Giao Trinh Cam Bien Moi

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc
B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

TRNG CAO NG NGH CNG NGH V NNG LM NG BC
GIO TRNH
K THUT CM BIN
NGH: IN CNG NGHIP
TRNH : CAO NG NGH
Lng Sn thng 04 nm 2010

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LI NI U
Trn c s chng trnh khung o to ca B LTB & XH ban hnh,
Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc t chc bin
son cc ti liu hng dn gio vin v hc tp, thc tp ca hc sinh, sinh vin
ngh lp t, sa cha thit b in cng nghip trong thi k hin i ho
cng nghip ho t nc. Trong ti liu K thut cm bin ng vai tr
quan trng trong vic o to cc k thut vin, cc nhn vin lnh ngh ang
theo hc v hnh ngh in cng nghip.
Ti liu c thit k theo tng bi trong h thng mun ca chng
trnh, c mc tiu hc tp, thc tp cho mun, phn l thuyt c bn hc vin
cn phi nm vng thc hnh thc tp. Cui mi bi sau phn l thuyt c
bn u c cc bi tp ng dng gio vin v hc sinh thc hnh thc tp.
y l ti liu do cc c gio, thy gio trong t b mn in ca nh
trng cht lc trong cc qu trnh ging dy, tham kho cc ti liu, gio trnh
ca cc Trng i hc nh i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, Bch Khoa Thnh
ph H Ch Minh, i hc s phm k thut Hng Yn, i hc Cn Th
bin son, ti liu ny ch lm ti liu ging dy v tham kho ni b cho cc
gio vin v hc sinh ca Trng, khng pht hnh lu thng ra bn ngoi./.
GII THIU V MUN

V tr, ngha v vai tr ca mun:
Trong nn cng nghip sn xut hin i ngy nay, rt nhiu nh my x
nghip ang trang b cho mnh nhng dy chuyn sn xut hon ton t ng
hoc bn t ng. Cc loi cm bin c mt trong hu ht cc lnh vc iu
khin t ng, n ng mt vai tr rt quan trng, khng mt thit b no c th
thay th c. Vic trang b cho mnh mt kin thc v cc loi cm bin l nhu
cu bc xc ca cc k thut vin, k s ca ngnh in cng nh cc ngnh
khc.
Mun k thut cm bin l mt mun chuyn mn ca hc vin ngnh sa
cha thit b in cng nghip. Mun ny nhm trang b cho hc vin cc
trng cao ng ngh, trung cp ngh v cc trung tm dy ngh nhng kin
thc v nguyn l, cu to, cc mch ng dng trong thc t ca mt s loi
cm bin...vi cc kin thc ny hc vin c th p dng trc tip vo lnh vc
sn xut cng nh i sng. Ngoi ra cc kin thc ny dng lm phng tin
hc tip cc mn chuyn mn ca ngnh in nh trang b in, PLC...
Mc tiu mun
Sau khi hc xong mun ny, hc vin c nng lc:
- C kin thc phn bit c cc loi cm bin, phm vi dng ca chng.
- Lp t c mt s mch iu khin dng cm bin
- Kim tra c cc mch in lp t cm bin, pht hin s c v c bin php
khc phc
Ni dung chnh ca mn hc/mun
Mn hc/mun gm 05 bi:
Bi m u: Khi nim c bn v cc b cm bin.
Bi 1: Cm bin nhit .
Bi 2: Cm bin tim cn v cc loi cm bin xc nh v tr, khong cch.
Bi 3: Cm bin o lu lng.
Bi 4: Cm bin o vn tc vng quay v gc quay.
CC HOT NG CHNH CA MUN/MN HC

* Hot ng trn lp:
Hc vin c gio vin ging dy hng dn cch nhn bit, cch phn
bit v hnh dng kch thc cc loi cm bin, c nghe gio vin ging gii,
phn tch v gii thch v cu to, nguyn l lm vic v ng dng ca cc loi
cm bin. Hc vin c gio vin ging dy hng dn hc sinh tho lun tm
hiu v cc loi cm bin v ng dng ca n ngay trn lp hc.
* Hot ng ti xng thc hnh:
Hc vin c gio vin hng dn thc hnh hng dn v cch lp t
cc loi cm bin, cch o kim tra cc tnh, cht lng cc cm bin, lp t v
pht hin cc sai hng ca cc mch cm bin.
* Hot ng t hc:
Hc vin t su tm cc ti liu lin quan n lnh vc cm bin, lm cc
bi tp do gio vin hng dn giao cho.
BI M U
KHI NIM C BN V CC B CM BIN
GII THIU
Cc b cm bin c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc kinh t v k

thut, cc b cm bin c bit rt nhy cm c s dng trong cc th
nghim, cc lnh vc nghin cu khoa Trong lnh vc t ng ho ngi ta s
dng cc sensor bnh thng cng nh c bit. Cm bin c rt nhiu loi, rt
a dng v phong ph, do nhiu hng sn xut, gip con ngi nhn bit cc
qu trnh lm vic t ng ca my mc, trong t ng ho cng nghip dng
rt nhiu cm bin.
MC TIU BI HC
Sau khi hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:

- nh gi/xc nh c v tr, nhim v v ng dng ca cc b cm bin
trong cuc sng sinh hot cng nh sn xut trong cc ngnh kinh t cn c
t ng ho cao..
- M t c chc nng, nhim v v cc iu kin lm vic ca cc b cm
bin, cc tnh cht ng cc b cm bin.
- Bit c phm vi ng dng ca cc b cm bin.
NI DUNG
* Khi nim c bn v cc b cm bin.

* Phm vi ng dng.
* Phn loi cc b cm bin.
HOT NG I : HC L THUYT TRN LP
1. Khi nim c bn v cc b cm bin.

Cm bin l mt thit b chu tc ng ca cc i lng cn kim tra m
khng c tnh cht in v cho ta mt c trng mang mt bn cht in (nh
in tch, in p, dng in hoc tr khng), k hiu l s. c trng in s l
hm ca i lng cn o m. s = f (m )
Trong s l i lng u ra hoc phn ng ca cm bin v m l i lng
u vo hay kch thch (c ngun gc l i lng cn o. Vic o c s cho
php nhn bit gi tr m.
i vi mi cm bin, c th khai thc biu thc trn cn phi chun
cm bin, vi mt lot gi tr bit chnh xc ca m, o gi tr tng ng ca s
v dng ng cong chun, ng cong chun ny cho php xc nh mi gi
tr ca m1 t s1
d s dng, thng thng ngi ta ch to cm bin sao cho c s lin h
tuyn tnh gia bin thin u ra s v bin thin u vo m.
s = S. m
i lng cn o
(m)
Cm bin
t1
t2
tn
t1
t2
tn
i lng in
(s)
Hnh 1.1: S bin i ca i lng cn kim tra m v phn ng s theo thi gian
trong S l nhy ca cm bin

Vn quan trng y l khi thit k, ch to v s dng cm bin lm
sao cho nhy S ca chng khng i, ngha l S t ph thuc vo cc yu t
sau:
- Gi tr ca i lng cn o m ( tuyn tnh) v tn s thay i ca n
(di thng)
- Thi gian s dng ( gi ho)
- nh hng ca cc i lng vt l khc (khng phi i lng cn o)
ca mi trng xung quanh
s
s2
s1
s1
t
m1
m1
m2
Hnh 1.2: Dng ng cong t cc gi tr bit ca m, xc nh m1 t gi tr s1
2. Phm vi ng dng.
Cc b cm bin c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc kinh t v k
thut, cc b cm bin c bit rt nhy cm c s dng trong cc th nghim,
cc lnh vc nghin cu khoa Trong lnh vc t ng ho ngita s dng cc

sensor bnh thng cng nh c bit.```````````````````
3. Phn loi cc b cm bin.
- Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia kch thch v p ng.
Hi n tng
chuyn i gia kch thch v p ng.
Nhit in.
Quang in
V t l
Quang t
in t
T in
Bin i ho hc
Ho hc
Bin i in ho
Phn tch ph
Bin i sinh ho
Sinh hc
Bin i vt l
Hiu ng trn c th sng
- Theo dng kch thch.
Kch thch
m thanh
in
Quang
Nhit
Bc x
Cc c tnh ca kch thch.

Bin pha, phn cc
Ph
Tc truyn sng
in tch, dng in
in th, in p
in trng
in dn, hng s in mi
T trng
T thng, cng t trng
t thm
V tr
Lc, p sut
Gia tc, vn tc, ng sut, cng
Mmen
Khi lng, t trng
nht
Ph
Tc truyn
H s pht x, khc x
Nhit
Thng lng
T nhit
Kiu
Nng lng
Cng
7
Theo tnh nng.

+ nhy
+ chnh xc
+ phn gii
+ tuyn tnh
+ Cng sut tiu th
Theo phm vi s dng.
+ Cng nghip
+ Nghin cu khoa hc
+ Mi trng, kh tng
+ Thng tin, vin thng
+ Nng nghip
+ Dn dng
+ Giao thng vn ti...
Theo thng s ca m hnh mch in thay th.
+ Cm bin tch cc (c ngun) : u ra l ngun p hoc ngun dng
+ Cm bin th ng (khng c ngun): Cm bin gi l th ng khi
chng cn c thm ngun nng lng ph hon tt nhim v o kim, cn
loi cc tnh th khng cn. c c trng bng cc thng s: R, L, C...tuyn
tnh hoc phi tuyn.
HOT NG II: HC VIN T NGHIN CU TI LIU
Hc vin tham kho cc ti liu di y:

in t cng sut - Nguyn Bnh Nh xut bn KHKT
in t cng sut v iu khin ng c in - Dch t ting Anh
HOT NG III: HC TP, THC TP TI XNG TRNG
* Ni dung:
- Nghin cu ng dng ca tng loi cm bin.
- Tm hiu cch phn loi cm bin.
1/ Hnh thc t chc:
Chia thnh cc nhm nh t 2 n 3 hc sinh di s hng dn ca gio vin.
2/ Dng c: Giy A0, bt d,
3/ Quy trnh thc hin:
- Gio vin tp trung c lp hc vin, s lc v cch nhn bit, ng dng ca
cc b cm bin.
BI 1: CM BIN NHIT
GII THIU
Cm bin nhit c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc kinh t

v k thut, v cm bin nhit ng vai tr quyt nh n tnh cht ca vt
cht. nhit c th lm nh hng n cc i lng chu tc dng ca n, v
d nh p sut, th tch cht kh ... vv.
cm bin nhit rt nhy cm c s dng trong cc th nghim, cc lnh
vc nghin cu khoa Trong lnh vc t ng ho ngi ta s dng cc sensor
bnh thng cng nh c bit.
MC TIU BI HC

nhit .
bin nhit .
- Bit c phm vi ng dng ca cc b cm bin nhit .
NI DUNG
* i cng.
* Nhit in tr vi Platin v Nickel.
* Cm bin nhit vi vt liu silic.
* IC cm bin nhit .
* Nhit in tr NTC.
* Nhit in tr PTC.
* Cc bi thc hnh ng dng cc loi cm bin nhit .
1. i cng
Trong tt c cc i lng vt l, nhit l mt trong cc i lng c
quan tm nhiu nht v nhit ng vai tr quyt nh n nhiu tnh cht ca
vt cht, nhit c th lm nh hng n cc i lng chu tc dng ca n,
v d nh p sut, th tch cht kh ... vv.
o c tr s chnh xcca nhit l mt vn khng n gin,
nhit l i lng ch c th o gin tip trn c s tnh cht ca vt ph
thuc vo nhit . Trc khi o nhit ta cn cp n thang o nhit .
1.1 Thang o nhit
Vic xc nh thang o nhit xut pht t cc nh lut nhit ng hc
- Thang o nhit tuyt i c xc nh da trn tnh cht ca kh l
tng. nh lut Camot nu r: Hiu sut ( ca mt ng c nhit thun nghch
hot ng gia 2 ngun c nhit l 1 v 2 trong mt thang o bt k ch
ph thuc vo 1 v 2:
Dng ca hm F ch ph thuc vo thang o nhit , ngc li, vic la chn

hm F s quyt nh thang o nhit . t F() = T chng ta s xc nh T nh
l nhit nhit ng hc tuyt i v hiu sut ca ng c nhit thun nghch
s c vit nh sau:
= 1
T1
T2
Trong T1 v T2 l nhit nhit ng hc tuyt i ca 2 ngun.

a/ Thang nhit ng hc tuyt i: Kelvil, n v o l K. thang ny
ngi ta gn cho nhit ca im c 3 trng thi l nc , nc v hi,
mt gi tr bng 273,150k. T thang ny cn xc nh theo mt s thang khc.
b/ Thang nhit celsius: o bng 0c, 10c = 1 kelvil
hay T ( 0 C ) = T ( 0 K ) 273,15 0
c/ Thang nhit Fahrenheit: (0F)
( ) { ( F ) 32}. 95
T 0C = T
( F ) = 95 T ( C ) + 32
0
Bng 1-1: Thng s c trng ca mt s thang o nhit khc nhau

Nhit
Kelvin (0K) Celsius (0C)
Fahrenheit
(0F)
im 0 tuyt i
0
- 273,15
- 459,67
Hn hp nc nc
273,15
0
32
Cn bng nc nc - hi
273,16
0,01
32,018
nc
Nc si
373,15
100
212
1.2. Nhit c o v nhit cn o.
Trong tt c cc i lng vt l th nhit (t0) c quan tm nhiu nht v n
ng vai tr quan trng nh hng rt nhiu n cc tnh cht vt cht nht v
th n trong cng nghip v i sng th vic o nhit l rt cn thit. o
c tr s chnh xc ca nhit l cng vic rt kh khn v phc tp, phn
ln cc i lng vt l so snh vi gi tr mu cn nhit th khng v n l
i lng gia tng. thit lp thang o nhit v o nhit c mt s
phng php sau:
- Phng php quang da vo s p
hn b ph bc x do dao ng nhit (hiu ng Doppler)
- Da vo s gin n ca vt rn, cht lng, cht kh hoc da trn tc
ca m
- Da vo s ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit (hiu ng seebeek)
- Da trn s pht trin ca tn s dao ng ca thch anh
2. Nhit in tr vi Platin v Nickel
2.1. in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit .
c s dng cc kim loi nguyn cht (Pt; Cu; Ni) vi h s nhit in
tr cng ln cng tt
10
Pt lm vic nhit 1900 C n 6500C

Cu lm vic nhit 500C n 1500C
Ngi ta ko chng thnh si mnh qun trn khung chu nhit ri t vo hp
v c bit v a ra 2 u ly tn hiu vi in tr (R) ch to khong t
10()n 100()
Trong R0 l in tr ti thi im ban u
=
1
n.e.
Trong : n l s in t t do trong mt n v din tch

e l in tch ca in t t do
l tnh linh hot ca in t, c c trng bi tc ca in t
trong t trng).
R
U
100
50
0K
20 40 60
b/ c tnh nhit
a/ c tnh V-A
Hnh 1.1: c tnh V-A v c tnh nhit ca in tr kim loi
- nhy ca in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit

S cng cao cng tt, (S l khi nim cm nhn s pht trin ca nhit )
Phng trnh m t khu nhit l phng trnh vi phn bc nht
(T .S + 1).R(t ) = K . (t )
in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit c u im c s dng rt rng di v

c s dng nhiu
Xong nhc im ca in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit l kch thc ln,
cng knh, c qun tnh ln
2.2. Nhit in tr Platin.
Platin l vt liu cho nhit in tr c dng rng di trong cng
nghip. C 2 tiu chun i vi nhit in tr platin, s klhc nhau gia chng
nm mc tinh khit ca vt liu. Hu ht cc quc gia s dng tiu chun
quc t DIN IEC 751 1983 (c sa i ln th nht vo nm 1986, ln th 2
vo nm 1995). USA vn tip tc s dng tiu chun ring.
c 2 tiu chun u s dng phng trnh Callendar VanDusen:
R(t) = R0 (1 + A.t + B.t2 + C [t 1000C].t3)
R0 l tr s in tr nh mc 00C
Alpha
R0
Standard
H s
t nc
ohms/ohm/0C ohms
IEC 751
o,
c,
B,
2000C < t < 00C
0,003855055
100
-3
(Pt100)
Brazin,
A = 3,90830 x 10
11
B = - 5,77500 x 10-7
C = -4,18301 x 10-12
00C < t < 8500C
A & B nh trn,
ring C = 0,0
SAMA
RC - 4
0,0039200
A = 3,97869 x 10-3
98,129 B = - 5,86863 x 10-7
C = -4,16696 x 10-12
Bungari,Canaa,
an mch, Ai
cp, Phn Lan,
Php,
c,
Israen, , Nht,
Nam Phi, Th
Nh K, Nga,
Anh, USA, Ba
Lan, Rumani
USA
R0 ca nhit in tr Pt 100 l 100, ca Pt 1.000 l 1.000, cc loi Pt 500, Pt

1.000 c h s nhit ln hn, do nhy ln hn (in tr thay i mnh
hn theo nhit ). Ngoi ra cn c loi Pt 10 c nhy km dng o nhit
trn 6000C.
Tiu chun IEC 751 ch nh ngha 2 ng cp dung sai A, B. Trn thc t
xut hin thm loi C v D (Xem bng di y). Cc tiu chun ny cng p
dngcho cc loi nhit in tr khc.
Dung sai (0C)
t = (0,15 + 0,002.t)
t = (0,30 + 0,005.t)
t = (0,40 + 0,009.t)
t = (0,60 + 0,0018.t)
ng cp dung sai
A
B
C
D
Theo tiu chun DIN vt liu Platin dng lm nhit in tr c pha tp.
Do khi b cc tp cht khc thm thu trong qu trnh s dng s thay i tr
s in ca n t hn so vi cc Platin rng, nh th s n nh lu di theo thi
gian, thch h hn trong cng nghip. Trong cng nghip nhit in tr Platin
thng dng c ng knh 30 m (so snh vi ng knh si tc khong 100
(m)
2.3. Nhit in tr nickel.
Nhit in tr nicken so snh vi Platin r tin hn v c h s nhit
ln gn gp 2 ln (6,18.10-3 0C-1). Tuy nhin di o ch t -600C n +2500C, v
trn 3500C nicken c s thay i v pha, cm bin nicken 100 thng dng
trong cng nghip iu ho nhit phng.
R(t) = R0 (1 + A.t + B.t2 + D.t4 + F.t6)
A = 5,485 x 10-3; B = 6,650 x 10-6; D = 2,805 x 10-11;
F = -2,000 x
-17
10
Vi cc trng hp khng i hi s chnh xc cao, ta s dng phng trnh
sau:
R(t) = R0 (1 + a.t)
12
a = alpha = 0,00672 0C
T d dng chuyn i thnh gi tr nhit :
T = (Rt/R0 1) / a = (Rt/R0 1)/0,00672
2.200
2.000
Resistance (Ohms)
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
800
600
- 60
- 40
- 40
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Temperature (0C)
Hnh 1.2: ng c tnh cm bin nhit ZNI 1.000
Cm bin nhit ZNI 1.000 do hng ZETEX Semiconductors sn xut s dng

nhit in tr Ni, c thit k c gi tr 1.000( ti 00C).
2.4. Cch ni dy o.
Nhit in tr thay i in tr theo nhit , vi mt dng in khng
i qua nhit in tr, ta c th o c U = R.I, cm bin khng b nng ln
qua php o, dng in cn phi nht khong 1 mA. Vi Pt 100 0C ta c in
th khong 0,1 vn, in th ny cn c a n my o qua dy o. Ta c 4
k thut ni dy o:
Trng
Trng
2 dy
Trng
3 dy
Trng
4 dy
Hnh 1.3: Cch ni dy nhit in tr

Tiu chun IEC 751 yu cu dy ni n cng u nhit in tr phi c mu
ging nhau ( hoc trng) v dy ni n 2 u phi khc mu.
* K thut hai dy:
13
R1
R2
Resistance
Element
vb
R3
Power Supply
Bridge Ouiput
Hnh 1.4: K thut ni 2 dy

Gia nhit in tr v mch in t c ni bi 2 dy, bt c dy dn
in no u c in tr, in tr ny ni ni tip vi in trca 2 dy o,
mch in tr s nhn c mt in th cao hn in th cn o, kt qu ta c
ch th nhit k cao hn nhit cn o, nu khong cch qu xa, in tr dy
o c th ln n vi m.
V d vi dy ng: Din tch mt ct dy o = 0,5 mm2. in tr sut =
0,0017 (/mm2m-1). Chiu di = 100m.
R = 6,8, vi 6,8 tng ng cho nhit in tr Pt 100 mt thay i
nhit l 170C. m trnh sai s ca php o do in tr ca dy o gy ra,
ngi ta b tr in tr ca dy o bng mt mch in nh sau: Mt bin tr
b tr c ni vo mt trong hai dy o v nhit in r c thay th bng
mt in tr 100. Mch in t c thit k vi in tr d phng ca dy o
l 10. Ta chnh bin tr sao c ch th 00C: Bin tr v in tr ca dy o l
10.
* K thut 3 dy:
R1
R2
Resistance
Element
vb
Lead Resistance
R3
Power Supply
Bridge Ouiput

T nhit in tr ca dy o c ni thm mt in tr (hnh 1.5). Vi
cch ni dy ny ta c 2 mch o c hnh thnh, mt trong hai mch c
dng lm mch chun, vi k thut 3 dy, sai s ca php o do in tr dy o
14
v s thay i ca n do nhit khng cn na. Tuy nhin 3 dy o cn c

cng tr s k thut v c cng mt nhit . K thut 3 dy rt ph bin.
* K thut 4 dy
R1
R2
Resistance
Element
vb
Lead Resistance
R3
Power Supply
Bridge Ouiput

Vi k thut 4 dy ngi ta t kt qu o tt nht, hai dy c dng
cho mt dng in khng i qua nhit in tr. Hai dy khc c dng lm
dy o in th trn nhit in tr, trng hp tng tr ng vo ca mch o rt
ln so vi in tr dy o, in tr dy o coi nh khng ng k, in th o
c khng b nh hng bi in tr dy o v s thay i ca n do nhit.
2.5. Cc cu trc ca cm bin nhit platin v nickel.
* Nhit in tr vi k thut qun dy.
- Nhit in tr vi v gm: Si Platin c gi cht trong ng gm s
vi bt it nhm, di o t 2000C n 8000C.
- Nhit in tr vi v thu tinh: Loi ny c bn c hc v nhy
cao, di o t 2000C n 4000C, c dng trong mi trng ho cht c
n mn ho hc cao.
- Nhit in tr vi v nha: Gia 2 lp nha polyamid dy platin c
ng knh khong 30 mm c dn kn. Vi cu trc mng, cm bin ny c
dng o nhit b mt cc ng hay cun dy bin th. Di o t 800C n
2300C.
- Nhit in tr vi k thut mng mng: Loi ny c cu trc cm bin
gm mt lp mng mng (platin) t trn nn ceramic hoc thu tinh. Tia lazer
c s dng chun ho gi tr in tr ca nhit in tr.
2.6. Mch ng dng vi nhit in tr platin.
ADT70 l IC do hng Analog Devices sn xut, cung cp s kt hp l
tng vi Pt1.000, ta s c di o nhit rng, n cng c th s dng vi
Pt100. Trong trng hp c s cch bit, vi nhit in tr Platin k thut mng
mng, ADT70 c th o t 500C n 5000C, cn vi nhit in tr Platin tt, c
th o n 1.0000C. chnh xc ca h thng gm ADT70 v nhit in tr
Platin thang o -2000C n 1.0000C ph thuc nhiu vo phm cht ca nhit
in tr Platin.
* Cc thng s thit b ADT70:
- Sai s : 10C
- in p hot ng: 5 vn hoc 5 vn
15
- Nhit hot ng: T 400C n 1250C (dng 20 lead DIP, SO

packages)
- ng dng: Thit b di ng, b iu khin nhit .
NULLA
NULLB BIAS
25V
REFOUT
+VS
OUTOA
IOTA
IOTB
MATCHEO
CURRENT
SOURCES
+INO
2,5V
REP
-INOA
-1NiA
-1NiA
SHUT
DOWN
1NST
AMP
RGA RGB
RGC
SENSE
OUTSA
AGND
-Vs
SHUTDOWN
DGND
Hnh 1.7: S khi ADT70

ADT70 c 2 thnh phn chnh: Ngun dng c th iu chnh v b phn
khuych i, ngun dng c th iu chnh b phn khuych i. Ngun dng
c s dng cung cp cho nhit in tr v in tr tham chiu. B phn
khuych i so snh in p trn nhit in tr v in p trn in tr tham
chiu, sau a tn hiu in p tng ng vi nhit . (ADT70 cn c 1
opamp, 1 ngun p 2,5 vn).
Di o ca ADT70 ph thuc vo c tnh ca nhit in tr, v vy iu
quan trng l phi chn la nhit in tr thch hp vi ng dng thc t.
2.7. Mch ng dng vi nhit din tr Ni
Zni 1.000 vi ZMR500 c dng vi DVM nh l nhit k
3. Cm bin nhit vi vt liu silic
Cm bin nhit vi vt liu silic ang ngy ng vai tr quan trng
trong cc h thng in t, vi cm bin silic, bn cnh cc c im tuyn tnh,
s chnh xc, ph tn thp, cn c th tch hp trong mt IC cng vi b phn
khuych i v cc yu cu s l tn hiu khc, h thng tr ln nh gn, mc
phc tp cao hn v chy nhanh hn. K thut cm bin truyn thng nh
cp nhit, nhit in tr c c tuyn khng tuyn tnh v yu cu s iu chnh
c th chuyn i chnh xc t gi tr nhit xang i lng in (dng hoc
p), ang c hay th dn bi cc cm bin silicvi li im l s nh gn ca
mch in tch hp v d s dng.
3.1. Nguyn tc
Hnh v 1.8 th hin cu trc c bn ca mt cm bin, kch thc ca
mt cm bin l 500 x 500 x 200(mt trn ca cm bin l mt lp SiO2 c mt
vng hnh trn c m kim loi c ng knh khong 20m, ton b mt y
c m kim loi
16

n+ doping
metallwion
Sio2
n-si
ne of force
Equipotental plane
n+ doping
metalization
Hnh v 1.9 biu din

mch in tng ng tng
trng thay th cho cm bin
silic (sn xut theo nguyn tc
in tr phn ri). S sp xp
ny dn n s phn b dng
qua tinh th c dng hnh nn,
y l ngun gc c tn gi
in tr phn ri.
Hnh 1.8:
in tr cm bin nhit R c xc nh nh sau:

Hnh 1.9
R = /d
Trong R l in tr cm bin nhit; l in tr sut ca vt liu silic
( l thuc vo nhit ); d l ng knh ca hnh trn vng m kim loi mt
trn.
3.2. c trng k thut c bn ca dng cm bin KTY (hng Philips sn
xut).
Vi s chnh xc v n nh lu di ca cm bin vi vt liu silic KYT
s dng cng ngh in tr phn ri l mt, s dng thay th tt cho cc loi
cm bin nhit truyn thng.
* u im chnh:
- S n nh: Gi thit cm bin lm vic nhit c gi tr bng mt na gi
tr nhit hot ng cc i, sau thi gian lm vic t nht l 45.000 gi
(khong 51 nm) hoc sau 1.000 gi (1,14 nm), hot ng lin tc vi dng
nh mc ti gi tr nhit hot ng cc i cm bin silic s cho kt qu o
vi sai s nh bng di y (bng 1 3)
Bng 1 3: Sai s ca cm bin silic (do thi gian s dng)
TYPE
Sai s tiu biu (K)
Sai s ln nht (K)
KTY 81 1
0,20
0,50
KTY 82 - 1
KTY 81 2
0,20
0,80
KTY 82 2
KTY 83
0,15
0,40
17
- S dng cng ngh silic: Do cm bin c sn xut da trn nn tng cng

ngh silic nn gin tip chng ta c hng li ch t nhng tin b trong lnh
vc cng ngh ny ng thi iu ny cng gin tip mang li nhng nh hng
tch cc cho cng ngh ng gi, ni m lun c xu hng thu nh.
- S tuyn tnh: Cm bin vi vt liu silic c h s gn nh l hng s trn ton
b thang o, c tnh ny l mt iu l tng khai thc s dng (c trng
k thut ca KYT 81).
Nhit hot ng ca cc cm bin silic thng thng b gii hn
1500C. KYT 84 vi v bc SOD68 v cng ngh ni c bit gia dy dn v
chip c th hot ng n nhit 3000C.
2,4
R (k)
1,6
0,8
-100
-50
50
100
150
200
Hnh 1.10: c trng k thut ca KYT 81

* c im sn phm:
Tn sn
R25 ()
phm
KYT 81 1
1.000
KYT 81 - 2
2.000
KYT 82 1
1.000
KYT 82 2
2.000
KYT 83 1
1.000
KYT 84 - 1
1.000
(R100)
R
( 1% ti ( 5%
( 1% ti ( 5%
( 1% ti ( 5%
( 1% ti ( 5%
( 1% ti ( 5%
Thang o
(0C)
- 55 ti 150
- 55 ti 150
- 55 ti 150
- 55 ti 150
- 55 ti 175
( 1% ti ( 5%
- 40 ti 300
Dng IC
SOD 70
SOD 70
SOT 23
SOT 23
SOD 68 (DO
34)
SOD 68 (DO
34)
i vi loi KYT 83, ta c phng trnh ton hc biu din mi quan h

gia in tr v nhit nh sau:
RT = Rref 1 + A(T Tref ) + B (T Tref
18
)]
2
RT l in tr nhit ; Rref l in tr ti Tref (1000C vi loi KYT 84 v

250C vi cc cm bin cn li); A,B l cc h s.
i vi KYT 81/82/84:
RT = Rref 1 + A(T Tref ) + B(T Tref
C (T T1 )
T1 l nhit m dc ca ng cong bt u gim. Nu T(T1 th h s C =

0; C v D l cc h s.
Loi cm bin
A (K 1)
B (K 2) C(1)(K D)
D
T1 (0C)
KYT 81 1
7,874 x 10-3 1,874 x 10-5 3,42 x 10-8
3,7
100
-3
-5
-6
KYT 81 - 2
7,874 x 10
1,874 x 10 1,096 x 10
3,0
100
-3
-5
-8
KYT 82 1
7,874 x 10
1,874 x 10
3,42 x 10
3,7
100
-3
-5
-6
KYT 82 2
7,874 x 10
1,874 x 10 1,096 x 10
3,0
100
-3
-5
KYT 83
7,635 x 10
1,731 x 10
-3
-5
-8
KYT 84
6,12 x 10
1,1 x 10
3,14 x 10
3,6
250
* Ch : Vi loi cm bin KYT 83/84 khi lp t cn ch n cc tnh,
u c vch mu cn ni vo cc m, cn KYT 81/82 khi lp t ta khng cn
quan tm n cc tnh.
3.3. Mch in tiu biu vi KTY81 hoc KTY82
Hnh v 1.11 cho ta mt mch in in hnh c thit k cho cm bin
KYT 81 110 hoc KYT 82 110 (nhit t 00C n 1000C). in tr R1 v
R2, cm bin v cc nhnh in tr R3, bin tr P1 v R4 to thnh mt mch
cu.
Gi tr R1 v R2 c chn sao cho gi tr dng in qua cm bin gn bng 1A
v tuyn tnh ho cm bin trong di nhit cn o. in p ng ra thay i
tuyn tnh t 0,2VS n 0,6 VS (VS = 5 vn th Vout thay i t 1 vn n 3
vn). Ta iu chnh P1 Vout = 1 vn ti 00C, ti 1000C iu chnh P2 Vout = 3
vn, vi mch in ny vic iu chnh P2 khng nh hng n vic chnh
zero.
VB
R6
6,8k
R3
4k
R1
3,3k
P1
220
KYT81-110
R2
22k
P2
4,7k
R5
33k
V0
R4
1k
Hnh 1.11: Mch o nhit s dng KYT81-110
19
4. IC cm bin nhit .
Rt nhiu cng ty, cc hng ch to v sn xut IC bn dn o v hiu
chnh nhit IC cm bin nhit l mch tch hp nhn tn hiu nhit
chuyn thnh tn hiu di dng in p hoc tn hiu dng in. Da vp cc
c tnh rt nhy cm ca cc bn dn vi nhit , to ra in p hoc dng
in t l thun vi nhit tuyt i C, F, K hay tu loi. o tn hiu in ta
cn bit c nhit cn o. Tm o gii hn t -550C n 1500C, chnh
xc t 1% n 2% tu theo tng loi.
S tc ng ca nhit s to ra in tch t do v cc l trng trong
cht bn dn bng s ph v cc phn t, bt cc electron thnh dng t do di
chuyn qua cc vng cu trc mng tinh th, to s xut hin cc l trng nhit
lm cho t l in t t do v cc l trng tng ln theo quy lut hm s m vi
nhit . Kt qu ca hin tng ny l di mc in p thun, dng thun ca
mi ni p n trong diode hay transistor s tng theo hm s m theo nhit .
Trong mch t hp, cm bin nhit thng l in p ca lp chuyn tip
p n trong mt transistor loi bipolar, Texinstruments c STP 35 A/B/C;
National Semiconductor LM 35/4.5/50vv.
4.1. Cm bin nhit LM 35/ 34 ca National Semiconductor.
Hu ht cc cm bin nhit ph bin u s dng c phn phc tp,
chng hn cp nhit ngu c mc ng ra thp v yu cu b nhit, thermistor
th khng tuyn tnh, thm vo ng ra ca cc loi cm bin ny khng tuyn
tnh tng ng bt k thang chia nhit no. Cc khi cm bin tch hp c
ch to khc phc c nhng c im , nhng ng ra ca chng quan h
vi thang o Kelvin hn l Celsius v Fahrenheit.
+ VS
(4v TO 20V)
Thang o: +20C n 1500C

VS = 4 vn ti 30 vn
OUTPUT
10,0mV/0C
LM 35
+ VS
Thang o: -550C n 1500C

R1 = VS/50 A
VS = 4 vn ti 30 vn
VouT = 1500mV ti +1500C
= +250mV ti +250C
= -550mV ti -550C
VOUT
LM 35
R1
- VS
Hnh 1.12: Cch kt ni cm bin nhit LM35

* Loi LM35: Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensor: Vi loi ny ta
c in p ng ra t l trc tip vi thang nhit Celsius (thang bch phn).
20
Nh th mt mch in b tr im zero ca thang Kelvin (thang nhit tuyt

i) khng cn cn thit nh mt s IC cm bin nhit khc.
- c im: in p hot ng: Vs = 4 vn n 30 vn;
in p ng ra tuyn tnh: 10 mV/0C
- Thang o: - 550C n 1500+C vi LM 35/35A;
- 400C n 1100C vi LM 35C/35CA;
00C n 1000C vi LM 35D;
- S t nung nng rt nh: 0,080C (trong mi trng khng kh)
- Mc khng tuyn tnh ch 1/40C)
* Cch kt ni
* Loi LM 34: Ging nh LM 35 nhng c thit k cho thang o
Fahrenheit t -50 n + 3000F, chnh xc 0,40F.
LM 34 c ng ra 10mV/0F
in p hot ng: T 5 vn DC n 20 vn DC
Tr khng ng ra LM 34 thp v c im ng ra tuyn tnh lm cho gi
tr c ra hay iu khin mch in d dng.
4.2. Cm bin nhit AD 590 ca Analog Devices
Cm bin AD 590 (Analog Devices) c thit k lm cm bin nhit
c tng tr ng ra kh ln (10 M(), vi mch c cn bng bi nh sn xut,
khin cho dng mA ra tng ng vi chun nhit K. in p lm vic cng
nh cng tt trnh hin tng t gia nhit, khi cp in p thay i, dng in
thay i rt t.
Thang o: - 550C n 1500C
in p hot ng: T 4 vn DC n 30 vn DC
Dng in ra t l: 1 A/0K
4.3. Mch ng dng.
* Mch o nhit bng LM 35.
5 vn
12
n
12
vn
R3 = 1
k
LM
R5 = 1,8
k
TL 082
TL 082
R3 = 1
k
5 vn
R1 = 8,2
k
R4 = 1
k
R4 = 1
k
R6 = 2,2
k
R2 = 10
k
21
R7 = 10
k
150
55
VAK
* Mch ng dng LM35 vi thit b khuych i m thanh.

12
LM3886
+28 vn
IC2
Themmall
y
R3= 10
k
IC1
LM 35
LMC7211
IC3
-28 vn
10 k
R4 = 560
k
20 k
1 k
12
vn
3,3 F
IC4
4,7 k
Q1 NDS
R1= 10
k
LM 4041-
Audio
10 F
Hnh 1.12: LM35 vi b phn khuych i m thanh cng sut

Trong mch ng dng ny, nhit IC khuych i m thanh (IC1) l i
lng c quan tm. LM35 v IC1 c s gn kt v nhit, tn hiu ng ra ca
b so snh s xung mc thp nu nhit vt qu gii hn (thng s ny
c chn bng R1 v R2 v in p tham chiu). H thng c thit k
qut hot ng khi nhit vt qu khong gi tr 800C v tt khi nhit
xung di 600C.
5. Nhit in tr NTC
NTC (Negative Temperature Conficient) l nhit in tr c h s nhit
in tr m ngha l gi tr in tr gim khi nhit tng, gim t 3% n 5%
trn 1 .
5.1. Cu to.
NTC l hn hp a tinh th ca nhiu xit gm c nung chy nhit
cao (1.0000C n 1.4000C) nh Fe2O3; Zn2TiO4; MgCr2O4 TiO2 hay NiO v
CO vi Li2O. c cc NTC c nhng c trng k thut n nh vi thi gian
di, n cn c s l vi nhng phng php c bit sau khi ch to.
5.2. c tnh cm bin nhit NTC.
* ng c tnh cm bin
Nhit - in tr NTC m s A34-2/30: RNTC (5,5 kw nhit mi trng
200C RNTC 400 w nhit mi trng 1000C. * c tnh dng/p ca NTC
c tnh dng p ca NTC cung cp nhiu thng tin hn c c tnh in tr
Nhit . c tnh ny cng dng c c trong trng hp dng qua NTC lm
nhit ca n cao hn nhit mi trng.
c tuyn ny cng c gi l c tuyn tnh ca NTC, in p ri trn
NTC ch c ghi nhn khi t c trng thi cn bng gia in nng cung
cp v ngun nhit (thng ly mi trng nhit 250C, trong iu kin lng
gi).
22
c tuyn trn chia ra lm 3 vng:

- Vng bt u c tuyn (gii hn vng ny l khu vc 10 mW), nng
lng in cung cp cho NTC khng ng k, lng nhit sinh ra do dng in
khng ng k, trong vng ny, in tr ca NTC xc nh ch do nhit mi
trng. nhy ng k nu s dng NTC lm cm bin nhit trong vng
ny.
K
101
5
100
5
10-1
5
10-2
0
3000C
200
100
Hnh 1.13: ng c tnh cm bin nhit

10k
100k
1k
100
3000C
1000C
500C
2000C
4000C
10w
10 mw
1 mw
10
1w
100 mw
Hnh 1.14: c tuyn U/I ca NTC

- Vng 2: Do s tng dng, nhit ca NTC tng cao hn nhit mi
trng, do t lm nng, in tr ca NTC gim ng k, mt gi tr dng cho
sn, p tng ti a.
Vng 3: Nu dng vn tng thm, in p ri s tr ln b, cui ng
c tuyn in tr ca NTC gn nh do nng lng in chuyn i, ch c mt
t do tc ng nhit ca mi trng.
* Mt s thng s ca NTC
R20 hay R25: in tr ngui hay in tr biu kin l gi tr nhit ca
NTC 200C hoc 250C (tuy nhin sai s l t 5% n 25%).
23
Tmin; Tmax l gii hn nhit hot ng ca NTC.

Pmax l cng sut ln nht cho php chuyn i ra nhit trong NTC.
5.3. ng dng.
NTC c rt nhiu ng dng, c chia ra lm 2 loi l loi dng lm
o lng v loi lm b tr.
* Loi dng lm o lng: trong o lng v tc ng b, cn trnh hin
tng t sinh nhit do dng NTC ln, nh vy NTC hot ng ch yu trong
vng tuyn tnh, nh m t trc y, trong vng ny in tr ca NTC c
xc nh bng nhit mi trng, phm vi ch yu ca NTC trong lnh vc
ny l o nhit , kim tra, iu khin. Tuy nhin NTC cng c dng b
tnh ph thuc nhit ca in tr, lm n nh nhit cho cc mch in t
dng bn dn.
* Loi dng lm b tr: NTC c tnh cht tr, khi dng in qua n ln
n ni in tr gim nhiu do qu trnh t to nhit, ti cng ln th in tr
NTC cng gim mnh. Nhit in tr NTC to tc dng tr nhm trit dng nh
trong mch n chiu sng loi c tim, mch ng c cng sut nh, mch t
tim cc bng in t, mch c tnh dung khng (t).
* Mch ng dng vi NTC.
Hot ng ca cm bin da trn s khc nhau v kh nng lm mt ca
cht lng v khng kh hoc hi nc trn cht lng, khi NTC c nhng vo
cht lng, n c lm mt nhanh chng, in p ri trn NTC tng ln, do hiu
ng ny NTC c th pht hin c s tn ti hay khng ca cht lng mt v tr.
* B iu khin nhit : NTC c s dng rt nhiu trong cc h thng
iu khin nhit bng cch s dng mt nhit in tr trong mch so snh c
bn, khi nhit vt qu mc ci t, ng ra s chuyn trng thi t Off sang
ON.
* B nhit: Nhiu cht bn dn v IC cn c s b nhit c s hot
ng n nh trn di nhit rng, bn thn chng c h s nhit dng cho
nn NTC c bit thch hp vi vai tr b nhit.
* Rle thi gian dng NTC: Rle thi gian ngy nay t chnh xc
cao bng cch s dng phn t RC v cng tc in t. Tuy nhin khi khng cn
chnh xc cao, c th dng NTC theo 2 mch in c bn sau y:
- Mch A l rle thi gian ng chm, sau khi ni ngun S1, dng qua
cun dy rle, nhng b gii hn bi in tr ngui ca NTC ln, sau mt thi
gian do qu trnh t gia nhit v dng qua n, in tr NTC gim, tng dng
khin rle tc ng.
- Mch B l rle thi gian m chm, khi ng S2, dng qua nhit in tr,
bt u qu trnh t gia nhit, in p ri qua RS tng, sau mt thi gian rle
khng cn duy tr, b ngt, thi gian tr tu thuc vo mi trng to nhit
ca NTC.
6. Nhit in tr PTC.
Nhit in tr PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficent) l loi nhit in
tr c h s nhit in tr dng (gi tr in tr tng khi nhit tng). Trong
mt khong nhit nht nh PTC c h s nhit R rt cao.
6.1. Cu to.
24
Vt liu ch to PTC gm hn hp barium carbonate v mt vi xit kim

loi khc c p v nung, nhiu tnh cht v in khc nhau c th t c
bng cch gia gim cc hp cht trn khc nhau v nguyn vt liu bng cch
gia nhit theo nhiu phng php khc nhau, sau khi gia nhit nung kt cc mi
ni c hnh thnh trong thermistors sau trong qu trnh sn xut cc
dy ni dn ra ngoi c thm vo, nhit in tr PTC thng thng c ph
bn ngoi mt lp v c cu to nh vecni chng li nh hng ca mi
trng khng kh.
6.2. c tnh cm bin nhit PTC.
* ng c tnh in tr nhit PTC chia lm 3 vng:
- Vng nhit thp: Ging nh nhit in tr NTC c h s nhit m
- Vng h s nhit tng chm (TA; TN): sau mt vi khong nhit
t c th bt u nhit in tr bin i xang tnh cht dng bt u t im
TA, gi tr ca nhit in tr PTC im TA c xem nh l in tr khi
im, RA l gi tr in tr thp nht m PTC th hin.
- Vng lm vic (TN < T < TUPPER): Sau khi t c gi tr nhit danh
nh TN, gi tr in tr ca nhit in tr PTC bng nhin gia tng theo dc
thng ng, thc t th gp vi chc ln khi so snh v dc on ny vi
on trc, vng dc ng ny chnh l di in tr lm vic ca nhit in tr
PTC.
Hng v ng c tuyn im nhit dn cao hn, vng lm vic
ca nhit in tr PTC b gii hn bi vng nhit trn Tupper vi in tr
vng trn Rupper, khi Tupper b vt qua, s gia tng in tr s t v cng t
hn na cho n khi t gi tr in tr t t. V tip theo sau ng c tnh
vng ny s l im c tnh cht in tr m, vng ny thng khng c c
ch ra trong c tnh bi v n nm ngoi vng lm vic ca nhit in tr PTC.
RE
RN
RA
TA
TN
TE
00C
TU
Hnh 1.15
ng c tnh dng p cho nhng loi rin l khc c cho bi nh sn
xut thng khng theo h trc to tuyn tnh m li s dng h trc log.
25
Tnh cht dng v dng v p ca nhit in tr PTC cng c hnh dng

ging nh l tnh cht ca nhit in tr NTC.
* Mt s thng s c trng ca PTC
- TNOM (TN): Nhit danh nh, ti gi tr nhit RN = 2*RA
- R: H s nhit nhit in tr PTC.
- TUPPER: Nhit gii hn vng lm vic.
- R25: in tr ca PTC khi mi trng nhit 250C.
6.3. ng dng.
Nhit in tr PTC lm vic nh cm bin c nhy cao
ng dng tnh cht gi tr in tr tng: Khi ng bng n hunh
quang, mch bo v qu ti ...vv.
* Mch ng dng vi PTC.
Nhit in tr PTC c mc trong mt cu o ca mch so snh (hnh
1.16), ti nhit bnh thng RPTC ( RS, in p ng ra mc thp, khi s
tng nhit vt qu ngng xut hin, PTC b nung nng nn RPTC ( RS nn
in p ng ra V0 ln mc cao (hnh 1.17). V0
RP > RS
R1 = R2
R1
RP < RS
RL
RS
R1 = R2
V0
R1
R2
PTC
Swtich
temperature
RP
T0C
Hnh 1.17: c tuyn ca V0

Hnh
1.16:bo
Mch
snh
* Mch
v so
ng
c.
PTC c dng pht hin s tng nhit bt thng trong ng c bng
cch o trc tip, cm bin nhit c gn chm trong cun Stato, tn hiu c
s l nh mt thit b iu khin dn n tc ng (Hnh 1.18).
PTC
PTC
PTC
Hnh 1.18: Mch bo v ng c

Thit b iu khin KLIXON 40/41/42AA series.
Thit b c s dng kt hp vi cm bin nhit PTC, chng tng
thch vi loi cm bin Klixon BA series.
26
Nu nhit trong cun dy ng c trng thi bnh thng th cm

bin in tr gim xung n mc thp cn thit Reset, thit b t ng reset nu
thit b khng ci t reset bng tay.
S kt ni cm bin vi b iu khin loi 40AA, 42AA Series.
7. Cc bi thc hnh ng dng cc loi cm bin nhit .
7.1. Thc hnh vi cm bin nhit Platin Pt 100, Pt1000 v ADT70.
* Yu cu mc ch:
a/ Thit b
- Kho sats cm bin nhit Pt100, Pt1.000.
* Thit b: - Cm bin Pt100 v Pt1000, IC ADT70
* Thc hin - Lp t mch o nhit s dng nhit tr Pt100,
Pt1000 vi IC ADT 70
- Lp mch nh hnh 1.19.
o gi tr in p ng ra (VOUT IA v im ni mass)
VOUT=
- Tnh gi tr nhit mi trng ca phng th nghim: t =
* Pt 100
- Lp mch nh hnh 1.19, nhng cn lu thay gi tr in tr RG= 4,99k nh
hnh 1.20.
- Thay in tr tham chiu 1000 bng in tr 100
Vic thay RG gip gi t l in p ng ra v nhit nh khi dng Pt1000
- o gi tr in p ng ra ( chn VOUT IA v im ni mass)
VOUT=
- Tnh gi tr nhit mi trng ca phng th nghim: t =
+ 5V
NULLA
NULLB
BIAS
+V
2,5VREFOUT
ATD70
OUTA
MATCHEO
CURRENT
SOURCES
IOUTA
+INOA
INDEPENDENT
OP AMP
2,5V
REF
IOUTB
-INOA
-INIA
SHUT
DOWN
-INIB
1K
REF
RESIS
TOR
1K
PRTD
OUTIA
RGA
RGB
49,9K
GND
SENSE
VOUT 5mV
-VS
RGND
-1V < VS < -5V
Hnh 1.19: Pt1000 v ADT70

27
DGND
SHUTDOWN
-INIA
RG
INST
AMP
4,98K
RG
+INIA
GND
SENSE
OUT
Hnh 1.20: ADT70 v Pt100

7.2. Thc hnh vi cm bin LM 35
* Yu cu mc ch:
Kho st IC LM 35.
* Thit b :
IC LM 35, in tr.
Diod 1N914, diod zener.
Mili vn k
* Thc hin
Vi IC LM35in p ng ra t l trc tip vi thang o Celsius. Thc t IC
LM35 c 4 dng nh sau:
* S chn ca IC LM35
Dng SO-8
Dng TO-46
VOUT
+VS
NC
NC
NC
NC
GND
NC
+VS
VOUT
Dng TO-92
Dng TO-220
+VS VOUT GND
LM35DT
GND o
BOTTOM VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
+VS
* Rp mch nh hnh 1.21(thang o:+20C n 1500C)

-S dng Milivn k o gi tr in p VOUT: VOUT=
Tnh nhit t =
a cm bin n gn ngun nhit theo di s thay i ca VOUT.
* Rp mch nh hnh 1.22 ( thang o:-550C n 1500C)
-Gi tr R1 c chn tu thuc vo VS, R1 = - VS/50A.
S dng milivn k o gi tr in p VOUT: VOUT =
Tnh nhit t: t =
28
GND VOUT

+VS
+VS (4V TO 20V)
LM35
VOUT
LM35
VOUT
RT
-VS
Hnh 1.21
Hnh 1.22
* Rp mch nh hnh v 1.23 (thang o t -550C n 1500C)

+VS
6, 10, 20V
+VS
LM35
LM35
48,5K1%
VOUT
10K1%
12K 10%
1N914
VOUT-
26,4K1%
LM385
Hnh 1.23
18K
1M1%
Hnh 1.24
Tnh nhit t: t =
* Rp mch nh hnh 1.24
- Ch trong mch ny gi tr in p ra t l vi nhit thang o Fahrenheit.
Tnh nhit t: t =
7.3. Thc hnh vi cm bin nhit in tr NTC.
* Yu cu - mc ch
Ly ng c tnh ca mt in
tr NTC, R = f() v I = f(U), s
thay i in tr xy ra do t lm
nng (ti tng).
* Thit b:
Nhit in tr NTC (Negative

K hiu ca nhit in tr NTC
Temperature Coeffcient), vn
k, miliampek.
* Thc hin:
Ghi ch: S thay i in tr c th to ra qua vic thay i nhit ca mi
trng xung quanh hoc qua vic t nng cng nh lm lnh tu theo ti in
29
khc nhau. ng c tnh ca in tr NTC l ng biu din hm s m, n

ph thuc vo vt liu s dng, dng cu to cng nh s thay i nhit .
B qua s thay i in tr do nhit ca mi trng v trong phng th
nghim, nhit coi nh khng i.
Lp th nghim theo mch hnh 1.25, o dng in qua in tr NTC theo
cc in p cho trong bng di y, chnh c trng thi nhit n
nh khi thay i in p, cc php o c thc hin ln lt theo khong cch
v thi gian l 30s.
mA
U: 0 30V
R25 = 6k
Hnh 1.25
xy dng c tnh ca R = f() cn i hi cc gi tr in tr ca in
tr NTC c xc nh t cc gi tr dng in o v cc in p cho trc
bng sau y:
Bng gi tr in p
U(V)
5
10
15
20
25
28
I(mA)
R(k)
I(mA)
7
R(k
6,6
6,2
5,8
5,4
5,0
4,6
4,2
0
0
10
15
30
20
25
30
35
U(V)
7.4. Thc hnh vi cm bin nghit in tr PTC.

* Yu cu - mc ch
Ly ng c tnh ca mt in
tr PTC, R = f() v I = f(U), c
tnh R = f() c to ra qua vic
t lm nng (tng in p t vo
n)
* Thit b: Nhit in tr
K hiu ca nhit in tr PTC
PTC (Positive Temperature
Coeffcient), vit nam k, miliampe k.
* Thc hin:
Ghi ch: S thay i in tr c th to ra qua vic thay i nhit ca mi
trng xung quanh hoc qua vic t nng cng nh lm lnh tu theo ti in
khc nhau. B qua s thay i in tr do nhit ca mi trng v trong
phng th nghim, nhit coi nh khng i.
V ng c tnh ca in tr PTC khng ch ph thuc vo nhit ca n
m cn ph thuc mt t vo ln in p t vo n, do trong cc bi th
nghim sau b qua trng hp ph thuc vo in p.
* Lp th nghim theo mch hnh 1.26 v o dng in qua in tr
PTC theo cc in p cho trong bng.
c th chnh c trng thi in tr n nh khi thay i in p, cc
php o dng in c thc hin ln lt theo khong cch v thi gian l 30s.
mA
U: 0 30V
R25 = 80
Hnh 1.26
xy dng c c tnh ca R = f() cn i hi cc gi tr in tr ca
in tr PTC c xc nh t cc gi tr dng in o v cc in p cho
trc bng sau y:
Bng gi tr in p
U(V)
1
2
I(mA)
R(k)
31
10
12
16
20
24
I(mA)
140
R(k
1.400
120
1.200
100
1.000
80
800
60
600
40
400
20
200
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
U(V)

1. Cc b cm bin trong k thut o lng v iu khin.
L Vn Doanh, Phm Thng Hn, Nguyn Vn Ho, o Vn Tn
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut H Ni.
2. Cm bin ng dng Dng Minh Tr - Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut H Ni.
3. Gio trnh cm bin - Phm Quc Ph, Nguyn c Chin - Nh xut
bn Khoa hc v k thut H Ni.
4. Gio trnh cm bin Trung tm Vit - c pht hnh
* Ni dung:
- Nghin cu ng dng ca tng loi cm bin nhit .
- Tm hiu cch phn loi, ng dng ca tng cm bin nhit .
1/ Hnh thc t chc:
2/ Dng c, thit b: Cc loi cm bin nhit , dng c kim tra nh nhit k
vv.
32
- Gio vin tp trung c lp hc vin, s lc v ng dng ca cc b cm bin

nhit , lm mu cch lp t, cch o v hiu chnh cc b cm bin nhit .
- Chia mi nhm t 2 n 3 hc vin thc hnh thc tp vi cc b cm bin
nhit di s hng dn ca gio vin.
- Cui bi hc, gio vin kim tra nh gi, nhn xt ti tng hc vin trong qu
trnh thc tp.
33
BI 2
CM BIN TIM CN
V CC LOI CM BIN XC NH V TR, KHONG CCH
GII THIU
Cm bin tim cn c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc t ng

ho qu trnh sn xut, trong cc dy truyn t ng ho sn xut, trong cc ni
lm vic kh khn, c hi, v cm bin tim cn dng nhn bit c hoc
khng cc vt th.
MC TIU BI HC

tim cn.
bin tim cn.
- Bit c phm vi ng dng, cch lp t cc b cm bin tim cn .
NI DUNG
* Cm bin tim cn (Proximity Sensor).

* Mt s loi cm bin xc nh v tr, khong cch khc.
* Cc bi thc hnh ng dng cc loi cm bin tim cn.
1. Cm bin tim cn (Proximity Sensor).

1.1. i cng.
* c im: - Pht hin vt khng cn tip xc.
- Tc p ng nhanh.
- u sensor nh, c th lp c nhiu ni.
- C th s dng trong mi trng khc nghit.
Cm bin tim cn l mt k thut nhn bit s c mt hay khng c
mt ca mt vt th vi cm bin in t khng cng tc (khng ng chm),
cm bin tim cn c mt v tr rt quan trng trong thc t, v d pht hin vt
trn dy chuyn rbt bt gi ly, pht hin chai, lon nhm trn dy chuyn,
bng chuyn ...vv. Tn hiu ng ra ca cm bin tim cn thng dng logic
c hoc khng.
* Mt s nh ngha:
- Khong cch pht hin: L khong cch xa nht t u cm bin n v
tr vt chun m cm bin pht hin c.
- Khong cch ci t: L khong cch cm bin c th nhn bit vt
mt cch n nh (thng bng 70% n 80% khong cch pht hin).
- Thi gian p ng: t2 l thi gian t lc i tng i vo vng cm bin
pht hin ca cm bin n lc cm bin bo hiu. t2 l thi gian t lc i
tng i ra khi vng pht hin cho n khi cm bin ht bo tn hiu.
34

OFF
ON
Cm bin tim cn
Khong cch
pht hin
Hnh 2.1
Khong cch Reset
Khong cch trc lng ci t

Khong cch ci t
Cm bin tim cn
Sensing object
Hnh 2.2
1.2. Cm bin tim cn in cm (Inductive Proximity Sensor).
Cm bin tim cn in cm c nhiu kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau
tng ng vi cc ng dng khc nhau. Cm bin tim cn in cm c dng
pht hin cc i tng l kim loi (loi cm bin ny khng pht hin cc
i tng c cu to khng phi l kim loi).
* Cu trc ca cm bin tim cn in cm: Gm 4 phn chnh
- Cun dy v li ferit.
- Mch dao ng.
- Mch pht hin.
- Mch u ra.
* Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in cm.
Cm bin tim cn in cm c thit k to ra mt vng in trng,
khi mt vt bng kim loi tin vo khu vc ny, xut hin dng in xoy (dng
in cm ng) trong vt th kim loi ny. Dng in xoy gy nn s tiu hao
nng lng (do in tr ca kim loi) lm nh hng n bin sng dao ng,
n mt tr s no tn hiu ny c ghi nhn. Mch pht hin s pht hin s
35
thay i tn hiu v tc ng mch ra ln mc ON. Khi i tng ri khi khu

vc t trng, s dao ng c ti lp, cm bin tr li trng thi bnh thng.
* Phn loi cm bin tim cn in cm.
Cm bin tim cn in cm c th chia ra lm 2 loi: Loi c bo v
(Shielded) v loi khng c bo v (Unshielded), loi khng c bo v
cthng c tm pht hin ln hn loi c bo v.
* Nhng yu t nh hng n tm pht hin ca cm bin tim cn in
cm:
- Kch thc, hnh dng, vt liu li v cun dy.
- Vt liu v kch thc i tng.
- Nhit mi trng.
c im ca i tng tiu chun (mc tiu): Hnh vung, di cnh
bng d (ng knh ca b mt cm bin), dy 1mm v lm bng thp mm (mild
steel).
Nu i tng cn pht hin c kch thc nh hn tiu chun, tm pht
hin ca cm bin s gim (do dng in xoy yu). Nhng nu kch thc ln
hn kch thc tiu chun khng c ngha l tm pht hin tng ln.
hiu chnh khong cch tm cm bin ph thuc vo vt liu ngi ta
s dng cc vt liu v h s nh bng 1 v 2 di y.
Bng 1
Vt liu
Thp mm (mild steel)
Thp khng g (300)
ng thau
Nhm
ng
H s 1
Shielded
1.00
0,70
0,40
0,35
0,30
Unshielded
1.00
0,80
0,50
0,45
0,40
Bng 2
Kch thc i tng so
vi kch thc tiu
chun
25%
50%
75%
100%
H s 2
Shielded
Unshielded
0,56
0,83
0,92
1,00
0,50
0,73
0,90
1,00
+ Snew = Sn* h s
+ Snew: Tm pht hin mi ca cm bin tng ng vi kch thc v vt
liu ca cm bin.
+ Sn: Tm pht hin ca cm bin vi i tng tiu chun.
dy ca i tng cng l mt yu t nh hng n tm pht hin
ca cm bin, i vi vt liu khng mang t tnh (khng cha cht st) nh
36
ng, nhm, ng thau chu nh hng ca hiu ng b mt. Tm pht hin ca

cm bin tng ln khi dy i tng gim.
* u nhc im ca cm bin tim cn in cm.
- u im:
+ Khng chu nh hng ca m.
+ Khng c b phn chuyn ng.
+ Khng chu nh hng ca bi bm.
+ Khng ph thuc vo mu sc.
+ t ph thuc vo b mt i tng n so vi cc k thut khc.
+ Khng c khu vc m (blind zone: cm bin khng pht hin ra i
tng mc d i tng gn cm bin).
- Nhc im:
+ Ch pht hin c i tng l kim loi.
+ C th chu nh hng bi cc vng in t mnh.
+ Phm vi hot ng ngn hn so vi cc k thut khc.
* Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn in cm:
1.3. Cm bin tim cn in dung (Capacitive Proximity Sensor).
Cm bin tim cn in dung ging v kch thc, hnh dng, c s hot
ng so vi cm bin tim cn in cm. im khc bit cn bn gia chng l
cm bin tim cn in dung to ra vng in trng cn cm bin tim cn in
cm to ra vng in t trng. Cm bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin i
tng c cht liu kim loi cng nh khng phi l kim loi.
* Cu trc ca cm bin tim cn in dung.
Ging nh cu trc ca cm bin tm cn in cm, cm bin tim cn
in dung cng c 4 phn:
- B phn cm bin (cc bn cc hay in cc cch in)
- Mch dao ng.
- Mch ghi nhn tn hiu.
- Mch in ng ra.
* Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in dung.
T in gm 2 bn cc v cht in mi gia, khong cch gia 2 in
cc nh hng n kh nng tch tr in tch ca mt t in (in dung l mt
i lng c trng cho kh nng tch tr in tch ca mt t in)
- Nguyn tc hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in dung da trn s thay
i in dung khi vt th xut hin trong vng in trng, t s thay i ny
trng thi On hay Off ca tn hiu ng ra c xc nh.
- Mt bn cc l thnh phn ca cm bin, i tng cn pht hin l bn
cc cn li.
- Mi quan h gia bin sng dao ng v v tr i tng cm bin
tim cn in dung tri ngc so vi cm bin tim cn in cm.
- Cm bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin bt c loi i tng no
c hng s in mi ln hn khng kh, vt liu no c hng s in mi cng
cao th cng d c cm bin pht hin, v d nc v khng kh, cm bin tim
cn in dung rt d pht hin ra nc (v hng s in mi ca nc = 80, cn
khng kh = 1).
37
- i vi cc cht kim loi khc nhau, kh nng pht hin ca cm bin l

khng i, cn cc cht khc th phm vi pht hin ca cm bin l khc nhau tu
theo tng cht.
V vy cm bin tim cn in dung c th dng pht hin cc vt liu
c hng s in mi cao nh cht lng d n c cha trong hp kn lm bng
vt liu c hng s in mi thp nh thu tinh, plastic, cn chc chn rng i
tng cm bin pht hin l cht lng ch khng phi l hp.
* Phn loi cm bin tim cn in dung: C h chia ra lm 2 loi l
loi c bo v (Shielded) v loi khng c bo v (Unshielded).
Loi c bo v (Shielded) c vng kim loi bao quanh gip hng
vng in trng pha trc v c th t ngang bng vi b mt lm vic.
Loi khng c bo v (Unshielded) khng c vng kim loi bao quanh
v khng th t ngang bng vi b mt lm vic. Xung quanh cm bin phi c
mt vng trng (ging cm bin tim cn in cm loi khng c bo v
Unshielded), kch thc vng trng tu thuc vo tng loi cm bin.
* Cc yu t nh hng n tm pht hin ca cm bin tim cn in
dung.
- Kch thc ca in cc cm bin.
- Vt liu v kch thc i tng.
- Nhit mi trng.
- i tng tiu chun v hng s in mi: i tng tiu chun c
ch nh rin vi tng loi cm bin tim cn in dung, thng thng cht liu
ca i tng tiu chun c nh ngha l kim loi hoc nc.
* u nhc im ca cm bin tim cn in dung:
- u im:
+ C th cm nhn vt dn in v khng dn in.
+ Tnh cht tuyn tnh v nhy khng tu thuc vo vt liu kim
loi.
+ N c th cm nhn c vt th nh, gn, nh.
+ Vn tc hot ng nhanh.
+ Tui th cao v n nh cng cao i vi nhit .
- Nhc im:
+ B nh hng bi m.
+ Dy ni vi sensor phi ngn in dung dy khng nh hng
n cng hng ca b dao ng.
* Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn in dung:
- Dng trong cng nghip thc phm.
- Dng o mc cht lng.
- Dng trong sn xut ch bin g.
1.4. Cm bin tim cn siu m (Ultrasonic proximity sensor).
Cm bin tim cn siu m c th pht hin hu ht cc i tng nh l
kim loi hoc khng phi l kim loi, cht lng hay vt rn, vt trong hay m c
(nhng vt c h s phn x sng m thanh ln)
* Cu trc ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
Gm c 4 phn chnh:
38
- B phn pht v nhn sng siu m (Transducer/Receiver).

- B phn so snh (Comparator).
- Mch pht hin (Detector Circuit), khi cm bin nhn c sng phn
hi, b phn so snh tnh ton khong cch bng cch so snh thi gian pht,
nhn v vn tc m thanh.
- Mch in ng ra (Output), tn hiu ng ra c th l digital hoc analog,
tn hiu t cm bin digital bo c hay khng s xut hin i tng trong vng
cm nhn ca cm bin, tn hiu t cm bin analog cha ng thng tin khong
cch ca i tng n cm bin.
* Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
- K thut cm bin siu m da trn c im vn tc m thanh l hng
s, thi gian sng m thanh i t cm bin n i tng v quay tr li lin h
trc tip n di qung ng, v vy cm bin siu m thng c dng
trong cc ng dng o khong cch.
- Tn s hot ng: Nhn chung cc cm bin cng nghip hot ng vi
tn s 25 khz n 500 khz, cc cm bin trong lnh vc y khoa th hot ng vi
khong tn s t 5 Mkhz tr ln. Tn s hot ng ca cm bin t l nghch vi
khong cch pht hin cm bin. Vi tn s 50 khz, phm vi hot ng ca cm
bin c th ti 10m hoc ln hn, vi tn s 200 khz th phm vi hot ng ca
cm bin b gii hn mc 1m.
- Vng hot ng: L khu vc gia 2 gii hn khong cch pht hin ln
nht v nh nht. Cm bin tim cn siu m c mt vng nh khng th s dng
gn b mt cm bin gi l khu vc m (blind zone).
Kch thc v vt liu ca i tng cn pht hin quyt nh khong
cch pht hin ln nht.
* Cm bin tim cn siu m loi c th iu chnh khong cch pht hin
(Background Suppression).
Mt s dng cm bin ng ra analog cho php iu chnh khong cch
pht hin, chng c th t chi vic pht hin cc i tng sau mt khong cch
xc nh, khong cch pht hin c th iu chnh bi ngi s dng. Ngoi ra
cm bin khng pht hin i tng d chng di chuyn vo vng hot ng ca
cm bin, ngi ta c th to 1 lp v bng cht liu c kh nng khng phn x
li sng m thanh.
* u nhc im ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
- u im:
+ Khong cch m cm bin c th pht hin vt th ln ti 15m.
+ Sng phn hi ca cm bin khng ph thuc vo mu sc ca b
mt i tng hay tnh cht phn x nh sng ca i tng v d b mt knh
trong sut, b mt gm mu nu, b mt plastic mu trng, hay b mt cht liu
nhm sng, trng ...l nh nhau.
+ Tn hiu p ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m analog l t l tuyn
tnhvi khong cch, iu ny c bit l tng cho cc ng dng nh theo di
cc mc ca vt cht, mc chuyn ng ca i tng.
- Nhc im:
39
+ Cm bin tim cn siu m yu cu i tng c mt intch b

mt ti thiu (gi tr ny tu thuc vo tng loi cm bin).
+ Sng phn hi cm bin nhn c c th chu nh hng ca cc
sng m thanh tp m.
+ Cm bin tim cn siu m yu cu mt khong thi gian sau mi
ln sng pht i sn sng nhn sng phn hi, kt qu thi gian p ng ca
cm bin tim cn siu m nhn chung chm hn cc cm bin khc.
+ Vi cc i tng c mt vt cht thp nh bt hay vi (qun o)
rt kh pht hin vi khong cch ln.
+ Cm bin tim cn siu m b gii hn khong cch pht hin nh
nht.
+ S thay i ca mi trng nh nhit (vn tc m thanh ph
thuc vo nhit i), p sut, s chuyn ng khng ng u ca khng kh, bi
bn bay trong khng kh gy nh hng dn kt qu o ca cm bin.
+ Nhit b mt i tng nh hng n phm vi hot ng ca
cm bin, hi nng to ra t i tng c nhit cao lm mo dng sng, lm
cho khong cch pht hin ca i tng ngn li v gi tr khong cch khng
chnh xc.
+ B mt phn hi nng lng ca sng m thanh tt hn b mt g
gh, tuy nhin b mt trn phng li c i hi kht khe v v tr gc to thnh
gia cm bin v mt phng i tng.
* Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn siu m.
- Pht hin s hin din, khng hin din ca i tng trong sut bng
thu tinh.
- Dng trong iu khin mc cht lng.
- Dng o khong cch, cao, hay v tr ca phin g trn dy
chuyn.
1.5. Cu hnh ng ra ca cm bin tim cn.
* Ng ra dng Transittor NPN v Transittor PNP.(hnh 2.3 v 2.4)
Vi in p DC thp, cm bin c 2 dng cu hnh ng ra ph bin l kiu
NPN Transittor v PNP Transittor.
Ti
Ng ra
Ng ra
Ti
Hnh 2.4: PNP transitor
Hnh 2.3: NPN transitor

* Ng ra dng Transittor FETS:
40
Ng ra dng khc l kiu Transittor

FETS cung cp p ng nhanh, dng
tiu hao rt nh, dng iu khin
thay i trng thi ch cn c
30(A, xong nhn chung gi thnh
cao hn so vi 2 loi trn. C th
kt ni song song ng ra ca FET
nh tip im c kh ca rle (c
in p AC hay DC). Dng FET c
ng sut th tip im ng ra c th
chu c dng n 500 mA.
Hnh 2.5: transitor FETS
* Ng ra dng Triac.
Cm bin ng ra dng triac c thit k c th s dng nh cng tc
cho in AC. Cm bin dng ny cung cp ng ra c th chu c dng ln,
in p ri thp do thch hp vi vic kt ni vi cc cng
tc t ln. Dng tiu hao ca n ln hn so vi FETS, gi tr ny vt qu 1mA
do khng thch hp kt ni vi cc thit b nh PLC.
I (mA)
AC
Ng ra
Dng 1
20
AC
Dng 2
Hnh 2.6: Triac
Khong cch (m)
Hnh 2.7: Analog

* Ng ra dng Analog.
Cm bin c th cung cp tn hiu ng ra di dng dng v p tng ng
(hay nghch o s tng ng) vi s pht hin. Trng thi ng ra ca cm bin
c th l thng ng (NO) hoc thng m (NC). V d cm bin loi PNP,
trng thi ng ra l Off khi khng c i tng xut hin th n l loi thit b
thng m, ngc li trng thi ng ra On khi khng c i tng xut hin th
n l loi thng ng. Ngoi loi 3 dy, cm bin cn c loi 4 dy v loi 2
dy, vi loi 4 dy trong mt cm bin c 2 loi ng ra l thng ng v
thng m.
1.6. Cch kt ni cc cm bin tim cn vi nhau.
Trong mt s ng dng i hi phi s dng nhiu hn 1 cm bin, cc
cm bin c th ni song song hoc mc ni tip, khi mc song song, ng ra ln
41
On khi tt c cc cm bin u ln On, cn khi mc ni tip, ch cn trong s cc

cm bin ln On th ng ra ln On.
2. Mt s loi cm bin xc nh v tr, khong cch khc.
2.1. Xc nh v tr v khong cch bng bin tr.
* Cu trc:
Gm mt in tr c nh Rn v mt tip xc in c th di chuyn gn
vi chuyn ng cn o gi l con chy, v tr con chy t l vi gi tr in tr ti
u ra ca tip xc im.
Cn c vo hnh dng ca Rn v dng chuyn ng ca con chy ngi ta
chia ra lm 2 loi l loi dch chuyn thng v dch chuyn quay.
* c tnh:
- phn gii: Thng thng t c 10 m.
- Tui th ca con chy: 106 ln vi dng xoay v 107 n 108 ln vi
dng dch chuyn.
- tuyn tnh: Gi tr ca t s R(x)/Rn 2 u ca in tr khng n
nh, do u ng chy hoc cui ng chy th tuyn tnh km.
* Cc loi bin tr:
Gi tr in tr Rn t 1k n 100 k, i khi ln ti hng M, tu tng
trng hp c th chnh xc ca in tr l 20%, 10% v i khi t ti 5%.
Trn thc t khng cn i hi chnh xc cao v tn hiu o ch ph thuc vo
t s R(x)/Rn, c nhiu loi bin tr, tu theo tng ng dng m ngi ta chn
loi bin tr thch hp.
- Bin tr dy kim loi: Loi bin tr ny dng vi dng in kh cao,
n c h s nhit thp, t ting n cho mch in t v tr s in tr khng b
tri theo thi gian v do nh hng ca kh hu, nhc im l phn gii thp.
- Bin tr vi lp Polymer: Lp in tr c cu to bi mt loi sn
hu c trn vi mui than v bt graphit, lp in t loi ny rt trn phng, kh
b mi mn, tuy nhin n c h s nhit kh ln (300 n 1.000ppm/K), do
n nh ca n so vi bin tr dy kim loi nhit cao km.
- Bin tr vi it kim loi thu tinh (cermet).
Loi in tr ny c ti nhit kh cao khong 8000C n
9000C, cho nn rt cng, tuy nhin b mt nhm, khng thch hp cho s dch
chuyn con chy nhiu ln, bin tr ny ch thch hp cho vic iu chnh in p
trong cc mch in.
- Bin tr vi mng mng kim loi.
Vi phng php phun ph hay phun bi catot, ngi ta c th to mt
lp kim loi thc phng trn mt nn thu tinh, vt liu c th l hp kim Ni/Cr
hay it kim loi Ta2o5. Mng mng kim loi c b dy khong 1 (m.
Trong cc loi bin tr trn ch c loi bin tr vi lp polyme l thch
hp hn cho c cng vic nh v v tnh khong cch.
2.2. Xc nh v tr v khong cch bng t cm.
* Cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin t cm.
- Cu trc n gin ca mt cm bin t cm dng o khong cch, o
gc gm mt cun dy v mt li st dch chuyn.
42
- Nguyn l hot ng: i lng vo lm thay i t cm v tng tr

ca cm bin cng thay i theo. ng sc i qua 3 vng, trong st (lFe, AFe)
trong khng kh bn trong cun dy (l, A) v trong vng bn ngoi cun dy (Sa,
la).
L=
N2
Rm
Trong : N l s vng dy ca cun dy; Rm l in tr t ca cun dy.

in tr t ca cun dy vi li st:
Trong : ( ca st rt ln (khong 103 n 104) cho nn coi s thay i
ca phn in tr t trong st khi li st di chuyn coi nh khng ng k.
Din tch Aa trong khng kh bn ngoi cun dy rt ln hoc c
th bc cun dy bng v st mm v hu nh tt c cc ng sc u chy vo
y vi in tr t coi nh rt nh.
Do t v b qua R0.
Rm =
0 A
L=
N 2 N 2 0 A k
=
=
Rm
l
l
Nh th t cm cng ln khi li st cng nm su bn trong cun dy.

Khi li st dch chuyn t v tr I0 ra bn ngoi cun dy 1 on (l, t cm
gim i t L1 =
k
k
thnh L2 =
l
l + l
Vy L phi tuyn theo I, tnh c nh hng s thay i ca t tr qua li st v

gim bt mc phi tuyn, ngi ta dng cu trc cm bin li chm vi sai.
* Cm bin t cm vi li chm vi sai.
- Cu trc: Gm 2 cun dy cch bit, mt li st c t bn trong 2
cun dy, khi li st c dch chuyn, t cm ca 1 cun dy gim v cun khc
tng ln. Vi cu trc i xng ng trc, cm bin ny c th dng o
khong cch, vi cu trc vnh khn v xoay, n c dng o gc.
o khong cch, c 2 cun dy c t trong na cu o.
2.3. Xc nh v tr v khong cch bng cm bin in dung.
* Nguyn l hot ng: Cm bin in dung da trn tc ng tng h
gia 2 in cc to thnh t in, in dung ca n thay i di tc ng ca
i lng vo. in dung s ph thuc vo tit din, khong cch 2 bn cc v
in mi gia 2 bn cc C(x) = f(A,d,().
Vi trng hp n gin t in phng ta c: trong A l din tch bn
cc; a l khong cch gia 2 bn cc; (0 l hng s in mi trong chn khng
((0 = 8,85.10-12 F/m); (r l hng s in mi.
Cm bin c c trng bi nhy:
+ nhy in dung: SC = (C/(x
+ nhy in khng: Sz = (z/(x
* S thay i khong cch ca 2 bn cc.
in dung ca t in t l nghch vi khong cch bn cc, khi khong
cch b i in dung ln hn v ngc li.
Xt t in phng: nhy (
43
Nh vy s thay i tng i ca in dung t l vi s thay i tng

i ca khong cch.
Khi a tng 1 khong, in dung gim t n
Khi t in nm 1/4 cu:;
in th cu ch t l tuyn tnh gn ng vi s thay i khong cch bn

cc:
UC =
U0
U
a
.
0 .a
2 2a 0 + a 4a 0
S khng tuyn tnh mt i trong trng hp vi t vi sai (2 t in vi

bn cc chung nm gia)
3. Cc bi thc hnh ng dng cc loi cm bin tim cn.
3.1. Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm.
a/ Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm 1
* Mc ch - yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in cm IW-2008-BRKG/IW5039
* Thit b: + cm bin tim cn in cm IW-2008-BRKG/IW5039
+ Ti: Relay s dng in p mt chiu.
* Thc hin
* Ghi cc thng s k thut
Ngun gc: ..............................................................................................
Cng ty sn xut: ....................................................................................
M s sn xut sn phm: ......................................................................
in p hot ng: .................................................................................
Dng in: ..............................................................................................
c tnh hot ng: ................................................................................
Khong cch tc ng: ...........................................................................
Tiu chun cch in: ............................................................................
* S ni cm bin:
* Nhng ghi ch khi thc hnh:

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
b/ Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm 2
* Mc ch - yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in cm IW-5020-IVE3020-BPKG
* Thit b: + cm bin tim cn in cm IW-5020-IVE3020-BPKG
44
* Thc hin
Ngun gc: ..............................................................................................
Cng ty sn xut: ....................................................................................
M s sn xut sn phm: ......................................................................
in p hot ng: .................................................................................
Dng in: ..............................................................................................
c tnh hot ng: ................................................................................
Khong cch tc ng: ...........................................................................
Tiu chun cch in: ............................................................................
* S ni cm bin:

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
c/ Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm 3
* Mc ch - yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in cm IYB3000-8BNOG/IY5015
* Thit b: + cm bin tim cn in cm IYB3000-8BNOG/IY5015
* Thc hin
Ngun gc: ..............................................................................................
Cng ty sn xut: ....................................................................................
M s sn xut sn phm: ......................................................................
in p hot ng: .................................................................................
Dng in: ..............................................................................................
c tnh hot ng: ................................................................................
Khong cch tc ng: ...........................................................................
Tiu chun cch in: ............................................................................
* S ni cm bin:

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
45
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
d/ Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm 4
* Mc ch - yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in cm IF5639/IFK3002/MS
* Thit b: + cm bin tim cn in cm IF5639/IFK3002/MS
* Thc hin
Ngun gc: ..............................................................................................
Cng ty sn xut: ....................................................................................
M s sn xut sn phm: ......................................................................
in p hot ng: .................................................................................
Dng in: ..............................................................................................
c tnh hot ng: ................................................................................
Khong cch tc ng: ...........................................................................
Tiu chun cch in: ............................................................................
* S ni cm bin:

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
3.2. Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in dung.
a/ Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in dung1
* Mc ch - yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in dung KIE3015-FPKG
* Thit b: + cm bin tim cn in dung KIE3015-FPKG
* Thc hin
Ngun gc: ..............................................................................................
46
Cng ty sn xut: ....................................................................................

M s sn xut sn phm: ......................................................................
in p hot ng: .................................................................................
Dng in: ..............................................................................................
c tnh hot ng: ................................................................................
Khong cch tc ng: ...........................................................................
Tiu chun cch in: ............................................................................
* S ni cm bin:

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
b/ Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in dung2
* Mc ch - yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in dung KD-2050-BB0A
* Thit b: + cm bin tim cn in dung KD-2050-BB0A
* Thc hin
Ngun gc: ..............................................................................................
Cng ty sn xut: ....................................................................................
M s sn xut sn phm: ......................................................................
in p hot ng: .................................................................................
Dng in: ..............................................................................................
c tnh hot ng: ................................................................................
Khong cch tc ng: ...........................................................................
Tiu chun cch in: ............................................................................
* S ni cm bin:

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
47
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

thut H Ni.
* Ni dung:
- Nghin cu ng dng ca tng loi cm bin tim cn.
- Tm hiu cch phn loi, ng dng ca cc loi cm bin tim cn.
1/ Hnh thc t chc:
2/ Dng c, thit b: Cc loi cm bin tim cn, cc m hnh lp t, kim tra,
- Gio vin tp trung c lp hc vin, s lc v cch nhn bit, ng dng ca
cc cm bin tim cn.
- Gio vin hng dn lm mu cch cch kho st, lp t cc b cm bin tim
cn nh cm bin tim cn xc nh v tr, cm bin tim cn xc nh khong
cch.
- Cui bi, gio vin kim tra, nh gi v nhn xt ti tng hc vin trong qu
trnh thc hnh thc tp.
48
BI 3
PHNG PHP O LU LNG
GII THIU
Cm bin o lu lng c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc o c

cht lng, cht kh, dng trong cc mi trng c tnh cht l ho cao, c hi,
ngoi ra n cn lm nhim v gim st v iu khin t ng trong qu trnh
sn xut.
MC TIU BI HC

- nh gi/xc nh c v tr, nhim v v ng dng ca cc b cm bin o
lu lng.
bin o lu lng.
- Bit c phm vi ng dng, cch lp t cc b cm bin o lu lng.
NI DUNG
* i cng.
* Phng php o lu lng da trn nguyn tc chnh lch p sut.
* Phng php o lu lng bng tn s dng xoy.
* Cc bi thc hnh ng dng cm bin o lu lng.
1. i cng.
Cc cm bin o lu lng c s dng o c cht lng v cht kh
trong nhiu ng dng gim st v iu khin, vi cht lng, khi lng ring c
th coi l hng s nn vic o lu lng nhn chung d thc hin hn. Mt s k
thut hot ng vi c cht lng v cht kh, mt s ch hot ng vi dng lu
cht xc nh. Vic o lu lng thng bt u bng vic o tc dng chy.
1.1. Khi nim chung v o lu lng.
Mt trong cc tham s quan trng ca qu trnh cng ngh l lu lng
cc cht chy qua ng dn, mun nng cao cht lng sn phm v hiu qu ca
h thng iu khin t ng cc qu trnh cng ngh cn phi o chnh xc th
tch v lu lng cc cht.
Mi trng o khc nhau c c trng bng tnh cht l ho v cc yu
cu cng ngh do ta c nhiu phng php o da trn nhng nguyn l khc
nhau, s lng vt cht c xc nh bng khi lng v th tch ca n tng
ng vi cc n v o (kg, tn) hay n v o th tch (m3, lt), lu lng vt cht
l s lng cht y chy qua tit din ngang ca ng dn trong mt n v thi
gian.
- Lu lng th tch:
- n v o m3/S; m3/gi ...vv.
- Lu lng khi:
n v o kg/s; kg/gi; tn/gi ...vv.
49
Cn phi phn bit s khc nhau gia lu lng tc thi v lu lng

trung bnh. Chng hn lu lng th tch: lu lng trung bnh Qtb = V(t1 t2),
Lu lng tc thi: QV = dV/dt (V l th tch vt cht o c trong thi gian (t1
t2).
i vi cht kh, kt qu o khng ph thuc vo iu kin p sut,
nhit , ta quy i v iu kin chun (nhit 2000C, p sut 760 mm thu
ngn).
thch ng vi cc nhu cu khc nhau trong cng nghip, ngi ta pht
trin rt nhiu phng php khc nhau o lu lng cht lng, hi nc.
1.2. c trng ca lu cht.
Mi lu cht c c trng bi nhng yu t sau:
- Khi lng ring.
- H s nht ng lc.
- H s nht ng hc.
1.000
Nc ( trng
thi bo ho)
900
(P) kg/m3
800
700
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
250
300
Temperture (0C)
50
40
30
(P) kg/m3
20
Hi nc bo ho)
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
Temperture (0C)
Hnh 3.1: Khi lng ring ca nc v hi nc trng
thi bo ho vi cc iu kin nhit khc nhau
* Khi lng ring: l khi lng ca 1 n v th tch lu cht:
Trong m l khi lng ca lu cht, V l th tch ca khi lu cht.
50
* Tnh nht: l tnh chng li s dch chuyn, n biu hin sc dnh phn t hay
kh nng lu ng ca lu cht, y l mt tnh cht quan trng ca lu cht v
n l nguyn nhn c bn gy ra s tn tht nng lng khi lu cht chuyn
ng, gia chng c s chuyn ng tng i, ny sinh ma st to nn s bin
i mt phn c nng thnh nhit nng v mt i, tnh nht c c trng bi
tnh nht ng lc, h s ny ph thuc vo tng loi lu cht.
C nhiu cch o nht, cch thc n gin thng c cc phng
th nghim cc trng i hc s dng chng minh s tn ti nht v xc
nh gi tr l: Cho mt qu cu ri trong cht lng di tc dng ca trng lc,
o khong cch (d) v thi gian (t) qu cu ri, tnh vn tc u.
H s nht ng lc s tnh theo phng trnh sau:
2p.g.r 2
9u
Trong : ( l h s nht ng lc (Pas)

p : S khc nhau gia khi lng ring ca qu cu v cht lng
3
(kg/m ).
g l gia tc trng trng = 9,81 m/s2
r l bn knh qu cu (m)
u l vn tc ri ca qu cu: u = d/t (m/s)
n v ca h s nht ng lc: Pas = Ns/m2 = 103 cP (centiPoise) = 10 P
(Poise)
nhn mnh mi quan h gia tnh nht v khi lng ring ca lu
cht ngi ta a ra h s nht ng hc:
Trong : v l h s nht ng hc, n v centistokes (cSt)
( l h s nht ng lc
( l khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m3)
n v h s nht ng hc l cSt (centistokes), St (stokes), m2/s
1St = 100 cSt = 1 cm2/s = 10-4 m2/s
nht ph thuc vo nhit v p sut, nht ca cht lng tng khi nhit
gim v khi p sut tng, i vi cht kh th ngc li.
* Tr s Reynold (Re).
Tt c cc yu t k trn u c nh hng n dng chy ca lu cht
trong ng dn, ngi ta kt hp chng vi nhau to ra 1 i lng duy nht th
hin c trng ca lu cht.
Tr s Reynold:
Trong : ( l khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m3)
D l ng knh trong ca ng dn lu cht (m)
U l vn tc ca lu cht (m/s)
( l h s nht ng lc (Pas)
1.3. Hiu chun khi lng ring.
Khi lng ring ca cht lng, cht kh trong mi trng o nh hng
n php o lu lng, thc cht khi lng ring thng khng l hng s.
Khi lng ring ca cht lng tu thuc vo nhit , mun hiu chun
khi lng ring cht lng ta phi cn o nhit .
51
Kh thng l mt hn hp gm nhiu thnh phn, khi lng ring ca

kh l thuc vo p sut v nhit , hiu chun ta cn o c i lng ny (ly
chun khi lng ring iu kin 0oC, p sut kh quyn).
1.4. Trng thi dng chy.
Dng chy
Dng chy
Hnh 3.2: Vn tc dng chy

(trng hp l tng)
Hnh 3.3: Vn tc dng chy vi nh

hng ca tnh nht v lc ma st
Dng chy
Dng chy
Hnh 3.4
Hnh 3.5
Nu b i nh hng ca nht v s ma st vi thnh ng dn th vn

tc dng chy s nh nhau p mi v tr trn mt ct ngang ca ng dn (hnh v
3.2).
Tuy nhin ch l trng hp l tng, trong thc t nht nh hng
n tc dng chy, cng vi s ma st ca ng dn lm gim vn tc ca lu
cht v tr gn thnh ng (hnh 3.3).
Vi tr s Reynold nh (Re 2.300), cht chuyn ng thnh lp (chy
tng). Tt c cc chuyn ng xut hin theo dc trc ca ng dn, di nh
hng ca tnh nht v lc ma st vi thnh ng dn, tc lu cht ln nht
v tr trung tm ng dn (hnh 3.4).
Khi tc tng v tr s Reynold vt qu 2.300, dng chy tng dn hn
lon vi cng lc cng nhiu cc dng xoy (trng thi qu ) (hnh 3.5). Vi Re
t 10.000 tr ln, dng chy hon ton hn lon (trng thi chy ri).
Cc kh ( trng thi bo ho) v hu ht cc cht lng thng c vn
chuyn bng ng dn trng thi dng chy ri.
2. Phng php o lu lng da trn nguyn tc s chnh lch p sut.
dng cm bin p sut o lu lng , ngi ta o s chnh lch p sut (hiu
p) gia 2 v tr ng c tit din dng chy khc nhau, cc lu lng k o da
trn hiu p (differentia pressure flowmeter) c s dng rt ph bin, c bit
l dng vi cc cht lng, cc thit b ny cng nh hu ht cc lu lng k
khc gm 2 thnh phn c bn.
52
- Thnh phn 1: L nguyn nhn gy ln s thay i trong nng lng

ng hc, to nn s thay i p sut trong ng, thnh phn ny phi ph hp
vi kch thc ca ng ng, iu kin dng chy, tnh cht ca lu cht.
- Thnh phn 2: o s chnh lch p v tn hiu u ra c chuyn i
thnh gi tr lu lng.
2.1. nh ngha p sut.
* p sut l lc tc dng trn mt n v din tch:
o p sut ngi ta s dng mt nguyn tc ging nhau, p sut c
cho tc dng ln mt b mt xc nh, nh th p sut bin thnh lc, vic o p
sut c a v o lc, tt c cc lc tc dng ln mt mt phng xc nh l
thc o p sut.
P=
F
S
Trong : P l p sut; S l din tch; F l lc.

* n v p sut.
U ban quc t cho vic o c vi nh lut chn Pascal (Pa) = N/m2
l n v p sut (ISO 1.000, DIN 1.301). Vic phn chia thang o ca my o p
sut c dng vi bi s ca n v Pa.
1 mbar = 102 Pa; 1 bar = 105 Pa.
Nhng n v c dng ph bin trc y:
1 mmHg = 1,0000 Torr.
1 atm =760 Torr (atm n v p sut kh quyn vt l).
1 Torr = 1,333224.102 Pa.
1 kp/cm2 = 0,980665.105 Pa.
1 at = 1 kp/cm2 = 0,980665.105 Pa (at n v p sut kh quyn k
thut).
1 mm nc = 9,80665 Pa.
Ngoi ra cc nc Anh, M ngi ta cn dng cc n v p sut sau:
1 pound-force/square yard (Lb/yd2)
1 pound-force/square foot (Lb/ff2)
1 pound-force/square inch (Lb/in2 = psi)
1 ounce/ square foot (oz/ff2)
1 ounce/ square inch (oz/in2)
1 Ton/ square foot (Ton/ff2)
1 inch of water (trong nc)
1 inch of mecuri (trong thu ngn)
= 5,425.10-5 at
= 4,883.10-4 at
= 7,531.10-2 at
= 3,052. 10-5 at
= 4,394. 10-3 at
= 2,540. 10-3 at
= 2,40. 10-3 at
= 3,455. 10-2 at
2.2. B phn to nn s chnh lch p sut.

D hin nay c nhiu phng php o lu lng c pht trin,
phng php o lu lng bng ng co vn c ng dng rt rng ri trong
cng nghip v cc lnh vc khc, ng co dng to s chnh lch p sut (gia
v tr ng cha co v ng co), nn ng co phi dng cc linh kin c hc rt
bn b, cu trc n gin v khng c cc phn t di ng chu c nhng
iu kin v cng khc nghit trong cng nghip. Phng php o s dng Pitot
53
tube cng da trn s chnh lch p sut nhng khng to s co trc tip trn
dng chy.
* ng co Venturi.
- Nguyn tc: Phng php o lu lng bng ng co da trn nh lut
lin tc v phg trnh nng lng ca Bernoulli.
Phng trnh lin tc:
Phng trnh Bernoulli:

p dng cho trng hp ng co venturi:
P1 +
u12 = P2 +
u 22
Trong :
A1 l din tch trc co.

A2 l din tch v tr co.
u1 l vn tc trc v tr co.
u2 l vn tc v tr co.
p1 l p sut trc v tr co.
P2 l p sut v tr co.
l khi lng ring.
h1 l cao v tr trc co.
h2 l cao v tr sau co.
ni ng c din tch b thu nh, vn tc dng chy gia tng, vi phng trnh
nn lng ca Bernoulli, nng lng ca dng chy l tng nng lng p sut
tnh v ng nng (vn tc) l mt hng s.
A1
u1
A1
A2
u1
u2
P2
P1
Hnh 3.6
P = P1 P2 =
(u
2
2
2
u12
Gii phng trnh trn theo v2 ta c:

2
A
u = (P1 P2 ) + u = (P1 P2 ) + 2 .u 22
A1
2
2
2
1
t l hng s dng chy, ta c:.

T ta c lu lng tnh theo th tch v khi lng nh sau:
54
Qv = A2 .u 2 = . A2 .
. P1 P2 = .k . P
Qm = A2 .u 2 = . A2 . 2 . P1 P2 = .k ! . P
Nh th lu lng t l vi cn s bc 2 ca hiu p khi khi lng ring l

hng s.
* Oriffice plate
Oriffice plate l mt trong cc cch thc n gin nht v kinh t nht
tc ng n dng chy, t c th tnh c lu lng.
Concentric
Eccentric
Segmental
Hnh 3.7: Cc dng ng co Oriffice plate

Oriffice plate dy khong 1/16 n 1/4 inch, thng c 3 loi Oriffice
plate l Concentric (ng tm); Eccentric (lch tm); Segmental (hnh cung)
nh hnh v 3.7.
Trong 3 loi, loi Concentric (ng tm) c s dng nhiu nht, khi lu
cht I qua Oriffice plate, dng chy hi t, tc lu cht tng ln mc ti a,
ti im ny, p sut l nh nht, khi dng chy phn k, tc lu cht gim
tr li mc ban u.
Hai loi Eccentric (lch tm); Segmental (hnh cung) cng c chc nng
hon ton ging nh Concentric (ng tm), thit b c lp t ng tm vi
ng dn lu cht (ng dn t nm ngang), vi loi Segmental (hnh cung), v tr
hnh cung trn (phn c ct) ph thuc vo dng cht lng c th trn
hoc di nhm mc ch ngn chn xc. Loi Eccentric (lch tm) cng c
thit k vi cng mc ch trn.
2.3. B phn o s chnh lch p sut.
B phn o s chnh lch p sut ny c thit k o p sut da trn
cc nguyn tc:
- Chuyn i p sut kiu in dung.
- Chuyn i p sut kiu bin p vi sai.
- Chuyn i p sut kiu in tr p in.
- Chuyn i p sut kiu mng sc co gin ...vv.
* Cm bin p sut kiu in tr p in.
Cm bin p sut kiu in tr p in thay i in tr tng ng vi
bin dng trn bn thn n.
+ Cm bin bin dng p in tr kim loi.
55
+ Cm bin bin dng p in tr bn dn.

- Cc thng s c bn:
2.4. Mch ng dng (xem mc 4 bi ny)
3. Phng php o lu lng bng tn s dng xoy.
3.1. Nguyn tc hot ng.
Phng php o lu lng bng dng xoy da trn hiu ng s pht sinh
dng xoy khi mt vt cn nm trong lu cht, cc dng xoy xut hin tun t
v b dng chy cun i. Hin tng ny c Leonardo da Vinci ghi nhn
Strouhal trong nm 1878 c gng gii thch ln u tin, ng nhn thy rng
mt si dy nm trong dng chy c s dung ng nh mt dy n, s dao ng
ny t l thun vi vn tc dng chy v t l nghch vi ng knh si dy.
Theo dor von Karman tm thy nguyn nhn gy ra s dao ng ny:
l s sinh ra v bin mt ca cc dng xoy bn cnh vt cn, mt con ng
dng xoy hnh thnh pha sau vt cn khi mt vt c t trong mt dng chy.
Cc dng xoy ny ri b vt cn tun t v tri theo dng chy, pha sau
vt cn hnh thnh con ng ca dng xoy c t tn l con ng xoy
Karman. Cc dng xoy 2 bn ca vt cn c chiu xoy ngc nhau, tn s s
bin mt (v c s xut hin) l hiu ng dng o lu lng bng th tch.
Lord Rayleigh tm thy s lin h gia kch thc hnh hc vt cn,
vn tc lu cht v v tnd s bin mt ca dng xoy f, s lin h ny c din
t vi tr s Strouhal:.
Trong l ng knh vt cn; f l tn s dng xoy; v l vn tc dng
xoy.
Tr s Strouhal l hm ca tr s Reynold (Reynold: l t l gia lc qun
tnh v lc nht trong mt lu cht, biu th s ma st ca mt dng chy. l
khi lng ring ca lu cht, u l vn tc ca lu cht, D l ng knh bn
trong ng dn, ( l nht).
Hnh dng ca vt cn phi c cu to sao cho trong mt khong tr s
Reynold kh rng m tr s Strouhal vn l hng s. Hnh v 3.8 di ay cho ta
s lin h gia tr s Strouhal Strouhal v tr s Reynold vi 2 vt cn khc nhau,
vi vt cn hnh lng knh tr s S n nh trong sut mt di tr s Re kh rng.
Strouhal
0
Hnh tr
0
Hnh lng
Reynold
10
10
10
10
10
Hnh 3 8: S lin h gia tr s Strouhal v tr s

56
Vi iu kin hng s Strouhal S khng tu thuc vo tr s Reynold ta c

th tnh lu lng th tch trn n v thi gian theo cng thc sau:
Q=
1
.a. A. f
S
Trong A l in tch mt ct ngang ca dng chy.

* Nguyn tc tn s dng xoy.
Vi s bin mt v xut hin ca dng xoy, vn tc ca dng chy 2 bn ca
vt cn v trn ng dng xoy thay i mt cch cc b. Tn s dao ng ca

vn tc c th o vi nhng phng php khc nhau. Cc nh sn xut cc lu
lng k s dng nguyn tc tn s dng xoy dng cc k thut khc nhau
ghi nhn tn s. Mt s s dng cc vy c c kh ghi nhn nhng dung ng
ca dng chy. Mt s khc s dng k thut cm bin p in hoc sng siu
m cm nhn s thay i ca p sut, ngoi ra cn c mt s phng php
khc ghi nhn s liu nh o s dao ng p sut vi mng sc co ginvv.
3.2. Cc u im ni bt v hn ch ca phng php o lu lng vi
nguyn tc tn s dng xoy.
* Cc u im:
- Rt kinh t v c tin cy cao.
- Tn s dng xoy khng b nh hng bi s d bn hay h hng nh
ca vt cn, ng biu din ca n tuyn tnh v khng thay i theo thi gian
s dng.
- Sai s php o rt b.
- Khong o lu lng tnh bng th tch t 3% n 100% thang o.
- Php o dng xoy l c lp vi cc tnh cht vt l ca mi trng
dng chy, sau mt ln chun nh, khng cn chun n li vi tng loi lu
cht.
- Cc php o lu lng bng dng xoy khng c b phn c hc chuyn
ng v s i hi v cu trc kh n gin.
- Lu cht khng cn c tnh cht dn in nh trong php o lu lng
bng cm ng in t.
- Khng gy cn tr dng chy nhiu.
* cc nhc im:
- Vi vn tc dng chy qu thp, dng xoy c th khng c to ra v
nh vy lu lng k s ch mc 0.
- Cc rung ng c th nh hng n chnh xc ca kt qu o.
- Vic lp t nu to ra cc im nh ra (nh cc v tr hn ... vv) c th
nh hng ti dng ca dng xoy, nh hng ti chnh xc.
- Tc ln nht cho php ca dng chy theo ch dn thng mc 80
n 100m/s. Nu lu cht o dng kh hoc hi m vn tc ln hn s gp
nhiu vn kh khn c bit l vi cc cht kh m t v bn.
- i hi phi c mt on ng thng, di trc v tr o.
3.3. Mt s ng dng ca cm bin o lu lng vi nguyn tc tn s dng
xoy (Xem mc 4 bi ny)
57
4. Cc bi thc hnh ng dng cm bin o lu lng.

- Thc hnh vi cm bin o lu lng (nguyn tc tn s dng xoy) ca
hng KROHNE Messtechnik GmbH.
a/ Ghi nhn cc thng s ca cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C.
* Mc ch - yu cu
Ghi nhn cc thng s ca cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C.
* Thit b:
+ cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C (s dng o lu lng ca kh, hi
nc v cht lng)
o lu lng vi gii hn vn tc:
+ Tc 0,3m n 9m/s cho cht lng
+ Tc 3m n 80m/s cho kh v hi nc
o lu lng nc:
+ Qmin = 0,36m3/h
+ Qmax = 5,7m3/h
Ti liu Quich Start Manual km theo thit b cm bin
* Thc hin
Ngun gc: ..............................................................................................
Cng ty sn xut: ....................................................................................
Dng cm bin: ......................................................................................
ng knh danh nh ca cm bin: ....................................................
in p hot ng: .................................................................................
Dng in: ..............................................................................................
* V s kt ni cm bin:

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
b/ Thit lp cc thng s cho cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C.
* Yu cu: Thc hin c cc thit lp khc nhau cho cm bin
OPTISWIRL 4070C.
* Thit b: Cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070C.
* Thc hin:
* Kho st chc nng cc phm:
58
1
KROHNE
VFC070
2
3
1 v 5: Phm Enter; 2 v 6: Phm phi; 3 v 4: Phm ln; 7: Mn hnh hin th

(Cc phm 1, 2, 3 tc ng bng thanh nam chm)
* Cu trc menu
Measuring
mode
Main menu
Submenu
Functions
Edit
Chuyn t ch Measuring mode n ch Main menu.

Di chuyn gia cc cp menu (theo chiu xung).
M 1 mc menu
ch Measuring mode: di chuyn t gi tr v thng bo li.
Di chuyn gia cc mc menu trong mt cp menu.
Khi thit lp cc thng s ci t: Thay i gi tr, di chuyn gia cc
k t, di chuyn du chm v bn phi (du thp phn)
Di chuyn gia cc cp menu (theo chiu ln)
Khi thit lp cc thng s ci t: Quay tr li ch Measuring mode
* Thc hin cc thit lp sau:

- Chn ngn ng: English (cp menu 1.1.1)
- Tn khu vc t cm bin (cp menu 1.1.2)
- Chn dng n v o lu lng th tch (Volume measurement)
(cp menu 1.1.3).
- n v o: m3/h (cp menu 1.1.4)
59
- Gi tr lu lng o ln nht: 5,7m3/h (cp menu 1.1.1)

- Trnh by gi tr o vi n v o tuyt i (m3/h) hay tng i (%):
chn m3/h (cp menu 1.1.1).
- Gi tr lu lng nh nht: 0,36m3/h (cp menu 1.1.5)
- Thit lp cc thng s loi lu cht cm bin phi o l cht lng (cp
menu 3.4.1)
c/ o lu lng nc vi cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C.
* Yu cu: Thc hin lp t cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C ng cc tiu
chun k thut.
* Thit b: Cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C , h thng dn nc, h thng
dn nc c ng knh trong bng 0,62 mm, my bm, van cc thit b cn
thit khc.
* Thc hin.
* Lp t cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C vo ng ng dn nc.
Kch thc chi tit ca cm bin (Flange version ASME B16.5)
DN (ng knh
danh nh
1/2
d
D
L
l
H
a
b
c
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm)
0,62 3,54 7,87 5,67 10,43 133
105
179

thut H Ni.
* Ni dung:
- Nghin cu ng dng ca tng loi cm bin o lu lng.
- Tm hiu cch phn loi, ng dng ca tng cm bin o lu lng.
1/ Hnh thc t chc:
2/ Dng c, thit b: Cc m hnh, tranh v v cc loi cm bin o lu lng.
Cc loi cm bin o lu lng, ngun nc, my bm to dng chy, ng co
vv.
- Gio vin tp trung c lp hc vin, s lc v cch nhn bit, ng dng, cch
60
lp t cc b cm bin o lu lng.
- Gio vin hng dn lm mu, kho st lp t cc b cm bin o lu lng.
- Cui bi hc, gio vin hng dn kim tra, nh gi v nhn xt ti tng hc
vin thc hnh thc tp.
61
BI 4 : O VN TC VNG QUAY V GC QUAY

GII THIU
Cm bin o vn tc vng quay v gc quay rt quan trng trong

qu trnh m bo an ton nh theo di hot ng ca cc my mc, thit b.
Trong chuyn ng thng chuyn xang chuyn ng gc quay v vng quay.
MC TIU BI HC

- nh gi/xc nh c v tr, nhim v v ng dng ca cc b cm bin o
vn tc gc quay v vng quay.
bin o vn tc quay v vng quay.
- Bit c phm vi ng dng ca cc b cm bin o vn tc quay v vng
quay.
NI DUNG
* Mt s phng php o vn tc vng quay c bn.

* Cm bin o gc vi t hp c in tr t.
* Cc bi thc hnh ng dng.
1. Mt s phng php o vn tc vng quay c bn.

Trong cng nghip c rt nhiu trng hp cn o vn tc quay ca my,
ngi ta thng theo di tc quay ca my v l do an ton hoc khng
ch cc iu kin t trc cho hot ng ca my mc, thit b. Trong chuyn
ng thng vic o vn tc di cng thng c chuyn xang o vn tc quay.
Bi vy cc cm bin o vn tc gc chim v tr u th trong lnh vc o tc
.
1.1. o vn tc vng quay bng phng php Analog.
* Tc k mt chiu (my pht tc).
My pht tc l my pht in mt chiu, cc t l nam chm vnh cu,
in p trn cc my pht t l vi tc quay ca n, my pht tc ni
cng trc vi phanh hm in t v cng trc vi ng c do tc quay ca
n chnh l tc quay ca ng c, tc ny t l vi in p ca my pht
tc , dng Vmt in t hoc ng h o tc ni vi n c th o c tc
ca ng c. Gi tr in p m hay dng ph thuc vo chiu quay.
Er =
n 0
= Nn 0
2
Trong : N l s vng quay trong mt giy.

l vn tc gc ca rto.
n l tng s dy chnh trn rto.
0 l t thng xut pht t cc nam chm.
62
Cc phn t cu to c bn ca mt tc k dng mt chiu nh hnh 4.1

Stato
C gp
Rto
Chi qut
Dy dn
Hnh 4.1: Cu to ca my pht dng 1 chiu

* Tc k dng xoay chiu.
Tc k xoay chiu c u im l khng c c gp in v chi than
nn c tui th bn hn, khng c tng, gim in p trn chi than. Xong
nhc im l mch in phc tp hn, ngoi ra xc nh bin cn phi
chnh lu v lc tn hiu.
- My pht ng b: l mt loi my pht in xoay chiu c nh (hnh
4.2), rto ca my pht c gn ng trc vi thit b cn o tc , rto l
mt nam chm hoc nhiu nam chm nh, stato l phn cm, c th l 1 pha
hoc 3 pha, l ni cung cp sut in ng hnh sin c bin t l vi tc
quay ca rto.
e = E 0 sin t m E 0 = K 1 . ; = K 2 .
Trong K1 v K2 l cc thng s c trng cho my pht.
u ra in p c chnh lu thnh in p mt chiu, in p ny khng ph
thuc vo chiu quay v hiu sut lc gim i tn s thp, tc quay c th xc
nh c bng cch o tn s ca sc in ng. Phng php ny rt quan
trng khi khong cch o ln, tn hiu t my pht ng b c th truyn i xa
v suy gim tn hiu trn ng i khng nh hng n chnh xc ca php
o (v o tn s).
Cun kch
Rto
em
Cun o
Hnh 4.2
Hnh 4.3: Cu to ca 1 my pht

kh b
- My pht kgng ng b: Cu to ca my pht khng ng b tng t
nh ng c khng ng b (hnh 4.3). Rto l 1 hnh tr bng kim loi mng
c quay vi vn tc cn o, khi lng v qun tnh khng ng k, rtato lm
bng thp l k thut in, trn c t 2 cun dy c b tr nh hnh v, cun
63
th nht l cun kch t, c cung cp mt in p nh mc c bin v tn

s khng i.
ve = Ve Cos e t
Cun dy th 2 l cun dy o, gia 2 u ca cun dy ny s xut hin

sc in ng c bin t l vi vn tc gc cn o.
em = E m cos( e t + ) = kVe cos( e t + )
Do E m = kVe = k , m k l hng s ph thuc vo cu trc ca my ;

l lch pha ; khi o Em s xc nh c .
1.2. o vn tc vng quay bng phng php quang in t.
* Dng b cm bin quang tc vi a m ha.
Encoder l thit b c th pht hin s chuyn ng hay v tr ca vt,
Encoder s dng cc cm bin quang snh ra chui xung, t chuyn sang
pht hin s chuyn ng, v tr hay hng chuyn ng ca vt th.
Ngun sng
a quay
Mch to
xung vung
B thu
Sng sin
Sng vung
Hnh 4.4: S hot ng a quang m ho

Ngun sng c lp t sao cho nh sng lin tc c tp trung xuyn qua
a, b phn thu nhn nh sng c lp t mt cn li ca a sao cho c th
nhn c nh sng, a c lp t n trc ng c hay thit b khc cn xc
nh v tr sao cho khi trc quay, khi a quay sao cho l, ngun sng, b phn
nhn nh sng thng hng th tn hiu xung vung sinh ra.
Khuyt im: cn nhiu l nng cao chnh xc nn d lm h hng a
quay.
* a m ha tng i.
Encoder vi mt b xung th s khng th pht hin c chiu quay, hu
ht cc Encoder m ho u c b xung th 2 lch pha 900 so vi b xung th
nht v mt xung xc nh thi gian Encoder quay mt vng.
B phn pht hin
(nhn nh sng)
Khe h
pha A
Trc quay
Khe h
pha B
Khe h
pha Z
B phn pht
(ngun sng)
a quay
Hnh 4.5: S thu pht Encoder tng i

64
Xung A, xung B v xung iu khin, nu xung A xy ra trc xung B, trc

s quay theo chiu kim ng h, v ngc li. xung Z xc nh quay xong
mt vng.
Gi Tn l thi gian m xung, N0 l s xung trong mt vng ( phn gii
ca b cm bin tc , ph thuc vo s l), N l s xung trong thi gian Tn.
(vng/pht).
Khc pha 900
Pha A
Pha B
Pha Z
Mt chu k
3600 in
Hnh 4.6: Dng sng ra ca Encoder 2 b xung

* a m ha tuyt i.
khc phc nhc im chnh ca a m ho tng i l khi mt
ngun s m s b mt, nh vy khi cc c cu ngng hot ng vo bui ti
hay khi bo dng sa cha th khi bt ngun tr li Encoder s khng th xc
nh chnh xc v tr c cu.
a m ho tuyt i c thit k lun xc nh c v tr vt mt
cch chnh xc.
a Encoder tuyt i s dng nhiu vng phn on theo hnh ng tm
gm cc phn on chn sng v khng chn sng.
- Vng trong cng xc nh a quay ang nm na vng trn no.
- Kt hp vng trong cng vi vng tip theo s xc nh a quay ang
nm 1/4 vng trn no.
Khe h (cc on
khng chn sng)
B phn nhn
B phn pht
Trc quay
a quay
Hnh 4.7: S thu pht Encoder tuyt i (s dng m Gray)

65
- Cc rnh tip theo cho ta xc nh c v tr 1/8, 1/16 vv ca vng

trn, vng phn on ngoi cng cho ta chnh xc cui cng.
- Loi Encoder ny c ngun sng v b thu cho mi vng nu Encoder
c 10 vng s c 10 b ngun sng v thu, nu Encoder c 16 vng s c 16 b
ngun sng v thu.
- m o vn tc hay v tr (gc quay), c th s dng m nh phn
hoc m Gray. Tuy nhin thc t ch c m Gray c s dng ph bin.
1.3. o vn tc vng quay vi nguyn tc in tr t.
* Cc n v t trng v nh ngha.
- T trng: L mt dng vt cht tn ti xung quanh dng, hay ni chnh
xc l xung quanh cc ht mang in chuyn ng, tnh cht c bn ca t
trng l tc dng lc ln dng in, ln nam chm.
- Cm ng t B: V mt gy ra lc t, t trng c c trng bng vct
cm ng t B.
Trong h thng n v SI n v cm ng t B l T (Tesla).
1T = 1Wb/m2 = 1V.s/m2.
- T thng: T thng gi qua din tch dS l i lng v gi tr bng: .
Trong l vc t cm ng t ti 1 im bt k trn din tch y.l vc t c
phng ca vc t php tuynvi din tch ang xt, chiu l chiu dng ca
php tuyn, ln bng ln din tch .
Trong h thng n v SI, n v t thng l Wb (Weber), nu t thng thay i
1 n v trong thi gian 1 giy (1s), in p cm ng sinh ra trong cun dy l 1
vn: 1Wb = 1Vs.
- Cng t trng: Cng t trng H c c trng cho t
trng do ring dng in sinh ra v khng ph thuc vo tnh cht mi trng
trong t dng in.
Trong h thng n v SI n v ca cng t trng l A/m.
* Cm bin in tr t.
Cm bin in tr t l mt linh kin bn dn c 2 cc in, in tr ca
n gia tng di tc ng ca t trng, trong trng hp t trng tc dng
thng gc mt phng ca cm bin ta c nhy ln nht, chiu ca t trng
khng nh hng g n hiu ng in tr t trong trng hp ny.
ln ca tn hiu ra ca cm bin in tr t khng ph thuc vo tc
quay, khc vi trng hp cm bin in cm, ln tn hiu ra quan h trc
tip vi tc quay, v vy i hi cc thit b in t phc tp c th thu
nhn c cc tn hiu trn 1 di in p rng.
Ngc li vi cm bin in tr t, tn hiu ra c hnh thnh bi s i
hng ca ng cm ng t thay i theo v tr bnh rng (Bending of
magnetic field lines), tn hiu ra ca cm bin vn c hnh thnh d i tng
khng di chuyn rt chm.
66
Cc bnh
Nam chm
ng cm ng
-Max
a
V
+Ma
-Max
Hnh 4.8: Tn hiu to ra bi cm ng in

- Cm bin in tr t vi vt liu InSb/NiSb.
B
NiSb
InSb
I
Dng in
Hnh 4.9
+ Hiu ng in tr t vi vt liu InSb/NiSb:
Vt liu bndn InSb lin kt III V c linh ng rt ln. Trong vt liu bn
dn, di tc dng ca t trng hng dch chuyn ca cc in tch b lch i
1 gc ( tag = B).Do s chnh lch ny on ng dch chuyn ca electron di
hn, kt qu l in t cm bin gia tng di tc dng ca t trng, hiu
67
ng ny c th s dng trong thc t, gc cn phi ln hn. Trong kim loi gc

ny rt b, vi germanium gc lch khong 200, trong Indiumantimon do
linh ng ca electron rt cao nn gc lch = 800, vi B = 1T.
to con ng dch chuynca electron cng di cng tt di tc
dng ca t trn, nh vy ng ra s c s thay i in tr ln hn, cm bin
c kt cu nh hnh v 4.9. Nhiu phin InSb (b rng vi (m) c ghp ni
tip nhau, gia cc phin ny l mng kim loi.
Trong thc t vi k thut luyn kim, ngi ta to ra nhng cy kim bng
Nickelantimon nm bn trong InSb c chiu song song vi 2 cc in, mt t
NiSb cho vo trong InSb chy lng v qua cc cng on lm ngui, v s cy
kim NiSb c hnh thnh bn trong InSb. Cc cy kim ny c ng knh
khong 1 (m v di 50 (m, cc cy kim ny dn in rt tt v hu nh khng c
in p ri trn n.
Mt in tch phn b khng u trong InSb do tc dng ca t trng,
s c phn b u trn cc cy kim, nh th ta c s phn b in tch ni
khi u vng 1 ging nh ni khi u vng 2.
in tr t c th coi nh 1 hm ca cm ng t theo cch tnh gn ng
RB = R0 1 + K 2 .B 2
Trong K l hng s vt liu c tr s khong 0,85.

in tr cm bin nm trong khong 10 dn 500(, din tch ct ngang ca bn
dn cng nh cng tt, tuy nhin chiu rng khng th nh hn 80 (m.
- Cm bin in tr t vi vt liu Permalloy.
+ Hiu ng in tr t vi vt liu Permalloy
S t ho
Permalloy
Dng in
Hnh 4.10: Hiu ng in tr t trn Permalloy

Mt mng mng vt liu st t gi l Permalloy (20% Fe ; 80% Ni). Khi khng
c s hin din ca t trng, vc t t ho bn trong vt liu nm song song
vi dng in. Vi t trng nm song song vi mt phng mng mng nhng
thng gc vi dng in, vc t t ho s quay i 1 gc, kt qu l in tr ca
Permalloy thay i theo .
R = R0 + R0 cos 2
68
= 0 0 Rmax
= 90 0 Rmin
R0 v R0 l cc thng s ph thuc vo cht liu Permalloy. R0 khong 2 n

3% R.
Nguyn tc ny c ng dng o tc quay v gc quay.
+ Tuyn tnh ho c tnh ca cm bin.
R
Barber
b
R0
Permallo
S t ho
-1
-0,5 0
0,5
Hy
Ho
Hnh 4.11
Hnh 4.12: a/ c tuyn R-H ca

cm bin loi tiu chun
b/ c tuyn R-H ca cm bin loi
c barber poles
Theo phng trnh bc 2: th in tr cm bin in tr t khng tuyn
tnh (hnh 4.12), 1 cm bin tin li trong s dng th tt nht l c tuyn
ca n tuyn tnh, v vy bin php thit k tt hn l iu cn thit.
Hiu ng in tr t c th c tuyn tnh ho bng cch t 1 mng
mng nhm gi l barber.
2. Cm bin o gc vi t hp c in tr t.
- Nguyn tc.
T cng thc c bn:
R = R0 + R0 cos 2 .
Ta c th gia R v c s lin h gn ng: R 2 .
Da trn nguyn tc ny, cm bin c th o gc m khng cn s ng chm.
2.1. Cc loi cm bin KM110BH/2 ca hng Philips Semiconductor.
Loi cm bin KM110BH/21 c 2 dng KMB110BH/2130 v
KMB110BH/2190. Tuy c thang o khc nhau nhng mch in nh nhau (hnh
4-13).
KMB110BH/2130 c ch to vi thang o nh hn c khuych i ln
hn, o t -150 n +150. Tn hiu ra tuyn tnh ( phi tuyn ch 1%).
KMB110BH/2190 o t -450 n +450, tn hiu ra hnh sin.
C 2 cm bin trn u c tn hiu ra dng Analog.
Ngoi 2 cm bin ny cn c cc dng cm bin thit k mi
KM110BH/23 v KM110BH/24 (xem bng 4-1).
69
sensor
Sngle range Temperature

omperation
Qurerc
miter
VCC
Vo
GND
Hnh 4-13: S khi ca cc loi cm bin

KM110BH/21, KM110BH/24 v KM110BH/2390
Bng 4-1:
Thng s
Thang o
in p ra
2130
30
0,5 ti
4,5
2190
90
0,5 ti
4,5
KM110BH
2270
2390
70
90
0,5 ti
4,5
4 ti
20
Hnh Tuyn
sin
tnh
2430
30
0,5 ti
4,5
2470
70
0,5 ti
4,5
n v
0,001
V
Dng in
mA
ra
c tuyn
Tuyn Hnh
Tuyn Hnh
ng ra
tnh
sin
tnh
sin
in p
5
5
8,5
5
5
5
V
hot ng
Nhit
-40 ti -40 ti -40 ti -40 ti -40 ti -40 ti
0
C
hot ng
+125
+125
+125
+125
+125
+125
phn
0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001
gii
2.2. Cc loi cm bin KMA10 v KMA20.
KMA10 v KMA20 l loi cm bin o gc (khng cn ng chm) c thit
k c th hot ng trong mi trng khc nghit hn, ng dng trong lnh
vc t ng v cng nghip.
Hai loi cm bin KMA10 v KMA20 c thit k pht trin bi s hp tc
gia Philips Semiconductor v AB Electronic.
KMA10 cho tn hiu di dng dng in.(KMA10/70 pht trin t loi
KM110BH/2270).
KMA20 cho tn hiu ra di dng in p, KMA20/30 pht trin t loi
KM110BH/2430, KMA20/70 t loi KM110BH/2470, cn KMA20/90 pht
trin t loi KMA20/2390. Tuy nhin tn hiu t KMA20/30 th tuyn tnh v t
KMA20/70 th hnh sin.
Thng s
Thang o
in p ra
Dng in
KMA10/70
70
4 ti 20
KMA20/30
30
0,5 ti 4,5
70
KMA20/70
70
0,5 ti 4,5
-
KMA20/90
90
0,5 ti 4,5
-
n v
V
mA
ra
c tuyn
ng ra
in p
hot ng
Nhit
hot ng
phn
gii
Hnh sin
Tuyn tnh
Hnh sin
Tuyn tnh
8,5
-40 ti +100 -40 ti +125 -40 ti +125 -40 ti +125
0,001
0,001
0,001
0,001
2.3. My o gc tuyt i (Resolver).

My o gc tuyt i cu to gm 2 phn, phn ng gn lin vi trc
quay ng c cha cun s cp c kch thch bng sng mang tn s 2 10
Khz qua my bin p quay (Hnh 4-14a). Phn tnh c 2 dy th cp (cun sin
v cun cos) t lch nhau 900, u raca dy qun th cp ta thu c 2 tn
hiu iu bin UU0siintsin v UU0sintcos (hnh 4-15b). ng bao ca
knh tn hiu ra cha thng tin v tr tuyt i (gc ) ca rto my o,c ngha
l v tr tuyt i ca rto ng c (hnh 4-15c)
C 2 cch thu thp thng tch v :
- Hiu chnh sa sai gc thu c trn c s so snh gc v c ci t sn
trong 1 s vi mch sn c, cc vi ny cho tn hiu gc dng s ( phn gii 10
16 bit/1 vng v tc quay di dng tng t.
- Dng 2 b chuyn i tng t - s ly mu trc tip t nh tn hiu
iu ch. Trong trng hp ny cn ng b cht ch gia thi im ly mu v
khu tn hiu kch thch 2 10 kHz.
Kch thch
2 10kHz
Sin
Trc
Sin
Trc
a/
Cos
Bin p
Cos
Kch thch
Rto
Cos
b/
c/
Hnh 4-15:My o gc tuyt i. a/ cu to;

b/ S nguyn l; c/ Hai knh tn hiu ra
71
3. Cc bi thc hnh ng dng.

3.1. Thc hnh cm bin o gc.
3.1.1. Thc hnh vi encoder a m ha tng i.
* Mc ch yu cu
- Kho st encoder E6A2 CW3C
- o tc ng c vi encoder loi a m ha tng i.
* Thit b : encoder E6A2 CW3C, my o tc gc H7ER, ng c,
cc thit b cn thit khc.
* Thc hin :
* Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut trn thit b :
in p hot ng : ..............................................................................
phn gii : ......................................................................................
* V s mc cm bin :
* Kt ni encoder vi ng c cn o tc (v mt c)
* Kt ni cm bin vi my o tc nh hnh v 4-16
Nu
en
Xanh
E6A2
5 to 12V DC
H7ER
Hnh 4-16
* Ghi nhn thng s tc o c
3.1.2. Thc hnh vi encoder tuyt i.
* Mc ch yu cu
- Kho st encoder E6CP AG5C - C
- o tc ng c vi encoder
* Thit b : encoder E6CP AG5C C, thit b o v tr H8PS 8P Cam,
ng c v cc thit b cn thit khc.
* My o v tr E6CP AG5C C o t 00 n 3590.
* Thc hin :
* Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut trn encoder:
in p hot ng : ..............................................................................
phn gii : ......................................................................................
* Cc thng s k thut ca my o v tr
- in p hot ng : 24 vn DC
- Chc nng cc chn :
Chn
1
2
3
4
5
E6CP AG5C C
Kt ni sn bn trong
25
21
20
72
6
27
7
24
8
22
9
23
10
26
11
---------12
12 vn ti 24 vn DC
13
0 vn
* V s mc cm bin :
* Kt ni encoder vi ng c cn o tc (v mt c)
* Kt ni cm bin vi my o tc .
3.2. Thc hnh vi cm bin o vng quay.
3.2.1. Cm bin KMI15/1.
* Yu cu - mc ch: Kho st cm bin KMI15/1
* Thit b : Cm bin KMI15/1, in tr 115, T in 100nF, i tng
dng th ng
* S chn
Chn
Chc nng
1
Vcc
2
V* Thc hin lp mch :
Vcc
Cm bin
V-
Icc
RL
USignal
GND
- in p Vcc : 12 vn DC
- Lp t cm bin nh hnh v 4-17 ; d = 2,5 mm
- Cho i tng quay
- Dng my o dao ng k o tn hiu ra
- V li dng sng
- Ghi nhn cc gi tr nh nht, gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu.
Cm bin
d
Bnh rng
Hnh 4-17
73
3.2.2. Cm bin o vng quay KMI16/1.

* Yu cu - mc ch: Kho st cm bin KMI16/1
* Thit b: Cm bin KMI16/1, in tr 2,7 k, 10 k, t in 2,2nF, i
tng dng th ng (ging KMI15/1)
* S chn
Chn
K hiu
1
Vcc
2
Vout
3
GND
Chc nng
Ni vi ngun DC
Ng ra ca tn hiu
Ni t
* Thc hin lp mch :

- in p hot ng Vcc = 5 vn DC
- Ghi ch: Cm bin c th hot ng vi
in p 4,5 vn n 16 vn DC (nhng
gi tr ng ra s thay i).
- Lp t cm bin nh hnh v 4-18
d = 2,5mm
- Cho i tng quay
- Dng my o dao ng k o tn hiu ra
- Gi tr in p ra mc cao: ...........
Cm bin
- Gi tr in p ra mc thp: ..........
- V li dng sng
d
Bnh rng
Hnh 4-18
3.2.3. Thc hnh vi cm bin o gc KM110BH/2430, KM110BH/2470.
* Yu cu - mc ch:
Kho st cm bin o gc KM110BH/2430, KM110BH/2470
* Thit b: Nam chm (NdFeB) kch thc 11,2 x 5,5 x 8 mm
Cm bin o gc KM110BH/2430, KM110BH/2470
Ngun 5 vn DC v vn k cc thit b o lng cn thit.
* Cc thng s ca thit b
* S chn
Chn
1
2
3
Ch thch
Ground
Vcc
V0
1
74
* Th nghim : Ghi nhn cc thng s hot ng ca cm bin

in p hot ng
Thang o
Dng tn hiu
KM 110BH/2430
KM 110BH/2470
V mch kt ni cm bin, ng ra dng RL = 1,7 k (vn k o gi tr tn hiu ra
mc song song vi RL)
Lp t nam chm song song vi cm bin (d = 2,5mm)
Thay i v tr nam chm, o gi tr ng ra, v th biu din s thay i ca
gi tr ng ra theo gc quay.

thut H Ni.
* Ni dung:
- Nghin cu ng dng ca tng loi cm bin o tc gc v vng quay.
- Tm hiu cch phn loi, ng dng ca tng cm bin o gc v vng
quay.
1/ Hnh thc t chc:
2/ Dng c, thit b: Cc loi cm bin o tc gc, tc vng quay, cc
tranh, nh v cc b cm bin o tc gc, vng quay v cch lp t.
- Gio vin tp trung c lp hc vin, s lc v cch nhn bit, ng dng, v
cch lp t ca cc b cm bin o tc gc v tc vng quay.
- Gio vin hng dn cch kho st, lm mu cch lp t cc b cm bin o
tc gc v vng quay.
- Cui bi hc, gio vin hng dn kim tra, nh gi v nhn xt ti tng hc
vin trong qu trnh luyn tp.
75
MC LC
MC
TRANG
Li ni u : ......................................................................................3
Bi m u : Khi nim v cc b cm bin .....................................5
Bi 1 : Cm bin nhit ..................................................................9
Bi 2 : Cm bin tim cn v cc loi cm bin xc
nh v tr, khong cch...........................................................34
Bi 3 : Phng php o lu lng ....................................................49
Bi 4 : o vn tc gc quay v vng quay ........................................62
76
77

Giao Trinh Cam Bien Moi

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Giao Trinh Cam Bien Moi

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K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

Lng Sn thng 04 nm 2010

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

GII THIU V MUN

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

CC HOT NG CHNH CA MUN/MN HC

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

Cc b cm bin c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc kinh t v k

Sau khi hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:

* Khi nim c bn v cc b cm bin.

1. Khi nim c bn v cc b cm bin.

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

trong S l nhy ca cm bin

Hnh 1.2: Dng ng cong t cc gi tr bit ca m, xc nh m1 t gi tr s1

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

cc lnh vc nghin cu khoa Trong lnh vc t ng ho ngita s dng cc

Cc c tnh ca kch thch.

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

Theo tnh nng.

Hc vin tham kho cc ti liu di y:

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

Cm bin nhit c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc kinh t

Sau khi hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

Dng ca hm F ch ph thuc vo thang o nhit , ngc li, vic la chn

Trong T1 v T2 l nhit nhit ng hc tuyt i ca 2 ngun.

Bng 1-1: Thng s c trng ca mt s thang o nhit khc nhau

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

Pt lm vic nhit 1900 C n 6500C

Trong : n l s in t t do trong mt n v din tch

Hnh 1.1: c tnh V-A v c tnh nhit ca in tr kim loi

- nhy ca in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit

in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit c u im c s dng rt rng di v

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

R0 ca nhit in tr Pt 100 l 100, ca Pt 1.000 l 1.000, cc loi Pt 500, Pt

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

Hnh 1.2: ng c tnh cm bin nhit ZNI 1.000

Cm bin nhit ZNI 1.000 do hng ZETEX Semiconductors sn xut s dng

Hnh 1.3: Cch ni dy nhit in tr

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

Hnh 1.4: K thut ni 2 dy

Hnh 1.5: K thut ni 3 dy

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

v s thay i ca n do nhit khng cn na. Tuy nhin 3 dy o cn c

Hnh 1.6: K thut ni 4 dy

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

- Nhit hot ng: T 400C n 1250C (dng 20 lead DIP, SO

Hnh 1.7: S khi ADT70

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

Hnh v 1.9 biu din

in tr cm bin nhit R c xc nh nh sau:

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

- S dng cng ngh silic: Do cm bin c sn xut da trn nn tng cng

Hnh 1.10: c trng k thut ca KYT 81

i vi loi KYT 83, ta c phng trnh ton hc biu din mi quan h

RT = Rref 1 + A(T Tref ) + B (T Tref

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc

RT l in tr nhit ; Rref l in tr ti Tref (1000C vi loi KYT 84 v

RT = Rref 1 + A(T Tref ) + B(T Tref

T1 l nhit m dc ca ng cong bt u gim. Nu T(T1 th h s C =

Hnh 1.11: Mch o nhit s dng KYT81-110

K thut cm bin Khoa C kh - ng lc Trng Cao ng Ngh Cng Ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc