln(1 +

if
)
IS

Figure 2:
, ,
.
.
, ,
-. :

iC = ( + 1)(ICB0 + if )
- . ,
, ,
.

Figure 3: -

Figure 4:
() .

, .
,
.
1M ( )
100 . ,
, . ,
(
).
,
, - (CdS ) - (P bS ).

(Light Emitting Diode)

. , .
,
.

1, 7eV 3, 5eV .
(1, 74, 5V ).
.

10


, ,
.

.
375 2680nm.

,

1 100mW

2nm.

.
(, , ) ,
.
( 1300
1550nm).

11

- ()
- .
M , .

-
. -
.
- 1012
10kV . ,
,
.

12


1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ,
y ; 4 - ( ); 5 -
; 6 - - ; 7 - ( -); 8 -;

.
,
.

13


;
;
, ;
(, , , );
(, );
;
;

Figure 1:
, .

(, , ).
,
.
, .
.
, .

.

Figure 2:
v(t)
:

T ,

v(t) = A0 +

An cos(

n=1

2nt
+ n )
T


(f < fG ) ()
.
, (
) T = f1
S
(fG ). fS = 2fG .


,
.
( ),
.
, , ,
.
,
.

9410 = 10111102 = 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 0 20


.
,
.

, ,
.
,
.

95410 = 1001 0101 0110BCD



.
, 0 1.
:
, (A);
, + (A + B );
(A B );

,
.


:
= (0) = ;
= (1) = ;
(, , , .)
.
,
.


50. 20.
- (resistor-transistor logic - RTL);
,
() .
- (diode-transistor logic - DTL);
(1961. ),
- (transistor-transistor logic - TTL),
. (
20ns) ,
.


90. ,
(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) .
, 2, 2V 5V ,
0V 0, 8V / . 5V .
, ,
:

1mW ) ( 33ns);
6ns),

Low Power () (
High Speed () (
(22mW );

() , (3ns),
( 19mW );
Low Power Shottky () ,
2mW ;
LoW Voltage ()

10

3, 3V , .

9, 5ns



. , .
(Metal Oxide Semi-conductor Field Eect Transistor) .
:
;
;
;
(, ,
.). , (2010.)
cm2 .

11



( ).
, .
45nm 32(30)nm .
.
(
), 22nm 16nm ,
7, 9nm.

12

13

14

15

16



. ,
.
:
;
( )
;
;

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24


, ,

, .
.
,
.
.

25


:
1 ,
;
;
;

26


;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;


( - Small Scale Integration) - 100 ;

102 103 ;
( - Large Scale Integration) - 103 105 ;
( - Very Large Scale Integration) - 105 107 ;
( - Ultra Large Scale Integration) - 107 109
( - Medium Scale Integration) -

109 101 2 ;
( - Tera Scale Integration) - 101 2 ;
( - Giga Scale Integration) -


- ;
- - ;
- - ;
- - ;
- ;
- - ( );
- - ;
- - - ;

1964 54/74xx.
, .
,
.
.
:
;
;
;
;
;
;
500.000 :

VOH(min) - (1),
VOH(min) 2, 4V 4, 7V ;
VIH(min) - (1),
1. VIH(min) 2V 3,7V$ ;

1.

Figure 1:

IOH - ,
VOH(min) ;
IIH - 1 ;

VOL(max) - 0. VOL(max) 0, 4V
0, 1V ;
VIL(max) - 0.
VIL(max) 0, 8V 1,5V$ ;
IOL - 0,
VOL(max) ;

IIL - 0 ;

VT - [ ] () ;

Figure 2:

Figure 3:



. ,
.
:
, ;

;

;

N Mh = VOH(min) VIH(min)
N Ml = VIL(max) VOL(max)

Figure 4:

tP LH ;
TP LH o;

tP LH tP HL 50% .
:

1
tP D = (tP LH + tP HL )
2
, .

tr tf 10% 90%
90% 10% .

1 4ns.

10


( )
,
.
(
)
.
:

VOL VOL(max) ;
VOH VOH(min) ;

;
tr tf ;
;
.

LS =

|IOL |
|IIL |

HS =

|IOH |
|IIH |

F G = min({LS, HS})

11


VCC ( VDD )
. (high) (low)
, , :

ICCH : ;
ICCL : ;
ICCT : ;

, ICCT ICCH ICCL .

ICCH ICCL , :

P = VCC

(
+ ICCL )2
I CCH

, I_{ CCH } I_{ CCL } I_{ CCT }.

:

P = VCC ICCT
,
.
:
,
;
,
;

12


( )
().
, .
, 0
1 .

E (Enable)
Q3 Q4 . E , Q3 Q4
. E , Q3
Q4 , .

13


(Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductor) 90.
.
:
;
;
;
;
;
:
;
-

ESD (Electro-Static Discharges)

14


;
;
;
;
;
;
( );
( );



.
(, , , ).
, .

Figure 1:

( )
. . 2n n ,
2n .
1 .
,
.
( )
.
( 10 16 ).

Figure 2:

 4 2


5 ( D4 > D3 > D2 >
A2 , A1 , A0 V , V 1.

A2 = D4
A 1 = D4 D3 + D4 D3 D2
A 0 = D4 D3 + D4 D3 D1 D2
V = D4 = D3 + D2 + D1 + D0

D1 > D0 ) -

n- m- ,
n m 2n, .



. ,
, ,
.

n (Sn1 ,S0 ) , 2n
(i2n 1 ,i0 ) y .

n .

10

m , m < 2n

 2 1

11

 4 1

Y = S1 S0 A0 + S1 S0 A1 + S1 S0 A2 + S1 S0 A3

12


.
n (Sn1 , ...S_0$)
, 2n (i_{ 2n-1 },i0 ) (x).

2n n .

13

m m <

 1 4

D0 = S1 S0 A
D1 = S1 S0 A
D2 = S1 S0 A
D3 = S1 S0 A

14

 1 4 (Enable)

15

16

G=X Y
E =X Y +X Y =X Y =X Y +X Y =L+G
L=X Y

17

S =ab+ab=ab
C =ab

18

1-

.

S = A B Ci1
Ci = Ci1 (A B) + A B

19

4-
4- , 1- ,
.
0.

20



.

.
() - ;
1 1 0 1;
0 0 1 0;
( ) -

21

22



. 0.

23


(, , );
, , ;
- (, , );
( , , );

, () .
(, -) .
:
;
;

( ).

.
, .


.

Q Q.
:

Figure 1:
.
,
.
( ).
(latch) -
. -
( ).

.
.
, .

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

-
.
- .

(1) Vi1 (2)

(2) Vi2 (1).

Vu2 ,

A B . ,
.

C .
A B .
()

S R

S R .

R = 1 S = 1 0
.

 ()

S R

S R .

R = 0 S = 0 1
.

S -R

S R S -R .

E , C , CLK G.

E ( CLK ) ,
S -R .

Figure 4:

S -R

S -R
.

D .

Y = 0.

C = 1, Y ;

;
;
:

Y .
10

 ,
.
.

Figure 5: ()

11

D -

.
. .

12

D -
D -
(CLK ). .

D - .
C .

13

J -K -
J -K - J K . J , K ,
J = K = 1, .

14

15

D - J -K -
D - J K J -K
- , .

16

T -
T - J K J -K
- . T 0, J K
Q . T , J K Q
(toggle).

17

- ( (Preset)
(Clear))
- ( ).
. 0,
0, .
0, 1, .
0 .
, - .

Figure 6:

J -K -

18

J -K - -
:

J -K - ;
2. J -K - ;
1.

Q 0.

19

20



: ;
;
;
;
- ;
;
-;

S0 - 1;

S1 - 1;

S2 - 1;

S3 - 1;

2 ;
;

21

S0 :
S1 :
S2 :
S3 :

00;
01;
10;
11;

22

, , - ;
-;
;

;

23


(3 => 3 );
;
(A B )
;

24

25

-, . D -. (word) ;
.
()
8 1 .

26


- ;
;
, / ;

Figure 7:

27


;
;

28


.
. :

-
-
- (clock);
.

29


0;
- ;
- -;
;
- ;

30


()
- (CLK );
- ;
:

J = K = 0, - ;
J = K = 1, - ;

D -;

31

32


;
- ;
/ ( , / , /
);
/ ( / , / , /
);

.
:
;
, ;
.
.


;
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) ;

 - (Sample and Hold)

;
;
;

T2 ;
;
;

Vu ;

T BW (Tracking Bandwidth) Vi

10


,
: min max.
.
. (min)
(max) L .

max min
L

11


0 L 1, L .
.
Vmin
L = 8 .
-20 -15;
-15 -10;
-10 -5;
-5 0;
0 +5;
+5 +10;
+10 +15;
+15 +20;
:
-17,5;
-12,5;
-7,5;
-2,5;
2,5;
7,5;
12,5;
17,5;

12

= 20V Vmax = 20V .

= 20(20)
= 5. :
8


. ,
:

nb = log2 L

nb , .

nb = 3. 8 ( ) :

000;
001;
010;
011;
100;
101;
110;
111;
:
000 -20 -15;
001 -15 -10;
010 -10 -5;
011 -5 0;
100 0 5;
101 5 10;
110 10 15;
111 15 20;

13

14


-
. (
) . ,
. , .
, ,
, LSB (Least Signicant Bit).

15

 /
/ . n-
2n , : - 8- 28 , . 256
; - 10- 210 1024 ; - 16- 216
65536 ;

8- 0, 25%. 24-
32- .
.

16

/
- ( / )
. -

. /
, , . /
, .
/ ,
, .
,
. 8- /
100ns 1s. 16-
.
. /
8 330M Hz .

17

Di = 0, . Di = 1, .

Vref i
2
R

Ii =
:

I=

n1

i=0

Vref i
2 Di
R

/ :

I = Rf I =

Rf Vref n1
2i Di
R
i=0

18

Pi Vref :
Vn1 =

1
Vref
(n1)i
3
2

Vi =

Rf
1 n1
Vref n
Di 2i
3R
2 i=0

: R 2R.
, Di = 1, $-V_{ ref }.

19

Di = 0,

 /

, , :
- V s(tn ) -
. 1m
. : , . - n
n () Dn .
n 1m, 2m, 4m, 8m,, (2n 1)m
s(tn ). :
1. 3. . - tn
Dn . 2n 1
1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m, 6m,, (2n 1)m
s(tn ). : (), .

20

/ - /

. .
. 10 .
, .

21

22

 / -
/ , , ,
. :
( ) ;
/
;
1,
;
;

. /
.
, .

23

24

/
.
. :
(Vd

= 0);

M SB (b3 ) 1;
VC = 0, Vd < Vin , M SB 1;
VC = 1, Vd > Vin , M SB 0;

25

M SB (b3 ) LSB (b0 ) ;

26