Source: Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic writi ! "or !

raduate stude ts: #sse tial tasks a d skills (2 d ed.). A Ar$or, M%: &'e ( i)ersit* o" Mic'i!a +ress. I. Structure of Data Commentary ,ata comme taries usuall* 'a)e t'e "ollowi ! eleme ts i t'e "ollowi ! order. -. .ocatio eleme ts a d/or summar* stateme ts 2. 0i!'li!'ti ! stateme ts 1. ,iscussio s o" im2licatio s, 2ro$lems, e3ce2tio s, recomme datio s, etc. 0ere is t'e data comme tar* wit' t'ese eleme ts marked. 4.ocatio 5 i dicati)e summar*6 &a$le 7 s'ows t'e most commo sources o" i "ectio "or (.S. $usi esses. 4.i ki ! as8clause a d 'i!'li!'t6 As ca $e see , i a !reat ma9orit* o" cases, t'e e tr* 2oi t o" t'e )irus i "ectio ca $e detected, wit' e8mail attac'me ts $ei ! res2o si$le "or earl* : out o" -0 )iruses. 4%m2licatio s6 &'is )er* 'i!' 2erce ta!e is i creasi !l* alarmi !, es2eciall* si ce wit' a certai amou t o" cautio suc' i "ectio s are lar!el* 2re)e ta$le. 0 % co se;e ce, e8 mail users s'ould $e war* o" all attac'me ts, e)e t'ose "rom a trusted collea!ue. % additio , all com2uters used "or e8mail eed to 'a)e a curre t )ersio o" a !ood a ti)irus 2ro!ram w'ose )irus de"i itio s are u2dated re!ularl*. <'ile it ma* $e 2ossi$le to lesse t'e likeli'ood o" dow loadi ! a i "ected "ile, $usi esses are still )ul era$le to com2uter )irus 2ro$lems $ecause o" 'uma error a d t'e t'reat o" ew, ;uickl* s2readi ! )iruses t'at ca ot $e ide ti"ied $* a ti)irus so"tware. &a$le - Starti ! a ,ata Comme tar* .ocatio #leme t Summar* a. &a$le 7 s'ows t'e 2oi ts o" e tr* o" com2uter )iruses "or (.S. $usi esses. $. &a$le 2 2ro)ides details o" t'e "ertili=er used. c. Fi!ure 2 2lots t'e two series "or t'e last "i)e *ears. d. Fi!ure 4.2 !i)es t'e results o" t'e seco d e32erime t. &'e 2assi)e ca also $e used, as demo strated $* &a$le 2. &a$le 2 +assi)es i Starti ! a ,ata Comme tar* Summar* a. &'e most commo modes o" com2uter i "ectio "or (.S. $usi esses $. &'e details o" t'e "ertili=er used c. &'e two series "or t'e last "i)e *ears d. &'e results o" t'e seco d e32erime t

.ocatio #leme t are s'ow i &a$le 7. are 2ro)ided i &a$le 2. are 2lotted i Fi!ure 2. are !i)e % Fi!ure 4.2.

<e $ri ! two 2oi ts to *our atte tio 'ere. First, ote t'e co siste t use o" t'e 2rese t te se. &'is occurs $ecause t'e aut'or is talki ! a$out 'is or 'er 2rese t 2a2er. Seco d, i # !lis' t'e acti)e

"orms are 9ust as a22ro2riate as t'e 2assi)e )ersio s. (0owe)er, i a um$er o" la !ua!es it ma* ot $e atural to sa* t'at a !ra2' or ot'er i a imate o$9ect re)eals, !i)es, or su!!ests.) >ow otice t'at all t'e e3am2les 2ro)ide !e eral summaries o" t'e data. <e 'a)e $ee told ot'i ! *et a$out w'at t'e commo modes o" i "ectio mi!'t $e, w'ic' "ertili=ers were actuall* used, or w'at t'e results o" t'e seco d e32erime t were. Alter ati)el*, t'e writer could 'a)e 'i!'li!'ted a ke* 2iece o" t'e data, as i t'e "ollowi !.a. &a$le 7 s'ows t'at 'ome disks are t'e ma9or source o" com2uter )iruses. $. &a$le 2 !i)es t'e acti)e i !redie ts i t'e "ertili=er. c. Fi!ure 4.2 su!!ests t'at t'e e32erime tal results co "irm t'e '*2ot'esis.
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>otice t'e use o" t'at i e3am2les a a d c. Se te ces co tai i ! t'at8clauses do ot easil* !o i to t'e 2assi)e. &'ese two wa*s o" writi ! t'e locatio eleme t are similar to a two8wa* classi"icatio o"te used to cate!ori=e 9our al article a$stracts. % dicati)e a$stracts merel* i dicate w'at ki d o" researc' 'as $ee do e? i "ormati)e a$stracts additio all* !i)e t'e mai results. &'e 2arallel, we $elie)e, is close, a d t'ere"ore we ca descri$e locatio eleme ts as eit'er i dicati)e or i "ormati)e. II. Language Focus: Linking as-Clauses So "ar, we 'a)e used se te ces i w'ic' t'e re"ere ce to o )er$al data is eit'er t'e su$9ect or t'e a!e t i t'e mai clause. 0owe)er, a more commo structure "or i troduci ! i "ormati)e stateme ts is t'e li ki ! as8clause. 0ere are t'ree e3am2les. As s'ow i Fi!. - a d Fi!. 2, t'e com2a ies used i t'is sur)e* )aried si! i"ica tl* i !eo!ra2'ical locatio , si=e, a d met'od o" o2eratio . As ca $e see i &a$le 7, t'e o)erall rate o" recall, w'ile low, also s'owed co sidera$le )ariatio . S'allow 9u ctio CM A+,s, 2eri2'eral area test structures, a d !ate8co trolled diodes, as s'ow i Fi!s. -(a), -($), a d -(c), were ma u"actured i 28t*2e e2ita3iall* !row $ulk silico usi ! a co )e tio al -.7 um CM@S 2rocess re2orted 2re)iousl*. &'ese li ki ! clauses (w'ere as does ot e;ual si ce or $ecause) are e3ce2tio al i # !lis' !rammar. % t'e 2assi)e, t'ese li ki ! clauses 'a)e o su$9ects. Com2are t'e "ollowi ! se te ces. a. As it 'as $ee 2ro)ed, t'e t'eor* ma* 'a)e 2ractical im2orta ce. $. As 'as $ee 2ro)ed, t'e t'eor* ma* 'a)e 2ractical im2orta ce. % se te ce a t'ere is a causal relatio s'i2 $etwee t'e as8clause a d t'e mai clause. Because t'e t'eor* 'as $ee 2ro)ed, it ma* 'a)e 2ractical im2orta ce. % se te ce $ t'e as8clause ser)es to su!!est t'at t'e 2ractical im2orta ce o" t'e t'eor* ( ot 9ust t'e t'eor*) 'as $ee esta$lis'ed. Alt'ou!' *ou ma* "i d e3am2les t'at ru co trar* to t'is ad)ice, remem$er, t'e , ot to use su$9ects i 2assi)e li ki ! as8clauses.

Fi all*, usi ! 2re2ositio s wit' t'is t*2e o" li ki ! stateme t ca $e trick*. 0ere are some o" t'e mai sta dard uses. i As s'ow i &a$le - ... $* As 2redicted $* t'e model . . . o As descri$ed o t'e 2re)ious 2a!e . . . III. Highlighting Statements &'e ce tral sectio s o" data comme taries co sist o" 'i!'li!'ti ! stateme ts. 0i!'li!'ti ! stateme ts are !e erali=atio s t'at *ou ca draw "rom t'e details o" t'e data dis2la*. <e 'a)e alread* see some e3am2les i t'e te3t t'at accom2a ies &ask &wo. 0i!'li!'ti ! stateme ts eed !ood 9ud!me t. &'e* are a o22ortu it* to s'ow *our i telli!e ce. % 2articular, t'e* are a o22ortu it* "or *ou to demo strate t'at *ou ca s2ot tre ds or re!ularities i t'e data, t'at *ou ca se2arate more im2orta t "i di !s "rom less im2orta t o es, a d t'at *ou ca make claims o" a22ro2riate stre !t'. So, do not sim2l* re2eat all t'e details i words, attem2t to co)er all t'e i "ormatio , or claim more t'a is reaso a$le or de"e si$le. IV. Concluding a Commentary Co cludi ! a comme tar* re;uires some ori!i al t'i ki !. &'is is demo strated i &a$le 1, w'ic' dis2la*s t'e t*2ical eleme ts o" a co clusio i t'e order i w'ic' t'e* !e erall* a22ear. &a$le 1 Co cludi ! a ,ata Comme tar* or Aesults Sectio #32la atio s a d/or im2licatio s (suall* re;uired ( e32ected results or u satis"actor* data %" ecessar* +ossi$le "urt'er researc' or 2ossi$le "uture 2redictio s %" a22ro2riate

,A&A C@MM#>&AAB -) Summar*: &ell w'at it s'ows. &'is li e !ra2'/$ar !ra2'/2ie8c'art/ta$le s'ows . . . &'e 38a3is/*8a3is re2rese ts . . . &'e s'aded/dark/li!'t area i dicates . . . 2) 0i!'li!'ti ! stateme ts: +oi t out !e erali=atio s "rom t'e details o" t'e data. As s'ow i t'e . . ./As re)ealed $* t'e . . ./As ca $e see i t'e . . . %t is i teresti ! to see t'at . . ./>otice t'at . . . 1) Co cludi ! a comme tar*: #32lai t'e data a d/or discuss im2licatio s &'is was 2ro$a$l* $ecause . . ./&'e could 'a)e $ee t'e result o" . . . &'is tre d i dicates t'at i" . . ./&'is 'as se)eral im2licatio s "or t'e "uture. C Duali"*i ! com2ariso s: <'ic' is t'e most e""ecti)e com2ariso E a. Si3t*8 i e 2erce t o" !irls re2orted restrictio s o !oi ! out late at i!'t as o22osed to t'irt*8"i)e 2erce t o" $o*s. $. More !irls re2orted restrictio s o !oi ! out late at i!'t t'a did $o*s. c. &'irt*8"our 2erce t more !irls re2orted restrictio s o !oi ! out late at i!'t t'a did $o*s. d. Almost e3actl* twice as ma * !irls re2orted restrictio s o !oi ! out late at i!'t as did $o*s. C @t'er use"ul alter ati)es A mar!i all* smaller 2erce ta!e o" F re2orted . . . Sli!'tl* o)er twice as ma * F re2orted . . . Close to t'ree times as ma * F re2orted . . . F e3ceeded B i t'e times t'e* re2orted . . . $* a ratio o" 1.7 to -. &'e 2erce ta!e o" F w'o re2orted . . . is rou!'l* twice t'at o" B (se"ul )oca$ular* i talki ! a$out !ra2's Ger$ Ad9ecti)e >ou i crease u2ward/dow ward tre d decrease/decli e !radual/dramatic i crease/decrease le)el o"" 'i!'/low 2oi t "luctuate stee2 "all s'ar2 rise