1.

Introduction This paper shows the importance of communicating effectively in spoken English

in selected social contexts. English is one of the major languages and is considered a very important language. It is understood and spoken almost everywhere in the world. As a language coordinator of learning institution, it is useful to know the importance of speaking English in study and work. English can be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few people in each locality would know the language. esides, English is useful during travelling and studies. E!eanya "#$$%& summarised effective communication as essential messages sent and received, and confirmation of their receipt and interpretation is returned from a sender, to ensure a two'way process. (ral communication therefore involves two crucial skills ) listening and speaking. The basic principles of effective listening skills are having mindful attention and active listening. According to *evito "#$$+&, effective listening comprises five components that include receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating and responding. There are two types of listening namely, passive and active. ,assive listening involved a low level of concentration and absorbs the minimum number of words. -owever, active listening involves a higher level of concentration, this always can be seen when we need to obtain information. .ood "#$$+& lists three principles that explain oral communication. It is interpretation of symbols creates meaning, punctuation affects meaning and there are rules in communication. The rule is regulative rules and constitutive rules. The fourth, concerning speech /uality, is obtained from 0amp 1 2atterwhite "#$$#&. (ral communication has been described as the process of people using verbal and non'verbal message to generate meaning. There are seven forms of oral communication3 it is intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication, small group communication, public communication, mass communication, corporate communication and intercultural communication. The discussion in this paper is going to help us to understand further the above mentioned seven forms of communications

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How Oral Communication Works 0ommunication is a two'way process of giving and receiving information through

any number of channels. 4or example, speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a conference or meeting and writing a newsletter article or formal report. .hen communication takes place, the educator, people and environment around you do change. The changing depends on their background, prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and self'esteem. The actual transaction can be highly reliant on context. 4or example the transactions between people at home are often /uite different between those at work or on the street. According to 2atterwhite "#$$#&, he explained that oral communication re/uires both speaker and listener. It can be effectively carried out when the sender of a message has good speaking skills while the receiver has good listening skills. In general, oral communication can be classified into three main models, namely, linear, interactive and transaction. The linear model views communication as a one'way or linear process in which the speaker speaks and the listener listen. It consists of the sender encoding a message and channels it to the receiver in the attendance of noise. The linear model assumes that there is a clear cut beginning and end to communication. It also displays no response from the receiver. Interactive model is two linear models stacked on top of each other. The sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender. The transaction model shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. In my opinion, Transactional model is more effective in oral communication as each person in the communication act as a speaker and as a listener3 they can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages. Transactional 5odel of communication was first proposed by arnlund "%+6$& and subse/uently refined by other theorists. *eparting from a linear view of communication which had its rhetorical7persuasion seeds before the time of Aristotle, the transactional model posits that interpersonal communication is a dynamic and process'oriented activity in which the two participants are simultaneously sending and receiving messages. Anderson and 8oss "%++9& summarise the model as follows: ;Encoding and decoding are not alternating sub processes of communication, however, but are mutually dependent, each contributing to

the meaning the communicators are building together.< The two'way symmetrical model identified by =runig and -unt "%+>9& takes a transactional view of public relations because the objective is to gain understanding rather than to persuade. Transactional model assumes that people are connected through communication3 they engage in transaction. 4irstly, it recognises that each of us is a sender'receiver, not only a sender or a receiver. 2econdly, it recognises that communication affects all parties drawn in. 2o communication is fluid 7simultaneous. This is how oral communication should be. The transactional model also contains ellipses that symbolise the communication environment "how you interpret the data that you are given&. .here the ellipses meet is the most effect communication area because both communicators share the same meaning of the message. 4or example, talking 7listening to friends. .hile your friend is talking, you are always giving them feedback on what you think through your facial expression and verbal feedback without necessarily stopping your friend from talking.

Figure: Transaction model In short, therefore, oral communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process between parties. It works through conferring the knowledge and experiences,

give advice and commands, and ask /uestions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. 3.0 Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is a process of convey our ideas, thoughts and feelings to another person. Interpersonal communication includes message sending and message reception between two or more individuals. This included all aspects of communication such as listening, persuading, asserting, non'verbal communication and more. Interpersonal 0ommunication can be carried out in different interpersonal levels depending on who are they engaged in the communication. It can be done by using both direct and indirect mediums of communication such as face'to'face interaction, as well as computer'mediated'communication. This form of communication may range from impersonal to the very personal. ?ot all communication should be considered interpersonal communication. ?ormally, you are engaged in impersonal communications. Impersonal communication only involves functional short'term relations such as a short communication between a shopper and a salesman. .hen you ask for directions, pay for a purchase, or call for a doctor@s appointment, you are not automatically involved in interpersonal communication. In several other contexts like if you ask a teacher for explaining, discuss a project with a boss, or plan a family gathering with a distant cousin, you may be involved in necessary, functional interactions but you do not share a strong, significant relationship. 8elationships move from impersonal to personal when closeness is being developed. Therefore, you need to think about relationships on a continuum from impersonal to interpersonal, understanding that a particular relationship may move forward and backward at different times. 2ince a conversation is a two'way process, it involves various controls, many associated with conversational turns "the changing of the speaker and listener role&. .hen it comes to carry out a conversation, it is important to know what good topics of conversation catalyse worthwhile discussions and what topics should be avoided. 2ome good topics of conversation that most everyone is interested in or at least has an opinion on include religion, books, politics, business, and hundreds of other related topics. 4or example, a popular books or a book you would recommend to friends always mean good

topics of conversation. There are two types of conversation you can have about books and both of them are positive for those engaged in the conversation. 4irst, all involved in the conversation have read the book and have a conversation about different aspects of the book, how it made them feel, and other topics. -owever, if all people in the conversation have not read the book then a simple recommendation to read the book and a couple of good reasons is appropriate, or recommending that they not read the book and reasons why. This gives you many good topics of conversation. In interpersonal communication, it is important to note the important of listening and speaking skills. A good way to start improving on your listening skills is by identifying the listening behaviour appropriate for different situations. 4irstly, we have to have to pay attention unless you have hearing disability. esides, we have to be an active listener. .e can improve our listening skill through paraphrasing the speaker@s message, identifying our weakness, prepare ourselves mentally and physically, and setting the priorities. .e always use symbols in speaking skills, we have to look into people to uncover the meaning when we are using the symbols. The regulative rules in communication is an unwritten rules that tell you when, where and with whom you can communicate in particular way. -owever, constitutive rules define that communication means the meaning behind certain kinds of symbols used in communication. (n the other hand, punctuation is important in communication as it will affect the true meaning of the phrases, especially in the computer'mediated interpersonal communication. The listening strategy in interpersonal oral communication is by using what you know, and then scanning for the main idea and important points.

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!mall "roup Communication 2mall group communication is a communication being carried out within a small

group. A small group is generally defined as a group that consists of at least three members and at the maximum around twelve to fifteen members. A group that has just two members or more than fifteen members would not come in the category of a small group. At least three members are necessary to keep the group from being a dyad and a maximum of fifteen members is important to avoid inhibition of the group members@ ability to freely communicate with fellow group members. A small group may be a professional group, an educational group or a social group. The members belonging to it normally have a common bond or interest or goal that brings them together. It is necessary for the group to have a common purpose or goal in order to bring the group together and avoid conflict and tension. If we want to develop effective working relationships with our fellow colleagues, effective small group meetings or communication can be one of the effective tools in cultivating the kinship. In example, by conducting a small group sharing and discussion on a project, group@s members get to know each other better, they may start talking about the problem, examine the limitations and opportunities of the project. Then, the best resolution and suggestion may prevail via effective small group communication. This process of communication allows the group to evaluate ideas and helps them develop conformity in their decision making. After all, conflict ends in the consensus stage, when group members compromise, select ideas and agree on alternatives. Aastly, the final result is announced and group members reaffirm their support of the decision. est of all, the project is a groupthink@s project which can create certain level of belonging and self satisfaction. Benneth enne and ,aul 2heats "%+9>& proposed a classification of members@ roles in small group communication that still provides the best overview of this important topic "Aumsden 1 Aumsden, %++C3 eebe 1 5asterson, #$$$&. They divided members@ roles into three general classes: group task roles, group building and maintenance roles, and individual roles. =roup task roles help the group focus on achieving its goals. ?o

group can be task'oriented at all times. =roup members have varied interpersonal relationships, and these need to be nourished if the group is to function effectively. =roup members need to be satisfied if they are to be productive. =roup building and maintenance roles serve these relationship needs. =roup task roles and group building and maintenance roles are productive. They help the group achieve its goal and are group'oriented. Individual roles, on the other hand, are counterproductive. They hinder the group from achieving its goal and are individual' rather than group'oriented.

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$u%lic Communication or &$u%lic !peaking'

,ublic communication is the sending and receiving of messages on a large scale that impacts groups of people. 4or the communication to be considered effective, the messages must be clearly and accurately sent and received with full comprehension. ,ublic speaking in the following forms are considered public communication. This can be a school assembly, a business meeting or a presidential speech. The use of mass media like TD, radio, newspaper or any other mass'produced medium is another type of effective public communication. Effective public communication must refrain from biased words, philosophies and ideologies. 4or example, when the president is making a speech, his words and thoughts need to be portrayed in a universal way so that one group does not feel isolated or left out. Effective public communication keeps statements generic and neutral to gender, race and religious beliefs. ?ot all communications can be scheduled. -owever, in the case of public communication, preparation is necessary. ,reparation may mean having a good, thorough understanding of the office goings'on, enabling you to communicate with the knowledge you need to be effective, both through verbal and written communications. 4irst, prepare the structure of the talk carefully and logically, just as you would for a written report. Then, check the story is consistent and flows smoothly. ?ever read from a script. It is also unwise to have the talk written out in detail as a prompt sheet. Eou should know most of what you want to say ' if you donFt then you should not be giving the talkG 2o by preparing cue cards which have key words, phrases and number of the pages "and possibly sketches& on them is a good practice. 8ehearse the presentation before the public speaking is crucial, this can be done by doing the presentation to ourselves at first and then in front of some colleagues before fo to public. 2peaking in front of an audience is a skill that everyone should have learned. eing able to communicate and express yourself to many people is essential in every aspect of life. A good speaker does not necessarily have to have a good and loud voice3 and although thatFs an advantage, without the right characteristics, unfortunately, an

impressive loud voice isnFt enough to keep people listening. 2peaking re/uires a lot of energy, planning and research, especially if youFre not as familiar with the subject. Aearn why your audience is there listening to your speech, know their wants and goals. e responsible enough to research on important things that will help make your speaking a success. Avoid being late to events as this ensures major negative points to you as a speaker ) everyone will be hating you already as soon as you step onto the stage. To make an effect on your audience while speaking, you have to be determined to make your point. Hse various methods to pass your message onto your audience and use passion to get them hooked. your dedication. A good listener looks at the speaker and makes Eye 0ontact. -e will not finish the other person@s sentences. There is nothing more irritating than trying to express an original thought when someone cuts in and assumes the rest of the statement. They also use positive body language. Beep your arms open, and not crossed, to indicate that you understand their ideas. (ccasionally, nod your head or shrug your shoulders to get your body involved in the process of listening. A good listener uses positive verbal signals. 2ay Iu'huh< or Ihmmm,< or II understand.< As the speaker gives you information, these verbal signals, which give positive feedback, will reveal that you are in the conversation. Imagine the confusion if you telephoned someone, but they made no response when you answered the phone. Eou would continue to ask, IAre you thereJ< A good listener uses positive facial expressions. 2mile often, even when on the telephone3 it shows up in your voice. Aet concern show on your face when the speaker expresses a problem. A good listener does not change the subject too /uickly. Aet the speaker express concerns and ideas fully before you move on to a new subject. 0oncentrate on finding out their needs3 do not interject your own stories and experiences. A good listener asks good /uestions to prompt further discussion and develops /uestions from the other person@s responses. To do this effectively you must be attentive. A good listener focuses on what the speaker is saying and not on his7her own next statement. A good listener exhibits patience. *o not look at your watch or tap your fingers, or look over the shoulder of the speaker. A good listener does the >$'#$ rule. 2imply stated, you speak #$ per cent of the time and listen >$ per cent of the time. e convincing with your passion for the subject and earn respect for

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Conclusion 0ommunication is a complex, ongoing process that brings us into contact with the

people in our world. 2o, in order to communicating effectively in English in selected social context, we have to continuously learning the skills from time to time. 0ommunication speech in English training will increase our confidence in our English spoken skills, enabling us to be an effective English communicator within a professional context. .hether we need to develop our English speaking skills for large audiences or wish to feel more confident in a one'to'one setting, we can learn it by doing it and by several trials and corrections, it will become better. This probably not the fact that we wanted to hear, but it is true as practice makes perfect. If we want to get better in our English communicating skills, we really need to be brave and be in front of the people and start speaking. There is no short cut, only by being brave and surpass this hurdle will make the success easier. .e learn from the mistakes, nobody likes making mistakes, but, unless we want to go through life as a complete recluse, you are for sure to make one every now and them. If you learn from mistakes correctly, they can propel and make us move forward. I assure that there will be light at the end of the tunnel.

" #++> words &

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