History Final Exam Review Sheet

Hamid Ali Section 8-2

Final Exam Structure:

25 Matching (1 pt each) 25 pts

26 Lists (1 pt each) 26 pts
25 fill-ins (1 pt each) 25 pts
8 short answer (3 pts each) 24 pts = 100 pts

Matching/ Fill-in terms to study:

OPEC-

Zend-Avesta- The book of Zoroastrianism, founded by Zoraster and had the principal
god of good, Ahura Mazda and the principal god of evil Ahriman. King Vishtaspa had
Zoraster’s teachings written down into what became known as the Zend-Avesta, and
Vishtaspa made Zorastrianism the official region of Bactria, part of Persia.

Pan-Arabism- The movement, which sought to unite all Arabs based on their common
language and culture. To promote Arab unity, nationalists formed the Arab League in
1945. Arab nationalists believed that a unified Arab state would be a major world power,
and such a state would be strong enough to end European domination of the Middle East.
In 1958, Egypt’s president, Gamel Abdel Nasser, organized Egypt and Syria into the
United Arab Republic. The new nation was short-lived, however, because within three
years, Syria broke away, charging that Egypt was dominating the union. State nationalism
proved to be stronger than pan-Arab unity. In Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq,
people felt greater loyalty to their own country than to an ideal Arab state, and each state
pursued its own national goals. Arab lands included many ethnic and religious groups that
opposed the creation of an Arab state, and Arab lands had no geographic unity, because
they included settlements scattered across a wide area. An economic gap between rich
and poor nations as well as rivalries within the Arab world created other stumbling
blocks. Although Arab states failed to unite, pan-Arabism remains a goal of some Arab
leaders, and calls for Arab unity continue to be heard in the Middle East.

Sumerians- Sumer was located in the fertile Tigris-Euphrates delta, and the Sumerians
grew dates and grain. There were three Sumerian city-states, Erech, Er, and Kish, and
each city-state had its own ruler, as well as its special god or goddess, laws, and army.
Rival city-states often fought each other. The Sumerians developed a system of writing
known as cuneiform, had the chief building of a ziggurat, a huge, many-tiered temple, in
each city-state, used the wheel, invented the sail, invented the plow, developed an
accurate calendar, survey fields with arithmetic and geometry, and they set up a system of
measurement based on the number 60, which is why people today use the 60-second
minute, 60-minute hour, and 360o circle.

Babylonians- In 1700 B.C., under King Hammurabi, the Babylonians conquered much
of the fertile crescent, and in order to provide justice throughout his large empire,
Hammurabi drew up a single code of law, replacing the many law codes of earlier
peoples. Hammurabi’s Code included 282 laws, which regulated economic, social, and
moral affairs. The code distinguished between major and minor crimes. It also tried to
make the punishment fit the crime. The basic principle of punishment was “an eye for an
eye and a tooth for a tooth.” Hammurabi’s law code became an example for later
peoples and served as a foundation for future codes of law.

Yahweh- Yahweh is the Hebrew God

Vishtaspa- King of Bactria, which is part of the Persian empire, who wrote down the
teachings of Zoroaster in what is now the Zend-Avesta. He then made Zoroastrianism the
official religion of his land.

Yathrib- Yathrib is the city, where the Prophet Muhammad (S) and his followers
migrated to, after being persecuted in Makkah. This migration became known as the
Hijrah The name Yathrib was later changed to Medinah, or “city of the prophet (s).”

Diaspora- In A.D. 70, the Jews revolted against Roman rule. In a savage war, many Jews
were killed, and the Romans forced the survivors out of Palestine. This scattering of Jews
throughout the world is called the diaspora. Throughout the centuries, the Jews then
made important contributions to science, medicine, business, and the arts in Europe,
Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Ishmael- Ishmael was the son of Abram and Hagar, and founded the Ishmaelites or
Muslims. Abram was married to Sarai, but they were unsuccessful in having a child, so
Abram had Ishmael with Sarai’s handmaiden, Hagar. Now normally Ishmael would
have gotten the birth rite, which is the oldest son gets the family name and majority of
items passed to after dad dies, but this was not the case, because turns out Sarai gave
birth to a son, Isaac. Abram sends away Hagar and Ishmael, and Ishmael goes on to
found the Ishmaelites or the Muslims.

Isaac- Isaac was the son of Abram and Sarai, and was the second son of Abram, the first
being Ishmael. Isaac received the birth rite, because Sarai forced Abram to give it to
him, although it should’ve gone to Ishmael. Isaac later goes to Canaan, modern day
Palestine, and founds the Jews.

Ataturk- Ataturk was formerly Mustafa Kemal, a brilliant general, who rallied Turkish
resistance to the Greek advance in Anatolia. The Turks succeeded in driving the Greeks
out of Anatolia, and in 1923 Kemal overthrew the Sultan abolished the Ottoman Empire,
and made Turkey a republic. He then later took the name of Kemal Ataturk, or “father of
the Turks.” Ataturk continued the reforms that had begun under the Ottomans. And was
determined to make Turkey a modern secular state. To encourage economic development,
he used government funds to build industries. He also insisted on the separation of
religion and the government. For example, he replaced Islamic law with a new law code
based on western models. Under the new laws, women won the right to vote and hold
public office. He also set up a system of public schools that were separate from religious
schools. Turkey began to use the western calendar and the metric system of weights and
measures. Ataturk also replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, and encouraged
western-style clothing, by forbidding men to wear the fez, and by forbidding women to
veil their faces in public.

Abram- Abram was the father of Isaac and Ishamel, and the husband of Sarai and
Hagar. He gave the birth rite to Isaac, and not Ishmael, who it should’ve gone to,
because Sarai made him.

Abraham- He was formerly known as Abram, but then god told him he was the chosen
person on earth, and from him would come the chosen people. He then changed his name
to Abraham, and his wife, Sarai, changed her name to Sarah.

Assyrians-

John Speke-

Timbuktu- Timbuktu was a lively trading center. Traders and pack animals crowded the
streets. Salt and gold were the chief objects of this lively trade. Ideas, too, traveled along
the trade routes. As a result, Timbuktu flourished as a wealthy center of trade and
learning, and the university at Timbuktu was a great center for Muslim scholars.

Angola-

Kenya- In Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta demanded political and economic reforms from the
British, but white settlers, however, wanted to protect their own rights. They opposed
giving rights to blacks, and slowly some Africans moved toward armed resistance, known
as Mau Mau. The British accused Kenyatta of leading secret Mau Mau groups that
attacked white settlers, and Kenyatta was imprisoned, although fighting continued. Both
sides committed acts of brutal violence, and most of the 1,300 people killed were Kikuyu,
whose ancestors had migrated to the region in the 1400s. In 1964, the British finally
agreed to withdraw, and Kenyatta became the first president of Kenya.

Vasco de Gama- Prince Henry of Portugal was looking for a sea route around Africa to
India, so he sent explorers to map the coast of Africa. In 1498, Vasco de Gama reached
India by sea.

Algeria- In 1954 a bitter war broke out in Algeria. Many French people had settled in
Algeria, and they considered Algeria to be a part of France. Algerian nationalists rejected
this idea and fought hard for freedom. More than 100,000 Algerians and 10,000 French
died in the eight-year struggle. In 1962, Algerians forced the French to withdraw.

Ghana- In the Gold Coast Kwame Nkrumah organized strikes and boycotts to protest
British rule. Kwame was jailed for his actions but achieved his goal, because in 1957
Ghana became the first black African nation to win independence. The nation then
changed its name to Ghana.
Bartholomeu Dias- Prince Henry of Portugal was looking for a sea route around Africa
to India, so he sent explorers to map the coast of Africa. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias
rounded the southern tip of Africa.

Liberia- Free blacks from the United States organized the colony of Liberia in West
Africa. Liberia became independent in 1847, despite many obstacles. The formation of
Liberia was one of the impacts of the slave trade.

Kenyatta- In Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta demanded political and economic reforms from the
British, but white settlers, however, wanted to protect their own rights. The British
accused Kenyatta of leading secret Mau Mau groups that attacked white settlers, and
Kenyatta was imprisoned, although fighting continued. In 1964, the British finally agreed
to withdraw, and Kenyatta became the first president of Kenya.

Senghor- During the 1930s,a Senegalese poet, Leopold Sedar Senghor, took the lead in
the negritude movement. The movement encouraged Africans to value their heritage, and
it strengthened Pan-Africanism. Senghor rejected the negative view that colonial powers
held about African cultures. Instead, he urged both Africans and Europeans to take a new
look at African traditions. In poems such as “Black Woman,” he praised the beauty and
vitality of African culture. Like many nationalists, Senghor had completed his education
in Europe. There he saw European strengths and weaknesses. He was horrified by the
racism of German dictator Adolf Hitler, who attacked Jews and other minorities.
Returning to Africa, Senghor became politically active. He served as Senegal's
representative to the French National Assembly. After Senegal became independent in
1960, he served for 20 years as its president. Today, Senghor ranks among the greatest
leaders of Pan-Africanism.

Nkrumah- In the Gold Coast Kwame Nkrumah organized strikes and boycotts to
protest British rule. Kwame was jailed for his actions but achieved his goal, because in
1957 Ghana became the first black African nation to win independence. With Nkrumah
as prime minister, Ghana served as a model for many other African nations that wanted
to shake off colonial rule.

Mau Mau- The white settlers of Kenya opposed giving rights to blacks, and slowly
some Africans moved toward armed resistance, known as Mau Mau. The British accused
Kenyatta of leading secret Mau Mau groups that attacked white settlers, and Kenyatta
was imprisoned, although fighting continued. Both sides committed acts of brutal
violence, and most of the 1,300 people killed were Kikuyu, whose ancestors had
migrated to the region in the 1400s.

Kikuyu- Both sides in the battles in Kenya committed acts of brutal violence, and most
of the 1,300 people killed were Kikuyu, whose ancestors had migrated to the region in
the 1400s.
Songhai- As Mali declined, a new empire arose in West Africa. Songhai followed the
pattern of earlier states. From the trading city of Gao, powerful rulers extended their
control over other lands. By 1464, Sunni Ali, an able leader, had gained power in Gao.
Because of the weakness of Mali, traders could no longer travel safely. Sunni Ali set out
to restore order. For 35 years, he led his armies across West Africa, and he captured
Timbuktu and other centers of trade. Although he spent a lifetime at war, he also worked
hard to govern his empire well. Not long after the death of Sunni Ali, a new ruler Askia
Muhammad helped Songhai reach its peak of power. Songhai fell in 1591 to invaders
from Morocco. The ruler of Morocco had heard of Mali’s wealth, so he sent an army
across the Sahara. Exhausted by the long march, the invaders faced a much larger army
from Songhai. In the battles that followed, however, the Moroccan soldiers won because
they had guns and cannons. With the new technology, they overpowered the soldiers of
Songhai, who fought with spears and arrows.

British- ?

Kush- Trade flowed along the Nile between Egypt and neighboring peoples in Nubia and
Kush to the south. By 750 B.C., Egyptian power had weakened. King Kastha of Kush led
his forces north and conquered the Nile valley. Kushite rule over Egypt was short-live. It
ended when the Assyrians, armed with iron weapons, invaded Egypt from the Middle
East, forcing the Kushites to retreat. Despite the defeat by the Assyrians, Kush continued
to flourish. The rulers of Kush built a new capital at Meroe, on the banks of the Nile. At
first, Egyptian influences remained strong. The people worshipped the sun god Amon-Re.
Kings and priests built temples and pyramids like those in Egypt. However, over time, the
gods of Meroe replaced Egyptian gods. The Kushites adapted Egyptian hieroglyphics and
in time developed their own alphabet. Near Meroe were deposits of iron ore, and after
their contact with the Assyrians, the Kushites learned to make iron tools and weapons.
Using wood from nearby forests. Ironworkers heated their ovens and melted the iron ore.
Despite their contact with Kushites, the Egyptians did not adopt this technology but
continued to use bronze. Kushite merchants exchanged goods with Egypt and the
Mediterranean world. From ports on the Red Sea, they shipped cargoes to Arabia, East
Africa, and India. Traders pushed southward and westward, perhaps as far as Lake Chad.
After 1,000 years, the once powerful kingdom of Kush collapsed.

Mansa Musa- An outstanding ruler of Mali was Mansa Musa. He ruled 30 years, from
about 1307 until his death in 1337. Mansa Musa pushed out the borders of his empire in
every direction. His armies captured Taghaza and its salt mines, increasing Musa’s power.
The emperor used his power to ensure peace and order. By the time of Mansa Musa, the
religion of Islam had spread across West Africa. Mansa Musa adopted the new fatith