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Pearl Harbor
! US had moved its Navy to Pearl in anticipation of problems ! Pearl seen as a safe harbor, the water was too shallow for torpedoes ! The US still did not know where the Japanese navy was ! Sunday, December 7, 1941, while sailors slumbered, over 350 Japanese planes struck ! They caught the US completely o" guard
Mistakes
! There was supposed to be a 3rd strike ! It was called o" and could have delivered a death blow ! No aircraft carriers were in the harbor ! Most were raised, xed and sent back into action ! Japan did not realize how quickly the US would revoce ! With the attack US entered WWII and declared war on Japan and Germany
Niihau Incident
! Something else occurred during the Pearl Harbor Attack ! It is a lesser known story but very important ! A Japanese pilot, Shigenori Nishikaichi crash landed on the island of Niihau ! The remote Hawaiian Island was to be used as a refuge for damaged Japanese planes ! It was though to be uninhabited but was home to over 130 Hawaiians ! A sub was to pick up survivors
Niihau Incident
! The Japanese pilot was quickly taken captive by a native by Hawila Kaleohano ! That night a faction occurred as Japanese Hawaiians sprung the pilot in the night ! The incident ended in bloodshed and was later reported to President Roosevelt ! FDR feared other possible uprisings amongst Japanese Americas ! Therefor he issued Executive Order 9066, internment of all Japanese Americans
Niihau Incident
! During the course of the war, over 110,000 Japanese Americans were interned ! They created 10 camps where Japanese Americans were forced to live and work ! Those who lived in them felt betrayed by their country, others sought to prove themselves in war ! Most camps were in the midwest including: Utah Topaz Idaho Minidoka Wyoming Heart Mountain
Japanese Offensive
! The Attack on Pearl Harbor was only one part of a coordinated attack on the US ! On the same day, and for days afterward, the Japanese attacked various islands in South East Asia ! Most important to the US was the Philippines a US territory ! Soldiers were caught o" guard, but fought and prolonged full Japanese victory until April of 1942
Japanese Offensive
! By that same month of that year, Japan had captured nearly every island in the Pacic ! They were even making plans to invade and capture Australia ! The US soldiers who were captured during this assault were heavily mistreated by Japanese soldiers ! Many were worked to death ! US Navy Hero Douglas MacArthur was forced to leave the Philippines where he was stationed
Japanese Offensive
! MacArthur knew his soldiers were ghting a losing battle but FDR did not want him captured ! He was rescued and own out, but MacArthur replied to his men, Whence I came, I shall return ! After his departure, the Japanese captured the Bataan Peninsula ! Over 1000 US and 5000 Philippine soldiers died as they were marched over 90 miles without water
Japanese Offensive
! The situation in April of 1942 for the US in the Pacic was bleak ! They had lost a good deal of their eet at Pearl Harbor ! They had lost many islands of the Pacic including the Philippines ! Japan was quickly making moves to attack and capture Australia ! The US however was about to rebound
Niihau Incident
! Something else occurred during the Pearl Harbor Attack ! It is a lesser known story but very important ! A Japanese pilot, Shigenori Nishikaichi crash landed on the island of Niihau ! The remote Hawaiian Island was to be used as a refuge for damaged Japanese planes ! It was though to be uninhabited but was home to over 130 Hawaiians ! A sub was to pick up survivors
Niihau Incident
! The Japanese pilot was quickly taken captive by a native by Hawila Kaleohano ! That night a faction occurred as Japanese Hawaiians sprung the pilot in the night ! The incident ended in bloodshed and was later reported to President Roosevelt ! FDR feared other possible uprisings amongst Japanese Americas ! Therefor he issued Executive Order 9066, internment of all Japanese Americans
Niihau Incident
! During the course of the war, over 110,000 Japanese Americans were interned ! They created 10 camps where Japanese Americans were forced to live and work ! Those who lived in them felt betrayed by their country, others sought to prove themselves in war ! Most camps were in the midwest including: Utah Topaz Idaho Minidoka Wyoming Heart Mountain
Internment Camps
! In 1941, Japanese Americans only numbered 127,000 ! 2/3rds had been born in the US ! Most lived on the west coast ! Movement into internment camps was harsh ! Most did not have time to secure their property and possessions before they left ! Most lost their homes, businesses and their land
Internment Camps
! All of the camps were in remote and desolate regions ! They were crammed into small wooden barracks ! Rooms had cheap beds, leaky roofs and a single lightbulb ! People had to share community toilets, showers, and dinning facilities ! Barbed wire and guards surrounded the camps ! They appeared eerily similar to concentration camps
Internment Camps
! In 1943, many men in the camps pressed to serve in the military ! They were eager to prove they were Americans and wanted to serve their nation ! 17,000 Japanese Americans served in the War ! Most were Nisei, sons of parents who were born in Japan ! The 442nd all Japanese regiment won more medals for bravery in WWII than other in US history
Internment Camps
! During the War, several court hearings took place ! The US government defended the right as a means of national security ! In 1945, all Japanese citizens were released ! In 1988 the US government apologized and paid each family 20,000 dollars ! It still remains a black mark on American History
Mobilization
! When WWII started, the US had a lot of work to do to catch up ! The US military was out of date ! To complicate matters, supplies were low due to nations being occupied by Axis powers ! In January of 1942, Roosevelt set up the War Production Board ! Its purpose was to change peacetime industries into war industries ! Instead of producing cars, they would produce tanks and bombs
Mobilization
! Ford Motor Company built a huge new factory to make B-24 Liberators ! Mass production and assembly line techniques transformed the shipping industry ! One type of ship for the navy went from taking 200 days to 40 ! To motivate businesses the government gave out military contracts ! The military paid production costs and gave industries a bonus pay
Mobilization
! Workers earned their regular salary but were added a bonus military salary ! Each year the US set production goals and each year they met them ! In 1944, the US outproduced alone all Axis nations combined ! It produced 300,000 airplanes, 80,000 landing crafts, 100,000 tanks, 5,600 ships, 6 million ries and machine guns ! The US was quick becoming the arsenal of democracy
Mobilization
! Union memberships rose but also the will to work ! Unions agreed they would not strike during time of war ! However, in 1943 strikes did occur on a limited scale ! The War boosted the economy ! People had jobs and received good pay ! The US vowed to spend whatever it took to win the War
Mobilization
! In 1939 the US spent $8.9 billion. In 1945 it had spent $95.2 billion ! Overall the US spent $321 billion on WWII more than 10x what it spent on WWI ! Money came from higher taxes, borrowing and War Bonds ! War Bonds alone brought in $186 Billon ! It greatly boosted the national debt ! It went from $43 billion to $259
JAPAN WWII
War in the Pacic was a war of distances It was comprised of 100s of islands spread over 1000s of miles General Douglas MacArthur argued it would be too costly to storm each He advocated a theory of island hopping They would take weaker islands, starve out the strong, and proceed slowly to striking distance of Japan
JAPAN WWII
The rst great land battle took place at Guadalcanal in August of 1942 The Japanese were building an air base with the intent of attacking Australia 11,000 Marines landed on the island They slogged through swamps, rivers, hacked at vines in search of the enemy Japanese snipers took their toll on American soldiers
JAPAN WWII
Both sides sent reinforcements to hold the island The US navy stopped Japan after months of ghting and Japan quickly evacuated The US had taken its rst Japanese held territory The steady march towards Japan had begun
JAPAN WWII
Next great land attack came at Tarawa in 1943 Fighting on Tarawa was some of the worst ever witnessed in history The Japanese had heavily fortied the island and fought to the death Of 35,000 US soldiers, nearly 2,000 died Of the 5,000 Japanese, only 17 surrendered
JAPAN WWII
From Tarawa, the US began bombing raids on the Marshall Islands Those attacks crippled the Japanese air force It allowed the US to advance on the islands of Kwajalein and Eniwetok From the Marshall Islands, US forces advanced on the Mariana Islands Each advancement brought more death
JAPAN WWII
Next the US moved on Saipan Saipan experienced even more ferocious ghting conditions that Tarawa 71,000 US soldiers fought 31,000 Japanese Fighting was rough due to caves, cliffs and volcanic structure of the island US losses neared 3,000 while Japan lost 24,000 over 5,000 suicides Suicides were unexpected
JAPAN WWII
After Saipan, the US was within striking distance of the Philippines In October of 1944, the US launched an attack at Leyte Gulf in the Philippines The US Navy utilized 738 ships and 178,000 men to retake the Philippines McArthur returned, just as he had promised
JAPAN WWII
While battling for the Philippines, Japan, desperate to hold the island, started a new tactic For the rst time in the war, the Japanese began suicide plane attacks called Kamikaze They believed the gods had demanded it on order to preserve the Japanese mainland In 3 days they sunk 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers and 3 battleships
JAPAN WWII
After securing the Philippines, the US sought to end the war by bombing Japan into submission In order to achieve this, they needed to get close enough to bomb Therefore, the next islands they targeted were Iwo Jima and Okinawa Iwo Jima was the most highly defended spot on the planet
JAPAN WWII
Iwo Jima was assaulted by US Marines After days of constant softening of the island, the Marines landed Fighting was erce as the Japanese fought from caves After 35 days of ghting, the Marines raised the ag atop mount Suribachi They thought they had secured victory, but the Japanese retook the mountain
JAPAN WWII
After two months of ghting, the US proved the victors It came at a heavy cost of 7,000 US dead and over 20,000 wounded The Japanese lost 21,700 Fighting grew continually worse the closer the US came to the Japanese mainland Would all the Japanese chose death over surrender?
JAPAN WWII
Okinawa was absolutely brutal Again the Japanese had determined to ght to the last man The ghting lasted nearly 3 months When the dust settled, over 12,000 US soldiers had lost their lives Japan lost over 110,000, many died by suicide and that number included civilians With the seizure of these islands, the US could now begin bombing Japan
Death of Mussolini
Death of Mussolini
Death of Mussolini
Death of Mussolini