M1.

(a)

1.

Water lost into gut / water moves into gut / water leaves cells; QWC ignore large / small WP QWC ignore reference to high / low concentrations of water or high / low concentrations of solution 2. 3. Low(er) water potential of intestine / gut (lumen); Osmosis / movement down a WP gradient; Ignore reference to stomach Less / not enough water (re)absorbed; QWC ignore along concentration gradients
3 max

4.

(b)

(i)

Starch is not (very) soluble / does not dissolve well; Accept converse for glucose in A Ignore starch is osmotically inactive Ignore reference to solute potentials
1

(ii)

55;; 2 marks for correct answer Working: 5% for A and 60% for B; Max 1 if answer as a %
2

[6]

M2.

(a)

(i) (Grinding) breaks open cells / increases surface area (of liver); Releases catalase/enzyme/more catalase / allows more hydrogen peroxide into liver;
2

(ii)

Heating causes bonds (maintaining tertiary structure) to break; Denatures / changes tertiary structure; Active site changed; Substrate no longer fits / ES complex not formed;
max 3

(b)

(Control) to show that sand did not affect reaction (with ground liver);

(c)

(i)

Lower activation energy / less energy required to bring about reaction;

1

(ii)

Energy in products/water and oxygen less than energy in substrate/reactants/hydrogen peroxide; (Difference) given out as heat / exothermic;
2

[9]

M3.

(a) B; D;
2

(b)

idea of molecules/named molecules moving = Fluid; idea of both proteins and phospholipids = Mosaic;
2

(c)

slow rise, sharp rise, levelling off (reject becomes constant); diffusion rate increases / description of diffusion rate, e.g. increase in kinetic energy increases loss of ions;
1

sharp rise / above 50oC proteins are denatured; levelling off due to concentration of chloride ions in water becoming equal / maximum loss of Cl- ions;
2 max

[7]

M4.

(a) colour results from starch-iodine reaction; decrease due to breakdown of starch by carbohydrase/enzyme;
2

(b)

(i)

curve drawn below curve on graph and starting at same point;

1

(ii)

curve drawn above curve on graph and starting at same point but finishing above; (allow curve or horizontal line) (allow alternative curve for pH if explanation in (ii) is consistent)
1

(c)

(i)

1 increase in temperature increases kinetic energy; 2 increases collisions (between enzyme/active site and substrate) / increases formation of enzyme/substrate complexes; 3 increases rate of breakdown of starch /rate of reaction/carbohydrase activity;

(ii)

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(decrease in pH) increases H+ ions/protons; attach/attracted to amino acids; hydrogen/ionic bonds disrupted/broken; denatures enzyme / changes tertiary structure; changes shape/charge of active site; active site/enzyme unable to combine/fit with starch/ enzyme-substrate complex no longer able to form; decreases rate of breakdown of starch/rate of reaction /carbohydrase activity; (allow alternative explanation for pH if consistent with line drawn in (ii))
7 max

[11]

M5.

(a)

Lengthways/down the root;

Through one tissue only / through same part / same proportion of tissues;
2

(b)

To prevent the water from evaporating / prevent evaporation; Changing the concentrations / water potential (of solution);
2

(c)

(i)

Plot data on a graph; Find (sucrose concentration) from the graph where the ratio is 1;
2

(ii)

No, because the results are given as a ratio/as a proportion of initial length;
1

[7]

M6.

(a) two of the following: form(water) impermeable barrier to water-soluble substances / selectively permeable / allows non-polar molecules to pass through; allows cell to maintain different concentrations either side; makes membranes self-sealing/able to fuse with other membranes/able to form vesicles / gives flexibility/fluidity;
2 max

(b)

(surface/extrinsic protein) for cell recognition / binding to hormones/identification

1

(c)

(i)

involves carrier/transmembrane/transport proteins; (reject channel proteins)

1

(ii)

requires energy/requires use of ATP / moves substances/ions/molecules against a concentration gradient;

1

(iii)

the curve levels off above a certain external concentration of substance; as channel proteins are saturated with molecules (and no more can be carried);
2

[7]

M7.

(a) 2.

1.

(Risk) decreases, then increases;

(Risk) increases from 2 (drinks per day); 2. Accept increases risk above 3
2

(b)

Age affects heart disease / age affects how alcohol affects the body; Accept age affects results Accept removes confounding variable Accept controlling a variable
1

(c) 5 1.

To gain 3 marks candidates must have mp1 and 2 from mps 2(True because) studies show decreased risk up to 3 drinks per day; 1. Accept any evidence from graph
1

2.

(False because) eg all show an increased risk above 5 drinks / day, eg A and B, show increased risk (of heart disease) above 4 per day; 2. Accept any evidence from graph Data only about heart disease / alcohol causes other diseases / social problems; Amount of alcohol per drink may vary; May be due to other factor
2 max

3.

4. 5.

[6]

M8.

(a)

High fat diet/high salt diet/lack of exercise/age/gender; TWO risk factors for one mark Not hypertension as this is given later

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Atheroma forms under endothelium/in artery wall; Atheroma may narrow lumen of artery; Atheroma increases blood pressure; Atheroma promotes clotting; Details of effect of atheroma on clotting; Blood clot lodges in coronary artery; Reduced blood supply to heart muscle; Reduced oxygen/glucose supply leading to cell death;
max 6

(b)

(i)

1 2 3

Reduces heart rate; Keeps heart rate stable/reduces variation in heart rate; Nullifies external stimulus; Individual points must be supported with information from the graph If no information quoted max 1 mark
2

(ii)

To ensure change in heart rate due to beta blocker and not persons behaviour/knowing may affect heart rate;
1

(c)

(i)

Beta blockers reduce mortality (following myocardial infarction)/ Greater reduction in the older group;
1

(ii)

x100;
2

[12]

M9.

(a) Active site; (Complementary/specific) structure/shape; (Only) fits/binds to gangliosides; Forms enzyme-substrate complexes; OR Active site; (Complementary/specific) structure/shape; (Does not) fit/bind with other lipids; Does not form enzyme-substrate complexes; Note: active site has a specific shape = 2 marks; Reject: same shape Second mark for either route can refer to the enzyme or the substrate Accept: converse of second mark point and (different) structure/shape if referring to other lipids
3 max

(b)

(i)

No change/substrate remains high/horizontal line; Curve should be labelled If curve H correctly labelled then assume other is curve T Reject: obvious rise or fall/rise then plateau
1

(ii)

Curve decreases rapidly at first then more slowly; Curve should be labelled If curve T correctly labelled then assume other is curve H Reject: falling at a slower rate initially
1

(c)

(Enzymes are) proteins; Digested/broken down/destroyed (by enzymes/acid); OR (Enzymes are) too large; To cross cell membranes/be absorbed/enter the bloodstream; Accept: denatured (by acid)

Neutral: digested by saliva Reject: digested by amylase Neutral: will not reach the bloodstream
2

[7]

M10.

(a)

2 marks for correct answer 0.2 Accept concentration time

2

1 mark for 6 / 30;

(b)

1. 2.

(Uptake) decreases / slower, then no further uptake / uptake stops; (Decreases) to 20 - 22 / no uptake after 20 / 22 minutes; 2. Accept: (only) 1.6 (arbitrary units) absorbed / (only) drops to 8.4 Is for correct use of data from graph
2

(c)

1.

Stops / reduces / inhibits respiration; 1. Accept: inhibits respiratory enzymes No / less energy released / ATP produced; 2. Ignore: less energy produced/ made (ATP / energy needed) for active transport; 3. Accept ref to Na+ pump / description of active transport Ignore consequences of less Na+ in cell
3

2.

3.

[7]

M11.

(a)

1.

(Diaphragm / diaphragm muscle) relaxes/relaxed; Ignore references to inhalation, intercostal muscles or ribs if given as additional information.

2. 3. 4.

Domed shape / (diaphragm) moves up; Increases pressure; Decreases volume;

3 max

(b)

1. 2.

Extend / extrapolate curve / graph; (Read off where) it flattens / reaches maximum / peaks;
2

(c)

1.

(Without inhaler) narrower bronchioles / bronchioles not dilated; Assume answer relates to Curve A, unless otherwise stated. Muscle (surrounding bronchioles) contracted; Accept converse for B. 1 Do not allow contracted in this conext. Less air able to pass through / more difficult for air to pass through;
2 max

2.

3.

[7]

M12.

(a)

(i) Increase to 30 C/31 C and then decreases / optimum or max rate at 30 C/31 C; Accept: peak at 30 C/31 C
1

(ii)

1. Enzyme denatured / hydrogen bonds/bonds holding tertiary structure broken / tertiary structure changed; 2. Change in shape of active site (of enzymes); 3. Substrate / protein no longer fits / binds (into active site) / few or no ES

complexes; 4. More enzyme (molecules) denatured as temperature increased; 1. Reject: Peptide bonds broken Denatures active site = 2 marks for mp 1 and 2 2. Q Only allow second point if active site is used correctly Accept: active site no longer complementary 3. Accept: Substrate cannot bind to enzyme
3 max

(b)

(i)

Use buffer / test pH (at end/ at intervals); Accept a method of measuring pH. Reject litmus.
1

(ii)

(30 C/31 C) Maximum rate / optimum temperature; Accept other valid answers e.g. temp below 30 C as enzyme not denatured.
1

(iii)

Works best at pH 6 / at higher pH activity decreases; Accept converse Insufficient: pH 6 had largest clear area
1

[7]

M13.

(a) In one country where the percentage of fat (in the diet) is 35%, the death rate (from breast cancer) is 20 per 100 000; Must have reference to country Accept 1 per 5 000 / 0.02%
1

(b)

1. No. of deaths from breast cancer divided by total population 100 000;

2. No. of deaths from breast cancer divided by all deaths 100 000; 3. Sample and count deaths from breast cancer in 100 000 people; If sample not 100 000 then must scale appropriately
1 max

(c)

1. 2. 3.

Positive correlation; But correlation does not show causation / some other (named) factor may be involved; Evidence against positive correlation e.g. different death rates at same % fat / similar death rates at different % fat / some countries with higher death rate have lower fat intake; 1. Accept description of positive correlation / directly proportional. Accept positive relationship. 2. Do not accept casual in place of causal. 3. Answer must be consistent with data.
3

[5]