Volume 1, Issue 2, June 2004

Taking the Personal Out of Personal Data: Durant v FSA and its Impact on the Legal Regulation of CCTV Lilian Edwards*

DOI: 10.2966/scrip.010204.341 Lilian Edwards 2003. This work is lic ns d !hro"#h $%&I'T( d Op n Lic nc )$OL*.
+

%o(Dir c!or, -.&/ c n!r l. dwards3 d.ac."k.

0or I' and T chnolo#1 Law, Edin2"r#h $chool o0 Law,

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86

4ha! is 5p rsonal da!a6 0or !h p"rpos s o0 E"rop an and 78 da!a pro! c!ion )D'* l #isla!ion9 $inc E"rop an D' law con!rols onl1 !h a"!o:a!ic or par!iall1 a"!o:a!ic proc ssin# o0 5p rsonal da!a6 r la!in# !o 5da!a s"2; c!s6, how !his phras is d 0in d is a cr"cial s! p in asc r!ainin# how wid !h pro! c!ion o0 D' law r all1 is, and !o wha! <! n! i! sa0 #"ards p rsonal pri=ac1 in !h in0or:a!ion soci !1. To da! , so: wha! s"rprisin#l1, !h r has 2 n r la!i= l1 li!!l ;"dicial #"idanc in 78 law or in !h E"rop an %o"r! o0 >"s!ic on !his poin! 1. ?ow how = r !h scop o0 5p rsonal da!a6 has 2 n narrow d in !h 78 a! l as! 21 !h con!ro= rsial %o"r! o0 -pp al d cision in Durant v FSA2. -l!ho"#h !h cas i!s l0 is a2o"! disclos"r o0 in0or:a!ion in !h 0inancial s r=ic s s c!or, so: wha! "npr dic!a2l1 !h :ain i:pac! o0 Durant has 2 n in wha! a! 0irs! 2l"sh s :s !o 2 a r :o! l1 conn c! d ar a, !ha! o0 !h 0i ld o0 l #al r #"la!ion o0 clos d circ"i! T@ ca: ras )%%T@*3. This no! will 0oc"s on !ha! do:ain. $ c!ion 1)1* o0 !h Da!a 'ro! c!ion -c! 199A, i:pl : n!in# -r! 2)a* o0 !h E% Da!a 'ro! c!ion Dir c!i= 199B4, d 0in s 5p rsonal da!a6 as data which relate to a living individual who can e identi!ied a" !rom those data, or " !rom those data and other in!ormation which is in the #ossession o!, or is li$el% to come into the #ossession o!, the data controller&'( )italics added* 7n!il r c n!l1, a wid d 0ini!ion o0 5p rsonal da!a6, !ailor d !o 0"l0il !h p"rpos s o0 !h D' l #isla!ion C na: l1 !o pro! c! p rsonal pri=ac1 C was an!icipa! d 21 :os! co:: n!a!ors. .ow = r in !h 0irs! 78 cas !o #rappl in d !ail wi!h !his iss" , Durant v FSA+, !his ass": d wid in! rpr !a!ion o0 5p rsonal da!a6 was "n <p c! dl1 narrow d 21 !h En#lish %o"r! o0 -pp al. Th plain!i00 D"ran! was in disp"! wi!h /arcla1s /ank, and :ad a co:plain! !o !h Dinancial $ r=ic s -"!hori!1 )D$-* a2o"! !h ir 2 ha=io"r, which l ad !o a con0id n!ial inE"ir1 21 !h D$- in!o !h 2ankFs cond"c!. D"ran!, ha=in# alr ad1 0ail d in =ario"s law s"i!s a#ains! /arcla1s, now so"#h! si#h! o0 all r cords h ld 21 !h D$- which : n!ion d his na: or in w r in an1 wa1 5r la! d !o6 hi:, on !h #ro"nds !ha! !h 1 w r 5p rsonal da!a6 o0 which h
1

Th r c n! E%> cas o0 ,ind-vist E%>, %as %(101/01, 6 ?o= :2 r 2003 do s !o"ch on !h iss" o0 wha! is p rsonal da!a, in r la!ion !o ! <!"al in0or:a!ion "pload d !o !h In! rn !, 2"! has li!!l !ha! is incisi= on !his poin!, and is ra!h r :or si#ni0ican! on !h d 0ini!ions disc"ss d !h r in o0 2o!h 5a"!o:a!ic proc ssin#6 and 5!rans0 r !o !hird co"n!r16. /asicall1 all !ha! is said a2o"! p rsonal da!a is !ha! i! d 0ini! l1 incl"d s 5!h na: o0 a p rson in con;"nc!ion wi!h his ! l phon coordina! s or in0or:a!ion a2o"! his workin# condi!ions or ho22i s6 )i2id, paras 2B, 2G*. -n in! r s!in# con!ras! is !h r c n! Ic landic $"pr : %o"r! d cision in !h al2 i! = r1 di00 r n! con! <! o0 # n !ic/h al!h da!a, .udmundsdottir v Iceland, ?o= :2 r 2G 2004, which 21 con!ras! !o Durant wid ns ra!h r !han narrows !h na!ional in! rpr !a!ion o0 5p rsonal da!a6.
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2003H E4%- %i= 1G46

$ also &ow . 5%%T@ $1s! :s and !h Da!a 'ro! c!ion -c! 199A6 )2004* 20 )3* %L$& 221. Durant l ad dir c!l1 !o sp cial #"idanc app arin# as 0as! as possi2l on !h In0or:a!ion %o::ission rFs w 2si! a: ndin# !h alr ad1 <is!in# %%T@ %od o0 'rac!ic : s h!!p://www.in0or:a!ionco::ission r.#o=."k/c:s/Doc": n!7ploads/%%T@I20addi!ional I20#"id .pd0 .
4 B

9B/46/E%. $"pra n 3.

(2004) 1:2 SCRIPT-ed

87

was !h s"2; c! and !o which, 21 ss G)1* and A)2* o0 !h 199A -c!, h !h"s had ri#h!s o0 acc ss. Th 0oc"s o0 Durant was !h"s pri:aril1 on how wid l1 !h phras 5r la! !o6 in s 1)1* sho"ld 2 in! rpr ! d, so as !o d ! r:in wha! in0or:a!ion D"ran! had a ri#h! !o s . This was an "n <p c! d lin o0 nE"ir1, as :os! acad :ic co:: n!ar1 2 0or !ha! cas had lar# l1 an!icipa! d disp"! onl1 a2o"! !h : anin# o0 !h phras 5id n!i0i d66. - s cond ar a o0 disp"! in Durant conc rn d r dac!ion. D"ran! had alr ad1 2 n #i= n si#h! o0 so: r cords 21 !h D$- which had 2 n 5r dac! d6 i , had had !h na: s o0 par!i s o!h r !han hi:s l0 :ask d o"! so as !o pr s r= !h ir ri#h!s o0 pri=ac1. D' law r co#nis s !ha! !h pri=ac1 ri#h!s o0 !hird par!i s : n!ion d incid n!all1 in r cords :"s! 2 pr s r= d no!wi!hs!andin# !h ri#h!s o0 s"2; c! acc ss #ran! d !o da!a s"2; c!s. - 2alanc is s ! "p in s G)4*)2* o0 !h 199A -c! wh r 21 i0 a da!a con!roll r canno! co:pl1 wi!h !h r E" s! in hand wi!ho"! disclosin# in0or:a!ion id n!i01in# ano!h r indi=id"al, h is no! o2li# d !o co:pl1 wi!h !h r E" s! "nl ss either !ha! o!h r indi=id"al cons n!s or i! s :s r asona2l !o co:pl1 wi!h !h r E" s! wi!ho"! !ha! cons n!. Th E" s!ion in Durant was wh !h r D"ran! had a ri#h! !o insis! on s in# !h "n(r dac! d ori#inals.G. On !h 0irs! poin! as !o !h wid!h o0 !h phras 5r la! !o6, !wo in! rpr !a!ions w r E"o! d 0ro: !h $hor! r O<0ord Dic!ionar1: a narrow r d 0ini!ion which said i! : an! 5ha=in# r 0 r nc !o, conc rn6 J and a wid r d 0ini!ion , na: l1, 5ha=in# so: conn c!ion wi!h, 2 conn c! d !o6. -"ld >, #i=in# !h l ad opinion o0 !h co"r!, pr 0 rr d !h :or r s!ric!i= d 0ini!ion. This was, h clai: d, :or in accordanc wi!h !h p"rpos s o0 !h E% D' Dir c!i= , which w r !o #i= !h da!a s"2; c! acc ss !o 5in0or:a!ion a2o"! hi:s l06 and no! !o sp ci0ic doc": n!s #er se. $ c!ion G o0 !h 199A -c!, which i:pl : n! d !ha! par! o0 !h Dir c!i= in !h 78, si:ilarl1 was no! in! nd d !o 2 an 5a"!o:a!ic k 1 !o in0or:a!ion6, nor !o allow acc ss !o an1 and all doc": n!s : n!ionin# !h da!a s"2; c!Fs na: , nor, i:por!an!l1, an1 and all which :i#h! 2 r !ri = d 21 p"!!in# !h s"2; c!Fs na: in!o a s arch n#in . Ins! ad, !h ai: o0 !h da!a s"2; c! acc ss ri#h!s was : r l1 !o na2l !h s"2; c! !o pro! c! his #rivac% 21 0indin# o"! wha! !h da!a con!roll r h ld a2o"! hi:, and wh !h r !h proc ssin# o0 !ha! da!a "nlaw0"ll1 in0rin# d D' law. -"ld >, ha=in# 00 c!i= l1 narrow d !h d 0ini!ion o0 5p rsonal da!a6, !h n #a= !wo <a:pl s o0 wha! !1p s o0 in0or:a!ion would now 2 s"2; c! !o D' pro! c!ion. 5K r : n!ion o0 !h da!a s"2; c! in a doc": n! h ld 21 a da!a con!roll r,6 wo"ld no!, h opin d, 5n c ssaril1 a:o"n! !o his p rsonal da!a.6 4h !h r an1 par!ic"lar in0or:a!ion a:o"n! d !o 5p rsonal da!a6 wo"ld in # n ral d p nd on wh r i! 0 ll in a 5con!in"": o0 r l =anc or pro<i:i!16 !o !h da!a s"2; c!. .ow = r, 0or #"idanc , i0 in0or:a!ion was 52io#raphical in a si#ni0ican! s ns , !ha! is, #oin# 2 1ond !h r cordin# o0 !h p"!a!i= da!a s"2; c!Fs in=ol= : n! in a :a!! r or = n! !ha! has no p rsonal conno!a!ions6 !h n i! was lik l1 !o 2 r #ard d as 5p rsonal da!a6 A.
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$ >a1 &. and .a:il!on -. Data /rotection ,aw and /ractice )2nd dn, 1999, $w ! and Ka<w ll*J %ar 1 '., Data /rotection 0 A /ractical .uide to 12 and 31 ,aw )O<0ord 7ni= rsi!1 'r ss, 2nd dn, 2004* pp14(1BJ Edwards L. 5%annin# !h $pa:6 in Edwards L. and 4a ld %. ds. ,aw and the Internet0 A Framewor$ !or 3lectronic 4ommerce ).ar! '"2lishin#, 2000*, pp 320(321 )on wh !h r :ail addr ss s cons!i!"! p rsonal da!a*.
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- !hird poin! disc"ss d a! l n#!h in Duran! r la! d !o !h d 0ini!ion o0 :an"al 0ilin# s1s! :s 0or D' p"rpos s: how = r !his is no! r l =an! !o !h !opic o0 p rsonal da!a and %%T@ r #"la!ion and so is h r o:i!! d.
A

Durant v FSA, s"pra n 3, para 2A.

(2004) 1:2 SCRIPT-ed $ condl1, !h :a!! r o0 50oc"s6 n d d !o 2 !ak n in!o acco"n!. 5he in!ormation should have the data su 6ect as its !ocus rather than some other #erson with whom he ma% have een involved or some transaction or event in which he ma% have !igured or had an interest& In short, it is in!ormation that a!!ects his #rivac%, whether in his #ersonal or !amil% li!e, usiness or #ro!essional ca#acit%'(7

88

-ccordin#l1 in !h cas a! hand, :an1 or :os! o0 !h r cords D"ran! so"#h!, which 2or his na: as !h co:plainan! and which wo"ld 2 0o"nd i0 D"ran!Fs na: was "s d as a s arch ! r:, 2"! which 0"nda: n!all1 r la! d !o /arcla1Fs /ank ra!h r !han con!ainin# 52io#raphical d !ails6 a2o"! D"ran!, or wi!h a 50oc"s6 on D"ran!, w r no lon# r !o 2 r #ard d as 5p rsonal da!a6 r la!in# !o D"ran!, and !h"s h had no ri#h!s as da!a s"2; c! !o r E" s! acc ss !o !hos r cords. On !h r dac!ion iss" , !h iss" was lar# l1 a d ad on 21 !his s!a# as so :"ch o0 wha! D"ran! was s kin# acc ss !o was no lon# r d 0in d as his 5p rsonal da!a6. -ccordin#l1, -"ld > : r l1 no! d, 0irs!, !ha! i0 !h id n!i0ia2l r 0 r nc s !o o!h r indi=id"als con!ain d in a r cord w r no! 5p rsonal da!a6 r la!in# !o !h applican! "nd r !h n w, narrow r in! rpr !a!ion, !h n no 2alancin# ac! n d 2 don "nd r s G)4* a! all , i , !h r was no n d !o d cid i0 i! was 5r asona2l 6 !o r l as !h in0or:a!ion !o !h applican! )and !h"s 2lank ! r dac!ion wo"ld in :an1 cas s 2 ;"s!i0i d* . $ condl1, -"ld > no! d !ha! = n i0 r 0 r nc s did cons!i!"! !h 5p rsonal da!a6 o0 oth !h applican! and ano!h r da!a s"2; c!, !h da!a con!roll r was no! r E"ir d !o #o !hro"#h a 0irs! s! p o0 s kin# !h cons n! o0 !ha! o!h r p rson i0 i! was r asona2l !o r l as !h in0or:a!ion. Thirdl1, in d cidin# wha! was 5r asona2l 6, a da!a con!roll r sho"ld !ak in!o acco"n! !h 5l #i!i:a! in! r s!6 )i0 an1* !h da!a s"2; c! had in r E" s!in# !h disclos"r o0 !h id n!i!1 o0 ano!h r id n!i0ia2l !hird par!1 indi=id"alJ and !h d #r !o which !h !hird par!1 in0or:a!ion n c ssaril1 0or: d par! o0 !h da!a s"2; c!Fs own p rsonal da!a !o which acc ss was so"#h!. Th s las! !wo 0ac!ors w r "nlik l1 !o co: in!o con0lic!, as i! wo"ld 2 5di00ic"l! !o !hink6 o0 a cas wh r !hird par!1 in0or:a!ion was so 2o"nd "p wi!h !h applican! as !o cons!i!"! 5p rsonal da!a6 r la!in# !o !h applican! and 1 ! !h applican! had no l #i!i:a! ai: in o2!ainin# !ha! !hird par!1 da!a. Durant is a = r1 "nd rs!anda2l d cision on i!s own 0ac!s. Th %o"r! o0 -pp al was s!"ck 2 !w n !h rock o0 da!a pro! c!ion and !h hard plac o0 0orcin# a da!a con!roll r lik !h D$- !o 00 c!i= l1 #i= acc ss !o all i!s con0id n!ial r cords !o an indi=id"al who :i#h! a2"s !ha! acc ss, and a! !h <p ns o0 i!s own <! rnal r la!ionships wi!h !h co::"ni!1 i! r #"la! s. Th D$- is a r #"la!or1 2od1 whos 00ici nc1 is )or was* 2as d on 2 in# a2l !o in= s!i#a! 0inancial or#anisa!ions on a 2asis o0 con0id n!iali!1 )i! sho"ld 2 no! d !his cas pr c d d !h co:in# in!o 0orc o0 r l =an! 0r do: o0 in0or:a!ion l #isla!ion*. D"ran! was, in ss nc , i! s :s, s kin# no! so :"ch !radi!ional da!a s"2; c! acc ss ri#h!s, as ri#h!s o0 0r do: o0 in0or:a!ion in r la!ion !o !h D$- in= s!i#a!ion which 78 law si:pl1 did no! #i= hi: a! !h !i: . . was also s kin# a las! 2i! a! !h ch rr1 ha=in# 0ail d !o s /arcla1Fs /ank p"nish d 2o!h in his own li!i#a!ion and d"rin# !h D$- in= s!i#a!ion. I! is cl ar !h co"r! 0 l! h was :or in! r s! d in 0indin# o"! 5p rsonal da!a6 a2o"! o!h rs ra!h r !han hi:s l0, wi!h a =i w !o :or li!i#a!ion, no! pro! c!in# his own pri=ac1 C a 0"nda: n!al :isconc p!ion o0 wha! D' law is : an! !o do C h nc , no do"2!, !h
9

I2id.

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89

r p a! d :phasis in !h opinion on !h p"rpos o0 !h D' Dir c!i= 2 in# !o pro! c! !h da!a s"2; c!Fs own #rivac%' /"!, p rhaps "n <p c! dl1, sinc !h d"s! s !!l d on D"ran! i! has 2 co: appar n! !ha! i!s :ain i:pac! is no! on !h do:ain o0 0inancial s r=ic s )which is in an1 cas now # arin# i!s l0 "p !o pro=id p"2lica!ion sch : s !o : ! wi!h !h n w 0r do: o0 in0or:a!ion r E"ir : n!s* 2"! in !h con! <! o0 %%T@ and da!a s"2; c!s whos i:a# s ar cap!"r d on %%T@. . r , Durant "n <p c! dl1 "sh rs in a :a;or chan# in !h law and on which :a1 w ll ; opardis !h l #i!i:a! <p c!a!ions o0 pri=ac1 o0 78 ci!iL ns and :plo1 s, and 2 o"! o0 s! p wi!h !h r s! o0 !h E"rop an D' co::"ni!1. Ind d, s = ral co:: n!a!ors ha= s"## s! d !ha! !h Durant d cision sho"ld ha= 2 n r 0 rr d !o !h E%> !o pro=id a har:onis d E% r spons 10. / 0or Durant, wh n i! was ass": d !ha! 5p rsonal da!a6 wo"ld 2 #i= n a r la!i= l1 wid , non(! chnical in! rpr !a!ion, i! app ar d !ha! %%T@ i:a# s cap!"r d o0 li=in# indi=id"als wo"ld 2 s"2s": d "nd r 5p rsonal da!a6 so lon# as an indi=id"al who co"ld 2 id n!i0i d was d pic! d on(scr n. This wid in! rpr !a!ion o0 p rsonal da!a had !h #rima !acie cons E" nc !ha! all op ra!ors o0 %%T@ sch : s how = r 2asic n d d !o no!i01 wi!h !h In0or:a!ion %o::ission r as da!a con!roll rs and !ha! all id n!i0ia2l %%T@ i:a# s w r s"2; c! !o !h 0"ll D' r E"ir : n!s o0 0air proc ssin# )s"2; c!, o0 co"rs , !o <c p!ions s"ch as !hos in! nd d !o pro:o! law n0orc : n! and na!ional s c"ri!111, and !o pro:o! 0r do: o0 <pr ssion12*. Onl1 pic!"r s o0 p opl who co"ld no! 2 id n!i0i d wo"ld 0all o"!sid !h scop o0 !h D' r #i: , and, = n !h n, no! i0 !h 1 co"ld 2 id n!i0i d i0 cross(r 0 r nc d wi!h o!h r da!a !h da!a proc ssor had, or was lik l1 !o ha= : 0or <a:pl , i:a# s in s!adi":s or cin :as can 2 cross :a!ch d wi!h s a! r cordsJ shops can :a!ch i:a# s o0 c"s!o: rs pa1in# wi!h na: s on cr di! cards or s!or cards !h 1 "s d d"rin# !h !ransac!ion13. -0! r Durant, how = r, !h scop o0 wha! 0alls wi!hin D' r #"la!ion in ! r:s o0 %%T@ s"dd nl1 looks = r1 di00 r n!. Th In0or:a!ion %o::ission r has sp dil1 iss" d d !ail d #"idanc on wha! !h narrowin# o0 !h d 0ini!ion o0 5p rsonal da!a6, and !h !wo n w #"id lin s as !o 52io#raphical6 da!a, and 50oc"s6 : an in !h con! <! o0 %%T@14. Th n w #"idanc ad=is s: &I! %ou have 6ust a asic 445V s%stem, %our use ma% no longer e covered % the D/A' 5his de#ends on what ha##ens in #ractice' For e8am#le, small retailers would not e covered who0
10

$ %hal!on $. 5& 0l c!ions on Durant v FSA: Th %o"r! o0 -pp alsF in! rpr !a!ion o0 5p rsonal da!a6 in Durant v FSA C a w lco: clari0ica!ion or a ca! a:on# !h da!a pro! c!ion pi# ons96 )2004* 20)3* %L$& 1GBJ di!orFs opinion o0 KasonFs O"!(L-4 & por!s a! h!!p://www.o"!law.co:, 19(B( 2004.
11 12

ss 2A and 29, 199A -c!.

$ s 32, 199A -c!. /"! no! !ha! !h < :p!ion o0 ;o"rnalis!s 0ro: s = n o0 !h Ei#h! D' principl s )da!a s c"ri!1 is s!ill r E"ir d* is li:i! d 21 a 5p"2lic in! r s!6 ! s!: s 32)2*. I! is an op n E" s!ion i0 i! co"ld = r 2 in !h 5p"2lic in! r s!6 0or a ;o"rnalis! !o !rain a %%T@ ca: ra on !h door o0 )sa1* a c l 2ri!1Fs ho: or plac o0 work ni#h! and da1 C !h r s"l! a! !h .i#h %o"r! s!a# in 4am# ell v 9.9 M2002H E4.% 499 )N/*, wh r an award o0 da:a# s 0or 2r ach o0 D' ri#h!s, al2 i! no:inal, was :ad !o Ks %a:p2 ll in si:ilar circ":s!anc s in=ol=in# : r 5s!ill6 pr ss pho!o#raphs, as oppos d !o %%T@, wo"ld s : !o indica! no!..
13 14

%ar 1 ', s"pra n 6, %hap! r 1B: %%T@.

$ h!!p://www.in0or:a!ionco::ission r.#o=."k/c:s/Doc": n!7ploads/%%T@I20addi!ional I20#"id .pd0 .

(2004) 1:2 SCRIPT-ed onl% have a cou#le cameras, can:t move them remotel%, 6ust record on video ta#e whatever the cameras #ic$ u#, and

90

onl% give the recorded images to the #olice to investigate an incident in their sho#'(

Th shopk p rs wo"ld n d !o :ak s"r !ha! !h 1 do no! "s !h i:a# s 0or !h ir own p"rpos s s"ch as ch ckin# wh !h r a : :2 r o0 s!a00 is doin# !h ir ;o2 prop rl1, 2 ca"s i0 !h 1 did, !h n !ha! p rson wo"ld 2 !h 0oc"s o0 a!! n!ion and !h 1 wo"ld 2 !r1in# !o l arn !hin#s a2o"! !h : so !h "s wo"ld !h n 2 co= r d 21 !h D'-. It sounds like many users of basic CCTV systems are not covered by the DPA, is there an easy way to tell Think a2o"! wha! 1o" ar !r1in# !o achi = 21 "sin# %%T@. Is i! !h r 0or 1o" !o l arn a2o"! indi=id"alsF ac!i=i!i s 0or 1o"r own 2"sin ss p"rpos s )s"ch as :oni!orin# a : :2 r o0 s!a00 #i=in# conc rn*9 I0 so, !h n i! will s!ill 2 co= r d. .ow = r i0 1o" can answ r OnoF !o all !h 0ollowin# 3 E" s!ions 1o" will no! 2 co= r d: Do 1o" = r op ra! !h ca: ras r :o! l1 in ord r !o Loo: in/o"! or poin! in di00 r n! dir c!ions !o pick "p wha! par!ic"lar p opl ar doin#9 Do 1o" = r "s !h i:a# s !o !r1 !o o2s r= so: on Fs 2 ha=io"r 0or 1o"r own 2"sin ss p"rpos s s"ch as :oni!orin# s!a00 : :2 rs9 Do 1o" = r #i= !h r cord d i:a# s !o an1on o!h r !han a law n0orc : n! 2od1 s"ch as !h polic 96

-s can 2 s n 0ro: !h a2o= , !h In0or:a!ion %o::ission r s :s !o 2 !akin# !h approach !ha! i0 a si:pl %%T@ s1s! : is no! in! nd d !o )or is no! ph1sicall1 a2l !o* 50oc"s6 on an1 #i= n indi=id"al, nor is in! nd d !o pro=id sp ci0ic in! lli# nc o0 a 52io#raphical6 na!"r a2o"! a par!ic"lar p rson )0or <a:pl , 0ollow a s"sp c! :plo1 aro"nd* !h n i! is no! coll c!in# 5p rsonal da!a r la!in# !o6 an1 p rson a! all, d spi! !h 0ac! !ha! i:a# s o0 li=in# id n!i0ia2l p rsons are , in !act, cap!"r d. -nd sinc no p rsonal da!a is coll c! d, !h r is no n d !o r sp c! !h r"l s o0 da!a pro! c!ion, nor 0or !h s1s! : op ra!or !o no!i01 !h In0or:a!ion %o::ission r as a da!a con!roll r. Th %%T@ s1s! :, i! s :s, n!ir l1 drops o"! o0 !h D' n !. 4ha! a2o"! :or sophis!ica! d s1s! :s9 Th #"idanc con!in" s: In man% 445V schemes, such as are used in town centres or % large retailers, 445V s%stems are more so#histicated' 5he% are used to !ocus on the activities o! #articular #eo#le either % directing cameras at an individual:s activities, loo$ing out !or #articular individuals or e8amining recorded 445V images to !ind things out a out the #eo#le in them such as identi!%ing a criminal or a witness or assessing how an em#lo%ee is #er!orming' 5hese activities will still e covered % the D/A ut some o! the images the% record will no longer e covered' So i! onl% a general scene is recorded without an% incident occurring and with no !ocus on an%

(2004) 1:2 SCRIPT-ed #articular individual:s activities, these images are not covered % the D/A' In short, organisations using 445V !or an%thing other than the most asic o! surveillance will have to com#l% with the D/A ut not all their images will e covered in all circumstances' 5he sim#le rule o! thum is that %ou need to decide whether the image %ou have ta$en is aimed at learning a out a #articular #erson;s activities'( )italics added*

91

This l a= s op n !h possi2ili!1 !ha! al!ho"#h a %%T@ s1s! : o0 a c r!ain co:pl <i!1 :a1 5E"ali016 0or !h D' r #i: C wi!h !h r s"l! !ha! !h %%T@ op ra!or will n d, 0or <a:pl , !o no!i01 !h In0or:a!ion %o::ission r as !o !h p"rpos s 0or which h is coll c!in# !h da!a ( !h i:a# s o0 p rsons which ar coll c! d incid n!all1, wi!ho"! 50oc"s6, will no! 2 r #ard d as 5p rsonal da!a6. This : an !h k 1 o2li#a!ions D' i:pos s !rom the #oint o! collection , s"ch as 0air proc ssin#, da!a s c"ri!1 and no "nr asona2l da!a r ! n!ion, disapp ar. D"r!h r:or , p rsons whos i:a# s ar so incid n!all1 coll c! d, and which ar !h"s no! ca! #oris d as !h ir 5p rsonal da!a6, will ha= no ri#h!s !o acc ss or corr c! !h s i:a# s "nd r s"2; c! acc ss r"l s, nor, p rhaps, !o con!rol how !h 1 ar proc ss d. Th 1 will ha= in principl , i! s :s, no ri#h! !o d :and !ha! !hos i:a# s 2 5r dac! d6 C in !his con! <!, di! d o"! or :ask d or pi< lla! d in!o o2sc"ri!1 C i0 a !ap on which !h 1 0 a!"r incid n!all1 is #i= n !o ano!h r da!a s"2; c! 0 a!"r d !h r in ( as, <! ndin# !h dic!": o0 -"ld >, !h 5r asona2l n ss ! s!6 "nd r s G)4* o0 !h 199A -c!, which r E"ir s !h da!a con!roll r !o 2alanc !h acc ss ri#h!s o0 !h applican! da!a s"2; c! a#ains! !h pri=ac1 ri#h!s o0 an1 o!h r par!1 whos p rsonal d !ails ar disclos d, will no! c"! in i0 !hos d !ails ar no! d : d 5p rsonal da!a6 o0 !h !hird par!1 cap!"r d 1B. )-nd sinc di!in# is an <p nsi= proc ss which :an1 %%T@ con!roll rs will n d !o con!rac! o"! and pa1 0or, a si:pl r E" s!, "n(2ack d 21 law, is "nlik l1 !o c"! an1 ic .* In ss nc , !h d #r !o which !h s %%T@ i:a# s ar par! o0 !h p rsonal pri=a! sph r o0 !h indi=id"al id n!i0ia2l !h r in, has c as d !o 2 !h 0oc"s o0 !h lawFs conc rnJ wha! will r all1 :a!! r, in prac!ical ! r:s, is !h in! n!ions and #oals o0 !h %%T@ o#erator wh n h or sh s !s "p !h ca: ras, and how !his is !ransla! d in!o !h ph1sical s ! "p and :ana# : n! ro"!in o0 !h s1s! :. This has po! n!iall1 s!a## rin# i:plica!ions in !h %%T@ 0i ld. 4ha! i0 !h London %on# s!ion %har#in# -"!hori!1 C whos %%T@ ca: ras ar pri:aril1 in! nd d !o !rack lic ns pla! s so as !o id n!i01 who sho"ld 2 pa1in# !h !oll ( incid n!all1 coll c! i:a# s o0 s :i(0a:o"s c l 2ri!i s in po! n!iall1 :2arrassin# si!"a!ions ) #, 2adl1 dr ss d or wi!h "ns!1l d hair*9 L a=in# asid iss" s o0 co::on law pri=ac1 )s 2 low*, in D' ! r:s i! s :s !h s pic!"r s :i#h! w ll no! 2 5p rsonal da!a6 a! all, 2 ca"s !h c l 2ri!1 wo"ld no! ha= 2 n !h 50oc"s6 o0 !h s1s! : nor do s !h pic!"r ! ll 1o" an1!hin# = r1 52io#raphical6 a2o"! hi: or h r. Th ir pr s nc is incid n!al !o !h da!a coll c!orFs no!i0i d p"rpos s. -ccordin#l1 !h D' r #i: wo"ld no! appl1 a! !h poin! o0 coll c!ion. Th London %on# s!ion %har#in# -"!hori!1Fs no!i0ica!ion sa1s no!hin# a2o"! on o0 !h p"rpos s o0 !h ir da!a coll c!ion ac!i=i!i s 2 in# !o coll c! pic!"r s which :i#h! on da1 :ak !h ir "nwan! d wa1 !o paparraLi C 2"! i! wo"ld 2 co: a possi2ili!1, wi!h no 2r ach o0 !h Dirs! Da!a 'ro! c!ion principl which r E"ir s !ha! : !hods o0 coll c!ion o0 da!a 2 50air6. 4ha! !h n happ ns !o !h 5r asona2l <p c!a!ions6 and pri=ac1 ri#h!s o0 !h :illions )incl"din# 2"! no! li:i! d !o

1B

Duran v FSA, s"pra n 3, para BB.

(2004) 1:2 SCRIPT-ed

92

c l 2ri!i s* who ;o"rn 1 in!o c n!ral London 21 car = r1 da1 in r ach o0 !h ca: ra 1 s9 O0 co"rs i! co"ld 2 ar#" d !ha! onc an incid n!al i:a# cap!"r d o0 C sa1 C 81li Kino#" , had 2 n disco= r d and o00 r d !o !h Dail% 9ail 0or a 0o"r(0i#"r s":, !ha! da!a now wo"ld c r!ainl1 ecome 5p rsonal da!a6 r la!in# !o, and id n!i01in#, Ks Kino#" , and !h"s !h proc ssin# o0 i!, in !h 0or: o0 dis!ri2"!ion or sal , wo"ld 2 con!roll d 21 D' law, which wo"ld sprin# in!o ac!ion as a r l =an! l #al r #i: . Ind d !his s :s !o 2 !h in! rpr !a!ion 0a=o"r d 21 !h In0or:a!ion %o::ission r, sinc in !h #"idanc no! s E"o! d a2o= , !h !hird E" s!ion !h op ra!or o0 a s:all %%T@ s1s! : :"s! ask !o know i0 h or sh s!ill n ds !o no!i01 "nd r D' law pos!( Durant, is 5Do 1o" = r #i= !h r cord d i:a# s !o an1on o!h r !han a law n0orc : n! 2od1 s"ch as !h polic 96. .ow = r al!ho"#h !his in! rpr !a!ion C !h id a !ha! %%T@ i:a# s :i#h! no! 2 5p rsonal da!a6 a! !h :o: n! o0 coll c!ion 2"! co"ld 2 r !rosp c!i= l1 cons!r"c! d as s"ch ( is possi2l i! is )a* s!ill no! = r1 sa!is0ac!or1 as r E"ir : n!s o0 0air proc ssin# sho"ld op ra! 0ro: !h :o: n! o0 coll c!ion, no! #ost hoc , and )2* !ho"#h no! r"l d o"! 21 Durant, do s no! s : on clos scr"!in1 !o 2 2ack d 21 i! i!h r. -"ld >Fs opinion s :s i:pli dl1 li:i! d !o r E"irin# an ass ss: n! o0 wh !h r in0or:a!ion is !o 2 ca! #oris d as 5p rsonal da!a6 )or no!* a! !h !i: wh n !h da!a s"2; c! acc ss applica!ion is :ad , 2as d on !h his!or1 o0 !h in0or:a!ion !o da! 16. Th r is no r 0 r nc !o an1 0ac!ors which :i#h! !"rn non(5p rsonal da!a6 in!o pro! c! d da!a in !h hands o0 a da!a con!roll r a! so: la! r da! . On wo"ld hop !ha! s"ch an in! rpr !a!ion wo"ld how = r r co:: nd i!s l0 !o a la! r co"r!: sp ciall1 #i= n !h s cond cla"s o0 !h d 0ini!ion o0 p rsonal da!a in s 1)1* o0 !h 199A -c!, which cl arl1 con! :pla! s 0"!"r = n!s 2 in# r l =an! !o !h classi0ica!ion o0 in0or:a!ion as p rsonal da!a )da!a :a1 2 co: p rsonal da!a wh n co:2in d wi!h 5o!h r in0or:a!ion which is in !h poss ssion o0, or is li$el% to come into the #ossession o!, !h da!a con!roll r6* Mi!alics add dH. -n1 o!h r approach wo"ld also appar n!l1 2r ach -r! A o0 !h E"rop an %on= n!ion on .":an &i#h!s )E%.&* as i! wo"ld : an !h r was no l #al r : d1 in 78 co"r!s 0or a 2r ach o0 !h -r! A ri#h! !o r sp c! 0or pri=a! li0 , as "ph ld in /ec$ v 121<. I! s :s lik l1 !ha! Durant as a whol :a1 soon hop 0"ll1 app ar 2 0or !h E"rop an %o"r! o0 >"s!ic 0or r =i w1A. -! !ha! s!a# , !his co:: n!a!or wo"ld hop 0or a di00 r n! o"!co: , which r sp c!s !h 2asic principl !ha! p rsonal pri=ac1 as a polic1 #oal in !h D' 0ra: work, sho"ld l ad !o a pri:ar1 0oc"s on !h ri#h!s o0 !h da!a s"2; c! whos i:a# is cap!"r d, no! on !h proc d"r s and ad:inis!ra!i= o= rh ad o0 !h da!a con!roll r who cap!"r s !h i:a# . Th i:pac! o0 Durant on l #al r #"la!ion o0 %%T@ is par!ic"larl1 i:por!an! in !h 78, which, !o :os! p opl Fs i#noranc and lack o0 conc rn, is w ll on !h wa1 !o 2 co:in# !h 5s"r= illanc soci !16 o0 /i# /ro!h r 2ad dr a:s: no! 2 ca" o0 !h :"ch !r":p ! d : nac o0 ID cards 2"! 2 ca"s o0 !h so "2iE"i!o"s as al:os! !o 2 in=isi2l p r=asi= #row!h o0 s :i co= r! s"r= illanc 21 %%T@. Th Inde#endent n wspap r has s!i:a! d !ha! o= r 4 :illion ca: ras ar 2 in# "s d in !h 78, 20I o0 all !h %%T@ ca: ras in "s
16 1G 1A

I2id, paras 24(31. )2003* E%.& -pplica!ion ?o. 4464G/9A.

h!!p://www.o"!law.co: , 19(0B(2994, r por! d !ha! D"ran! had 0il d pap rs wi!h !h E"rop an %o::ission clai:in# !h 78 #o= rn: n! has no! i:pl : n! d !h Da!a 'ro! c!ion Dir c!i= corr c!l1.

(2004) 1:2 SCRIPT-ed

93

in !h world, and !ha! !h a= ra# /ri!on is ca"#h! on ca: ra 300 !i: s a da1 19. $"ch 2lank ! %%T@ co= ra# has, i! is clai: d, :an1 conspic"o"s 2 n 0i!s in ! r:s o0 cri: d ! c!ion, pr = n!ion and pros c"!ion, and !h 2"ildin# o0 p"2lic !r"s!. .ow = r in a world o0 s"ch sin#"lar 'anop!icis:, i! is =i!all1 i:por!an! !ha! !h principal l #al con!rol o= r %%T@ which da!a s"2; c!s ha= C da!a pro! c!ion law C sho"ld no! 2 in! rpr ! d in a wa1 which di:inish s i!s =al" !o !h non(cri:inal ci!iL n who is : r l1 s kin# !o pro! c! !h ir pri=ac1, as is !h ir inali na2l h":an ri#h!.

19

h!!p://n ws.ind p nd n!.co."k/"k/!hisP2ri!ain/s!or1.;sp9s!or1Q4A0364 .