Giải tích 1 - Lê Chí Ngọc - DHBKHN

Gii tch 1 Mc lc
L Ch Ngc Khoa Ton-Tin ng dng, i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni Trang 1

MC LC
Gii tch 1 Li ni u
LI NI U
Vi mc ch ghi li mt vi thu hoch sau mt nm cng tc di vai tr ging
vin tp s ti Khoa Ton-Tin ng dng, trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, tc gi
bin son ti liu Bi ging gii tch I.
Ti liu gm ni dung l thuyt v bi tp phc v cho vic ging dy hc phn
Gii tch I ti trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. Tc gi bin son tp ti liu ny
trc ht vi mc ch s dng lm gio n ging dy, ng thi cng hy vng c th
gip c phn no cc ging vin tr trong vic chun b bi ging ln lp.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc ng nghip gip rt nhiu trong thi gian
tp s ti Khoa Ton-Tin ng dng, trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. c bit tc
gi xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti GS. L Trng Vinh, TS. Phan Hu Sn, TS. Trn
Xun Tip, Ths. L Cng v nhiu anh ch v cc ng nghip tr thuc seminar Bi
dng cn b tr ca Khoa Ton-Tin ng dng, trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
c nhng hng dn ng qu tc gi c nhng kinh nghim u tin v kin thc
chuyn mn cng nh kin thc s phm. Tc gi cng xin php c gi li cm n
ti GS. Nguyn nh Tr, ngi ging dy mn hc gii tch 1 cho tc gi trong khi
cn ang ngi trn gh nh trng.
H Ni, thng 8 nm 2006
Tc gi
L Ch Ngc

Gii tch 1 Tng quan hc phn
TNG QUAN HC PHN
1. Tn hc phn: Gii tch I
2. H o to: Chnh quy
3. Chuyn ngnh: Cc chuyn ngnh k s cng ngh, k thut
4. Trnh : Sinh vin nm th nht, hc k I
5. Phn b thi gian: L thuyt: 13 tun x 3 tit = 39 tit
Bi tp: 12 tun x 3 tit = 36
(03 tit n tp, kim tra v d tr)
6. iu kin tin quyt: Hon thnh chng trnh ph thng
7. Ni dung vn tt: Cc php tnh vi tch phn hm mt bin, cc php
tnh vi phn hm nhiu bin.
8. Nhim v sinh vin: Ln lp y
Lm bi tp theo yu cu ca gio vin
9. Ti liu hc tp: cng bi tp do khoa son
Cc ti liu tham kho ( phn ti liu tham kho)
10. Hnh thc nh gi: Thi vit (c th trc nghim) cui hc phn
11. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v
hm s mt bin s v nhiu bin s: Gii hn, lin tc, o hm, vi phn. Cc ng
dng ca php tnh vi phn. Cc kin thc v tch phn bt nh v tch phn xc nh
hm mt bin. Cc ng dng ca php tnh tch phn hm mt bin. S lc v l
thuyt trng v hng v trng vc t. Trn c s , c th hc tip cc hc phn
sau v Ton cng nh cc mn k thut khc, gp phn to nn nn tng Ton hc c
bn cho k s cc ngnh cng ngh.
12. Ni dung chi tit: Khi lng mn hc: 5 vht
Khi lng l thuyt: 39 tit
Khi lng bi tp: 36 tit
Gii tch 1 Tng quan hc phn
13. Phng tin ging dy: Phn, bng
14. B cc cc bi ging: Cc bi ging c chia theo tng tun. Mi bi
ging bao gm ba phn: (1) Tng quan v bi ging; (2) Ni dung l thuyt (3 tit); (3)
Ni dung bi tp (3 tit).
Gii tch 1 Tun I. Hm s, dy s
Tun I. Hm s, dy s
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: S lc kin thc v tp hp. Dy s. Hm s
2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc s lc v tp hp, cc tp s
N, Z, Q, R. Dy s: nh ngha; cc khi nim: n iu, b chn, gii hn v cc php
ton; cc tiu chun tn ti gii hn: tiu chun kp, tiu chun n iu, b chn, tiu
chun Cauchy. Hm s: nh ngha; cc khi nim: tp xc nh, tp gi tr, hm chn,
hm l, hm tun hon, hm hp, hm ngc; hm s s cp: khi nim, cc hm s s
cp c bn.
3. Cc kin thc cn c trc: Cc kin thc c bn v tp hp, dy s v hm
s c hc trong chng trnh ph thng.
B. L thuyt
I Tp hp
1. Khi nim tp hp
Tp hp l mt khi nim c bn khng nh ngha ca Ton hc. Trong chng
trnh ph thng, chng ta quen thuc vi tp hp cc s t nhin N, tp hp cc s
nguyn Z, tp hp cc s hu t Q v tp hp cc s thc R.
Trong phn ny, chng ta s khng i qu su vo tp hp v cc vn lin
quan m ch nhc li mt s khi nim v tp con, tp rng, cc php ton trn tp hp
v cc tnh cht, tch Decartes, nh x.
2. Cc php ton trn tp hp
A B := {x | x e A v x e B} A B := {x | x e A hoc x e B}
A\B := {x | x e A v x e B} A B := (A B)\(A B)
3. Cc tnh cht vi cc php ton trn tp hp
a) AB = BA b) AB = BA
c) (AB) C = A(BC) d) (AB) C = A(BC)
e) (AB) C = (AC) (BC) f) (AB) C = (AC) (BC)
g) A\(BC) = (A\B) (A\C) h) A\(BC) = (A\B) (A\C)
II Dy s
*

1. nh ngha
nh ngha 1.2.1: Mt dy s thc (ni ngn gn l dy s) l mt nh x t N* vo R:
n e N* xn e R
Ngi ta thng dng k hiu: {x
n
}, n = 1, 2, , hoc x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
, ch
dy s. S i = 1, 2, , n, c gi l ch s.

*
Khi nim dy s v gii hn dy c hc trong chng trnh ph thng, phn ny ch
yu mang tnh cht nhc li v chnh xc ha cc khi nim.
Ch thch: Trong nhiu ti liu, dy s cng c th bt u t ch s 0, khi , tp
N* trong nh ngha ni trn c thay bng N.
V d:
a) {x
n
}; x
n
=
n
1
; x
1
= 1; x
2
=
2
1
; ; x
n
=
n
1
;
b) {x
n
}; x
n
= 1; x
1
= 1; x
2
= 1; ; x
n
= 1;
c) {x
n
}; x
n
= (-1)
n
; x
1
= -1; x
2
= 1; ; x
n
= (-1)
n
;
d) {x
n
}; x
n
= n
2
; x
1
= 1; x
2
= 4; ; x
n
= n
2
;
e) {x
n
}; x
n
=
n
n
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+ ; x
1
= 2; x
2
=
4
9
; ; x
n
=
n
n
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+ ;
2. nh ngha gii hn dy
nh ngha 1.2.2: Dy {x
n
} gi l hi t nu -a > 0 ( -n
n > n
=> |x
n
- a| < )
Ta cng ni rng dy {x
n
} hi t n a, hay a l gii hn ca dy {x
n
} v vit x
n

a khi n hay
n
lim x
n
= a
Nu dy {x
n
} khng hi t, ta ni rng n phn k.
V d: Xt cc v d mc trc, ta c:
a) Ta c > 0, vi n
=
(
c
1
th n > n
=> |x
n
- a| < , vy
n
lim x
n
= 0
b) |x
n
- 1| = 0 n, vy
n
lim x
n
= 1
c) {x
n
}; Xt vi a bt k, ta c:
i) Nu a 0 th ta c n l, x
n
= -1 => |x
n
- a| >
2
1

ii) Nu a < 0 th ta c n chn, x
n
= 1 => |x
n
- a| >
2
1

Ngha l {x
n
} phn k.
3. Cc kt qu v gii hn ca dy.
nh l 1.2.1: Nu dy hi t th gii hn l duy nht.
(+)Chng minh:
*
Gi s
n
lim x
n
= a v
n
lim x
n
= b. Khi , > 0 -n
1
v n
2
sao cho:
n > n
1
=> |x
n
- a| < /2 v n > n
2
=> |x
n
- b| < /2
t n
0
= max(n
1
,n
2
) => vi n > n
0
, ta c: |a - b| |a - x
n
| + |x
n
- b| < /2 + /2 =
rng, ta c bt ng thc ng > 0, vy |a - b| = 0 hay a = b .
nh l 1.2.2: Nu dy {x
n
} hi t th gii ni ({x
n
} c (b,c), vi (b,c) l mt khong
no ).
(+)Chng minh: Gi s
n
lim x
n
= a. Khi -n
0
sao cho n > n
0
=> |x
n
- a| < 1, gi b, c
ln lt l s b nht v ln nht ca tp hu hn {a - 1, x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
, a + 1}, th th:
{x
n
} c (b,c) .
nh l 1.2.3: Cho dy s hi t {x
n
}, gi s m x
n
M n, th th m
n
lim x
n
M.
(+)Chng minh: t x =
n
lim x
n
, th th > 0, -n
0
sao cho: n > n
0
=> |x
n
- x| < . Khi
:
x - M x - x
n
|x - x
n
| < . rng, ta c bt ng thc ng > 0, vy x - M 0
m - x x
n
- x |x
n
- x| < . rng, ta c bt ng thc ng > 0, vy m - x 0
.
nh l 1.2.3: Cho hai dy s hi t {x
n
}, {y
n
}, khi n th x
n
y, y
n
y. Khi :
i)
n
lim (x
n
+y
n
) = x+y ii)
n
lim (Cx
n
) = Cx iii)
n
lim (C + x
n
) = C + x
iv)
n
lim (x
n
y
n
) = xy v)
n
lim (
n
y
1
) =
y
1
(y
n
,y 0) vi)
n
lim (
n
n
y
x
) =
y
x
(y
n
,y 0)
vii) x
n
a, z
n
a, x
n
y
n
z
n
n => y
n
a
(+)Chng minh:
i) > 0 -n
1
v n
2
sao cho:

*
Cc phn c nh du (+) ch ging cho sinh vin nu iu kin thi gian cho php.
n > n
1
=> |x
n
- x| < /2 v n > n
2
=> |y
n
- y| < /2
t n
0
= max(n
1
,n
2
) => vi n > n
0
, ta c:
|x + y - a - b| |a - x
n
| + |x
n
- b| < /2 + /2 = hay
n
lim (x
n
+y
n
) = x+y
ii) > 0 -n
0
sao cho:
n > n
0
=> |x
n
- x| < /|C| => |Cx
n
- Cx| = |C||x
n
- x| < hay
n
lim Cx
n
= Cx
iii) Ta c
n
lim C = C =>
n
lim (C + x
n
) = C + x
iv) {x
n
} v {y
n
} hi t => gii ni => -M > 0 |x
n
|, |y
n
| < M n. Ta c > 0 -n
0

sao cho: n > n0 => |xn - x| <
M 2
c
v |yn - y| <
M 2
c

=> |x
n
y
n
- xy| = |(x
n
-x)y
n
+ x(y
n
- y)| |x
n
- x||y
n
| + |x||y
n
- y| <
M 2
c
.M + M
M 2
c
=
hay:
n
lim (x
n
y
n
) = xy
v) > 0 -n
0
sao cho: n > n
0

=> |y| - |y
n
| |y
n
- y| <
2
y
=> |y
n
| >
2
y

v |y
n
- y| <
2
y
2
c

=>
y
1
y
1
n
=
| y || y |
| y y |
n
n

2
n
| y |
| y y | 2
<
2
y
2
c
.
2
y
2
= hay
n
lim (
n
y
1
) =
y
1

vi) Hin nhin t iv) v v)
nh l 1.2.4: Cho hai du s {x
n
} v {y
n
} hi t. Nu -n* sao cho: n > n* => x
n
y
n

th
n
lim x
n

n
lim y
n
.
(+)Chng minh: t
n
lim x
n
= x v
n
lim y
n
= y, khi > 0 -n
0
sao cho: n > n
0

=> y - x y - y
n
+ x
n
- x |y - y
n
| + |x
n
- x| < /2 + /2 =
rng bt ng thc ng > 0 => y - x 0, hay y x .
nh l 1.2.5 (Tiu chun kp): Cho ba dy {x
n
}, {y
n
}, {z
n
},
n
lim x
n
= a,
n
lim z
n
= a. Gi
s -n
0
sao cho: n > n
0
=> x
n
y
n
z
n
th th
n
lim y
n
= a.
(+)Chng minh: > 0, -n
0
sao cho:
n > n
0
=> a - x
n
y
n
z
n
a + hay
n
lim y
n
= a .
V d: Xt dy {x
n
}, x
n
=
n
n cos
, ta c:
n
1

n
n cos

n
1
n m
n
lim
n
1
=
n
lim
n
1
= 0
=>
n
lim x
n
= 0
nh ngha 1.2.3:
i) Dy {x
n
} c gi l tng nu x
n
< x
n+1
n
ii) Dy {x
n
} c gi l khng gim nu x
n
x
n+1
n
iii) Dy {x
n
} c gi l gim nu x
n
> x
n+1
n
iv) Dy {x
n
} c gi l khng tng nu x
n
x
n+1
n
v) Dy {x
n
} tng, gim, khng gim hay khng tng c gi l n iu.
vi) Dy {x
n
} c gi l b chn trn nu -c sao cho x
n
c n
vii) Dy {x
n
} c gi l b chn di nu -d sao cho x
n
d n
nh l 1.2.6: Dy n iu khng gim (tng) b chn trn (di) th hi t.
nh ngha 1.2.4: Dy {x
n
} l dy Cauchy nu:
> 0 -n
( m > n > n
=> |x
m
- x
n
| < )
nh l 1.2.5: Dy {x
n
} hi t khi v ch khi n l dy Cauchy.
III Hm s
*

1. Khi nim v tp xc nh, tp gi tr
2. Khi nim v hm hp.
nh ngha 1.3.1: Cho g: X Y v f: Y R => xc nh hm:
h = f
o
g : X R
h(x) := f(g(x))
gi l hm s hp ca hm f v hm g.
V d: Cho f(x) = x2, g(x) = x
=> f(g(x)) = x c TX [0,+), g(f(x)) = |x| c TX (-,+)
3. Khi nim v hm ngc
nh ngha 1.3.2: Cho hm s f: X Y l mt song nh, khi xc nh hm
g = f
-1
: Y X
f
-1
(x) := y sao cho f(y) = x
gi l hm s ngc (gi tt hm ngc) ca f.
V d: Hm s y = f(x) = arcsin |
.
|
\
|
+
x
1
1 c TX v TGT tng ng l (-,-
2
1
] c hm
ngc l y = f
-1
(x) =
1 x sin
1

4. Khi nim v hm chn, hm l, hm tun hon.
nh ngha 1.3.3: Cho hm s y = f(x) c tp xc nh i xng qua x = 0, khi
i) f l hm chn nu f(-x) = f(x) x e TX.
ii) f l hm l nu f(-x) = -f(x) x e TX.
(+)Mnh 1.3.1:
*
Cho f(x), g(x) l hm chn; h(x), k(x) l hm l; l(x) l hm bt k,
th th, vi x thuc tp xc nh ca cc hm xt:

*
Cc khi nim v hm s, tp xc nh, tp gi tr, hm hp c hc chng trnh ph
thng. Phn ny mang tnh cht nhc li, chnh xc ha cc khi nim hm hp, hm ngcm
hm chn, hm l, hm tun hon, cung cp khi nim v hm s cp.
i) f(x) g(x), f(x)*g(x), f(x)/g(x) l hm chn
ii) h(x) k(x) l hm l; h(x)*k(x) l hm chn
iii) f(x)*h(x) l hm l.
iv) l(f(x)) l hm chn
v) f(h(x)) l hm chn
vi) h(k(x)) l hm l
nh ngha 1.3.4: Cho hm s y = f(x)
i) f c gi l tun hon vi chu k T > 0 nu TX ca f tun hon vi chu k T nu:
x e TX => x + T e TX v f(x+T) = f(x) x e TX.
ii) Cho f l hm tun hon, T c gi l chu k c bn ca f nu T l chu k b nht.
V d: Hm cosx l hm chn, sinx l hm l, cos2x tun hon vi chu k c bn
5. Khi nim v hm s cp
a) Cc hm s cp c bn: lu tha, m, lga, lng gic, lng gic ngc.
b) Cc hm s cp: Cc hm s s cp c bn, cc php ton s hc, hm hng, php
ly hm hp.

*
Chng minh mnh ny n gin, c th xem l bi tp cho sinh vin
C. Bi tp
1. Chng minh
a) A\(A\B) = A B b) A\(B C) = (A\B)\C c) A (B\A) =
2. Tm gii hn ca dy {x
n
} (nu hi t):
a) x
n
=
2 n
4 n 5 n 3
2
2
+
+ +
b) x
n
=
n
2 n
7 3
7 1
+
+
c) x
n
=
1 n
n
2
+
d) x
n
=
n n
n n
6 3
6 . 5 2
+
+

e) x
n
=
1 n 5
n 5 1
3 n 2
n 2
2
2
3
+
+
+
e) x
n
=
n
n
3
1
...
9
1
3
1
1
2
1
...
4
1
2
1
1
+ + + +
+ + + +
f) x
n
=
) 1 n 2 ( ... 3 1
n 2 ... 4 2
+ + + +
+ + +

g) x
n
=
2 . 1
1
+
3 . 2
1
++
n ) 1 n (
1
h) x
n
= n n
2
+ -n i) x
n
=
)! 2 n ( )! 1 n ( 2
)! 3 n (
+ +
+

3. Tm gii hn dy {x
n
} (nu hi t)
a) x
n
=
1 n
n sin n
2 3 2
+
b) x
n
=
1 n
n cos n
+
c) x
n
=
n
x arcsin . 1 n +

4. Xt s hi t v tm gii hn dy {x
n
} (nu c):
a) x
n
=
! n
a
k n+
(a > 1) b) x
n
=
n b
an c) x
n
=
n
a
n
(a > 1) d) x
n
=
n
n
! n
e) x
n
=
n
! n
5. S dng tiu chun kp tm gii hn dy sau
a) x
n
=
1 n
1
2
+
+
2 n
1
2
+
++
n n
1
2
+

b) x
n
=
2
n 2
1
+
1 n 2
1
2
++
2 2
) 1 n ( n 2
1

c) x
n
=
1 n 3
1
2
+
+
2 2
2 n 3
1
+
++
2 2
n n 3
1
+

d) x
n
=
n
n n
| + o (0 < < )
6. Xt s hi t v tm gii hn (nu c) ca cc dy sau:
a) x
n
= a ... a a + + + (n du cn) b) u
1
> 0, u
n+1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
n
n
u
a
u
2
1
, n > 1, a > 0
7. Xt s hi t v tm gii hn (nu c) ca cc dy sau
a) x
n
=
) n 2 ...( 4 . 2
) 1 n 2 ...( 3 . 1
b) x
n
= 1 +
2
1
+ +
n
1
c) x
n
= 1+
2
2
1
++
2
n
1

8. Xt s hi t ca cc dy sau
a) x
n
= sinn b) x
n
= (-1)
n
+ sin
n
1
c) x
n
= sin
n
1
d) x
n
= cos
4
nt

9. Tm tp xc nh ca hm s f(x) sau
a)
4
) tgx lg( b)
x sin
x
t
c) lncosx d)
2
x cos e) x sin f) arcsin
x 1
x 2
+

g) arccos(sinx) h) arctg
2 x
1 x 2
+
i) ln |
.
|
\
| t
x
sin j) arcsin
1 x
1 x
+
k) ln(1 - cos2x)
l) arccos
4 x
x 4 x
2
+
m) arccos
2
x 1
x 2
+
n) arccos(2sinx) o)
x 1
x 1
2 x
2 x
+
+
+

p) x 2 sin + x 3 sin q) cotgx + arccos(2
x
) r) lnsin(x-3) +
2
x 16
s) y = ln x 6 4 x t)
x
1
+ 2arcsinx +
2 x
1
u) y = arcsin
2
3 x
- ln(4-x)
10. Cho f(x) xc nh trn [0,1]. Tm min xc nh ca cc hm
a) f(3x
2
) b) f(tgx) c) f(arcsinx) d) f(lnx) e) f(e
x
) g) |
.
|
\
|
+
x 1
x 1
f
11. Tm tp gi tr ca hm s
a) y = lg(1-2cosx) b) y = arcsin |
.
|
\
|
10
x
lg c) y = tg |
.
|
\
|
+
2 x
1 x 2
d) y =
x 3 cos 2
1

e) y =
1 x
1 x
2
2
+
f) y =
1 x
2
2
g) y =
1 x
2
2
h) y =
1 x
x
2
+
i) y =
| x | 1
| x | 1
+

12. Tm f(x) bit
a) f |
.
|
\
|
+
x
1
x = x
2
+
2
x
1
b) f |
.
|
\
|
+ x 1
x
= x
2
c) f(arcsinx) =
2
t
+x
13. Tm hm ngc ca hm s
a) y = 2x + 3 b) y =
x 1
x 1
+
c) y = ln |
.
|
\
|
+
x 1
x 1
d) y =
1 x
x
+

e) y = ln
1 e
1 e
x
x
+
f) y =
2
1
(e
x
+ e
-x
) g) y = 1 +
arctgx
2
h) y =
1 x arcsin
1 x arcsin
+

14. Tm f(f(x)), g(g(x)), f(g(x)), g(f(x))
a) f(x) = x
2
g(x) = 2
x
b) f(x) = sgn(x) g(x) =
x
1

c) f(x) = g(x) =
2
x 1 d) f(x) = x
5
g(x) = x + 5
15. Cho f(x) =
2
x 1
x
+
, tm f
n
(x) = f(f(f(x))) (n ln).
16. Xt tnh chn l ca hm s
a) f(x) = a
x
+ a
-x
(a > 0) b) f(x) = ln(x +
2
x 1+ ) c) f(x) = sinx + cosx
d) f(x) =
x x
3 x
2
2
+
+
e) f(x) = ln
x 1
1 x
+
f) f(x) = arcsinx + arctgx
17. Chng minh rng bt c hm s f(x) no xc nh trong mt khong i xng (-
a,a) cng u biu din c duy nht di dng tng ca mt hm s chn v mt
hm s l.
18. Xt tnh tun hon v tm chu k ca hm s sau (nu c)
a) f(x) = acosx + bsinx b) f(x) = sin
2
x c) f(x) = sinx+
2
1
sin2x+
3
1
sin3x
d) f(x) = 2tg
2
x
- 3tg
3
x
e) f(x) = sinx
2
f) f(x) = sin x
Gii tch 1 Tun II. Gii hn hm s, v cng b, v cng ln
Tun II. Gii hn hm s, v cng b, v cng ln
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: Cc khi nim v gii hn hm s, v cng b, v cng ln,
dng v nh v kh dng v nh.
2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc v gii hn hm s: cc nh
ngha, cc php ton v tnh cht, gii hn hm hp, gii hn mt pha, gii hn v
cc v gii hn v cc; cc khi nim v cng b (VCB0, v cng ln (VCL); dng v
nh v kh dng v nh.
3. Cc kin thc cn c trc: Cc kin thc v hm s.
B. L thuyt
I Gii hn hm s
*

1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 2.1.1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trong khong (a,b); ni rng f(x) c gii
hn L khi x x
0
, vit
0
x x
lim
f(x) = L, nu {x
n
} c (a,b) m x
n
x
0
th
+ n
lim f(x
n
) = L.
nh ngha 2.1.2: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trong khong (a,b); ni rng f(x) c gii
hn L khi x x
0
, vit
0
x x
lim
f(x) = L, nu:
( > 0) ( - > 0 sao cho: |x - x
0
| < => |f(x) - L| < )
nh ngha 2.1.3: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn [a,b); ni rng f(x) c gii hn phi L
khi x x
0
, vit
+
0
x x
lim f(x) = L nu:
( > 0) ( - > 0 sao cho: 0 < x - x
0
< => |f(x) - L| < )
nh ngha 2.1.4: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn (a,b]; ni rng f(x) c gii hn tri L
khi x x
0
, vit
0
x x
lim f(x) = L nu:
( > 0) ( - > 0 sao cho: 0 < x
0
- x < => |f(x) - L| < )
nh ngha 2.1.4: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn R; ni rng f(x) c gii hn L v
cng, vit
x
lim f(x) = L nu: ( > 0) ( -M > 0 sao cho: |x| > M => |f(x) - L| < )
nh ngha 2.1.5: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn (a,b); ni rng f(x) c gii hn v
cng khi x x
0
, vit
0
x x
lim
f(x) = nu:
( M > 0) ( - > 0 sao cho: |x - x
0
| < => |f(x)| > M)

*
Gii hn hm s v cc vn lin quan ti kh dng v nh c hc trong chng
trnh ph thng, phn ny ch mang tnh cht nhc li, cung cp thm khi nim v gii hn
mt pha, mt s gii hn c bn.
T y, khi vit
0
x x
lim
f(x) = L, chng ta khng loi tr kh nng x

0
= v/hoc L = .
2. Cc tnh cht ca gii hn
*

a) Gii hn nu c l duy nht
b) Cho
a x
lim
f
1
(x) = l
1
,
a x
lim
f
2
(x) = l
2
, khi
i)
a x
lim
Cf
1
(x) = Cl
1
ii)
a x
lim
(f
1
(x) + f
2
(x)) = l
1
+ l
2
iii)
a x
lim
f
1
(x)f
2
(x) = l
1
l2 iv)
) x ( f
) x ( f
lim
2
1
a x
=
2
1
l
l

3.Tiu chun c gii hn

a) Nu f(x) g(x) h(x) v
a x
lim
f(x) =
a x
lim
h(x) = l th
a x
lim
g(x) = l
b) Nu hm n iu khng gim (khng tng) b chn trn (chn di) th c gii
hn.
4. Mt s gii hn c bn
x
x sin
lim
0 x
= 1
x
x
x
1
1 lim |
.
|
\
|
+

=
x
1
0 x
) x 1 ( lim +
= e
II V cng b (VCB) v v cng ln (VCL)
1. nh ngha
nh ngha 2.2.1:
i) Hm s f(x) c gi l VCB khi x x
0
, nu
0
x x
lim
f(x) = 0
ii) Hm s f(x) c gi l VCL khi x x0, nu
0
x x
lim
|f(x)| = +
nh ngha 2.2.2: Cho f(x), g(x) l cc VCB (VCL) khi x x
0

*
Cc tnh cht ca gii hn c hc trng ph thng, y ch cn nhc li v lin h
vi gii hn ca dy s.
Cc tiu chun c gii hn ca hm s c hc trng ph thng, y ch cn nhc

li v lin h vi gii hn ca dy s.
i) f(x) c gi l VCB cp cao hn (VCL cp thp hn) so vi g(x) nu:
) x ( g
) x ( f
lim
0
x x
= 0. Khi g(x) cng c gi l VCB cp thp hn (VCL cp cao hn) so
vi f(x).
Nu f(x) l VCB cp cao hn ca g(x), ta c k hiu: f(x) = o(g(x))
ii) f(x), g(x) c gi l cc VCB (VCL) cng cp nu
) x ( g
) x ( f
lim
0
x x
= C 0, c bit nu
C = 1 th f(x), g(x) c gi l cc VCB (VCL) tng ng, k hiu f(x) ~ g(x).
Nu f(x), g(x) l cc VCB cng cp, ta c k hiu f(x) = O(g(x)).
Hin nhin, trong mt qu trnh no , nu f(x) l mt VCB th F(x) =
) x ( f
1
l
mt VCL. o li, nu F(x) l mt VCB th f(x) =
) x ( F
1
l mt VCB.
2. Cc tng ng c bn
*
:
Khi x 0: x ~ sinx ~ arcsinx ~ tgx ~ arctgx ~ e
x
-1 ~ ln(1+x) ~
a ln
1 a
x
~
o
+
o
1 ) x 1 (

v 1 - cosx ~ x
2
/2
3. Quy tc thay th VCB v VCL tng ng
Khi x x
0
, gi s f(x), g(x), h(x), k(x) l cc VCB; F(x), G(x), H(x), K(x) l cc
VCL.
a) Nu f(x) ~ h(x) v g(x) ~ k(x), th th
0
x x
lim
) x ( g
) x ( f
=
0
x x
lim
) x ( k
) x ( h

(+) Chng minh: Ta c:
0
x x
lim
f (x) k(x)
.
h(x) g(x)
| |
|
\ .
= 1 =>
0
x x
lim
) x ( g
) x ( f
=
0
x x
lim
) x ( k
) x ( h

Tng t, ta cng c cc quy tc v thay th cc VCB, VCL tng ng sau.
b) Nu F(x) ~ H(x) v G(x) ~ K(x), th th
0
x x
lim
) x ( G
) x ( F
=
0
x x
lim
) x ( K
) x ( H

*
C th yu cu sinh vin chng minh cc tng ng ny nh bi tp.
c) Nu f(x) ~ h(x) v G(x) ~ K(x), th th
0
x x
lim
f(x).G(x) =
0
x x
lim
h(x).K(x)
4. Quy tc ngt b cc VCB v VCL
a) Trong cng mt qu trnh nu f(x) = o(g(x)) th f(x) + g(x) ~ g(x)
b) Trong cng mt qu trnh nu F(x) l VCL cp thp hn so vi G(x) th:
F(x) + G(x) ~ G(x)
III Dng v nh
*

a)
0
0
- phn tch thnh tha s
V d:
1 x 2 x
1 x 2 x
lim
50
100
1 x
+
+
=
1 x
lim
) 1 x ( x x
) 1 x ( x x
50
100

=
1 x
lim
) 1 ) 1 x x ( x )( 1 x (
) 1 ) 1 x x ( x )( 1 x (
47 48
97 98
+ +
+ + +

=
24
49

- nhn lin hp (nu biu thc cha cn)
V d:
x 3 3 x 6
1 x
lim
2 1 x
+ +
+

=
1 x
lim

2 2
2
x 9 3 x 6
) x 3 3 x 6 )( 1 x (
+
+ +
=
1 x
lim

) 1 x )( 1 x ( 3
) x 3 3 x 6 )( 1 x (
2
+
+ +

=
1 x
lim

) 1 x ( 3
x 3 3 x 6
2
+
= -1
- thay tng ng
- ngt b v cng b bc cao
V d:
1 e x sin
) 1 x ln( x sin x tg
lim
x 2 2
2 3
0 x
+
+ +
=
0 x
lim
x 2 x
x x x
2
2 3
+
+
=
2
1

b)
- quy v
0
0

V d:
1 x
1 x
lim
3 2
x
+
+

=
0 y
lim
1 y
y y
3 3
+
+
= 0 (y =
x
1
)

*
Dng v nh v kh cc dng v nh c hc trong chng trnh ph thng, phn ny
ch nhm mc ch h thng li cho sinh vin.
- ngt b v cng ln bc thp
V d:
1 x
x x x
lim
x
+
+ +
+
= 1
c) 0. - quy v
0
0

V d:
2
x
tg ) x 1 ( lim
1 x
t
=
1 x
lim
(1 - x)cotg
2
t
(1-x) =
1 x
lim
) x 1 (
2
tg
x 1
=
t
2

d) - quy v
0
0
bng nhn lin hp hoc quy ng
V d: a) x x x x lim
x
+ +
+
=
+ x
lim
x x x x
x x
+ + +
+
=
2
1

b)
|
|
.
|
\
|
tgx
1
x sin
1
lim
0 x
=
0 x
lim
x sin
x cos 1
= 0
f)
1 - s dng limu(x)
v(x)
= e
limv(x)lnu(x)
= e
limv(x)(u(x)-1)
, quy v 0.
V d:
x 1
1
1 x
x lim

=
1 x 1
x
lim
1 x
e

=
e
1

Ch :
a)
0
x x
lim
f(x) = L khi v ch khi c th vit f(x) = L + (x) trong (x) l mt VCB khi
x x
0
.
Tht vy, gi s f(x) = L + (x) =>
0
x x
lim
f(x) = L +
0
x x
lim
(x) = L(x). o li, gi

s
0
x x
lim
f(x) = L, khi nu t (x) = f(x) - L =>

0
x x
lim
(x) =
0
x x
lim
f(x) - L = 0.
b) Ch c th thay tng ng, ngt b cc VCB, VCL i vi php nhn v php
chia. Tng (hiu) ca hai VCB (VCL) cng bc c th cho mt VCB cp cao hn
(VCL cp thp hn).
V d:
3
0 x
x
tgx x sin
lim

, nu thay sinx ~ x, tgx~ x ra kt qu bng 0 l khng ng, gii

hn ny c th tm nh sau:
3
0 x
x
tgx x sin
lim

=
x cos x
) 1 x (cos x sin
lim
3
0 x
= -
2
1

c) Tch ca mt hm gii ni v mt VCB l mt VCB, nhng tch ca mt hm gii
ni vi mt VCL cha chc l mt VCL.
V d: xcosx khng phi l VCL khi x , v khi x , vn chn c dy n
xcosx = 0.
C. Bi tp
1. Tm gii hn
a)
2
1 n n n
a x
) a x (
) a x ( na ) a x (
lim
b)
1 x
n x ... x x
lim
n 2
1 x

+ + +

2. Tm gii hn
a)
1 x 2 3
x 2
lim
4 x
+

b)
+ x
lim (
3 2 3
1 x x + - x)
c)
x
lim ) x x x 2 x 2 x ( x
2 2
+ + + d) |
.
|
\
|
4 x
4
2 x
1
lim
2
2 x

e)
) 1 x x ln(
) 1 x x ln(
lim
10
2
x
+ +
+

f) ( ) x 2 x x 3 x lim
2 3 2 3
x
+
+

3. Tm gii hn
a)
3 x 4 x
) 3 x sin(
lim
2
3 x
+

b)
8 x 8 x 2
) 2 x ( sin
lim
2
2
2 x
+

c)
a x
a sin x sin
lim
a x

d)
a x
ga cot gx cot
lim
a x

e)
x cos 1
x x
lim
2
0 x

+
f)
x 1
2
x
cos
lim
1 x

|
.
|
\
| t
g)
x sin
x 1
lim
2
1 x
t
h)
2 x
x tg
lim
2 x
+
t

i)
3
2
2
x
) x sin 1 (
x cos
lim

j)
x cos 2 3
6
x sin
lim
6
x
|
.
|
\
| t
k)
x 3 sin x
x 2 sin x
lim
0 x
+
l)
1 x cos 2
x tg 1
lim
2
4
x
m)
|
.
|
\
|

t
t
t
x
4
3
sin
x
4
lim
4
x

n)
2 2 a x
a x
a x a x
lim

4. Tm gii hn
a)
x sin
x cos x cos
lim
2
3
0 x
b)
x
x sin 1 x sin 1
lim
0 x
+
c)
x cos x sin x 1
x
lim
2
0 x
+

d)
x 2 sin
tgx 1 tgx 1
lim
0 x
+
e)
3
0 x
x
x sin 1 tgx 1
lim
+ +
f)
x cos 1
x 3 cos x 2 cos x cos 1
lim
0 x

g)
1 x sin 3 x sin 2
1 x sin x sin 2
lim
2
2
6
x
+
+
t
h)
|
.
|
\
| t
+
6
x cos
tgx 3 x tg
lim
3
3
x
i)
x cos x sin x 1
x
lim
2
0 x
+

j)
2
2
0 x
x
a tg ) x a ( tg ) x a ( tg
lim
+
k)
2
0 x
x
a cos ) x a cos( 2 ) x 2 a cos(
lim
+ + +

l)
2
0 x
x
ga cot ) x a ( g cot 2 ) x 2 a ( g cot
lim
+ + +

5. Tm gii hn
a)
1 2
2 3
lim
x
x x
0 x

b)
x x
x x
0 x
5 6
7 8
lim
c)
x
x
0 x
e 1
5 1
lim
d)
1 e
4
x 7
arctg
lim
x 2
0 x

|
.
|
\
|

e)
) 2 x ( arctg
4 x
lim
2
2 x
+

f)
x arcsin
mx cos 1
lim
2
0 x
g)
tgx
1 e
lim
x 4
0 x
h)
) x 4 1 ln(
x 5 sin
lim
0 x
+

i)
x arctg
x sin tgx
lim
3
0 x
j)
) 2 1 ln(
) 3 1 ln(
lim
x
x
x
+
+

k)
nx
1 e
lim
mx
0 x
l)
x sin
e e
lim
x x
0 x

m)
2
x
0 x
x
x cos e
lim
2
n)
x arcsin x
e e
lim
3
x x
0 x
+

| o
o)
x sin x sin
e e
lim
x x
0 x
| o

| o
p)
) x 2 tg 1 ln(
1 e
lim
x 3 sin
0 x
+

q)
) 1 e sin(
) x 4 sin 1 ln(
lim
x 5 sin
0 x

+
r)
x sin
) x sin a 1 ln(
lim
0 x
+
s)
x tg
) x sin x 3 1 ln(
lim
2
0 x
+
t)
bx cos ln
ax cos ln
lim
0 x

6. Tm gii hn
a)
x
) x 1 arccos(
lim
0 x
b)
x 3 arcsin
x 2 cos x 4 cos
lim
2
0 x
c)
2
0 x
x
x cos ln
lim
d)
a x
b b
lim
a x
a x

e)
bx cos ln
ax cos ln
lim
0 x
f)
a x
a ln x ln
lim
a x

g)
x
x 1
x 1
ln
lim
0 x
h)
1 x 1
x cos ln
lim
4 2 0 x
+

i)
x 4 sin
1 x x 1
lim
2
0 x
+ +
j)
) x 2 tg 1 ln(
1 x 3 sin 1
lim
0 x
+
+
k)
x 3 cos ln
2
x
tg sin sin
lim
2
0 x
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

l)
3
x x
0 x
x
) xe cos( ) xe cos(
lim

m)
x
x 1 x 1
lim
n
m
0 x
| + o +
n)
x
1 x 1 x 1
lim
n
m
0 x
| + o +

7. Tm gii hn
a) |
.
|
\
|

x g cot
x sin
x cos
lim
2
2
0 x
b) |
.
|
\
|

gx cot
x 2 sin
2
lim
0 x

8. Tm gii hn
a) gx cot x lim
0 x
b) gx cot xarc lim
x +
c)
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 e x lim
x
1
x
d) |
.
|
\
|
+
t

arctgx
2
x lim
x

e) |
.
|
\
|

x
1
cos 1 x lim
2
x
f) ] x ln ) a x [ln( x lim
x
+
+

g)
t x
lim sin2x.cotgx h)
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

x
3
cos
x
1
cos x lim
2
x
i)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

2 a a x lim
x
1
x
1
2
x
(a > 0)
9. Tm gii hn
a)
+ x
lim (sin 1 x + -sin x ) b) )) x sin(ln )) 1 x (sin(ln( lim
x
+
+

10. Tm gii hn
a)
1 x
1 x
2
2
x
1 x
1 x
lim
+

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
b)
x
0 x
x 3
x 2
lim |
.
|
\
|
c)
x 1
x
2
2
x
3
1 x x 2
1 x x 3
lim

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+

d)
1 x
x
x
2
4
1 x 2
x x
lim

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
e)
2
x
x
1 x 2
2 x
lim |
.
|
\
|
+
+

11. Tm gii hn
a)
3 x
x
1 x
2 x
lim
+

|
.
|
\
|
+
+
b)
2 x
x
3 x
1 x
lim
+

|
.
|
\
|
+
c)
c bx
x
x
a
1 lim
+

|
.
|
\
|
+ d)
1 x
0 x
1 x 2
3 x 2
lim
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+

e)
x 2
x
3 x
1 x
lim |
.
|
\
|
+
+

f)
3 x 7
x
5 x 2
1 x 2
lim

|
.
|
\
|
+
g)
x 1
x 1
x
x 3 2
x 3 1
lim

+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
h)
1 x
x
9 x 3
1 x 3
lim
+

|
.
|
\
|
+
i)
2 x
1
2 x
2
x
lim

|
.
|
\
|

j)
3 x
x
2 x
1 x
lim
+

|
.
|
\
|
+
+
k)
2
x
2
2
x
2 x
1 x
lim
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

l)
x
1
0 x
) x 3 1 ( lim +
m)
x
1
0 x
) x 2 1 ( lim

12. Tm gii hn
a) ( )
arctgx
1
0 x
x cos lim
+
b)
x g cot
0 x
2
) x (cos lim
c)
tgx
2
x
) x (sin lim
t
d)
|
.
|
\
| t
|
.
|
\
|

a 2
x
tg
a x
a
x
2 lim
e)
x
2
tg
1 x
) x 2 ( lim
t
f)
(

t

+
) x 2 (
2
tg
1 x
) x 2 ( lim g) ( )
x g cot
1 x
x sin 1 lim
t
t + h)
x sin
1
0 x
x sin 1
tgx 1
lim |
.
|
\
|
+
+

i)
x arcsin
1
0 x
2
) x cos 2 ( lim
j)
x sin
1
0 x
3
x sin 1
tgx 1
lim |
.
|
\
|
k)
x
x
x
1
cos
x
1
sin lim |
.
|
\
|
+

l) ] x ln x ) 1 x ln( ) 1 x ( 2 ) 2 x ln( ) 2 x [( lim
x
+ + + + +
+

13. Khi x 0, cp VCB sau c tng ng khng?
a) (x) = x x + , (x) = e
sinx
- cosx b) (x) = ln(cosx), (x) = -
2
x tg
2

c) (x) = arctg(sin2x), (x) = e
tgx
- cos2x d) (x) = x x
3
, (x) = cosx - 1
Gii tch 1 Tun III. Hm s lin tc, o hm
Tun III. Hm s lin tc, o hm
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: Hm s lin tc, o hm v vi phn ca hm s.
2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc v hm s lin tc: cc nh
ngha, cc php ton v tnh cht; im gin on, phn loi im gin on; o hm,
nh ngha, ngha hnh hc v vt l, o hm mt pha, mi quan h gia o hm
v lin tc, o hm hm s ngc, cc php ton v cng thc o hm c bn.
3. Cc kin thc cn c trc: Cc kin thc v hm s, gii hn ca hm s.
B. L thuyt
I Hm s lin tc
*

1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 3.1.1: Cho f(x) xc nh trn X
i) x
0
gi l im t ca X nu -{x
n
} c X sao cho
n
lim x
n
= x
0
.
ii) Gi s x
0
l im t ca X v x
0
e X, nu c
0
x x
lim
f(x) = f(x
0
), th ta ni hm s lin
tc ti x
0
.
Ch : Hm s mun lin tc ti x
0
, th trc ht phi xc nh ti x
0
, ng thi x
0

phi thuc TX v l im t ca TX.
nh ngha 3.1.2: Cho f(x) xc nh trn X. f(x) c gi l lin tc trn X nu n lin
tc ti mi im thuc X.
nh ngha 3.1.3: Cho f(x) xc nh trn (a,b) hoc [a,b] hoc [a,b) hoc (a,b]. Cho
im x
0
e (a,b).
i) f(x) c gi l lin tc phi ti x
0
nu
+
0
x x
lim f(x) = f(x
0
).
ii) f(x) c gi l lin tc tri ti x
0
nu
0
x x
lim f(x) = f(x
0
).
Ch : Khi nim lin tc mt pha ch xt i vi cc im trong m khng xt i
vi cc im bin.
nh l 3.1.1: Cho f(x) xc nh trong (a,b). f(x) lin tc ti x
0
e (a,b) nu v ch nu
f(x) lin tc tri v lin tc phi ti x
0
.
nh ngha 3.1.4: Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc u trn TX X nu mi im
thuc X u l im t ca X v nu:
> 0 - sao cho x
1
, x
2
e X, |x
1
- x
2
| < => |f(x
1
) - f(x
2
)| < .

*
Vn hm s lin tc c hc trong chng trnh ph thng, y chng ta ch nhc
li v chnh xc ha khi nim. Cung cp thm khi nim lin tc mt pha v lin tc u.
Ch : Hm s lin tc u trn TX X th lin tc trn X, iu ngc li cha chc
ng.
*

V d
: Hm s y =
x
1
lin tc trn X nhng khng lin tc u trn X.
2. Cc tnh cht ca hm s lin tc
nh l 3.1.2: Cho f(x) l mt hm s xc
nh, lin tc trong khong (,) v a < b
thuc (,) tho f(a)f(b) < 0 => tn ti c thuc
(a,b) sao cho f(x) = 0 (Hnh 3.1).
H qu 3.1.3: Cho f(x) l mt hm s xc
nh, lin tc trn on [a,b], khi , f(x) nhn
tt c cc gi tr t f(a) ti f(b).
nh l 3.1.4
:
i) Nu f(x) xc nh, lin tc trong khong (,) th af(x) cng lin tc trong khong
(,) vi a l mt hng s no .
ii) Nu f, g l cc hm lin tc trong khong (,) th f(x) + g(x), f(x).g(x) cng lin
tc trong khong (,)
iii) Nu f, g l cc hm lin tc trong khong (,) ng thi g(x) khc khng trong
khong th f(x)/g(x) lin tc trong khong (,).
iv) Nu f, g l cc hm lin tc th f
o
g cng lin tc.
v) Cc hm s s cp lin tc trn TX.
3. im gin on ca hm s
nh ngha 3.1.5:

*
Nhn xt ny c th yu cu sinh vin xem nh bi tp, hoc minh ha mt cch vn tt
thng qua v d.
V d ny ch m t vn tt tnh ng n.
Nu c th, m t vn tt chng minh mt s ca nh l ny da trn tnh cht v gii hn

ca hm s.
a b
x
y
c O
Hnh 3.1
y
O
Hnh 3.2
im gin on loi 1
x
0

a
x
b
i) f(x) gin on ti x
0
nu khng lin tc ti , khi x
0
gi l im gin on ca
f(x).
ii) x
0
l im gin on loi 1 nu x x
0

v pha no th c gii hn hu hn ca
f(x) trong qu trnh .
iii) x
0
l im gin on loi 1 gi l gin
on b c nu
+
0
x x
lim f(x) =
0
x x
lim f(x)
iv) im gin on khng l gin oi loi
1 gi l gin on loi 2.
II o hm
1. nh ngha
nh ngha 3.2.1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn on [a,b], ni rng hm s c o
hm ti im x
0
e [a,b] nu tn ti gii hn
0
0
x x
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
lim
0
hu hn. Khi , gi tr
ca
0
0
x x
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
lim
0
c gi l o hm ca f(x) ti x
0
, k hiu l f(x
0
) hm s f(x).
2. ngha hnh hc, c hc ca o hm
*

a) o hm ca hm s ti mt im l h s gc ca ng tip tuyn ca th ti
im .
b) o hm ca to ca mt cht im theo
thi gian bng vi tc tc thi ca cht
im .
c) o hm ca vn tc ca mt cht im
theo thi gian bng vi gia tc tc thi ca
cht im .

*
Ch trng vo ngha s gia ca hm trn s gia ca i
x
y
x
0
O
Hnh 3.3
x
0
+x
f(x
0
+x)
f(x
0
)
3. o hm mt pha
nh ngha 3.2.2: Cho hm f(x) xc nh trong (a,b), x
0
e [a,b].
i) Gii hn
0
0
x x
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
lim
0
, nu tn ti hu hn, c gi l o hm phi ca f ti
x
0
, k hiu f(
+
0
x ).
ii) Gii hn
0
0
x x
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
lim
0
, nu tn ti hu hn, c gi l o hm tri ca f ti x
0
,
k hiu f(

0
x ).
nh l 3.2.1: Cho f(x) xc nh trong (a,b). Hm s c o hm ti x = x
0
e (a,b) nu
v ch nu tn ti o hm c hai pha ti x
0
, v f(
+
0
x ) = f(

0
x ).
4. Mi quan h gia o hm v lin tc
nh l 3.2.2: Hm s c o hm ti x
0
th lin tc ti x
0
(+)Chng minh: Trc ht, theo nh
ngha, tn ti o hm th x
0
e TX,
hn th, x0 l im t ca TX, ng thi

0
0
x x
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
lim
0
tn ti hu hn th
0
x x
lim
f(x) = f(x
0
) .
Ch rng iu ngc li ni chung
khng ng, xt hm s c th nh
trong hnh v, lin tc ti x
0
nhng khng c o hm.
5. o hm ca hm s ngc
nh l 3.2.3: f(x) c o hm ti ln cn x
0
, c hm ngc g(y) c o hm ti ln cn
y
0
= f(x
0
) => khi g(y
0
) = 1/f(x
0
).
y
O
Hnh 3.3: Hm s lin tc nhng
khng c o hm
x
0

6. Cc php ton v cng thc tnh o hm ca cc hm s cp c bn
*

a) (f(x) + g(x)) = f(x) + g(x) b) (f(x)g(x)) = f(x)g(x) + f(x)g(x)
c) (cf(x)) = cf(x)
d) Hm u = g(x) c o hm ti x
0
v y = f(x) c o hm ti u
0
= g(x
0
)
=> hm hp y = f(g(x)) c o hm ti x
0
v (f(g(x))) = f
u
(g(x))g(x)
e) Bng o hm cc hm s cp c bn
i) y = c y = 0 ii) y = x
a
y = ax
a-1
iii) y = sinx y = cosx
iv) y = cosx y = -sinx v) y = tgx y = 1/cos
2
x vi) y = cotgx y = -1/sin
2
x
vii) y = a
x
y = a
x
lna viii) y = e
x
y = e
x
ix) y = log
a
x y = 1/(xlna)
x) y = lnx y = 1/x xi) y = arcsinx y = 1/
2
x 1
xii) y = arccosx y = -1/
2
x 1 xiii) y = arctgx y = 1/(1 + x
2
)

*
Phn ny c hc chng trnh ph thng, y chng ta ch nhc li mang tnh cht
n tp.
C. Bi tp
1. Tm a hm s lin tc ti x = 0
a) f(x) =
=
=
0 x khi a
0 x khi
x
x cos 1
2

b) f(x) =
< +
> + +
0 x khi x sin b x cos a
0 x khi 1 bx ax
2

c) f(x) =
=
=
0 x khi a
0 x khi
x
1
sin x

d) f(x) =
<
>
0 x khi
tgx
1 e
0 x khi
x cos 1
) x ( arctg
a
2
1 x cos
2

e) f(x) =
=
=
+
+
0 x khi a
0 x khi
1 e
) 1 x ln(
1 1 x

f) f(x) =
=
=
+
0 x khi a
0 x khi
e 1
2
x
1

2. Cc hm sau c lin tc u trn min cho
a) y =
2
x 4
x
; -1 x 1 b) y = lnx; 0 < x < 1 c) y =

x cos 1
tgx
2
, 0 < x < 1
3. im x = 0 l gin on loi g ca hm s
a) y =
gx cot
2 1
8
b) y =
1 e
x
1
sin
x
1
+
c) y =
x
e e
bx ax
d) y =
3 x 2
3 x 2

e) y =
x
1
arcsinx f) y =
2
x
1
ln( x +1) g) y =
gx cot
2 1
4
h) y =
)
2
x ( tg
2 3
4
t
+

4. Xc nh im gin on v tnh cht cc im gin on ca cc hm s
a) cos
2
x
1
b) arctg
x
1
c) tg
x
1
d) arctg
1 x
1
2
e) x arctg
x
1

f) lnarctg
x
1
g)
2 tgx 2 x tg
1
2
+
h) arcsin(sinx).arctg
x sin
1

5. Chng minh rng, nu cc hm f(x), g(x) l lin tc th cc hm min(f(x),g(x)) v
max (f(x),g(x)) cng lin tc
6. Tm o hm ca hm s
a) f(x) =
>
s s
<
2 x khi 2 x
2 x 1 khi ) x 2 )( x 1 (
1 x khi x 1

b) f(x) =
e
s s
] b , a [ ix kh 0
b x a khi ) b x ( ) a x (
2 2

c) f(x) =
=
=
t
1 x khi 0
1 x khi
1 x
x sin
2

d) f(x) =
=
=
t
1 x khi 0
1 x khi
1 x
x sin
2

e) f(x) =
=
= +
0 x khi 1
0 x khi
x
x
1
2

f) f(x) =
>
s
1 | x | khi
e
1
1 | x | khi e x
2
x
1
2

7. Vi iu kin no th hm s
f(x) =
=
=
0 x : 0
0 x :
x
1
sin x
n

a) lin tc ti x = 0 b) c o hm ti x = 0 c) c o hm lin tc ti x = 0
8. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s
a) y = x + x +
3
x b) y =
x
1
+
x
1
+
3
x
1
c) y =
3
2
x
ax
+
x x
b
-
x
x
3

9. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s y = f(x) vi f(x) sau
a) e
cosx
sinx b) ln(sin
2
x) c)
x arcsin
tgx
d) arcsin
x 1
x 1
+
e) log
3
(x
2
- sinx)
f) sin[cos
2
(tg
3
x)] g) arctg
ax 1
a x
+
h) arctg
2
x 1
x
i) arccos(cos
2
x)
j) tgxcos
2
x k) ln(1 + arctg
x
1
) l) arcsin x sin
m) x + (x-1)arcsin
1 x
x
+
n)
3
x
x
-
x
x
3
+ sin
2
x o)
arctgx
1
-
x arcsin
1

p)
x
arctgx
+ ln(x +
2
x 1+ ) q)
2 2
x a + - aln
x
x a a
2 2
+ +

r) lg(arccosx) + lnsin
4
x s) x
2 2
x a + a
2
arcsin
a
x

10. Tnh o hm ca hm s
a) y = x sin e x
x 4 3
b) y =
n m
n m
) x 1 ( ) x 1 (
+
+ c) y =
3
3
3
x 1
x 1
+

d) y = (1+x)
3 3 2
x 3 x 2 + + e) y =
3
7
4
3
5
2
) 3 x ( ) 2 x (
) 1 x (

f) y = sin2xsin3xsin5x
11. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s
a) y =
x
1
x b) y = sinx
x
c) y = (sinx)
arcsinx
d) y = (cosx)
sinx
e) y = (1 + x )
lnx

f) y = x
sinx
+ arcsin(lnx) g) y = x
2
x
e
+ sinx
arctgx
h) y = (arctgx)
arcsinx

12. Tnh o hm cc hm s
a) y = x|x| b) y = |(x-1)(x+1)
3
| c) y = sin|x
3
|
d) y = [x]sin
2
(x) e) y = ln|x| f) y = arcos
| x |
1

13. Chng minh rng hm s f(x) = |x-a|(x) trong (x) l mt hm s lin tc v
(a) 0, khng c o hm ti x = a.
Gii tch 1 Tun IV. Vi phn, o hm v vi phn cp cao, nh l v hm s kh vi
Tun IV. Vi phn, o hm v vi phn cp cao, nh l v hm
s kh vi
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: Vi phn, o hm v vi phn cp cao, nh l v hm s kh
vi.
2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc v vi phn: nh ngha, ngha
hnh hc, ng dng tnh gn ng, mi lin h gia hm s c o hm v hm kh
vi, vi phn ca hm hp v tnh bt bin ca vi phn cp 1; o hm v vi phn cp
cao; cc nh l v hm kh vi v ng dng: nh l Fermat, Rolle, Lagrange, Cauchy.
3. Cc kin thc cn c trc: Cc kin thc v hm s, o hm ca hm s.
B. L thuyt
I Vi phn
1. nh ngha
nh ngha 4.1.1: Cho hm s f(x), nu ti mt im x = x
0
c biu din:
f(x
0
+ h) - f(x
0
) = ch + o(h) khi h 0
vi c l hng s th f c gi l kh vi mt ln (gi tt l kh vi) ti x = x
0
, khi biu
thc df(x
0
) = cdx c gi l vi phn ca f(x) ti x = x
0
.
Nu hm s f(x) kh vi ti mi im thuc TX X th f(x) c gi l kh vi trn
X.
2. ngha hnh hc
Vi phn ca hm s ti mt im chnh l s
gia ca hm s ti im b qua mt v
cng b cp cao hn so vi s gia ca i s.
3. Mi lin h gia o hm v vi phn
nh l 4.1.1: Hm s c o hm th kh vi
v ngc li. Nu hm s f(x) c o hm ti
im x
0
th vi phn ca hm s ti x
0
bng tch s ca o hm v s gia ca i s:
df(x
0
) = f(x
0
)dx
(+)Chng minh: Ta c hm s f(x) c o hm ti x = x0 khi v ch khi gii hn:
h 0
lim
0 0
f (x h) f (x )
h
+
= f(x0) l mt gi tr hu hn no
<=> c th vit:
0 0
f (x h) f (x )
h
+
= f(x
0
) + (h) vi (h) l mt VCB khi h 0
hay f(x
0
+ h) - f(x
0
) = f(x
0
)h + o(h) khi h 0
4. ng dng vi phn tnh gn ng
Ta c f(x
0
+ h) - f(x
0
) = df(x
0
) + o(h) => f(x
0
+h) f(x
0
) + df(x
0
) = f(x
0
) + f(x
0
).h
x
y
x
0
O
Hnh 4.1
x
0
+x
f(x
0
+x)
f(x
0
)
df
f
V d: Tnh gn ng A =
2 04 , 0
) 02 , 1 ( e 3 +
Xt hm s f(x) =
2 x 2
x e 3 + => f(x) =
2 x 2
x 2
x e 3
x e 3
+
+
, ta c:
A = f(0,02) f(0) + f(0).0,02 = 3 + 0,02.
3
3
= 1,02. 3
5. Vi phn ca hm hp
Xt hm s u = g(x), v hm hp y = f(u) = f(g(x))
=> dy = f
u
(u)du = f
u
(u)u
x
(x)dx = (f
o
g)
x
(x)dx = f
x
(x)dx
iu ny th hin tnh bt bin ca vi phn cp 1.
II o hm v vi phn cp cao
1. o hm cp cao
nh ngha 4.2.1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trong khong (a,b), hm f(x) gi l kh vi
n ln (trong (a,b)) nu f l kh vi (n - 1) ln (trong (a,b)) v o hm cp (n-1) ca f
cng kh vi. Khi o hm cp n ca f c inh ngha bi: f
(n)
(x) = [f
(n-1)
(x)]
Vi bt k hm s f, g kh vi n ln no, chng ta u c quy tc Leibnitz:
(fg)
(n)
=
n
0 k
) k ( ) k n ( k
n
g f C vi
k
n
C l t hp chp k ca n.
(+) Chng minh:
Ta c (f(x)g(x)) = f(x)g(x) + f(x)g(x).
Gi s (f(x)g(x))
(n-1)
=
n 1
k (n 1 k) (k)
n 1
k 0
C f (x)g (x)
, ta c:
(f(x)g(x))
(n)
= (
n 1
k (n 1 k) (k)
n 1
k 0
C f (x)g (x)
) =
( )
n 1
k (n 1 k) (k)
n 1
k 0
C f (x)g (x) '

=
( )
n 1
k (n k) (k) (n 1 k) (k 1)
n 1
k 0
C f (x)g (x) f (x)g (x)
=
+

= f
(n)
(x)g(x) +
( )
n 1
k (n k) (k) k 1 (n 1 (k 1)) ((k 1) 1)
n 1 n 1
k 1
C f (x)g (x) C f (x)g (x)
+

=
+
+
+ f(x)g
(n)
(x) =
n
0 k
) k ( ) k n ( k
n
g f C
V d: Tm o hm cp n ca xe
x
, ta c x = 1, x
(n)
= 0 n > 1, v (e
x
)
(n)
= ex n
=> Theo quy tc Leibnitz (xe
x
)(n) = xe
x
+ ne
x
= (n+x)e
x

2. Vi phn cp cao
Vi phn cp n l vi phn ca vi phn cp n - 1: d
n
(f) = d(d
n-1
(f))
Ch : Vi phn cp cao khng bt bin nh vi phn cp mt.
V d: Xt hm f(x) = x
2
, ta c df = 2xdx v d
2
f = 2(dx)
2
(*)
Nu t x = t
2
=> f = t
4
, khi df = 4t
3
dt v d
2
f = 12t
2
(dt)
2
,
Nu th dx = 2tdt vo (*) th ta c : d
2
f = 2(2tdt)
2
= 8t
2
(dt)
2
12t
2
(dt)
2

Nh th, khi ly vi phn cp cao, cn phi xem k xem ly vi phn i vi bin
no, c lp hay ph thuc trnh nhm ln.
III nh l cc hm s kh vi
1. nh l Fermat
nh ngha 4.3.1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn TX X, lin tc ti x0, khi :
i) x
0
c gi l cc i ca f nu - > 0 sao cho:
f(x
0
) > f(x) x e X (x
0
- ,x
0
+ ) \ {x
0}

ii) x
0
c gi l cc tiu ca f nu - > 0 sao cho:
f(x
0
) < f(x) x e X (x
0
- ,x
0
+ ) \ {x
0
}
iii) x
0
c gi l cc tr ca f nu n hoc l cc i, hoc l cc tiu ca f.
nh l 4.3.1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh, lin tc trn [a,b], t cc tr ti c e (a,b), kh
vi ti c th f(c) = 0.
(+)Chng minh: Gi s f(x) t cc i ti c, ngha l - > 0 sao cho:
f(c + h) - f(c) 0 - h
ngha l:
f (c h) f (c)
h
+
0 khi h < 0 v
f (c h) f (c)
h
+
0 khi h >0.
tc l: f(c+) 0 v f(c-) 0
Ta li c, f(x) kh vi ti c, ngha l: f(c) = f(c+) = f(c-) = 0.
Trng hp f(x) t cc tiu ti c, chng minh tng t .
2. nh l Rolle
*

nh l 4.3.2: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh, lin
tc trn [a,b], kh vi trong (a,b) v
f(a) = f(b), khi -c e (a,b) sao cho
f(c) = 0
c bit, trong khong hai nghim ca
phng trnh f(x) = 0 c t nht mt nghim
ca phng trnh f(x) = 0.
3. nh l Lagrange
nh l 4.3.3: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh, lin
tc trn [a,b], kh vi trong (a,b), khi
-c e (a,b) sao cho f(c) =
a b
) a ( f ) b ( f

(+)Chng minh: Xt hm:
g(x) = f(a) +
a b
) a ( f ) b ( f
(x - a) - f(x)
ta c: g(a) = g(b) = 0, hm g(x) cng lin tc
trn [a,b], kh vi trong (a,b) v g(x) =
a b
) a ( f ) b ( f
- f(x). Ngha l, theo nh l Rolle,

-c e (a,b) sao cho: g(c) =
a b
) a ( f ) b ( f
- f(c) = 0, hay f(c) =

a b
) a ( f ) b ( f
.
V d: Cho 0 < b < a, chng minh bt ng thc:
a
b a
< ln
b
a
<
b
b a

*
nh l ny ch minh ha hnh hc cho sinh vin.
x
y
a
O
Hnh 4.2
b
f(a)
c
x
y
a
O
Hnh 4.2
b c
Xt hm f(x) = lnx, ta c f lin tc v kh vi trn [b,a] (do 0 < b < a), vy, theo
nh l Lagrange, -c e (a,b) sao cho:
c
1
= f(c) =
b a
) b ( f ) a ( f
=
b a
b ln a ln
=>
c
b a
= ln
b
a

Mt khc, ta li c: b < c < a =>
a
b a
<
c
b a
<
b
b a
=> pcm .
4. nh l Cauchy
nh l 4.3.4: Cho f(x), g(x) l hai hm s xc nh, lin tc trn [a,b], g(a) g(b),
f(x), g(x) kh vi trong (a,b), g(x) 0 x e [a,b]. Khi -c e (a,b) sao cho:
) a ( g ) b ( g
) a ( f ) b ( f
=
) c ( ' g
) c ( ' f

(+)Chng minh: Xt hm
h(x) = f(a) +
) a ( g ) b ( g
) a ( f ) b ( f
(g(x) - g(a)) - f(x)

Ta c h(a) = h(b) = 0, hm h(x) cng lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trong (a,b) v
h(x) =
) a ( g ) b ( g
) a ( f ) b ( f
g(x) - f(x)
Vy theo nh l Rolle, -c e (a,b) sao cho:
h(c) =
) a ( g ) b ( g
) a ( f ) b ( f
g(c) - f(c) = 0, hay

) a ( g ) b ( g
) a ( f ) b ( f
=
) c ( ' g
) c ( ' f
.

C. Bi tp
1. Tm vi phn ca hm s
a) y =
a
1
arctg
a
x
b) y = arcsin
a
x
c) y =
a 2
1
ln
a x
a x
+
d) y = ln|x + a x
2
+ |
2. Tm
a)
) x ( d
d
3
(x
3
- 2x
6
- x
9
) b)
|
.
|
\
|
x
x sin
) x ( d
d
2
c)
) x (cos d
) x (sin d

d)
) x ( d
x
x sin
d
2
|
.
|
\
|
e)
) x (arcsin d
) x 1 ( d
2
f)
) gx (cot d
) tgx ( d
g)
) x (arccos d
) x (arcsin d

3. Tnh gn ng
a) lg11 b) 7
02 , 0 2
02 , 0 2
+
c)
3
02 , 1 d)
10
1000 e) sin29
0
f) arctg1.05 g) e
0,02
h) arcsin0,51 i)
2 03 , 0
) 97 , 0 ( e 8 +
4. Tm o hm cp cao ca hm s
a) y =
x 1
x
2
, tnh y
(8)
b) y =
x 1
x 1
+
, tnh y
(100)
c) y =
x
e
x
, tm y
(10)

c) y = x
2
e
2x
, tnh y
(10)
d) y = x
2
sinx, tnh y
(50)

5. Tm o hm cp n ca hm s y = f(x) sau
a)
1 x
x
2
b)
3
x 1
x
+
c)
) x 1 ( x
x
e) x
n-1
x
1
e f) ln(ax + b)
g) sin
2
x h)
2 x 3 x
1
2
+
i)
2 x 3 x
1
2
+
j) xcosax
k) e
x
cosx l) x
2
e
ax
m) sin
4
x + cos
4
x n) e
ax
sin(bx + c)
6. Chng minh rng phng trnh x
n
+ px + q = 0 vi n nguyn dng khng th c
qu hai nghim thc nu n chn, khng c qu 3 nghim thc nu n l.
7. Gii thch ti sao cng thc Cauchy dng
) a ( g ) b ( g
) a ( f ) b ( f
=
) c ( ' g
) c ( ' f
khng p dng
c i vi cc hm s f(x) = x
2
, g(x) = x
3
, -1 x 1.
8. Chng minh bt ng thc
a) |sinx - siny| |x-y| b) |arctgx - arctgy| < |x - y| d)
|
| o
2
cos
tg - tg
o
| o
2
cos

e) py
p-1
(x - y) x
p
- y
p
px
p-1
(x-1) vi 0 < y < x, p > 1
9. Cho f l mt hm s thc, kh vi trn [a,b] v c o hm f(x) trn (a,b), chng
minh rng x e (a,b) c th tm c t nht mt im c e (a,b) sao cho
f(x) - f(a) -
a b
) a ( f ) b ( f
(x - a) =
2
) b x )( a x (
f(c)
10. Cho f(x), g(x) l cc hm kh vi n iu tng tho mn f(x
0
) = g(x
0
), ng thi
f(x) g(x) vi mi x x
0
. Chng minh rng f(x) g(x) vi mi x x
0
.
Gii tch 1 Tun V. Khai trin hu hn, tng dng cc nh l hm s kh vi, kho st hm s
Tun V. Khai trin hu hn, ng dng cc nh l hm s kh
vi, kho st hm s
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: Cc cng thc khai trin hu hn, cc quy tc LHospital
kh dng v nh, cc lc kho st hm s.
2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc v cc cng thc khai trin hu
hn Taylor v Maclaurin; ng dng nh l cc hm s kh vi: quy tt LHospital
kh dng v nh, cc tnh cht ca hm s: n iu, li lm, cc tr; cc lc
kho st hm s: hm y = f(x), ng cong tham s, ng cong trong ta cc v
ta cc suy rng.
3. Cc kin thc cn c trc: Cc kin thc v hm s, gii hn, o hm ca
hm s, cc nh l v cc hm s kh vi.
B. L thuyt
I Khai trin hu hn
1. Khai trin Taylor
nh l 5.1.1
*
: Cho hm s f(x) c o hm lin tc n cp n + 1 trn [x
0
,x
0
+h] th
f(x
0
+ h) = f(x
0
) +
! 1
) x ( ' f
0
h +
! 2
) x ( ' ' f
0
h
2
+ +
! n
) x ( f
0
) n (
h
n
+ R
n
(h), trong
R
n
(h) =
)! 1 n (
) h x ( f
0
) 1 n (
+
u +
+
h
n+1
s d dng Lagrng
R
n
(h) = o(h
n
) s d dng Peano
2. Khai trin Mac-Laurin
Trong khai trin Taylor, nu ta thay x
0
= 0, h = x, th ta c khai trin Mac-Laurin
f(x) = f(0) +
! 1
) 0 ( ' f
x +
! 2
) 0 ( ' ' f
x
2
+ +
! n
) 0 ( f
) n (
x
n
+ R
n
(h)
3. Mt s cng thc khai trin Mac-Laurin thng dng

(1 + x)
= 1 +
! 1
o
x +
! 2
) 1 ( o o
x
2
+ +
! n
) 1 n )...( 1 ( + o o o
x
n
+ R
n
(x)
m nguyn dng
(1 + x)
m
= 1 +
! 1
m
x +
! 2
) 1 m ( m
x
2
+ +
! k
) 1 k m )...( 1 m ( m +
x
k
+ + x
m
(1 - x)
m
= 1 -
! 1
m
x +
! 2
) 1 m ( m
x
2
- + (-1)
k
! k
) 1 k m )...( 1 m ( m +
x
k
+ + (-1)
m
x
m
x 1
1
+
= 1 - x + x
2
+ + (-1)
n
x
n
+ R
n
(x)
x 1
1
= 1+ x + x
2
+ + x
n
+ R
n
(x)

*
C th m t vn tt chng minh nh l ny cho sinh vin.
Cc cng thc khai trin MacLaurin y c th chng minh vn tt, hoc yu cu sinh vin
xem l bi tp.
ln(x + 1) = x -
2
x
2
+ + (-1)
n-1
n
x
n
+ R
n
(x)
arctgx = x -
3
x
3
+
5
x
5
+ + (-1)
n
1 n 2
x
1 n 2
+
+
+ R
n
(x)
x 1
1
+
= 1 -
2
x
+
8
x 3
2
- + (-1)
n
) n 2 ...( 6 . 4 . 2
) 1 n 2 ...( 5 . 3 . 1
x
n
+ R
n
(x)
arcsinx = x +
3 . 2
x
3
+
5 . 8
x . 3
5
+ +
) n 2 ...( 6 . 4 . 2
) 1 n 2 ...( 5 . 3 . 1
1 n 2
x
1 n 2
+
+
+ R
n
(x)
e
x
= 1 +
! 1
x
+
! 2
x
2
+ +
! n
x
n
+ R
n
(x)
sinx = x -
! 3
x
3
+ + (-1)
n-1
)! 1 n 2 (
x
1 n 2
+ R
n
(x)
cosx = 1 -
! 2
x
2
+ + (-1)
n
)! n 2 (
x
n 2
+ R
n
(x)
II ng dng nh l cc hm s kh vi
1. Quy tc LHospital
nh l 5.2.1: Gi s hm s f(x) v g(x) kh vi ti ln cn x
0
,
0
x x
lim
f(x) =
0
x x
lim
g(x) = 0
v g(x) kh vi ti ln cn x
0
, nu
) x ( ' g
) x ( ' f
lim
0
x x
= A th
) x ( g
) x ( f
lim
0
x x
= A.
Ch : Kt qu trn vn ng khi A = , khi x
0
= , v khi
0
x x
lim
f(x) =
0
x x
lim
g(x) =
V d: a)
x 2
x sin x
lim
0 x
+
=
0 x
lim
2
x cos 1+
= 1
b) ) x 2 ln(
2
x
tg lim
1 x

t
=
1 x
lim
2
x
g cot
) x 2 ln(
t
=
1 x
lim
2
x
sin
1
.
2
x 2
1
2
t
t

= -
t
2

c) |
.
|
\
|

x ln
1
1 x
x
lim
1 x
=
1 x
lim
x ln ) 1 x (
) 1 x ( x ln x

=
1 x
lim
x ln
x
1 x
1 x ln 1
+
+
=
=
1 x
lim
x ln x ) 1 x (
x ln x
+
=
1 x
lim
x ln 1 1
x ln 1
+ +
+
=
2
1

d)
+
0 x
lim x
sinx
=
x ln x sin lim
0 x
e
+
=
x sin
1
x ln
lim
0 x
e
+
=
x sin
x cos
x
1
lim
2
0 x
e

+
=
x cos x
x sin
lim
2
0 x
e

+
=
x sin x x cos
x cos x sin 2
lim
0 x
e
+
+

=
x sin x cos x x sin
x 2 cos 2
lim
0 x
e
+ +
+
= +
e)
tgx
0 x
x
1
lim |
.
|
\
|
=
x
1
ln tgx lim
0 x
e
+
=
gx cot
x
1
ln
lim
0 x
e
+
=
x sin
1
x
x
lim
2
2
0 x
e

=
x
x sin
lim
2
0 x
e
+
=
1
x cos x sin 2
lim
0 x
e
+

= 1
2. ng dng khai trin hu hn tm gii hn
V d:
*
a)
x arcsin
x 1 e
lim
2
3 x
0 x
2
+
=
0 x
lim
2
3
3
3 3 2
) x ( o
6
x
x
) x ( o x 1 x 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + +
=
0 x
lim
) x ( o x
) x ( o x 1 x 1
3 2
3 3 2
+
+ + +

= 1
b) |
.
|
\
|

x
1
x sin
1
lim
0 x
=
0 x
lim
x sin x
x sin x
=
0 x
lim
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
) x ( o
! 3
x
x x
) x ( o
! 3
x
x x
3
3
3
3

=
0 x
lim
) x ( o x
) x ( o
! 3
x
3 2
3
3
+
+
= 0
c)
5
3 2
0 x
x
x 1 x ) x sin(sin
lim

=
=
0 x
lim
5
6
6 4 2 5 3
x
) x ( o
! 3 . 3 . 3 . 3
x . 5 . 2
! 2 . 3 . 3
x 2
3
x
1 x
! 5
x sin
! 3
x sin
x sin
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +

*
i vi tng v d, gii thch khai trin hu hn n u l .
=
0 x
lim
5
5
5 3
5
5 5 5 3
5
5 3
x
) x ( o
9
x
3
x
x ) x ( o
! 5
x
! 3
) x ( o x 3 x
) x ( o
! 5
x
! 3
x
x + + + + +
+
+ +

=
0 x
lim
5
5 5
x
) x ( o x
9
1
120
1
2
1
120
1
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ + +
=
180
113

3. S bin thin ca hm s
nh l 5.2.2: Cho f l hm s xc nh, lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trong (a,b), khi :
i) f(x) khng gim (tng) trn [a,b] <=> f(x) 0 (f(x) 0), x e (a,b)
ii) Nu f(x) 0 (f(x) 0) x e (a,b) v nu f(x) > 0 (f(x) < 0) ti t nht mt im
x th f(b) > f(a) (f(b) < f(a)).
(+)Chng minh:
i) Gi s f(x) khng gim, khi :
f(x + h) f(x) h > 0, v f(x + h) - f(x) 0 h < 0
=>
f (x h) f (x)
h
+
0 h, ngha l f(x) 0.
o li, gi s f(x) 0, vi x e (a,b), ta c, theo nh l Lagrange:
h > 0 sao cho x + h e (a,b), - 0 < < 1, sao cho 0 cf(x + h) =
f (x h) f (x)
h
+
.
Trng hp f(x) khng tng chng minh tng t .
ii) Nu f(x) 0 x e (a,b), ta c f(x) l khng gim trn [a,b], do
f(a) f(x) f(b) x e (a,b)
Nu f(b) = f(a) th o hm trit tiu vi mi x thuc (a,b), mu thun, vy ta c
pcm .
(+)H qu: Nu f(a) g(a) v f(x) g(x) (f(x) < g(x)) x e (a,b) th f(x) g(x)
(f(x) < g(x)) x e [a,b].
4. Cc tr ca hm s
nh l 5.2.3:
*
f xc nh, lin tc trn [a,b],
kh vi trong (a,b) (c th tr ra mt s hu
hn dim), gi s c l mt im tho a < c <
b.
i) Nu khi x vt qua c m f(x) i du t +
sang - th f(x) t cc i ti x = c.
ii) Nu khi x vt qua c m f(x) i du t -
sang + th f(x) t cc tiu ti x = c.
iii) Nu khi x vt qua c m f(x) khng i du th f(x) khng t cc tr ti c.
nh l 5.2.4: f c o hm lin tc n cp n ti ln cn im c, v
f(c) = f(c) = = f
(n-1)
(c) = 0, f
(n)
(c) 0.
i) Nu n chn th f(c) t cc tr ti x = c
cc tiu nu f
(n)
(c) > 0 v cc i nu f
(n)
(c) < 0.
ii)) Nu n l th f(x) khng t cc tr ti x = c.
(+)Chng minh: Theo khai trin Taylor, ta c:
f(c + h) = f(c) +
f '(c)
1!
h +
f ''(c)
2!
h
2
+ +
(n 1)
f (c)
(n 1)!
h
n-1
+
(n)
f (c h)
n!
+ u
h
n
= f(c) +
(n)
f (c h)
n!
+ u
h
n

Ta c, do f
(n)
(x) lin tc ti c => - > 0 sao cho:
f
(n)
(x) cng du vi f
(n)
(c) x e (c - ,c + ).
i) Nu n chn th h
n
> 0, nu f
(n)
(c) > 0 th
(n)
f (c h)
n!
+ u
h
n
> 0, vi |h| < hay f t cc
tiu ti c, tng t, nu f
(n)
(c) < 0 th f t cc i ti c.
ii) Nu n l, ta c h
n
i du qua h = 0, ngha l f khng t cc tr ti c .

*
Minh ha cho sinh vin bng hnh hc
x
y
a
O
Hnh 5.1
b
c
5. Tnh li ca hm s
*

nh ngha 5.2.1: Cho hm s f xc nh trong khong I
i) f c gi l li nu:
a,b e I v t e [0,1], ta lun c: tf(a) + (1-t)f(b) f(ta + (1-t)b)

ii) f c gi l lm nu:
a,b e I v t e [0,1], ta lun c: tf(a) + (1-t)f(b) f(ta + (1-t)b)

Hnh 5.2
nh l 5.2.5: Cho f l hm s xc nh, lin tc trong mt khong I, c o hm cp
hai f trong I.
i) Nu f > 0 trong I th vi a < b, a,b e I, hm s li trn [a,b]
ii) Nu f < 0 trong I th vi a < b, a,b e I, hm s lm trn [a,b]
(+)Chng minh:
i) Gi s f(x) > 0 trong I, t g(t) = tf(a) + (1-t)f(b) - f(ta + (1-t)b), ta c:
g(t) = f(a) - f(b) - (a-b)f(ta + (1 - t)b)
Theo nh l Lagrange, ta c -c e (a,b), hay c = t
0
a + (1 - t
0
)b sao cho:

*
Cn phn bit cho sinh vin khi nim hm s li vi khi nim ng cong li c hc
ph thng.
Bt ng thc ny thng c gi l bt ng thc hm li.

x
y
O x
y
O
f(c) =
f (a) f (b)
a b
, ngha l: g(t) = (a - b)[f(t

0
a + (1 - t
0
)b) - f(ta + (1 - t)b)]
Ta c (a - b) < 0, m f(x) > 0, nn f(x) tng trn (a,b) => g(t) 0 vi t t
0
v
g(t) 0 vi t 0, vy g(t) khng gim trn [0,t
0
] v khng tng trn [t
0
,1], mt khc
g(0) = g(1) = 0, ngha l g(t) > 0 trong (0,1), ta c pcm .
ii) Chng minh tng t i)
6. Cc bt ng thc li
nh l 5.2.6 (bt ng thc Jensen): Cho f l hm li trn I = (a,b), x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
e I,
1
,
2
, ,
n
e [0,1],
=

n
1 i
i
= 1, khi :
f |
.
|
\
|

=
n
1 i
i i
x
=

n
1 i
i i
) x ( f
nh l 5.2.7 (bt ng thc trung bnh): Cho a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ,a
n
0, th th:
n
i
i 1
1
a
n
=

1
n
n
i
i 1
a
=
| |
|
\ .
[

nh l 5.2.8: Cho p, q > 1 sao cho
1
p
+
1
q
= 1, khi :
i)
n
i i
i 1
x y
=

1
n
p
p
i
i 1
| x |
=
| |
|
\ .
1
n
q
q
i
i 1
| y |
=
| |
|
\ .
(Bt ng thc Hlder)

ii)
1
n
p
p
i i
i 1
| x y |
=
| |
+
|
\ .

1
n
p
p
i
i 1
| x |
=
| |
|
\ .
+
1
n
p
p
i
i 1
| y |
=
| |
|
\ .
(Bt ng thc Minkowski)

III Cc lc kho st hm s
1. Hm y = f(x)
*

a) Min xc nh

*
Kho st v v th hm s y = f(x) c thc hin kh nhiu trong chng trnh ph
thng, y ch nu li cc bc, chn mt v d minh ha, trnh s dng cc hm a thc,
phn thc dng bc nht trn bc nht v bc nht trn bc hai.
b) Chiu bin thin: tm khong tng, gim ca hm s
b) Cc tr (nu c)
d) Tnh li, lm (nu cn thit), im un (nu c)
e) Tim cn (nu c)
f) Bng bin thin
g) V th
V d: Kho st v v th hm s y = f(x) =
1 x
2 x
2
+

TX: R
Ta c: f(x) =
2
2
2
x(x 2)
x 1
x 1
x 1
+
+
+
=
2 3/ 2
2x 1
(x 1)
+
+
, vy
f(x) > 0 (hm n iu tng) vi x > -
1
2

f(x) < 0 (hm n iu gim) vi x < -
1
2

x = -
1
2
l im cc tiu.
Ta c:
x
lim
+
1 x
2 x
2
+
= 1 v
x
lim
1 x
2 x
2
+
= -1, vy th hm s c hai tim cn

ngang y = 1 v y = -1
Bng bin thin

x
-
1
2

y + 0 -
y
-1 1
- 5
2. Phng trnh tham s ca ng cong x = x(t), y = y(t)
a) Tm min xc nh, cc im gin on ca cc hm s x = x(t), y = y(t). Nhn xt
cc tnh cht chn, l, tun hon (nu c).
b) Xt chiu bin thin ca x, y theo t bng cch xt du cc o hm x(t), y(t)
c) H s gc ca ng tip tuyn vi ng cong ti im x = x(t
0
) v y = y(t
0
) l:
0
t t
dy
dx
=
=
0
0
y'(t )
x '(t )
.
c) Tm cc tim cn ca ng cong
d) V ng cong
V d: Kho st v v ng cong:
x a(t sin t)
y a(1 cos t)
=
(a > 0)
Ta c x, y xc nh vi mi t, v y tun hon vi chu k 2
Do y l hm chn theo bin t, x l hm l theo bin t, nn ng cong i xng qua
trc Oy.
Ta c:
x(t) = a(1 - cost) => x(t) 0 t, = <=> t = 2k
y(t) = asint => y(t) > 0 khi 2k < t < (2k + 1), v y(t) < 0 khi (2k - 1) < t < 2k,
y(t) = 0 khi t = k.
dy
dx
=
sin t
1 cos t
=>
dy
dx
= 0 khi t = (2k + 1) v
dy
dx
= khi t = 2k.
Ta xt bng bin thin trong mt chu k t = 0..2
Bng bin thin

t 0 2
x + +
x 2a
a
0
y + -
y 2a
0 0
V d: Kho st v v ng cong:
2
3
x +
2
3
y =
2
3
a (a > 0), ng Axtroit.
Tham s ha ng cong:
3
3
x a cos t
y a sin t
(a > 0)
Ta c x, y xc nh vi mi t, tun hon theo t vi chu k 2
x l hm chn, y l hm l, vy ng cong i xng qua trc Ox
Vi t
1
= - t
2
, ta c x(t
1
) = -x(t
2
), y(t
1
) = y(t
2
), vy ng cong i xng qua trc Oy.
Vi t
1
=
2
t
- t
2
, ta c x(t
1
) = y(t
2
) v y(t
1
) = x (t
2
), vy ng cong i xng qua ng
y = x.
Chng ta ch cn kho st trn on 0 t
4
t
, ri da vo cc nhn xt trn v
th.
x(t) = -3acos
2
tsint 0, = khi t = 0
y(t) = 3acostsin
2
t 0, = khi t = 0
dy
dx
= -tgt =>
dy
dx
= 0 ti t = 0 v
dy
dx
= -1 ti t =
4
t

Bng bin thin

t
0
4
t

x -
x a

a
2 2

y +
y

a
2 2

0
V d: Kho st v v ng cong: x
3
+ y
3
- 3axy = 0 (a > 0), ng l Decartes.
Tham s ha ng cong:
3
2
3
3at
x
1 t
3at
y
1 t
+
; t -1
Ta c:
x(t) = 3a
3
3 2
1 2t
(1 t )
+
=> x(t) > 0 khi t <
3
1
2
, x(t) < 0 khi t >
3
1
2
, x(t) = 0 khi t =
3
1
2

y(t) = 3a
3
3 2
2 t
(1 t )
+
=> y(t) > 0 khi t <
3
2 , y(t) > 0 khi t >
3
2 , y(t) = 0 khi t =
3
2
Ta c:
t 1
lim
y(t)
x(t)
= -1 v
t 1
lim
(y(t) + x(t)) = 3a
t 1
lim
2
3
t t
1 t
+
+
= 3a
t 1
lim
2
t
t t 1 +
= -a
t
lim
x(t) =
t
lim
3
3at
1 t +
= 0, v
t
lim
y(t) =
t
lim
2
3
3at
1 t +
= 0
Vy ng cong c tim cn xin y = -x - a
dy
dx
=
3
3
t(2 t )
1 2t
, vy
dy
dx
= 0 ti t = 0, t =
3
2 v
dy
dx
= ti t = , t =
3
1
2

Bng bin thin
t
- -1 0
3
1
2

3
2 +
x + + + 0 - -
x +

0
a
3
4
0 a
3
2
- 0
y - - 0 + + +
y 0

-
+ a
3
4
a
3
2
0 0

3. ng cong trong to cc
a) H to cc
Trong mt phng, chn im O c nh, gi l cc (gc cc) v mt vc t n v OP
,
tia mang OP
gi l trc cc. H ta xc nh bi cc v trc cc c gi l h ta

cc. V tr ca im M trong mt phng c xc nh bng vc t OM
, ngha l
xc nh bi gc cc =
( )
OP, OM

v bn knh cc r = OM

b) Mi lin h gia h ta cc v h ta Decartes vung gc:
x r cos
y r sin
=
, 0 2; r 0, v r
2
= x
2
+ y
2
; tg =
y
x

c) H ta cc suy rng
H ta cc suy rng l h ta cc, trong c th ly:
r 0 v 0, hoc 2.
c) Kho st ng cong trong h to cc r = f()
i) Tm min xc nh ca f()
ii) Xc nh mt s im c bit ca th
iii) Lp bng bin thin, xt s bin thin ca f()
iv) t V l gc gia OM
v vc t ch phng tip tuyn ca ng cong, th:

tgV =
r
r '

V d: Kho st v v ng cong r = ae
b
(a, b > 0),
ng xon c logarit
r xc nh vi mi , n iu tng theo :
= 0 => r = a, lim
+
r = +, lim
r = 0.
tgV =
1
a
, gc gia tip tuyn v bn knh cc khng
i.
V d: Kho st v v ng cong r = asin3 (a > 0), ng hoa hng ba cnh
r l hm tun hon chu k
2
3
t
, r l hm l theo v th ch cn kho st trn on
[0,
3
t
].
r = 3acos3 => r = 0 khi =
6
t

tgV =
tg3
3

Bng bin thin

0
6
t

3
t

r 3a + 0 - -3a
r a
0 0
tgV 0 0
V d: Kho st v v ng cong r = acos2 (a > 0)
Thc hin cc bc tng t nh trn, vi ch , hm tun
hon chu k , r l hm l theo , r() = -r(
2
t
-). Ta c
ng cong:
Ch : Nu xt ng cong trong h ta cc thng (r
0), th r ch xc nh i vi -
4
t

4
t
v
3
4
t

5
4
t
,
ta c ng cong:
V d: Kho st v v ng cong r = 2a(1 + cos) (a > 0)
r xc nh vi mi , tun hon vi chu k 2, r l hm chn, ta ch cn kho st trn
[0,].
r = -2asin, r = 0 khi = 0 v =
tgV = -cotg
2
, tgV = - khi = 0, tgV = 0 khi =

Bng bin thin

0
r 0 - 0
r 4a
0
tgV - 0
V d: Kho st v v ng cong r
2
= a
2
cos2 (a > 0)
Ta c hm a
2
cos2 tun hon vi chu k , mt khc ng cong s xc nh nu
cos2 0, ngha l -
4
t

4
t
, chng ta cng ch xt vi r 0 (r 0 tng ng vi
vic quay ng cong mt gc ), ngha l:
r = a cos 2 , r =
a sin 2
cos 2

, r = 0 khi = 0, tgV = -cotg, tgV = khi = 0.

Bng bin thin

-
4
t
0
4
t

r + 0 - 0
r a
0 0
tgV 1 -1

C. Bi tp
1. Tm gii hn
a)
2
x
1
x
x
1
1 1
x
1
cos e
lim

b)
) x 1 ln(
x
2
tg
lim
1 x

t
c)
tgx x
x sin x
lim
0 x

d)
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
+
x
1
1 ln
arctgx
lim
x

e)
tgx x
e e
lim
x x
0 x

| o
f)
x tgx
e e
lim
x tgx
0 x

g)
) x 1 ln(
x
2
tg
lim
1 x

t
h)
a x
e e
lim
a x
a x

i)
x x
x x
0 x
d c
b a
lim
j)
1 x
1 x
lim
3
0 x

k)
x 2
x sin 1
lim
2
x
t
l)
1 x x ln
x x
lim
x
1 x
+

n)
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
+
x
1
1 ln
arctgx 2
lim
0 x
o)
2
0 x
x
1 gx cot x
lim

p)
x sin x
x cos 1
lim
3
0 x
q)
x cos 1
tgx x sin
lim
0 x

r)
1 x x ln
1 x
lim
x
1 x
+
s)
x g cot
2
x
tg ) x 1 ln(
lim
0 x
t
t
+
t)
x cos
2
1 x ln
lim
2
x
|
.
|
\
| t
+
t
u)
2
x x
0 x
x
a ) x a (
lim
+

2. Tm gii hn
a)
100
x
1
0 x
x e lim
2

b)
x
lim [( - 2arctgx)lnx] c) | | | e x | ln ) 1 x (ln lim
e x

3. Tm gii hn
a) |
.
|
\
|
1 e
1
x
1
lim
x
0 x
b) |
.
|
\
|

x
1
gx cot lim
0 x
c)
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
) x 1 ln(
1
x 1 x ln
1
lim
2 0 x

d)
(
(
+ +
) x 1 ln(
1
) x 1 x ln(
1
lim
2 0 x
e)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ + + + +
+
x
) x e ln(
1 x x 1 x x x lim
x
2 3 2 3
x

4. Tm gii hn
a)
1 x
0 x
x
x lim

+
c)
x
x
0 x
x lim
+
d)
x
0 x
tgx
1
lim
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
e)
x sin
0 x
| x | lim
f)
2
x
1
0 x
x
x sin
lim |
.
|
\
|

g)
x
1
x
0 x
) x e ( lim +
h)
2
x
lim
t
(tgx)
2x-
i)
2
x
lim
t
(sinx)
tgx
j)
x
x
arctgx 2
lim |
.
|
\
|
t

k)
2
x
1
0 x
x
arctgx
lim |
.
|
\
|

l)
x
1
x
x
) 2 x ( lim +
+
m)
tgx
0 x
) x cos 1 ( lim
n)
2
x
1
0 x
x
x arcsin
lim |
.
|
\
|
o)
x
1
0 x
x arccos 2
lim |
.
|
\
|
t

p)
2
x
1
0 x
) x (arccos lim

q)
x
1
x
1 x 2
x
tg lim |
.
|
\
|
+
t

r)
2
x
1
x
x
0 x
b ln x b
a ln x a
lim
|
|
.
|
\
|
s)
x sin x
1
2
0 x
) x arctg 1 ( lim

5. Vit khai trin Mac-Laurin hm s f(x)
a)
60 40
100
) x 2 1 ( ) x 2 1 (
) x 1 (
+
+
n x
2
b)
2
x x 2 1 + -
3 2
x x 3 1 + n x
3

c) tgx n x
3
d)
2
x x 2
e

n x
5
e)
2
2
x x 1
x x 1
+
+ +
n x
4
f) x(e
x
-1)
-1
n x
4

g)
3 3
x sin n x
13
h) lncosx n x
6
i) sin(sinx) n x
3
j) ln
x
x sin
n x
6

6. Tm gii hn
a)
x sin x
x cos 1
lim
3
0 x
b)
4 3
3 3 4
1 x
x 1
x x x 2
lim
c)
3
x
0 x
x
) x 1 ( x x sin e
lim
+

7. Tm gii hn
a) |
.
|
\
|

x
1
x sin
1
lim
0 x
b) |
.
|
\
|

2 2
0 x
x
1
x sin
1
lim c)
(
|
.
|
\
|
+

x
3
1 ln x x 3 lim
2
x

d)
(
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
+
1 x e
2
x
x x lim
6
x
1
2 3
x
e) |
.
|
\
|

gx cot
x
1
x
1
lim
0 x

8. Xc nh a,b sao cho biu thc sau c gii hn hu hn khi x 0
f(x) =
x sin
1
3
-
3
x
1
-
2
x
a
-
x
b

9. Kho st tnh n iu ca hm s y = f(x) sau
a) x
3
+ x b) arctgx - x c) x + |sin2x|
10. Chng minh bt ng thc
a) 2xarctgx ln(1 + x
2
) x e R b) x -
2
x
2
ln(1+x) x x 0
11. Tm cc tr ca hm s
a) y =
1 x x
4 x 4 x 3
2
2
+ +
+ +
b) y = x - ln(1 + x) c) y =
3
2
) 2 x )( x 1 (
d) y = (x - 2)
2/3
(2x + 1) e) y =
3 3
x 1 f) y =
x x
x ln

g) y = x
2
lnx h) y =
2
arctgx 2 x
2 2
i) y = x
2
+ 2arccotgx
2

12. Tm tim cn ca cc hm s sau
a) x
2
e
-x
b) xlg |
.
|
\
|
+10
x
1
c)
1 x
2 x
2
+
d) x
3
e
x
e)
a x
x
3

13. Tm cc tr v tim cn ca cc hm s sau
a) y = x + arccotg2x b) y = x
2
e
-x
c) y =
x
x ln

d) y = e
x
lnx e) y = x - arctg2x f) y =
x
x 1
) x 1 (
x
+
+

14. Gi s f l hm li trn on [a,b]. Chng minh rng c e (a,b), ta c
a c
) a ( f ) c ( f

a b
) a ( f ) b ( f

c b
) c ( f ) b ( f

15. Cho x, y > 0, chng minh cc bt ng thc sau
a)
2
y x
n n
+

n
2
y x
|
.
|
\
| +
b)
2
e e
y x
+

2
y x
e
+
c) xlnx + ylny (x + y)ln
2
y x +

16. Tm tim cn cc ng cong sau
a) x =
2
t 4
t 3
y =
2
2
t 4
t 2
b) x =
1 t
t
2
y =
1 t
t
2

c) x = t
3
- 3 y = t
3
- 6 arctgt d) x = t y = t + 2arctgt
17. Tnh y
x
v y
xx
bit x = tsin2t y = t + cost
d) x = acost y = asint e) x = a(t - sint) y = a(1-cost)
f) x = a(t - sint) y = a(1 - cost) g) x = t
3
+ 3t + 1 y = t
3
- 3t + 1
18. Kho st v v th hm s y = f(x) vi f(x) sau
a)
4
2
x 1
x 2
+
b)
1 x
8 x
3
4
+
+
c)
x
1
+ 4x
2
d) x
2
lnx e) sin
2
x f) x
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+ g)
2
x 1
1
x 1
e
2
+

h) arcsin(cosx) i) arccos(cosx) j) arctg(tgx) k)
3 2 3
1 x x x +
19. Kho st v v th cc hm s sau
a) x =
t 1
t
2
y =
1 t
t
2
b) x = t + e
-t
y = 2t + e
-2t
c) x = 2t - t
2
y = 3t - t
3

d) x = 2acost - acos2t y = 2asint - asin2t
e) x = at - hsint y = a - hcost (0 < h < a)
f) x = at - acos2t y = 2asint - asin2t g) x = te
t
y = te
-t
20. Kho st v v th cc hm s sau
a) x
2
+ y
2
= x
4
+ x
4
b) x
2
y
2
= x
3
- y
3
c) x
2
- xy + y
2
= 1
21. Kho st v v th cc hm s sau trong h to cc
a) r = a + bcos (0 < a b) b) r =
3 cos
a
(a > 0) c) r = a(1 - cos)
d) r = e) r =
t
f) r =
t
2
2
g) r
2
= 2a
2
cos2 h) r = acos4 i) r =
t

Gii tch 1 Tun VI. Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh
Tun VI. Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh.
2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc khi nim v nguyn hm, h nguyn
hm, tch phn bt nh, bng cc tch phn cc hm s thng dng, cc quy tc tnh
tch phn bt nh: tch phn tng phn, i bin s, tch phn cc hm phn thc hu
t, v t, lng gic, phng php i bin Euler.
3. Cc kin thc cn c trc: Cc kin thc v hm s, lin tc, o hm ca
hm s.
B. L thuyt
*

I nh ngha
nh ngha 6.1.1: Cho f(x) xc nh trong (a,b), F(x) xc nh trong (a,b) gi l
nguyn hm ca f(x) nu F(x) kh vi trong (a,b) v F(x) = f(x) x e (a,b).
nh l 6.1.1: Gi s F(x) kh vi trong (a,b), F(x) l nguyn hm ca f(x) x e (a,b).
Khi :
i) hng s C, F(x) + C cng l nguyn hm ca f(x) x e (a,b).
ii) Ngc li, mi nguyn hm ca f(x) x e (a,b) u c dng F(x) + C.
H cc nguyn hm ca f(x) c dng F(x) + C vi C l mt hng s tu c
gi l tch phn bt nh ca f(x), x e (a,b), k hiu: f (x)dx
}
= F(x) + C.
K hiu l du tch phn, x l bin ly tch phn, f(x) l hm s ly tch phn,
f(x)dx l biu thc di du tch phn.
II Tnh cht
Mnh 6.2.1: Nu F(x), G(x) l nguyn hm ca f(x) v g(x) tng ng, th aF(x),
bG(x) v F(x) + G(x) l nguyn hm ca af(x), bg(x) v f(x) + g(x) tng ng.
nh l 6.2.2: Mi hm s f(x) xc nh, lin tc trong (a,b) th c nguyn hm trong
khong .
1. i bin
Nu
}
dt ) t ( g = G(t) + C th dx ) x ( ' w )) x ( w ( g
}
= G(w(x)) + C
III Nguyn hm cc hm thng dng
a)
}
dx 0 = C b)
}
dx 1 = x + C c)
}
o
dx x =
1
x
1
+ o
+ o
, -1
d)
}
x
dx
= ln|x| + C e)
}
+
2
x 1
dx
= arctgx + C f)
}

2
x 1
dx
= arcsinx + C

*
Nguyn hm v h nguyn hm c hc trong chng trnh ph thng, phn ny ch
mang tnh cht h thng li v cc cng thc c bn v cc phng php tnh tch phn.
g)
}
dx a
x
=
a ln
a
x
+ C h)
}
dx e
x
= e
x
+ C i)
}
xdx sin = -cosx + C
j)
}
xdx cos = sinx + C k)
}
x sin
dx
2
= -cotgx + C l)
}
x cos
dx
2
= tgx + C
m)
}
+
2 2
x a
dx
=
a
1
arctg
x
a
, a 0 n)
}

2 2
x a
dx
=
a 2
1
ln
x a
x a
+
+ C, a 0
o)
}

2 2
x a
dx
= arcsin
a
x
+ C, a 0 p)
2
dx
x + o
}
= ln(x +
2
x + o ) + C
q)
2
x dx +|
}
=
1
2
(x
2
x +| + ln|x +
2
x +| |) + C
r)
2 2
a x dx
}
=
1
2
x
2 2
a x +
2
a
2
arcsin
x
a
+ C
V d:
}
dx x x x =
7 / 8
x dx
}
=
15/ 8
8x
15
+ C

}
tgxdx =
sin x
dx
cos x
}
= -
dcos x
cos x
}
= -ln|cosx| + C

2
cos x
e sin 2xdx
}
=
2
cos x
e 2sin x cos xdx
}
=
2
cos x 2
e d( cos x)
}
=
2
cos x
e
+ C

}
x 3 sin
dx
2
= -
1
3
cotg3x + C

}

2
x 3 2
dx
=
1
3
arcsin
3
2
x + c

}
+
4
x 4
xdx
=
1
2
2
4
dx
4 x +
}
=
1
4
arctg
2
x
2

} 2
x
1
x
dx 2
= -
1
x
1
2 d
x
}
= -
1
x
2
ln 2

2
dx
x cos (1 ln x) +
}
=
2
d(ln x 1)
cos (ln x 1)
+
+
}
= tg(lnx+1) + C

IV Cc phng php tnh tch phn
1. i bin
Mnh 6.4.1: Nu
}
dt ) t ( g = G(t) + C th dx ) x ( ' w )) x ( w ( g
}
= G(w(x)) + C, trong
cc hm g(t), w(x), w(x) c gi thit l nhng hm s lin tc.
V d:
}

x
x
4 1
dx 2
, t 2
x
= t => dt = d2
x
= ln2.2
x
dx
=>
}

x
x
4 1
dx 2
=
1
ln 2
2
dt
1 t
}
=
arcsin t
ln 2
+ C =
x
arcsin 2
ln 2
+ C
2. Tch phn tng phn
Mnh 6.4.2: Nu u, v l cc hm s kh vi c cc o hm u, v lin tc th:
}
udv = uv -
}
vdu
V d: I
n
=
2 2 n
dx
(x a ) +
}
=
2 2 n
x
(x a ) +
+ 2n
2
2 2 n 1
x dx
(x a )
+
+
}

=
2 2 n
x
(x a ) +
+ 2n
2 2 n
dx
(x a ) +
}
- 2na
2
2 2 n 1
dx
(x a )
+
+
}
=
2 2 n
x
(x a ) +
+ 2nI
n
-2a
2
I
n+1

=> I
n+1
=
2
1
2na
2 2 n
x
(x a ) +
+
2n 1
2n
2
1
a
I
n

c bit: Cho P
n
(x) l mt a thc bc n i vi bin x.
a)
n
P (x) sin axdx
}
(hoc trng hp
n
P (x) cosaxdx
}
cng tng t)
t P
n
(x) = u, sinaxdx = dv
=>
n
P (x) sin axdx
}
= -
1
a
Q
n-1
(x)cosax +
1
a
n 1
Q (x) cos axdx
}

(trong Q
n-1
(x) l mt a thc bc n-1)
Ta thy sau mi ln ly tch phn tng phn theo quy tc phn a thc t l u, tch
phn lng gic v dx t l dv, bc ca a thc gim i mt, sin i thnh cos v cos
i thnh sin. Ta c tip tc qu trnh ny cho n khi phn a thc tr thnh hng s,
tch phn cn li l d tnh.
V d:
}
+ xdx 2 sin ) 1 x 2 x (
2
, t x2 - 2x + 1 = u, sin2xdx = dv
=>
}
+ xdx 2 sin ) 1 x 2 x (
2
= -
2
(x 2x 1) cos 2x
2
+
+ (x 1) cos 2xdx
}

= -
2
(x 2x 1) cos 2x
2
+
+
(x 1)sin 2x
2
-
1
2
sin 2xdx
}

= -
2
(x 2x 1) cos 2x
2
+
+
(x 1)sin 2x
2
+
cos 2x
4
+ C
b)
ax
n
P (x)e dx
}
, t P
n
(x) = u, e
ax
dx = dv
=>
ax
n
P (x)e dx
}
=
1
a
Q
n-1
(x)e
ax
-
1
a
ax
n 1
Q (x)e dx
}

(trong Q
n-1
(x) l mt a thc bc n-1)
Ta thy sau mi ln ly tch phn tng phn theo quy tc phn a thc t l u, tch
phn hm m v dx t l dv, bc ca a thc gim i mt, phn hm m khng thay
i dng. Ta c tip tc qu trnh ny cho n khi phn a thc tr thnh hng s, tch
phn cn li l d tnh.
V d:
3 3x
x e dx
}
=
3 3x
x e
3
-
2 3x
x e dx
}
=
3 3x
x e
3
-
2 3x
x e
3
+
2
3
3x
xe dx
}

=
3 3x
x e
3
-
2 3x
x e
3
+
3x
2xe
9
-
2
9
3x
e dx
}
= e
3x
(
3
x
3
-
2
x
3
+
2x
9
-
2
27
) + C
c)
ax
e sin bxdx
}
, t e
ax
= u, sinbxdx = dv
=>
ax
e sin bxdx
}
= -
1
b
e
ax
cosbx +
a
b
ax
e cos bxdx
}
, t e
ax
= u, cosbxdx = dv
=>
ax
e sin bxdx
}
= -
1
b
e
ax
cosbx +
2
a
b
e
ax
sinbx -
2
2
a
b
ax
e sin bxdx
}

=>
ax
e sin bxdx
}
= -
2 2
b
a b +
e
ax
cosbx +
2 2
a
a b +
e
ax
sinbx + C
Tng t, ta cng c:
ax
e cos bxdx
}
=
ax
2 2
e
a b +
(bsinbx + acosbx) + C
Trong tnh ton trn, chng ta cng c th thc hin t phn lng gic l u, tch
phn hm m v dx l dv, tuy nhin cch t ln th hai s phi nht qun vi cch
t ban u.
d) R(x) ln xdx
}
, trong R(x) l mt hm hu t.
t lnx = u, R(x)dx = dv => R(x) ln xdx
}
= S(x)lnx -
S(x)
dx
x
}
, vi S(x) l mt hm
hu t, tch phn sau chng ta tnh theo tch phn hm hu t, hoc a thc.
V d:
}
xdx ln x
2
, t lnx = u, x2dx = dv => v =
3
x
3

=>
}
xdx ln x
2
=
3
x
3
lnx -
2
x
dx
3
}
=
3
x
3
lnx -
3
x
9
+ C
e) R(x)arctgxdx
}
(hoc R(x)arcotgxdx
}
), trong R(x) l mt hm hu t.
t arctgx = u, R(x)dx = dv => R(x)arctgxdx
}
= S(x)arctgx -
2
S(x)
dx
1 x +
}
, vi S(x) l
mt hm hu t, tch phn sau chng ta tnh theo tch phn hm hu t, hoc a thc.
V d:
}
xarctgxdx , t arctgx = u, xdx = dv
=>
}
xarctgxdx =
2
x arctgx
2
-
1
2
2
2
x dx
1 x +
}
=
2
x arctgx
2
-
1
2
x +
1
2
arctgx + C
f) R(x) arcsin xdx
}
(hoc R(x) arccos xdx
}
), trong R(x) l mt hm v t.
t arcsin = u, R(x)dx = dv => R(x) arcsin xdx
}
= S(x)arcsinx -
2
S(x)
dx
1 x
}
, vi S(x)
l mt hm hu t, tch phn sau chng ta tnh theo tch phn hm hu t, hoc a
thc.
V d:
}
dx
x
x arcsin
2
, t arcsinx = u,
2
dx
x
= dv =>
}
dx
x
x arcsin
2
= -
arcsin x
x
+
2
dx
x 1 x
}

tnh tch phn sau, t
2
1 x = t => dt =
2
xdx
1 x

=>
2
dx
x 1 x
}
=
2
dt
t 1
}
= ln
t 1
t 1
+
+ C = ln
2
2
1 x 1
1 x 1

+
+ C
Vy:
}
dx
x
x arcsin
2
= -
arcsin x
x
+ ln
2
2
1 x 1
1 x 1

+
+ C
3. Tch phn hm hu t
Ta c, gi s q - p
2
/4 > 0
a)
}
a x
Adx
= Aln|x-a| + C
b)
}

k
) a x (
Adx
=
1 k
) a x )( 1 k (
A

+ C (k 1)
c)
}
+ +
+
q px x
dx ) N Mx (
2
=
2 2
Mt (N Mp / 2)
dt
t a
+
+
}
(a =
2
q p / 4 , i bin t = x + p/2)
=
2 2
Mtdt
t a +
}
+
2 2
(N Mp / 2)dt
t a
+
}

=
M
2
ln(t
2
+ a
2
) +
1
a
(N - Mp/2)arctg
t
a
+ C
=
M
2
ln(x
2
+ px + q) +
2
2N Mp
4q p
arctg
2
2x p
4q p
+
+ C
d)
}
+ +
+
m 2
) q px x (
dx ) N Mx (
=
2 2 m
Mt (N Mp / 2)
dt
(t a )
+
+
}
(a =
2
q p / 4 , i bin t = x + p/2)
=
2 2 m
Mtdt
(t a ) +
}
+
2 2 m
(N Mp / 2)dt
(t a )
+
}

Tch phn th nht:
2 2 m
Mtdt
(t a ) +
}
= -
2 2 m 1
M
2(m 1)(t a )

+
+ C
Tch phn th hai c th tnh theo phng php tch phn tng phn nh v d trong
phn trc.
nh l 6.4.2: Mi a thc bc n h s thc u c th phn tch thnh cc tha s l
nh thc bc nht v tam thc bc hai khng c nghim thc.
H qu: Mi phn thc thc s u c th phn tch thnh cc phn thc n gin
4. Tch phn hm v t
a)
}
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
dx
d cx
b ax
,...,
d cx
b ax
, x R
s / r n / m
, cd 0. t
d cx
b ax
+
+
= t
k
, vi k l bi chung nh
nht ca cc ch s cn, a v dng hu t vi t. (R l hm hu t)
V d:
}
x 2
dx x
2
, t 2 x = t => x = 2 - t
2
, dx = -2tdt
=>
}
x 2
dx x
2
= -2
2 2
(2 t ) dt
}
= -8t +
8
3
t
3
-
2
5
t
5
= -8 2 x +
8
3
(2 - x)
3/2
-
2
5
(2 - x)
5/2

b)
}
dx ) x a , x ( R
2 2
t x = asint, hoc x = acost
V d:
}

2 / 3 2
) x 1 (
dx
, t x = sint => dx = costdt
=>
}

2 / 3 2
) x 1 (
dx
=
2
dt
cos t
}
= tgt + C = tg(arcsinx) + C

}
+ dx ) x a , x ( R
2 2
t x = atgt, hoc x = acotgt
V d:
}
+
2 3
x 1 x
dx
, t x = tgt => dx =
2
dt
cos t

=>
}
+
2 3
x 1 x
dx
=
dt
sin t
}
= -
2
dcos t
1 cos t
}
= ln
1
(1 cos t)(1 cos t) +
+ C = ln
2
x 1
| x |
+
+ C

}
dx a x , x ( R
2 2
t x = a/sint, hoc x = a/cost
V d:
}
dx 4 x x
2 3
, t x = 2/sint => dx = -
2
2cos t
sin t
dt
=>
}
dx 4 x x
2 3
= -32
2
6
cos tdt
sin t
}
= 32
2
cot gt(1 cot g t)dcot gt +
}

= 16cotg
2
t +8cotg
4
t + C =
4
x
2
+ C
c)
}
+ + dx ) c bx ax , x ( R
2
t t = x + b/2a, a v dng b
d) Tch phn dng c c th s dng php th Euler
i) a > 0, c bx ax
2
+ + = a x+t
V d:
}
+ + 2 x x
xdx
2
, t
2
x x 2 + + = x + t
=> x
2
+ x + 2 = x
2
+ 2xt + t
2
=> x =
2
t 2
1 2t
=> dx =
2
2
2t 2t 4
(1 2t)
+
dt
=>
}
+ + 2 x x
xdx
2
=
2
2
2t 4
dt
(1 2t)
}
=
1
dt
2
}
-
dt
1 2t
}
-
7
2
2
dt
(1 2t)
}

=
1
2
t +
1
2
ln(1 - 2t) -
7
4 8t
+ C
=
1
2
(
2
x x 2 + + - x) +
1
2
ln(1 - 2(
2
x x 2 + + - x)) -
2
7
4 8 x x 2 8x + + +
+ C

ii) c > 0, c bx ax
2
+ + = tx c
V d:
}
+ +
2
2
x x 1
dx x
, t
2
x x 1 + + = tx + 1 => x
2
+ x + 1 = t
2
x
2
+ 2tx + 1
=> x =
2
2t 1
1 t
=> dx =
2
2 2
2t 2t 2
dt
(1 t )
+

=>
}
+ +
2
2
x x 1
dx x
= 2
2
2 3
(2t 1) dt
(1 t )
}

iii) x
0
l nghim tam thc bc hai ax
2
+ bx + c, c bx ax
2
+ + = t(x - x
0
)
V d:
}

2
x x 2 3
xdx
, t
2
3 2x x = t(x - 1) => (1 - x)(x + 3) = t
2
(x - 1)
2

=> t
2
=
x 3
1 x
+
=> tdt =
2
2dx
(1 x)

=>
}

2
x x 2 3
xdx
=
2
2 2
6 2t
dt
(t 1)
+
}
= -2
2
dt
t 1 +
}
+ 8
2 2
dt
(t 1) +
}
= 2arctgt +
2
4t
t 1 +
+ C
= 2arctg
x 3
1 x
+
+
2
3 2x x + C
e)
}
+ + o
+
c bx ax ) x (
dx ) B Ax (
2 n
t x - = 1/t
f)
}
+ dx ) bx a ( x
q p r
, vi r, p , q l cc s hu t
i) q nguyn, s l mu s chung ca r, p, th x = t
s

ii) (r + 1)/p nguyn, s l mu s ca q, th a + bx
p
= t
s

iii) (r + 1)/p + q nguyn, s l mu s ca q, th a/x
p
+ b = t
s

V d:
}

3
2
) x 1 ( x
dx
, t t
3
= -
1
x
+ 1 => 3t
2
dt =
2
1
x
dx
=>
}

3
2
) x 1 ( x
dx
=
3
3t(t 1)dt
}
=
3
5
t
5
-
3
2
t
2
+ C =
3
5
5
3 1
1
x
| |
|
\ .
-
3
2
2
3 1
1
x
| |
|
\ .
+ C
5. Tch phn hm lng gic
a) Dng R(sinx, cos x)dx
}
, R l biu thc hu t. t t = tg
2
x

=> dt = (t
2
+ 1)dx; tgx =
2
2t
1 t
; sinx =
2
2t
1 t +
; cosx =
2
2
1 t
1 t
+

=> R(sinx, cos x)dx
}
=
2
2 2 2
2t 1 t dt
R ,
1 t 1 t 1 t
| |
|
+ + +
\ .
}

V d:
}

+
dx
1 x sin
x cos 1
, t t = tg
2
x

=>
}

+
dx
1 x sin
x cos 1
=
2
2
2
2
1 t
1
dt
1 t
2t
1 t
1
1 t
+
+
+
+
}
= -2
2 2
dt
(t 1) (t 1) +
}
=
2
2dt
(t 1)
}
+
2
2dt
1 t +
}
+
2
4tdt
1 t +
}

=
2
1 t
+ 2arctgt + 2ln(1 + t
2
) + C =
2
x
1 tg
2
+ x + 2ln
2
1
x
cos
2

b) c bit
i) Nu R l i vi sin th t cosx = t
ii) Nu R l i vi cos th t sinx = t
iii) Nu R l chn i vi sin, cos th t tgx = t
c) xdx os xc sin
n m
}

i) Nu m, n c t nht mt s l, hoc m, n u chn v c mt s m th t nh
trng hp b
V d:
}
x cos
dx
=
2
dsin x
1 sin x
}
= ln
2
1 sin x + C

}
x cos
dx
6
, t tgx = t => dt = (t
2
+ 1)dx
=>
}
x cos
dx
6
=
2 2
(t 1) dt +
}
=
5
t
5
+
3
2t
3
+ t + C =
5
tg x
5
+
3
2tg x
3
+ tgx + C
ii) Nu m, n u chn v dng th h bc
sin
2
x = (1 - cos2x)/2 cos
2
x = (1 + cos2x)/2 sinxcosx = sin2x/2
V d:
}
xdx sin
4
=
1
2
2
(1 cos 2x) dx
}
=
1
2
x - sin2x +
1
2
2
cos 2xdx
}

=
1
2
x - sin2x +
1
4
(1 cos 4x)dx +
}
=
3
4
x - sin2x +
1
16
sin4x + C
d) Dng tch bxdx cos osax c
}
;
}
bxdx cos ax sin ;
}
bxdx sin ax sin
Dng cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
C. Bi tp
1. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
|
.
|
\
|
dx x x
x
1
1
2
b) dx
x x
) x 1 (
2
}

c)
}
+
dx
x
1 x x
2

2. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+ x sin 1
dx
b)
}
2 x
dx x
8
3
c)
}

4
x 1
xdx
d)
}
+ ) x 1 ( x
dx
e)
}
x cos
xdx sin
3
f)
}
+
2
x 1
dx ) x 1 (

g)
} 2
x
dx
x
1
cos h)
}
+ 9 x
xdx
4
i)
}
xdx tg
5
j)
}
x cos
xdx sin
3
k)
}
+
3
6
x 1
dx x
l)
}
xdx sin
5

m)
}
+
x 2
e 1
dx
n)
}
x 2 cos
xdx sin
o)
}
dx
x cos
x sin
4
2
p)
}
dx
x cos
x sin
6
4
q)
}
+
6
2
x 1
dx x
r)
}
+1 x x
dx
2

s)
}
xdx g cot
2

t)
}
1 x x
dx
2
u)
}
x sin
dx
5
v)
}
3 2
7
x cos
xdx sin

x)
}
3
3
x sin
xdx cos
y)
}
1 x
xdx
8

3. Tnh cc tch phn sau
a)
}
+
x
e 1
dx
b)
}
x cos
xdx sin
6
2
c)
}
+
3 3
2
x 1
dx x
d)
5
2
x dx
1 x
}
e)
}
dx
x sin
x cos
5
f)
}
+ x cos 2
dx
2

g)
}
+ 2 x x
dx
2
h)
}
|
.
|
\
|
+
dx
2 x
x
4
5
i)
}
+
dx
x sin
x sin 1
2
j)
}
x cos 1
xdx 2 sin
4
k)
}
3
3
x cos x cos
xdx sin

l)
}

2 / 3 2
) 1 x (
xdx
m)
}
+ x ln 1 x
xdx ln
n)
}
dx x 9 x
6 2
o)
}

dx
x 1
x arcsin
2
p)
}

+
3
x x
dx ) x 1 (

q)
}
x ln 4 x
dx
2
r)
}
1 x 2 x 3
dx
2
s)
}
+
dx
x
x ln x
t)
}
dx x 1 x
2 3
u)
}
+ x 2 cos 2
xdx cos

v)
}
+ + ) 5 x )( 2 x (
xdx
x)
}
+
2
x x 4 5
dx
y)
}
dx x sin x cos
5
z)
}
xdx cos x sin
5 5

4. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}

+
3
x cos x sin
dx ) x cos x (sin
b)
}
dx x 4 x
2 3
c) dx
x 1
gx cot arc
2
3
}
+
d)
}
+
dx
x
) x ln b a sin(

e)
}
+ x cos x sin
xdx cos x sin
4 4
f)
}

+
2
x 1
dx
x 1
x 1
ln g)
}
+ x cos 2 x sin
dx
2 2
h)
}

+
dx
) x 1 (
x x 1
3 2
2

i)
}
) x ln(ln x ln x
dx
j)
}
+ x cos x sin
xdx cos x sin
4 4
k)
}
+
dx
) 1 x (
x 2 x
2 2
3
l)
}
+ + ) 2 x )( 1 x (
dx
2 2

m)
}
+ + 2 x 3 x
xdx 2
2 4
n)
}
+ 1 x 2 x
xdx
2 4
o)
}
+
2
) 1 x )( 1 x (
xdx
p)
arctg x dx
1 x x +
}

q)
}
+ +
2 2
) b x ( ) a x (
dx
r)
}
xdx cos x sin
5 4
s)
}

2 2 2 2
3
x a ) x a (
dx x
t)
}
+
dx
x cos
tgx ln 1 tgx
2

u)
}
+ x cos b x sin a
xdx cos x sin
2 2 2 2
v)
}
+ + ) 3 x )( 2 x )( 1 x (
dx
x)
}
+ o 1 cos x 2 x
xdx
2

5. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}

12
) x 1 (
xdx
b)
}
+
x 3
e 1
dx
c)
}
x 4 ln x
xdx 2 ln
d)
}
+
4 x
x 2
e 1
dx e
e)
}
+ ex 1
dx
g)
}

100
2
) x 1 (
dx x

h)
}

2
5
x 1
dx x
i)
}
+ ) 1 x ( x
dx
j)
}

3
x 3 1
xdx
k)
}
+
10
2
) 1 x (
dx x
m)
}
+
x
a 1
dx
n)
}
+
x
x 2
e 1
dx e

o)
}

dx
x 1
x
p)
}
+
2 4
7
) x 1 (
dx x
q)
}

2
5
x 1
dx x
r)
}

4
4
) 1 x (
dx x
s)
}

5
2
) 1 x (
dx x

t)
}
+
) x 1 ( x
dx ) x 1 (
7
7
u)
}
1 e
xdx cos
x sin
v)
}

2
2
x x 4
dx ) x 6 (
x)
}
+
dx
1 e
1 e
x
x
y)
}
dx ) x 1 ( x
10

6. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+
x x
e e
dx
b)
}

3 2
) x 1 (
dx
c)
}
+
+
) xe 1 ( x
dx ) 1 x (
x
d)
}
+
dx
x
x 1
6
e)
}

3 3
x a
dx x

f)
}
dx x cos
2
g)
}
dx x cos x h)
}
dx x 5 2 x i)
}
+ + 5 x 2 x
dx
2
j) dx
x
1 x 2
}
+

k)
}

2
x x 2
dx
l)
}
+1 x x
dx
2 3
m)
}
+
+
x 1 x 2
dx ) 1 x (
n)
}
+
dx
x cos 1
x cos x sin
2
3

o)
}

+
dx
1 x
3 x 2 x
p)
}
dx ) x 5 1 ( x
10 2 3
q)
}
|
|
.
|
\
|

dx
x
e
1 e
3
x
x
r)
}
+ + + 1 x x 1
dx

s)
}
+ + 1 x 1 x
dx
t)
}
dx ) x 5 2 ( x
3 / 2 2 5
u)
}
+ dx x 1 ) 1 x (
2

v)
}
+ + 1 x 2 3 x 2
dx
x)
}
+ + +
3 2 2
) x 1 ( x 1
xdx

7. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
x cos
xdx
2
b)
}
x x
xdx ln
2
2
c)
}

2
2
x 1
dx x
d)
}
xdx sin x
3
e)
}

dx e x
2
x 7
f)
}

3 2
2
) x 1 (
dx x

g)
}
dx ) x sin(ln h)
}
dx x cos
3

i)
}
dx x arctg j)
}
dx
x cos
x sin x
2
k)
}
arctgxdx x
3

l)
}
dx x cos x m)
}
dx x sin x n)
}
dx ) x sin(ln o)
}
dx e ) 1 x (
x 2 2
p)
}
+
dx 3
1 x 2

q)
}

xdx 2 cos e
x
r)
}
xdx arcsin x s)
}
+
2 / 3 2
arctgx
) x 1 (
dx xe
t)
}
+ dx e ) 1 x (
x 2
u)
}

3 2
) x 1 (
xdx arcsin

a)
}
dx
x
x arccos
2
b)
}
dx ) x (arcsin
2
c)
}
dx
x
x arcsin
2
d)
}
dx x arctg e)
}
dx
x sin
) x ln(sin
2

f)
}
dx x sin x g)
}
bxdx sin e
ax
h)
}
xdx xtg
2
i)
}
+ ) x 1 ( x
dx
2 6
j)
}
xdx sin e
2 x 2

k)
}
dx
x
1
arccos x l)
}
xdx ln cos
2
m)
}
xdx arcsin x
2
n)
}

xdx sin e
1 x
o)
}
xdx 3 cos e
x 5

p)
}

dx
x 1
x arcsin x
2
q)
}

2 / 3 2
) x 1 (
xdx arccos x
r)
}
+
dx
x 1
arctgx x
2
2
s) dx
x 1
arctgx
e
2
arctgx
+
}
t)
}
+ dx e ) 3 x 2 (
x 3

u)
}
+ xdx ln ) 1 x (
2
v)
}
+ dx ) x ln 1 sin( x)
}
+ +
2 2
) 2 x 2 x (
dx
y)
}
+ dx ) 3 x ln( x
2 3

9. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+
dx
1 x
x
arcsin b)
}
+ dx x a x
2 2 2
c) xdx arccos x
2
}
d)
}
dx
x
1
arccos x
e)
}
xdx sin ) x x (
2
f)
}
xdx 2 cos ) x 1 (
2
g)
}
+
+
dx e
x cos 1
x sin 1
x

h)
}
+ xdx ln ) 1 x (
2

i)
}
xdx arcsin x 1 x
2
j)
}
+
+ +
dx
x 1
) x 1 x ln( x
2
2
k)
}
+ + dx ) x 1 x ( ln
2 2

l)
}
+ dx ) x 1 ln( xarctgx
2
m)
}
+
+ +
dx
) x 1 (
) x 1 x ln(
2 / 3 2
2
n)
}

2
x 1
xdx
.
x 1
x
ln
10. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+
+
dx
1 x
x x
6
2
b)
}
+ x 8 x
dx
4
c)
}

2 3
) 1 x (
dx
d) dx
1 x
1 x
6
4
}
+
+
e)
}
+
dx
1 x
x
n
1 n 2
f)
}
+
dx
1 x
1 x
4
2

g)
}

2 5
x x
dx
h)
}

4
4
) 1 x (
dx x
i)
}

5
2
) 1 x (
dx x
j)
}
+
dx
1 x
x x
8
5
k)
}
1 x
xdx
3
l)
}
1 x
dx
4

m)
}
1 x
dx
3
n)
}
+1 x
dx
4
o)
}
+
2 4
) 1 x (
dx
p)
}

3 3
8
) 1 x (
dx x
q)
}

3 4
8
) 1 x (
dx x
r)
}

2 5
x x
dx

s)
}

2 10
4
) 10 x (
dx x
t)
}
+
+
dx
1 x
x x
6
2
u)
}

5
2
) 1 x (
dx x
v)
}
+
dx
) 1 x (
) x 2 x (
2 2
3
x)
}

2 5
x x
dx

11. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+ + 4 x 5 x
dx x
2 4
4
b)
}

1 x x
dx ) 1 x (
2
c)
}
2 x x
dx x
3 6
5
d)
}
+ 2 x 3 x
xdx
3
e)
}
+
+
3 x x 2
dx ) 2 x 3 (
2

f)
}
+ +
+
1 x x
dx ) x 3 x 2 (
2 4
3
g)
}
+
2 5
) 2 x ( x
dx
h)
}
+ + 1 x x
dx
2 4
i)
}
+ +
+
1 x x
dx ) 1 x (
2
j)
}
+
) x 1 ( x
dx ) x 1 (
7
7

k)
}
+
6
4
) 1 x (
dx ) 1 x 2 (
l)
}

+
2
2
) 1 x ( x
dx ) 2 x (
m)
}
+
2 10
) 1 x ( x
dx
n)
}
+ +
+
1 x x
dx ) x x (
2
2 3

o)
}
+ 10 x 6 x
dx x
2
2
p)
}
+
8 x 4 x
dx ) 1 x 3 (
2
q)
}
+ + 25 x 6 x
dx
2
r)
}
+

6 x 5 x
dx ) 5 x 2 (
2 4
2

s)
}
+
3 2
) 3 x ( ) 2 x (
dx
t)
}
+ +
2 2
) 5 x 2 x (
dx
u)
}
+
+
dx
6 x 5 x
9 x 5 x
2
2
v)
}
+ 36 x 13 x
dx
2 4

12. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}

+
) 1 x )( 1 x (
dx ) 1 x (
4
4
b)
}
+
+
) 3 x ( ) 1 x (
dx ) 1 x (
3
2
c)
}
+
+
x 6 x 5 x
dx ) 1 x (
2 3
3
d)
}
+ +
+
1 x x
dx ) 1 x (
2 4
2

e)
}
+
+
dx
) 1 x (
x x 3 x
2 2
3 5
f)
}
+
3 2
) 3 x ( ) 2 x (
dx
g)
}
+ +
2 2
2
) 8 x 6 x (
dx x
h)
}
+
+ +
) 1 x ( ) 1 x (
dx ) 3 x x 3 (
2 3
2

i)
}
+ + 2 x 3 x
xdx 2
2 4
j)
}
+ 1 x 2 x 2 x
dx
3 4
k)
}
+ +
+
1 x 2 x 5
dx ) 1 x (
2
l)
}
+ 3 x 4 x
dx x
2
2

m)
}
+ + 5 x 6 x
xdx
2 4
n)
}
+ +
+
29 x 10 x
dx ) 3 x 5 (
2
o)
}
+
+
) 1 x )( 1 x (
dx ) 1 x 2 x (
2
2
p)
}
+

) 1 x ( ) 2 x (
dx ) 1 x 5 (
2 2

q) dx
) 1 x (
x x 3 x
2 2
3 5
}
+
+
r)
}
+ +
) 2 x 3 x ( x
dx ) 3 x (
4 8
4
s)
}
+
+ +
dx
x x
3 x 4 x 2
2 4
2
t)
}
) 4 x )( 1 x (
dx
2 2

u)
}
+
2 2
) 3 x ( ) 2 x (
dx
v)
}
+ + ) 1 x ( ) 1 x (
dx
2 2
x)
}
+ + ) 2 x )( 1 x (
dx
2 2

13. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}

+ +
) 4 x )( 2 x )( 1 x (
dx ) 6 x 2 x (
2
b)
}
+ + + x x 2 x 2 x
dx
2 3 4
c)
}
+ + +
+ +
2 x 3 x 3 x
dx ) 3 x x 2 (
2 3
2

d)
}
+
+ + +
dx
2 x
7 x 5 x 3 x
2
2 3
e)
}
+ + + 4 x 8 x 5 x
dx x
2 3
2
f)
}
+ + +
3 2
) 3 x ( ) 2 x )( 1 x (
dx

g)
}
+ + + ) x x 1 )( x 1 ( x
dx
2
h)
}
+ + 1 x x x x x
dx
2 3 4 5

i)
}
+ + ) x 1 ( ) x 4 ( x
dx
2 2 2

j)
}
+ + + +

1 x x x x
dx ) 1 x (
2 3 4
2
k)
}
+ + +
+ +
2 x 3 x 3 x
dx ) 3 x x 2 (
2 3
2
l)
}
+ + + +

1 x x x x
dx ) 1 x x (
3 4 5
2 5

m)
3
6 4 2
(x x)dx
x 4x 4x 1
+ + +
}
n)
}
+ + +
2 2
) 3 x ( ) 2 x )( 1 x (
dx
o)
}
+ + + +

1 x x x x
dx ) 1 x (
2 3 4
2

p)
}
+ + + ) 1 x x )( 1 x ( x
dx
2
q)
}
+

) 1 x 5 x )( 5 x ( x
dx ) 1 x (
5 4
4

r) dx
2 x
7 x 5 x 3 x
2
2 3
}
+
+ + +

s)
}
+ + ) 5 x 4 x )( 4 x 4 x (
dx
2 2

14. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}

2
4
x 1
dx x
b)
3 3
dx
1 x +
}
c)
}
2 x
dx x
2
2
d)
}
2 x 3
dx
2
e)
3
x 1
dx
x 1
+
}
f)
}

2
2
x 4
dx x

g)
}
) x 1 ( x
xdx
3
h)
}
+
2
x 4 x
dx
i)
}

x
dx x a
2 2
j)
1 x
dx
1 x
+
}
k)
}

3 2
) x 1 (
dx

l)
}
dx x x 4
2
m)
}
+
2 4
x 1 x
dx
n)
}
+
3 2
x 1
xdx
o)
}
+
2 3
) x 1 (
dx x
p)
}
+
3 2 2
) a x (
dx

q)
6
1 x
dx
x
+
}
r)
}
dx x x 3
3 3
s)
3 2
dx
x x +
}
t)
}
+ dx x x
4 3
u)
}
2 x
dx x
2
2

15. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+ +
+
3
3
x 2 x
dx x 2 x
b)
3
4
xdx
x (4 x)
}
c)
}
+

dx
1 x 1
1 1 x
4
d)
x 1
x dx
x 1
+
}
e)
x 1 1
dx
x 1 1
+ +
+
}

f)
5
3
x dx
x 1 x +
}
g)
}
+
x
dx
x 1
x 1
h)
}
+
3 4
x 1 x
dx
i)
}
+
3 3
) x 1 ( x
dx
j)
}

3 3 3
x 2 x
dx

k)
}
+
2
3
x x 2 1
dx x
l) dx x 1
3 4
}
+ m)
}
+
dx
x
x 1
2
3 3
n)
}
+ +
+
2 x 2 x
dx ) x 4 x (
2
2
o)
}

2 / 3 2
3
) bx a (
dx x

p)
}
+ 1 1 x
dx x
3 2
3
q)
}
+
4 11
x 1 x
dx
r)
}
+ +
3 4
3
1 x 1
dx x
s)
}

4
3
) 1 x ( x
dx
t)
}

2 3
x 1 ) x 1 (
xdx

u)
}
+ 1 1 x
dx x
3 2
3
v)
3
3
x 2
dx
x x 2
+
+ +
}
x)
}
dx x ax
3 3
y) dx
x
x 1
3
}
+
z)
}
+
+
6 x 5 x
dx ) 2 x (
2

16. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+
+ +
dx
x 1
x 1 x
3
2
b)
}
dx ) x b )( a x ( c)
( )
dx
x 1
x 1 x x
2
2
}
+
+ +
d)
}
+ + 1 x 1 x
xdx
3

e)
}
) x b )( a x (
dx
f)
3 5
dx
x x x + +
}
g)
}
+ dx x a x
2 2 2
h)
}
+ +
+ +
1 x ) 1 x (
dx ) 2 1 x (
2

i)
}

2
x 1 ) 1 x (
dx
j)
}

dx
x a
x
(a > 0) k)
}
+
dx
) x 1 ( x
x x x
3
3
l)
}
+
+
3 x 4 x
dx ) 2 x (
2

m)
}
+ +

2
x 1 ) 1 x (
dx ) 1 x (

n)
x 2x 3
dx
x 1
+
}
o)
}

dx
x
) x 1 (
2
3 2
p)
}
+ +
+
3 x 2 x
dx ) 1 x (
2
2

q)
}
+
+
3 x 2 x
dx ) 4 x (
2
r)
}

3 4
) 1 x ( x
dx
s)
}
+
+ +
dx
x 1
x 1 x
3
2
t)
}

2
x x 2 3
xdx

u)
}
+ 1 x 4 x 3
dx
2
v)
}
+ +
1 x 8 x 2
dx ) 3 x 5 (
2
x)
}
+
+
8 x 6 x
dx ) 4 x 3 (
2
y)
}
+ +
dx
x
2 x 2 x
2

17. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
2
3 4x 4x dx +
}
b)
2
dx
(x 1) x x 1 + + +
}
c)
}
+ + x 2 x ) 2 x (
dx
2
d)
}
+ 1 x 2 x 5 x
dx
2

e)
}
+
3
4 2
) 1 x ( ) 1 x (
dx
f)
}

2
x x 4
xdx
g)
2
x x 2x 2dx + +
}
h)
}
+ + 2 x 2 x
dx
2

i)
}
dx x x 4 5
2
j) dx 1 x x
2
}
+ k)
}
+ + 5 x 4 x
xdx
2
l)
}
+ 1 x x x
dx
2

m)
}
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
3
x x 2 1 x
dx
n)
}

2 2
5
x a ) x a (
dx x
o)
}
+
2
x x 1 1
dx
p)
}
+
2
x x 2 1 1
dx

q)
}
+ + + 2 x 2 x 1
dx
2
r)
}
+
2
x x 5
xdx
s)
}
+ + 2 x x
xdx
2
t)
}
+ dx 2 x 3 x x
2

u)
7 5
6
dx
(x 7) (x 5)
}
v)
}
+ +
+
dx
1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x
x)
}
+ 1 x 2 ) 1 x 2 (
dx
3
2
y)
}
+
+
dx
1 x
2 x
2
2

18. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+ + +
+
3 x 3 x ) 1 x (
dx ) 2 x 3 (
2
b)
2
dx
(1 x) 3 2x x +
}

c)
dx
2 1 x 1 x + + +
}

d)
}
+ + +
+ +
dx
2 x 3 x x
2 x 3 x x
2
2
e)
3 2
dx
4x 4x 1 2x 1 + + +
}
f)
}
+ + 3 x 2 x ) 1 x (
dx
2

g)
}
+
2 2
x x 2 1 ) 1 x (
xdx
h)
}
+ + + 1 x x x
dx
2
i)
}
+ + +
2 2
x 1 2 2 x
xdx

j)
}
+ +
2
3
x x 2 1 ) x 1 (
dx x
k) dx 2 x 2 x x
2
}
+ l)
}

4
x 2 1 x 2 1
dx

19. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+ x sin 1
dx
b)
}
xdx cos
6
c)
}
x sin
dx
4
d)
}
dx
x sin
x cos
3
4
e)
}
x sin
dx
3
f)
}
+ tgx 3 4
dx

g)
}
xdx g cot
6
h)
}
dx
x sin
x cos
3
3
i)
}
a sin x sin
dx
j)
}
x sin 1
dx
k)
}
x cos x sin
dx
3 2

l)
}
x cos x sin
dx
m)
}
3 2
7
x cos
xdx sin
n)
}
x 2 cos x sin
dx
o)
}
x cos x sin
dx
2
p)
}
x cos x sin
dx
2 4

q)
}
dx tgx r)
}
+ tgx 4 x tg
dx
2
s)
}
+
dx
x sin 1
x cos x sin
4
t)
}
+ x cos 1
xdx 2 sin
4
u)
}
+ x 2 sin 2
xdx sin

v)
}
3 2
x sin x 3 cos
dx
x)
}
x cos x sin
dx
5 3
y)
}
+
4
) x cos x (sin
dx
z)
}
+ x cos x sin
dx
3 3

20. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+
2
) x cos 2 x (sin
dx cos) x (sin
b)
}
+ x sin x sin
xdx cos
2
3
c)
}
+
dx
x 2 sin
x sin x cos
d)
}
+ x cos 1 x sin
dx

e)
}
xdx cos x g cot
2
f)
}
x cos x sin
dx
5 3
g)
}
+ x cos 4 x sin 3
dx
h)
}
+ ) x cos 1 ( x sin
dx

i)
}
+ x sin x cos
xdx 2 cos
3
j)
}
+ x cos x sin
xdx 2 sin
4 4
k)
}
+ x cos x sin
dx
6 6
l)
}
+
+
x sin 2 x 2 sin
dx ) x sin 1 (

m)
}
+ x cos x sin
xdx cos x sin
n)
}
3
x sin x cos
dx
o)
}
+ dx ) a x ( tgxtg p)
}
+ dx ) y x sin( x sin
q)
}
+ x cos x sin
xdx cos x sin
8 8
2 2
r)
}
+
x cos 2 x sin
dx ) x cos x (sin
s)
}
tgx x cos
xdx sin
2
2
t)
}
+ x sin 1 x cos
xdx sin
2

u)
}
+ x 2 sin 2
xdx sin
v)
}
+
4
) x cos x (sin
dx
x)
}
+ x cos x sin
dx
2 3
y)
}
x sin x cos
dx
5 5

21. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
x cos x sin
dx
4
b)
}
+
dx
x 2 sin
x sin x cos
c)
}
xdx sin x 3 sin d)
}
xdx cos x sin
4 2

e)
}
1 x sin 4
xdx cos
2
3
f)
}
+ + x cos x sin 1
xdx sin
g)
}
x cos x sin
dx
2
h)
}
x cos x sin
dx
4

i)
dx
sin x(1 cos x) +
}
j)
}
+ x 2 sin 2
xdx sin
k)
3
2
sin x cos x
dx
1 cos x +
}
l)
}
+
+
) x cos 1 ( x sin
dx ) x sin 2 (

m) dx
x 2 cos
x sin x sin
3
}
+
n)
}
+ x cos x sin 2 3
dx
o)
}
+
dx
x cos x sin
x cos x sin
4 4
2 2

p)
}
+
+
dx
x sin x sin
x cos cos
4 2
5 3

q)
}
+
+
dx
3 x cos 2 x sin
3 x cos 2 x sin
r)
}
+
x cos 4 x sin 3
dx ) x cos x sin 2 (
2 2
s)
}
+

x cos x sin 4 1
dx ) x cos 2 x (sin

t)
}
dx
3
x
sin
2
x
sin x sin u)
}
xdx 3 cos x 2 sin
2 3
v)
2
sin xdx
(1 cos x sin x) +
}

x)
3 3
(2sin x sin 2x)dx
sin x (1 cos x)
+
}
y)
dx
3sin x 4cos x 5 +
}
z)
}
+ + 3 x cos 3 x sin 2
dx

22. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
xdx 3 cos x 2 cos x cos b)
}
+ x cos x 2 sin x sin
dx
2 2
b)
}
+ + x cos 3 x sin 5 3
dx

c)
}
1 x sin x cos
xdx 2 sin
2 3
d)
}
+
+
dx
x sin x sin
x cos x cos
2 4
3 5

e)
}
+ + 2 x sin x cos
xdx sin

f)
}
+
+
x cos 9 x cos x sin
dx ) x cos 3 x sin 2 (
3 2
g)
}
+
2
) x sin x cos 1 (
xdx sin
h)
}
+
3 3
) x cos 1 ( x sin
dx ) x 2 sin x sin 2 (

i)
}
+ + 5 x cos 3 x sin 4
dx
j)
}
+ + 2 x cos 2 x sin
dx
k)
}
+ 5 x cos x sin 2
dx

l)
}
+ + 5 x cos 3 x sin 4
dx
m)
}
xdx 5 cos x 3 cos x cos n)
}
+ + x cos 3 x sin 5 3
dx

o)
}
+ x cos x sin 4 x sin
xdx cos
2
2
p)
}
x sin 5 x cos x sin 8 x sin 3
dx
2 2

q)
}
+ x sin x cos x cos x sin
dx
4 4

23. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+
2 / 3 2
) x 1 (
xdx ln
b)
}
dx
e
arctge
x
x
c)
}
dx
e
e arcsin
x
x
d)
}
xdx xtg
2
e)
}
+
dx
x 1
arctgx x
2
4

f)
}
+
2
x 2
) 2 x (
dx e x
g)
}
+
2 2
) x 1 (
xarctgxdx
h)
}
+
+
dx
x sin 1
x cos x
i)
}
+ ) e 1 ( e
dx arctge
x 2 / x
2 / x

j)
}
+

dx
x 5 cos 2 1
x 7 cos x 8 cos
k)
}
+ x sin 1 x cos
xdx sin
2
l)
}
+ x cos 1 x sin
xdx cos
2

m)
}

dx
x 1
x arccos x
2
3
n)
}
+
dx
x 2 sin x
x cos x sin

o)
}
+ +
x x
e 1 e 1
dx

p)
}

+ +
dx
) x 1 (
) x 1 x ln( x
2 2
2

24. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
dx e x
x n
b)
}
xdx sin
n
c)
}
x cos
dx
n
d)
}
xdx ln
n

e)
n
tg xdx
}
f)
n
xln xdx
}
g)
n
x sin xdx
}

h)
n
2
x dx
ax bx c + +
}
i)
n
dx
(a sin x bcos x) +
}
j)
}
+
xdx ) 1 n sin( x sin

1 n

Gii tch 1 Tun VII. Tch phn xc nh
Tun VII. Tch phn xc nh
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: Tch phn xc nh
*

2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc v tch phn xc nh: nh
ngha, ngha hnh hc, c hc, tiu chun kh tch; cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc
nh; cng thc o hm theo cn; cng thc Newton-Leibnitz; cc phng php tnh:
tch phn tng phn, i bin s.
3. Cc kin thc cn c trc: Cc kin thc hc ph thng v tch phn,
cc kin thc v hm s, lin tc, o hm, nguyn hm, h nguyn hm, tch phn bt
nh.

*
Tch phn xc nh c hc chng trnh ph thng. Phn ny ch mang tnh cht h
thng li, cung cp thm v tiu chun kh tch, cng thc o hm theo cn.
B. L thuyt
I nh ngha tch phn xc nh
1. Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh, lin tc
trn khong ng [a,b], gi s f(x)
khng m trn [a,b]. Xt hnh thang
cong AabB l hnh gii hn bi th
ca hm s f(x) (trn [a,b]), cc
ng thng x = a; x = b v Ox. Bi
ton t ra l tm cch tnh din tch S
ca hnh thang cong AaaB.
Ta chia [a,b] thnh n on nh
nh bi cc im chia: x
0
= a < x
1
< x
2
< < x
n-1
< x
n
= b. Ta gi cch chia l mt
phn hoch P.
T cc im chia x
i
(i = 0, n ), dng cc ng x = x
i
ct th ca f(x) ti cc
im P
i
. Xt cc hnh thang cong nh P
i-1
x
i-1
x
i
P
i
, c y: x
i
= x
i
- x
i-1
. Trong mi on
[x
i-1
,x
i
], chn im
i
tu . Ta c f(
i
)x
i
l xp x vi din tch ca hnh thang cong
P
i-1
x
i-1
x
i
P
i
(i = 0, n ). Nh th, din tch S
n
i i
i 1
f ( ) x
=
A
. Tng ny c gi l tng tch

phn ca hm f ng vi phn hoch P.
Da vo cc gi thit ca hm f, ngi ta chng minh c rng:
S =
i
n
1 i
i
0 x max
n
x ) ( f lim
i
n i 1
A
=
A

s s

ngha l din tch ca hnh thang cong AabB bng gii hn ca tng tch phn khi s
im chia ra v cng sao cho di cc on tin ti 0. Ngi ta cng chng minh
c, gii hn ny khng ph thuc cch chia on [a,b] cng nh cch chn cc im
trong
i
.
O
y
x
A
B
P
i-1

P
i

a x
1
x
2
x
i
x
i-1
x
n-1

b
Hnh 7.1
2. nh ngha tch phn xc nh
nh ngha 7.1.1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh, v b chn trn on [a,b]. Chia [a,b]
thnh tng on nh bi cc im:
x
0
= a < x
1
< x
2
< < x
n-1
< x
n
= b
Vi mi i = 1, n , t x
i
= x
i
- x
i-1
, trong mi on [x
i-1
,x
i
], chn im
i
tu .
Nu
i
n
1 i
i
0 x max
n
x ) ( f lim
i
n i 1
A
=
A

s s
tn ti hu hn v bng mt gi tr I no , ng thi gii
hn ny khng ph thuc cch chia on [a,b] cng nh cch chn cc im trong
i
,
th ta gi l tch phn xc nh ca f(x) trn [a,b], ng thi k hiu:
I =
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f
3. ngha
a) Da vo bi ton dn ti nh ngha tch phn xc nh, ta c: S =
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f l din
tch hnh thang cong chn bi y = f(x) ( > 0), x = a, x = b, y = 0.
b) Xt bi ton tnh cng ca mt lc y mt cht im i t im a trn Ox, dc theo
Ox ti b trn Ox. Gi s ln ca lc ti mt im x e [a,b] l f(x). Khi , vi
cch xem xt ging nh i vi bi ton din tch hnh thang cong, ta c cng ca lc
l: A =
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f .
II iu kin kh tch
nh l 7.2.1: Cho f(x) xc nh v b chn trn [a,b], chia [a,b] thnh n on nh nh
bi cc im chia: x
0
= a < x
1
< x
2
< < x
n-1
< x
n
= b (phn hoch P).
Vi mi i = 1, n , k hiu:
x
i
= x
i
- x
i-1
, m
i
=
i 1 i
x [x ,x ]
inf
e
f(x), M
i
=
i 1 i
x [x ,x ]
sup
e
f(x), =
i 1,n
max
=
x
i

t s =
n
i i
i 1
m x
=
A
, S =
n
i i
i 1
M x
=
A
ln lt c gi l tng (tch phn) di v

tng (tch phn) trn ca f(x) trn [a,b], ng vi phn hoch P.
Khi , f(x) kh tch trn [a,b], nu v ch nu:
0
lim
(S - s) = 0.
Ch thch: Vi cc k hiu nh trn, nu t i = Mi - mi, ta c hm s f s kh tch
khi v ch khi
0
lim
n
i i
i 1
x
=
e A
= 0.
nh l 7.2.2: Nu f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] th kh tch trn [a,b].
nh l 7.2.3: Nu f(x) b chn trn [a,b] v c mt s hu hn im gin on trn
[a,b] th kh tch trn [a,b].
nh l 7.2.4: Nu f(x) b chn v n iu trn [a,b] th kh tch trn [a,b].
III Tnh cht
*

a)
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f . C =
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f C b)
}
b
a
Cdx = C(b-a) c)
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f = -
}
a
b
dx ) x ( f

d)
}
+
b
a
dx )] x ( g ) x ( f [ =
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f +
}
b
a
dx ) x ( g
e) Cho ba on [a,b], [a,c], [c,b], nu f(x) kh tch trn on di nht th cng kh tch
trn hai on cn li, v:
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
}
c
a
dx ) x ( f +
}
b
c
dx ) x ( f
f) Nu a b, v
i) f(x) 0 trn [a,b] th
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f 0 ii) f(x) g(x) trn th
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f
}
b
a
dx ) x ( g
iii)
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f
}
b
a
dx | ) x ( f |

*
Cc tnh cht y, phn ln da vo tnh cht tng ca tch phn, nh cc tnh cht: a
tha s chung ra ngoi du tch phn, tch cht cng Cc tnh cht trong phn ny khng
chng minh nhng c th m t vn tt cho sinh vin, hoc minh ha bng hnh hc. Ch l
trong phn ny chng ta lun c gi thit cc hm l kh tch trn cc on ang xt.
iv) m f(x) M trn [a,b] th m(b-a)
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f M(b-a)
g) nh l trung bnh th nht:
Nu a < b, m f(x) M th -: m M v
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f = (b-a)
c bit: nu f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] th
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f = f(c)(b-a) , a c b.
h) nh l trung bnh th hai: Gi thit nh trn, v g(x) khng i du, th

}
b
a
dx ) x ( g ) x ( f =
}
b
a
dx ) x ( g
c bit, nu f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] th
}
b
a
dx ) x ( g ) x ( f = f(c)
}
b
a
dx ) x ( g , a c b.
IV Cch tnh tch phn xc nh
nh l 7.4.1: Cho hm s f(x) kh tch trn [a,b], khi hm s (x) =
}
x
a
dx ) t ( f , xc
nh x e [a,b]. Ta c:
i) (x) lin tc x e [a,b].
ii) Nu f(t) lin tc ti t = x th (x) c o hm ti x v: (x) = f(x)
nh l 7.4.2: Nu f(x) lin tc trn [a,b], v nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) trn
(a,b) th:
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f = F(b) - F(a) (Cng thc Newton-Leibnitz).
V d:
}
+
1
0
4
x 1
xdx
=
1
2
1 2
4
0
dx
1 x +
}
=
1
2
1
2
0
arctgx =
8
t

Ch thch: Cng thc ny cng c th vit di dng
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
b
a
F(x)
nh l 7.4.3 (Cng thc o hm theo cn): Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b]. Xt
hm (x) =
(x)
(x)
f (t)dt
|
o
}
, xc nh vi x tha mn (x), (x) e [a,b]. Khi :
(x) = f((x)).(x) - f((x)).(x)
V d:
}
x cos
x sin
t 2
dt e
dx
d
= - e
2x
(sinx + cosx)

}
}
tgx
0
x sin
0
0 x
dt t sin
dt tgt
lim =
x 0
lim
2
tg(sin x) cos x
sin(tgx)
cos x
= 1
V Mt s phng php tnh tch phn tng phn
1. i bin
Xt tch phn
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f , vi f(x) lin tc trn [a,b].
a) Xt php i bin x = (t) tha mn: (t) c o hm lin tc trn [,], vi ,
tha mn: () = a, () = b, v khi t bin thin trong [,] th x bin thin trong
[A,B] [a,b] v f(x) lin tc trn [a,b], khi
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
}
|
o
dt ) t ( ' )) t ( ( f .
V d:
}

4 ln
2 ln
x
1 e
dx
, i bin x = lnt, khi x bin thin trong [ln2,ln4] th t bin thin trong
[2,4] =>
4
2
dt
t(t 1)
}
= ln
4
2
t 1
t
= ln
3
2

b) Xt php i bin t = (x) tha mn: (x) bin thin n iu trn [a,b] v c o
hm lin tc, f(x)dx tr thnh g(t)dt, trong g(t) l mt hm s lin tc trn on
[(a),(b)], khi :
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
}
) b (
) a (
dt ) t ( g
V d:
}
+
1
0
x 1
xdx
, t t = x => dt =
dx
2 x
, khi x bin thin t 0 ti 1 th t cng bin
thin t 0 ti 1
=>
}
+
1
0
x 1
xdx
=
1 3
0
2t dt
1 t +
}
= 2
1
2
0
(t t 1)dt +
}
-
1
0
2dt
1 t +
}
=
2
3
1
3
0
t -
1
2
0
t + 2
1
0
t - 2
1
0
ln(t 1) +
=
5
3
- 2ln2
2. Tch phn tng phn
Gi s u(x) v v(x) l nhng hm s c o hm lin tc trn [a,b], khi :
}
b
a
udv =
b
a
uv -
}
b
a
vdu
V d:
}
3
0
xarctgxdx =
2
x
2
3
0
arctgx -
3 2
2
0
x dx
2(1 x ) +
}
=
2
t
-
1
2
3
0
x +
1
2
3
0
arctgx =
2
3
t
-
3
2

C. Bi tp
1. Tnh cc o hm
a)
}
y
x
t
dt e
dx
d
2
b)
}
y
x
t
dt e
dy
d
2
c)
}
+
2
x
0
2
dt t 1
dx
d

d)
}
t
x cos
x sin
2
dt t cos
dx
d

e)
}

3
y
y
2
x 1
dx
dy
d
f)
}
+
3
2
x
x
4
t 1
dt
dx
d

2. Tm cc gii hn
a)
1 x
dt ) arctgt (
lim
2
x
0
2
x
+
}
+
b)
x
dt t cos
lim
x
0
2
0 x
}
c)
}
}
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
0
t 2
2
x
0
t
x
dt e
dt e
lim
2
2

d)
2
2
x
x
0
t
x
e
dt e x 2
lim
}

e)
}
}
+
tgx
0
x sin
0
0 x
dt t arcsin
dt arctgt
lim f)
}
}
+
tgx
0
3
x sin
0
0 x
dt t sin
dt tgt t
lim
a)
}
+
2
3
dx
4 x
x
b)
}
1
0
x 4
dx e x c)
}
t
t
3 /
6 /
4
xdx tg d)
}
t
0
6
dx
2
x
sin e)
}
+
5
2
0
3 5
9
) x 1 (
dx x
f)
}
+
1
0
x 1
xdx

g)
}
+
1
0
2
3
2
) x 3 (
dx
h)
}
e
1
2
dx
x
x ln
i)
}
1
0
x arcsin
dx e j)
}
t
t
3 /
4 /
2
x sin
xdx
j)
}
+
1
0
x
e 1
dx
k)
}
+
1
0
e x
dx e
x

l)
}

1
0
x 2
dx xe m)
}
1
0
x 3 2
dx e x n)
}

2 ln 2
2 ln
x
1 e
dx
o)
}
+
3
1
2
2
dx
x
x 1
p)
}
+
+
1
2 / 1
4
2
dx
x 1
x 1

q)
}
t
t
2 /
4 /
3
3
x sin
xdx cos
| r)
}

+
1
0
x x
x
e e
dx e
s)
}
e
1
2 2
xdx ln x t)
}

2 ln
0
x
dx 1 e u)
}

1
0
2
dx x 4 9
a)
}
2
0
dx x cos x b)
}
t
t
3 /
3 /
2
dx
x cos
x sin x

c)
}

2 / 1
0
2
x 1
xdx arcsin
d)
}
+
3 ln
0
x
x
dx
e 1
e 1
e)
}
+ +
1
0
2
2 x 3 x
dx

f)
}
t 2 /
0
x 2
xdx cos e g)
}
|
.
|
\
| t
3
2
0
3
dx x cos h)
}
e
1
2
dx ) x ln x ( i)
}

9
1
3
dx x 1 x j)
}
+ +
1
1
2
1 x x
xdx

k)
}
+ +
4
0
1 x 2 1
dx
l)
}

1
0
dx
) x 1 ( x
x arcsin

m)
}
t
t
2 /
6 /
3
xdx g cot n)
}
t 2 /
1
dx ) x cos(ln o)
}

3
3
2 2
dx x 9 x
p)
}
t
+
2 /
0
x cos 2 3
dx
q)
}

3
1
2 3
dx 1 x x r)
}
+

5 ln
0
x
x x
dx
3 e
1 e e
s)
}
+
1
1
2
4
dx
x 1
x arcsin x

t)
}
+ +
+
1
0
2
2
) 1 x )( 1 x (
dx ) x 3 x (
u)
}
+ +
1
0
2
2 x 2 x
dx
v)
}
+
e
1
2
) x ln 1 ( x
dx
x)
}
t
+
3 /
0
x cos 3 2
dx

5. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
+
3
0
2 5
dx x 1 x b)
}
+ +
2 / 1
2 / 1
2
5 x 4 x 4
dx
c)
}
t
2 /
0
2
xdx sin ) x x ( d)
}
t
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2 /
0
dx
x cos 1
x sin 1
ln
e)
}
+
e
1
2
x ln x x
dx
f)
}
+
e
1
dx ) 1 x ( | x ln | g)
}

1
0
12 2
dx ) x 2 ( x h)
}
t
4 /
0
x
xdx 2 sin e
i)
}
+
3
0
dx
x 1
x
arcsin

j)
}
t
+ +
2 /
0
x cos x sin 1
dx
k)
}
+ +
75 , 0
0
2
1 x ) 1 x (
dx
l)
}
t
+
2
0
4 4
x cos x sin
dx

m)
}

1
3 / 1
4
3
1
3
dx
x
) x x (
n)
}
+
2
0
2 2
2
dx
) x tg 1 (
x cos x sin
o)
}
t
1
4
1
2
dx x 1 cos p)
}
2 / 2
0
2
xdx arcsin x
q)
}
1
0
xdx arcsin x r)
}
t
t
+
+
3 /
4 /
2
2
) tgx 1 (
dx ) x tg 1 (

s)
}
t
t

+
2 /
2 /
2
3
dx
x sin 9
x cos x
t)
}
t
t

+
dx
x cos 9
| x sin | x sin
2
5

u)
}
t
t
+ +
2 /
3 /
1 x cos x sin
dx
v)
}
t
+
4 /
0
2 2
x cos ) x tg 4 (
dx
x)
}
t
+
2 /
0
2 2 2 2
x sin b x cos a
dx

y)
}
t 2 /
0
xdx 3 sin x 2 sin x sin z) dx e ) 5 x 2 x (
1
0
2
x
3
}

+
6. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
}
t 2 /
0
n
nxdx cos x cos b)
}
t 2 /
0
n
xdx sin c)
}

1
0
1 n 1 m
dx ) x 1 ( x
d)
}
t 2 /
0
n 2 m 2
xdx cos x sin e)
}
t
+
0
1 n
xdx ) 1 n cos( x sin f)
}
t +
|
.
|
\
|
+
4 /
0
1 n 2
dx
x cos x sin
x cos x sin

7. Vi gi thit cc hm l kh tch trn min ang xt, chng minh rng
a)
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
}
+
1
0
dx ] x ) a b ( a [ f b)
}
a
0
2 3
dx ) x ( f x =
}
2
a
0
dx ) x ( xf
2
1
(a > 0)
c)
}
a
a
dx ) x ( f = 0 (f l hm l) d)
}
a
a
dx ) x ( f = 2
}
a
0
dx ) x ( f (f l hm chn)
e)
}
+T a
a
dx ) x ( f =
}
T
0
dx ) x ( f (f l hm tun hon chu k T)
8. Chng minh rng nu f(x) lin tc trn [0,1] th
a)
}
t 2 /
0
dx ) x (sin f =
}
t 2 /
0
dx ) x (cos f b)
}
t
0
dx ) x (sin xf =
}
t
t
0
dx ) x (sin f
2

p dng tnh cc tch phn sau
c)
}
t
+
0
2
x cos 1
xdx sin x
d)
}
t
+
2 /
0
3 3
3
x cos x sin
xdx cos
e)
}
t
+
2 /
0
x cos x sin
dx x sin

f)
}
t
+
2 /
0
2
) tgx ( 1
dx
g)
}
t
+ +
+
2 /
0
3 3
3
2 x cos x sin
dx ) 1 x (sin
h)
}
t
+ +
+
2 /
0
4 x cos x sin
dx ) 2 x cos (

9. Cho f(x), g(x) l hai hm s kh tch trn [a,b]. Khi f
2
(x), g
2
(x) v f(x)g(x)
cng kh tch trn [a,b], vi a < b, chng minh
2
b
a
dx ) x ( g ) x ( f
|
|
.
|
\
|
}

|
|
.
|
\
|
}
b
a
2
dx ) x ( f
|
|
.
|
\
|
}
b
a
2
dx ) x ( g
10. Cho hm f(x) kh tch v nghch bin trn [0,1], chng minh rng e (0,1), ta
c:
}
o
0
dx ) x ( f
}
1
0
dx ) x ( f
Gii tch 1 Tun VIII. Tch phn suy rng
L Ch Ngc B mn Ton Tin, Khoa Ton-Tin ng dng, H BKHN Trang 95
Tun VIII. Tch phn suy rng
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: Tch phn suy rng.
2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc khi nim v tch phn suy rng: c cn
v hn v hu hn, nh ngha, ngha hnh hc; cc khi nim: hi t, phn k, gi tr
ca tch phn, hi t tuyt i, bn hi t, du hiu so snh.
hm s, tch phn bt nh v tch phn xc nh.
B. L thuyt
I Cn ly tch phn l v hn
1. nh ngha
nh ngha 8.1.1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn [a,+) v kh tch trn bt k on
hu hn [a,A]. Nu tn ti
}
+
A
a
A
dx ) x ( f lim th gii hn c gi l tch phn suy
rng ca hm s f(x) trn [a,+), k hiu l
}
+
a
dx ) x ( f (*), v ta ni tch phn (*) l hi
t. Ngc li (gii hn khng tn ti) th ta ni rng tch phn (*) l phn k. Tng
t, ta c tch phn suy rng ca hm s f(x) t - n a:
}

a
dx ) x ( f =
a
A'
A'
lim f (x)dx
}

(vi gi thit f(x) kh tch trn on hu hn [A,a] bt k) v tch phn suy rng t -
n +:
}
+

dx ) x ( f =
}

A
' A
' A
A
dx ) x ( f lim (vi gi thit f(x) kh tch trn on hu hn [A,A]
bt k).
Ch thch: Ta cng c th vit:
}
+

dx ) x ( f =
}

a
dx ) x ( f +
}
+
a
dx ) x ( f (tch phn suy rng
v tri s hi t khi v ch khi c hai tch phn suy rng v phi l hi t).
II Hm s ly tch phn khng b chn
1. nh ngha
nh ngha 8.2.1: Cho hm s f(x) b chn v kh tch trong khong ng [a,b-] vi 0
< < b - a bt k, nhng khng kh tch trong on [b-,b] vi 0 < b - a bt k,
ng thi
x b
lim
f(x) = . Nu tn ti gii hn
0
lim
+
q
b
a
f (x)dx
q
}
hu hn, th gii hn
c gi l tch phn suy rng ca hm f(x) ly trn [a,b], ta ni tch phn
b
a
f (x)dx
}
hi
t v t:
b
a
f (x)dx
}
=
0
lim
+
q
b
a
f (x)dx
q
}
, ngc li, ta ni tch phn
b
a
f (x)dx
}
phn k.
Tng t, nu f(x) b chn v kh tch trong khong ng [a + ,b] vi 0 < < b - a
bt k, nhng khng kh tch trong on [a,a + ] vi 0 < b - a bt k, ng thi
x a
lim
+
f(x) = , nu tn ti gii hn
' 0
lim
q
b
a '
f (x)dx
+q
}
hu hn, th gii hn c gi l
tch phn suy rng ca hm f(x) ly trn [a,b], ta ni tch phn
b
a
f (x)dx
}
hi t v t:
b
a
f (x)dx
}
=
' 0
lim
q
b
a '
f (x)dx
+q
}
.
nh ngha 8.2.2: Nu f(x) khng b chn ti c thuc (a,b), ta nh ngha tch phn suy
rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
bi biu thc
b
a
f (x)dx
}
=
c
a
f (x)dx
}
+
b
c
f (x)dx
}
. Tch phn suy rng v
tri s hi t khi v ch khi c hai tch phn suy rng v phi hi t.
Ch thch: Nhng im m ti hm s khng b chn trong cc nh ngha trn
c gi l im bt thng ca hm s.
III Cch tnh
Xt
}
+
a
dx ) x ( f . Gi s f(x) trn [a,+) c nguyn hm F(x), khi , ta c:
}
+
a
dx ) x ( f =
}
+
A
a
A
dx ) x ( f lim =
A
lim
+
(F(A) - F(a))
nu
}
+
a
dx ) x ( f hi t, ta c
A
lim
+
F(A) hu hn, k hiu F(+) =
A
lim
+
F(A), nh th:
}
+
a
dx ) x ( f = F(+) - F(a) =
a
F(x)
+

Vi cc k hiu tng t v gi thit tng t, ta cng c:
}

a
dx ) x ( f =
a
F(x)
v
}
+

dx ) x ( f = F(x)
+

V d: Xt s hi t ca
a
dx
x
+
o }

a) = 1, ta c:
a
dx
x
+
}
=
A
lim
+
(lnA - lna) = +, vy tch phn phn k khi = 1
b) 1, ta c:
a
dx
x
+
o }
=
A
lim
+
1 1
A a
1 1
o o
| |
|
o o
\ .
=
1
a
khi 1
1
khi 1
o
o >
o
+ o <

vy tch phn cho hi t khi > 1 v phn k khi 1.
Cng nh i vi tch phn xc nh thng thng, tch phn suy rng cng c
th thc hin php i bin v ly tch phn tng phn.
V d:
0
2 x
x e dx
}
=
0
2 x
x e
- 2
0
x
xe dx
}
= -2
0
x
xe
+ 2
0
x
e dx
}
=
0
x
e
= 1.
IV Mi quan h ca cc tch phn suy rng
Ta cng c th vit
}

a
dx ) x ( f =
a
f ( t)dt
+

}
(thc hin php i bin x = -t) nh th tch
phn suy rng dng
}

a
dx ) x ( f c th quy v dng
a
f (x)dx
+
}
.
Tng t, xt tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
(f(x) khng b chn ti a) bng php
i bin t =
1
x a
, ta c
b
a
f (x)dx
}
=
2
1
b a
1
f a
t
dt
t
+
| |
+
|
\ .
}
(vi ngha
b
a
f (x)dx
}
v
2
1
b a
1
f a
t
dt
t
+
| |
+
|
\ .
}
s cng phn k hoc cng hi t v c gi tr bng nhau).
*

Vi ngha tng t nh trn, ta c, trong trng hp f(x) khng b chn ti b,
b
a
f (x)dx
}
=
2
1
b a
1
f b
t
dt
t
+
| |
|
\ .
}
thng qua php i bin t =
1
b x
, v nu f(x) khng b chn
ti c e (a,b), ta c:
b
a
f (x)dx
}
=
c
a
f (x)dx
}
+
b
c
f (x)dx
}
=
1
a c
2
1
f c
t
dt
t
| |
+
|
\ .
}
+
2
1
b c
1
f c
t
dt
t
+
| |
+
|
\ .
}

thng qua php i bin t =
1
x c

Ch thch: Vi nhn xt trn, i vi tch phn suy rng c cn v hn, ta cng coi cc
im l im bt thng.
V d: Xt s hi t ca
b
a
dx
(b x)
o
}
, i bin t =
1
b x
, ta c
b
a
dx
(b x)
o
}
=
2
1
b a
t dt
+
o
}
, hi
t khi < 1, phn k khi 1. Tng t, ta cng c
b
a
dx
(x a)
o
}
cng hi t khi < 1,
phn k khi 1.

*
C th d dng kim chng c, nu f(x) hu hn v kh tch trn on [A,b] vi a < A < b
bt k th f(x) cng s hu hn v kh tch trn on hu hn
1
, A
b a
(
(

vi A >
1
b a
bt
k.

V Tnh cht ca tch phn suy rng
1. Tnh hi t hay phn k ca tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
khng ph thuc vo a
(trng hp b l im bt thng duy nht ca tch phn) v khng ph thuc vo b
(trng hp a l im bt thng duy nht ca tch phn).
2. Cho cc tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
v
b
a
g(x)dx
}
vi cng cc im bt thng
(a c th l -, b c th l +), nu
b
a
f (x)dx
}
v
b
a
g(x)dx
}
hi t th
b
a
(f )x) g(x))dx +
}
hi
t v
a
(f (x) g(x))dx
+
+
}
=
}
+
a
dx ) x ( f +
a
g(x)dx
+
}
.
3. Nu tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
= I th
b
a
cf (x)dx
}
= cI, ngc li nu
b
a
f (x)dx
}

phn k th
b
a
cf (x)dx
}
phn k.
VI Cc tiu chun xt hi t
1. f(x) 0*
Da vo nh ngha tch phn suy rng v iu kin tn ti gii hn, ta c nhn xt sau.
Xt trng hp tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
vi b l im bt thng (b c th l
+), khi ta c (A) =
A
a
f (x)dx
}
(a A < b) l hm n iu tng theo bin A. Tc
l
b
a
f (x)dx
}
hi t khi v ch khi
A
a
f (x)dx
}
b chn trn khi A tng. Tng t, ta cng c

*
Trng hp f(x) 0, nh tnh cht 3 ca tch phn suy rng, c xt tng t.
tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
vi a l im bt thng (a c th l -) hi t khi v ch
khi
b
B
f (x)dx
}
b chn trn khi B gim.
nh l 8.6.1: Cho hai tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
v
b
a
g(x)dx
}
, (a c th l -, v b c
th l +), vi cng cc im bt thng. Nu 0 f(x) g(x) ti mi im khng bt
thng, khi :
i) Nu
b
a
g(x)dx
}
hi t th
b
a
f (x)dx
}
hi t
ii) Nu
b
a
f (x)dx
}
phn k th
b
a
g(x)dx
}
phn k
(+)Chng minh: Ta s chng minh cho trng hp tch phn suy rng c cn trn l
+, cc trng hp khc chng minh tng t.
i) Gi s
a
g(x)dx
+
}
hi t, ta c A > a:
A
a
f (x)dx
}

A
a
g(x)dx
}

a
g(x)dx
+
}
=>
A
a
f (x)dx
}

b chn trn khi A tng hay
a
f (x)dx
+
}
hi t.
ii) Gi s
a
f (x)dx
+
}
phn k. Ta c A > a:
A
a
f (x)dx
}

A
a
g(x)dx
}
, m
A
a
f (x)dx
}
khng
b chn khi A tng theo gi thit, ngha l
A
a
g(x)dx
}
khng b chn khi A tng, hay
b
a
g(x)dx
}
phn k.
V d: Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn:
a)
10
1
dx
1 x
+
+
}
, ta c
10
1
1 x +
<
10
1
x
, m
10
1
dx
x
+
}
hi t =>
10
1
dx
1 x
+
+
}
hi t.
b)
1
xdx
1 x
+
+
}
, ta c vi 1 < x,
x
1 x +
>
x
2x
=
1
2 x
, m
1
dx
2 x
+
}
phn k =>
1
xdx
1 x
+
+
}

phn k.
c)
1 n
2
0
x dx
1 x
}
, ta c, vi 0 < x < 1,
n
2
x
1 x
<
1
1 x
, m
1
0
dx
1 x
}
hi t =>
1 n
2
0
x dx
1 x
}

hi t.
nh l 8.6.2: Cho hai tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
v
b
a
g(x)dx
}
, (a c th l -, v b c
th l +), vi duy nht im bt thng c. Nu
x c
lim
f (x)
g(x)
= k (0 < k < +) th cc tch
phn
}
+
a
dx ) x ( f v
a
g(x)dx
+
}
hoc cng hi t, hoc cng phn k.
(+)Chng minh: Ta s chng minh cho trng hp c l im bt thng thuc (a,b) (a
v b hu hn), cc trng hp khc chng minh tng t.
Theo nh ngha gii hn, ta c > 0, - > 0 sao cho: x e (c - ) (c + ),
ta c: k - <
f (x)
g(x)
< k + , hay (k - )g(x) <
f (x)
g(x)
< (k + )g(x), da vo tnh cht th
hai ca tch phn suy rng v nh l 7.8.1, ta c pcm.
Nhn xt: Trong trng hp k = 0 (k = +), ta c vi x gn c ( ln trong trng
hp c l +, b trong trng hp c l -), th f(x) g(x) (g(x) f(x)), t tnh cht
th nht ca tch phn suy rng, ta c cc kt lun ca nh l 8.4.1.
V d: Xt tnh hi t ca cc tch phn sau:
a)
1 2
3 2
0
cos xdx
1 x
}
, ta c
x 1
lim
2
3 2
3
cos x
1 x
1
1 x
=
2
3
cos 1
2
, m
1
3
0
dx
1 x
}
hi t =>
1 2
3 2
0
cos xdx
1 x
}
hi t.
c)
1
dx
xln(1 x)
+
+
}
, ta c, khi x +: ln(1+x) ~ lnx, m
1
dx
x ln x
+
}
=
1
d(ln x)
ln x
+
}
phn k,
nn
1
dx
xln(1 x)
+
+
}
phn k.
2. f(x) c du bt k
nh l 8.6.3: Cho tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
(a c th l -, v b c th l +), nu
b
a
| f (x) | dx
}
hi t th
b
a
f (x)dx
}
hi t.
V d:
3 2
/ 2
cos xdx
x
+
t
}
, ta c
3 2
| cos x |
x

3 2
1
x
, m
3 2
/ 2
dx
x
+
t
}
hi t =>
3 2
/ 2
cos xdx
x
+
t
}
hi t.
Ch : iu ngc li cha chc ng.
T , ta c cc khi nim sau.
nh ngha 8.6.1: Cho tch phn suy rng
b
a
f (x)dx
}
(a c th l -, v b c th l +),
i) Nu
b
a
| f (x) | dx
}
hi t th
b
a
f (x)dx
}
gi l hi t tuyt i.
ii) Nu
b
a
f (x)dx
}
hi t, nhng
b
a
| f (x) | dx
}
phn k th
b
a
f (x)dx
}
gi l bn hi t.
nh l 8.6.4 (Tiu chun hi t Dirichlet): Cho tch phn suy rng
a
f (x)g(x)dx
+
}
, nu
khi x +, g(x) kh vi, gim dn v 0, cn f(x) c nguyn hm F(x) gii ni, th tch
phn hi t.
V d: Xt tnh hi t ca
a
sin x
dx
x
+
o }
(0 1, a > 0)
i) > 1, ta c trn [a,+)
| sin x |
x
o

1
x
o
, m
a
dx
x
+
o }
hi t =>
a
sin x
dx
x
+
o }
hi t tuyt
i.
ii) 0 < 1, ta c
1
x
o
kh vi v
x
lim
1
x
o
= 0, cn sinx c nguyn hm -cosx gii ni
(|-cosx| 1) =>
a
sin x
dx
x
+
o }
hi t.
Mt khc, gi s
a
sin x
dx
x
+
o }
hi t tuyt i, ta c |sinx| sin
2
x =>
2
a
sin x
dx
x
+
o }

hi t, m
2
a
sin x
dx
x
+
o }
=
1
2
a
dx
x
+
o }
-
1
2
a
cos 2x
dx
x
+
o }
, ta c tch phn th hai v phi l
hi t, vy
a
dx
x
+
o }
hi t, mu thun =>
a
sin x
dx
x
+
o }
bn hi t.
iii) = 0, ta c
a
sin xdx
+
}
phn k.

C. Bi tp
1. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
3
0
dx
1 x
+
+
}
b)
2
dx
1 x
+
+
}
c)
2
x
xe dx
+
}
d)
( )
2
2
2
2
dx
x 4
}
e)
2
4
0
x 1
dx
x 1
+
+
+
}

f)
2 2
0
x ln xdx
(1 x )
+
+
}
g)
1
x
2
1
e
dx
x
+
}
h)
2
2
dx
x x 1
+
+
}
i)
2
2
dx
x x 1
+
}
j)
( )
2
2
0
xln xdx
1 x
+
+
}

k)
2
dx
x x 2
+
+
}
l)
2 2
dx
(x x 1)
+
+ +
}
m)
2 3/ 2
0
arctgxdx
(1 x )
+
+
}
n)
10 5
0
dx
x x x 1
+
+ +
}

2. Tnh cc tch phn
a)
1
2
0
xdx
1 x
}
b)
1
2
0
xln xdx
}
c)
2 5
2
0
x dx
4 x
}
d)
2
1
dx
x ln x
}
e)
1
2
0
ln xdx
1 x
}

f)
1
1
x
3
0
e
dx
x
}
g)
/ 2
0
x cot gxdx
t
}
h)
/ 2
0
ln(sin x)dx
t
}
i)
0
xln(sin x)dx
t
}

j)
3
2
1
dx
4x x 3
}
k)
1
3
3
1
ln(2 x)
dx
x
}
l)
1 b a
0
x x
dx
ln x
}
(b > a > 0)
3. Xt s hi t cc tch phn
a)
n 1
0
dx
ch x
+
+ }
b)
n
0
x dx
(1 x)(1 x)
+
+
}
c)
n x
0
x e dx
+
}

4. Xt s hi t cc tch phn sau
a)
2
x
2
1
e dx
x
+
}
b)
2
tgx
cos x
0
e dx
+
}
c)
x
2
0
e
dx
x
+
}
f)
2
3
1
x 4
dx
x
+
+
}

g)
x
0
xe dx
+
}
h)
2
1
2 sin x
dx
x
+
+
}
i)
2
2
x sin x
dx
x x
+
+
}
j)
2
4 2
0
x dx
x x 1
+
+
}

k)
2
1
dx
x x 1
+
+
}
l)
3
1
xarctgxdx
1 x
+
+
}
m)
3 2
0
dx
1 x 2 x
+
+ +
}
n)
2
1
ln(1 x )
dx
x
+
+
}

o)
3
dx
x(x 1)(x 2)
+

}

p)
1
2
1 cos dx
x
+
| |
|
\ .
}
q)
2
1
3 arcsin
x
dx
1 x x
+ +
+
}

a)
1
1
sin dx
x
+
}
b)
1
cos x
dx
x
+
}
c)
0
x cos x
dx
x 10
+
+
}
d)
3 2
/ 2
cos xdx
x
+
t
}

e)
2
0
sin x dx
+
}
f)
4
0
2x cos x dx
+
}
g)
2
cos xdx
x 1
+
}
h)
2
1
x
0
sin xe dx
+
}

i)
1
1
cos x ln 1 dx
x
+
| |
+
|
\ .
}
j)
0
x sin xdx
+
}
k)
x
2
0
cos xe dx
+
}
l)
0
sin xdx
+
}

a)
1
0
dx
tgx x
}
b)
1
2
0
sin xdx
1 x
}
c)
1
4
0
xdx
1 x
}
d)
1 2
2
1
x dx
1 x

}
e)
4
1
x
0
dx
e 1
}

f)
2
3
0
dx
(x 1)
}
g)
2
2
2
xdx
x 1

}
h)
1
1
2
dx
ln(1 x)
+
}
i)
1
arcsin x
0
xdx
e 1
}
j)
2
2
0
dx
(x 1)
}

k)
k
0
dx
sin x
t
}
l)
1
p q
0
1
x ln dx
x
}
m)
/ 2
m
0
1 cos x
dx
x
t
}
n)
1 2
2 5
3
0
x dx
(1 x )
}

o)
1
x
0
dx
e cos x
}
p)
1
0
dx
sin x tgx
}
q)
1
0
dx
(2 x) 1 x
}
r)
/ 2
0
lnsin xdx
t
}

7. Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn sau
a)
m
n
0
x dx
1 x
+
+
}
b)
n
0
arctgax
dx
x
+
}
c)
n
0
ln(1 x)
dx
x
+
+
}
d)
3
0
dx
x x
+
+
}

e)
2
dx
x x 2
+
+
}
f)
/ 2
p q
0
dx
sin x cos x
t
}
g)
m
n
0
x arctgx
dx
2 x
+
+
}

8. Nu
a
f (x)dx
+
}
hi t th c suy ra c f(x) 0 khi x + khng? Xt v d
2
0
sin(x )dx
+
}

9. Cho hm f(x) lin tc trn [a,+) v
x
lim f (x)
+
= A 0, hi
a
f (x)dx
+
}
c hi t
khng?

Gii tch 1 Tun IX. ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
Tun IX. ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
A. Tng quan
1. Ni dung vn tt: ng dng ca tch phn xc nh.
2. Mc tiu: Cung cp cho sinh vin cc ng dng tnh ton s dng tch phn
suy rng, trn c s phn tch tng tch phn, vi phn: tnh din tch, th tch vt th
bt k, th tch khi trn xoay, di ng cong phng, din tch mt trn xoay..
3. Cc kin thc cn c trc: Cc kin thc v hm s, lin tc, tch phn xc
nh.

B. L thuyt
*

I S ng dng tch phn xc nh
1. Tng tch phn
Gi s cn tnh mt i lng A(x,[a,b]) ph thuc x v on [a,b] m x bin thin trn
, A(x) tha tnh cht cng tnh (theo ngha nu chia [a,b] thnh hai on [a,c] v
[c,b] th A(x,[a,b]) = A(x,[a,c]) + A(x,[c,b]). Nh th, khi cn tnh A, ta tin hnh cc
bc nh sau:
i) Phn hoch [a,b] thnh n on bi cc im a = x
0
< x
1
< x
2
< < x
n
= b
ii) Phn tch A thnh tng n s: A =
n
i
i 1
A
=
, vi A
i
= A(x,[x
i-1
,x
i
])
iii) Tm hm f(x) c th biu din gn ng A
i
f(
i
)(x
i
- x
i-1
), i e [x
i-1
,x
i
], sai s
khng qu Ai.
iv) Nh th A
n
i i i 1
i 1
f ( )(x x )

v) p dng nh ngha tch phn xc nh, ta c: A =
b
a
f (x)dx
}

2. S vi phn
Nu c th biu din hiu ca gi tr A ti x
i
v x
i-1
dng A
i
f(
i
)(x
i
- x
i-1
), ta c:
A f()x, nu sai s ca biu din ny khng qu x, ta c th thay dA = f(x)dx,
nh th, A =
b
a
f (x)dx
}

*
Cc cng thc tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng dng y = y(x), tnh th tch
khi trn xoay, din tch mt trn xoay c hc chng trnh ph thng, phn ny mang
tnh cht n li v cung cp thm cng thc tnh th tch vt th bt k, di ng cong
phng.
II Tnh gii hn tng
n
n
i 1
1 i
lim f
n n
+
=
| |
|
\ .

n
lim
+
n
i 1
1 i
f
n n
=
| |
|
\ .
=
1
0
f (x)dx
}

V d:
n
lim
+ 2 2 2
1 1 1
4n 1 4n 4 3n
| |
+ + +
|
|

\ .
=
n
lim
+
1
n

n
2
i 1
1
i
4
n
=
| |
|
\ .
=
1
2
0
dx
4 x
}

=
1
0
x
arcsin
2
=
6
t

III Tnh din tch hnh phng
1. Din tch hnh gii hn bi cc ng
y = f
1
(x), y = f
2
(x), x = a, x = b
S =
b
1 2
a
| f (x) f (x) | dx
}

V d: Tnh din tch ca mnh parabol c y a v
chiu cao h.
Xt mnh parabol nh trong hnh 9.2, phng trnh
ng parabol l: y = h -
2
4h
b
x
2
, din tch mnh parabol
l: S =
b
2
2
2
b
2
4h
h x dx
b
| |
|
\ .
}
=
2
3
bh
2. Din tch hnh gii hn bi cc ng
x =
1
(y), y =
2
(y), y = c, x = d
S =
d
1 2
c
| (y) (y) | dy
}

x
y
a b
y = f
1
(x)
y = f
2
(x)
O
Hnh 9.1
x
y
c
d
x

=

2
(
x
)

x

=

1
(
x
)

O
Hnh 9.3
x
y
O
Hnh 9.2
-
b
2

b
2

h
3. Din tch hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc ng

x (t)
y (t)
=
(t
1
t t
2
), y = 0
Trong cng thc phn 1, ta ch cn thay
dx = (t)dt, f
1
(x) = (t), f
2
(x) = 0
S =
2
1
t
t
| (t) '(t) | dt
}

4. Din tch hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc ng

x (t)
y (t)
=
(t
1
t t
2
), x = 0
Trong cng thc phn 2, ta ch cn thay
dy = (t)dt,
1
(y) = (t),
2
(x) = 0
S =
2
1
t
t
| '(t) (t) | dt
}

5. Din tch hnh phng to bi ng cong tham s
khng t ct
x (t)
y (t)
=
(t
1
t t
2
), x(t
1
) = x(t
2
), y(t
1
) = y(t
2
)
(ng cong khp kn)
Khng mt tng qut, gi s t
1
l im sao cho x(t
1
) x(t)
t e [t
1
,t
2
], t
0
l im sao cho x(t) x(t
0
) t e [t
1
,t
2
]
K hiu A(x(t
1
),y(t
1
)) v B(x(t
0
),y(t
0
)) nh hnh v.
Ta c din tch hnh chn bi cung
AMB, Ox, x = x(t

1
), x = x(t
0
) l:
S
1
=
0
1
t
t
| (t) '(t) | dt
}

Din tch hnh chn bi cung
ANB, Ox, x = x(t

3
), x = x(t
4
) l:
x
y
(t
1
)

x (t)
y (t)
=

O
(t
2
)
Hnh 9.3
x
y
(t
1
)
x (t)
y (t)
=

O (t
2
)
Hnh 9.2
x
y

O
Hnh 9.3
t
1

t
0

A
B
N
M
S
2
=
0
2
t
t
| (t) '(t) | dt
}

Vy din tch cn tnh l
S = S
2
- S
1
=
0
2
t
t
| (t) '(t) | dt
}
-
0
1
t
t
| (t) '(t) | dt
}
= -
2
1
t
t
| (t) '(t) | dt
}

Tng t, ta cng s c
S =
2
1
t
t
| '(t) (t) | dt
}
= -
2
1
t
t
| (t) '(t) | dt
}
=
1
2
2
1
t
t
(| '(t) (t) | | (t) '(t) |)dt
}

Ch : Trong cc cng thc trn, chng ta quy c chiu i t t
1
ti t
2
l chiu
ngc chiu kim ng h.
V d: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi ng
x = 2t - t
2
, y = 2t
2
- t3
Do x = y = 0 khi t = 0 hoc t = 2 nn ng cong t ct ti
gc ta .
Ta c S =
1
2
2
4 3 2
0
(t 4t 4t )dt +
}
=
8
15

6. Din tch hnh qut cong cho trong ta cc, gii
hn bi r = r() ( )
Chia hnh qut thnh cc hnh qut con bi cc gc
d, ta c din tch ca mt hnh qut nh c xp x
bng: r
2
d, t , ta c: S =
1
2

2
r ( )d
|
o

}

V d: Tnh din tch gii hn bi ng r
2
= a
2
cos2.
Do tnh i xng ca ng cong, ta c:
S = 4
/ 4
2
0
a cos 2 d
t

}
=
2
4
0
2a sin 2
t
= 2a
2

P

O
r = r()

Hnh 9.4
IV Tnh di ng cong
phng
1. di ng cong phng
y = f(x), a x b
Chia ng cong
AB thnh
n on
i 1 i
P P
, i = 1, n nh hnh
9.5.
Ta c di cung
i 1 i
P P

c xp x bng di on: P
i-1
P
i
=
2 2
i i 1 i i 1
(x x ) (f (x ) f (x ))

+
Ta li c, s dng khai trin Lagrange ti ln cn x
i-1
:
f(x
i
) - f(x
i-1
) = f(
i
)x
i
(
i
e [x
i-1
,x
i
])
T , ta c: P
i-1
P
i
=
2
i
1 f ' ( ) + x
i
=> di ng cong
AB
s =
b
2
a
1 f ' (x)dx +
}

2. di ng cong phng x = (y), c y d
Lp lun tng t phn trc, ta cng c di ng cong s =
d
2
c
1 ' (y)dy +
}

3. di ng cong phng cho bi
x x(t)
y y(t)
=
(t
1
t t
2
)
Trong cng thc phn 1, ta ch cn thay dx = x(t)dt, y(x) =
y'(t)
x'(t)
, ta c di
ng cong: s =
2
1
t
2 2
t
x ' (t) y' (t)dt +
}

Hnh 9.5
O
y
x
A
B
P
i-1

P
i

a = x
0
x
1
x
2
x
i
x
i-1
x
n-1

b = x
n

y = f(x)
4. di ng cong phng cho trong h ta cc r = r() ( )
Trong cng thc phn 3, chng ta thc hin vic i bin t = , x = rcos, y = rsin
=> x() = r()cos - r()sin, y() = r()sin + r()cos, vy ta c di ng
cong: s =
2
1
t
2 2
t
r ( ) r ' ( )d +
}

V Th tch vt th
1. Th tch vt th bt k
Cho mt vt th gii hn bi mt
cong v hai mt phng
x = a v x = b
Gi s din tch ca tit din
ct vt th bi mt phng vung
gc vi Ox ti v tr x l S(x).
Ta chia vt th thnh tng hnh trc bi cc mt phng vung gc vi Ox nh
hnh 9.6. Khi th tch ca phn vt th gii hn bi cc thit din S
i-1
, S
i
c th tnh
bng S(
i
)x
i
(
i
e [x
i-1
,x
i
], nh th th tch vt th l: V =
b
a
S(x)dx
}

Tng t, trong trng hp vt th gii hn bi cc
mt y = c, y = d, v din tch tit din ct bi mt phng
vung gc vi Oy ti im y l S(y), ta c th tch vt th
l: V =
d
c
S(y)dy
}

2. Vt th trn xoay
Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay to bi bng cch
quay hnh thang cong AabB gii hn bi cc ng
y = f(x), y = 0, x = a, y = b quanh trc Ox.
Hnh 9.6
O
S(x)
x
A
B
S
i-1

S
i

a = x
0
x
1

x
i
x
i-1

x
n-1

b = x
n

y
d
c
S(y)
O
y
x
O
B
b a
A
y = f(x)
Hnh 9.7
p dng cng thc tnh th tch vt th bt k, ta c, S(x) = f
2
(x), nh th, th
tch vt th :
V =
b
2
a
f (x)dx
}

Tng t, trng hp vt th trn xoay to bi
bng cch quay hnh thang cong CcdD gii hn bi cc
ng x = (y), x = 0, y = c, y = d quanh trc Oy, ta c
th tch vt th: V =
d
2
c
(y)dy
}

VI Din tch mt trn xoay
1. Din tch mt trn xoay to bi bng cch quay
ng cong y = f(x) (a x b) quanh trc Ox.
Chia on [a,b] bng cc im chia:
a = x
0
< x
1
< x
2
< < x
n-1
< x
n
= b,
Dng cc ng thng song song vi
Oy, ti cc im xi, ct ng y = f(x) ti
cc im M
i
, i = 0, n , ta s tnh din tch
mt trn xoay to bi bng cch quay dy
M
i-1
M
i
quanh Ox, coi l xp x din tch
mt trn xoay to bi bng cch quay cung
i 1 i
M M
quanh Ox.
Ta c, khi quay quay dy M
i-1
M
i

quanh Ox, ta c mt hnh nn, c din
tch S
i
= M
i-1
M
i
(|f(x
i-1
)| + |f(x
i
)|), mt khc, t phn tnh di ng cong phng, ta
c: M
i-1
M
i
=
2
i
1 f ' ( ) + x
i
(
i
e [x
i-1
,x
i
]) => S
i
=
2
i
1 f ' ( ) + x
i
(|f(x
i-1
)| + |f(x
i
)|),
nu di cc on chia nh, ta c f(x
i-1
) f(
i
) v f(x
i
) f(
i
), vy:
S
i
2|f(
i
)|
2
i
1 f ' ( ) + x
i
y
x O
c
d
x

=

(
y
)

Hnh 9.8
y
O x
a = x
0
b = x
n

y = f(x)
x
1

x
i-1
x
i

x
n-1

M
i-1

M
i

Hnh 9.9
Vy din tch mt trn xoay cn tnh l S =
b
2
a
| f (x) | 1 f ' (x)dx +
}

ng cong x = (y) (c y d) quanh trc Oy.
Lp lun tng t phn 1, ta c S =
d
2
c
| (y) | 1 ' (y)dy +
}

ng cong
x x(t)
y y(t)
=
(t
1
t t
2
) quanh trc Ox.
Trong cng thc phn 1, ta ch cn thay dx = x(t)dt,
f(x) = y(t), y(x) =
y'(t)
x'(t)
, ta s c:
S =
2
1
t
2 2
t
| y(t) | x ' (t) y' (t)dt +
}

4. Din tch mt trn xoay to bi bng cch quay ng cong
x x(t)
y y(t)
=
(t
1
t t
2
)
quanh trc Oy.
Trong cng thc phn 2, ta ch cn thay dy = y(t)dt, (y) = x(t), x(y) =
x'(t)
y'(t)
, ta s
c: S =
2
1
t
2 2
t
| x(t) | x ' (t) y' (t)dt +
}

y
x O
c
d
x

=

(
y
)

Hnh 9.8

C. Bi tp
1. Tm cc gii hn
a)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + + + +

n
n
1 ...
n
2
1
n
1
1
n
1
lim
n
b) |
.
|
\
|
+ + +

2 2 2
n
n
1 n
...
n
2
n
1
lim
c) |
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
+
+
+

n n
1
...
2 n
1
1 n
1
lim
n
d) |
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
+
+
+

2 2 2 2 2 2
n
n n
n
...
2 n
n
1 n
n
lim
e) |
.
|
\
|
t
+ +
t
+
t

n
1 n
sin ...
n
2
sin
n
sin
n
1
lim
n
f)
1 n
n ... 2 1
lim
p
p p p
n
+
+ + +

(p > 0)
g)
|
|
.
|
\
|

+ + +

4
3
4
3
4
3
n
n
) 1 n 4 (
...
n
2
n
1
lim h) ( ) n ... 2 1
n
1
lim
3 n
+ + +

i)
n
! n
lim
n
n
j)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

) 1 n ( 3 n
n
...
6 n
n
3 n
n
1
n
1
lim
n

k)
(
| + o
+ +
| + o
+
| + o
+
o

) 1 n ( n
1
...
2 n
1
n
1
n
1
lim
n

2. Tnh din tch cc hnh phng gii hn bi
a) y = x
2
+ 4, x - y + 4 = 0 b) y = x
3
, y = x, y = 2x c) x
2
+ y
2
= 2x, y
2
= 2x
d) x
2
+ y
2
= 2x, y
2
= 2x e) y = x
2
, x + y = 2 f) x + y = 0, y = 2x - x
2
g) y = 2
x
, y = 2, x = 0 h) y
2
= x
2
(a
2
- x
2
) i)
g) y
2
= 2px, 27py
2
= 8(x - p)
3
h) y = x, y = x + sin2x (0 x )
i) y = (x + 1)
2
, x = siny, 0 y 1 j) y = |lgx|; y = 0; x = 0,1; x = 10
3. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi
a) x =
2
c
a
cos
3
t, y =
2
c
a
sin
3
t (c
2
= a
2
- b
2
) b) x = a(2cost - cos2t), y = a(2sint - sin2t)
c) x = acost, y =
2
a sin t
2 sin t +

4. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cong trong ta cc sau
a) r = asin3 b) r =
p
1 cos
c) r = 3 + 2cosr =
p
1 cos + c
(0 < < 1)

Gii tch 1 Tun X. Hm nhiu bin
Tun X. Hm nhiu bin
A. Tng quan
B. L thuyt
1. Mt s khi nim c bn
a) Cho M(x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
) v N(y
1
,y
2
,,y
n
) e R
n
, khong cch gia hai im y, k hiu
d(M,N) =
2
1
n
1 i
2
i i
) y x (
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

b) Cho M
0
e R
n
, qu cu m tm M
0
bn knh r l tp nhng im M sao cho d(M,M
0
)
< r, ln cn ca M
0
l qu cu m tm M
0
bn knh
c) Cho E c R
n
, im M e E c gi l im trong ca E, nu tn ti mt ln cn
nm hon ton trong E.
d) im N e Rn gi l im bin ca E nu mi ln cn ca E u cha nhng im
thuc E v nhng im khng thuc E. Tp nhng im bin gi l bin ca E.
e) E gi l m nu mi im thuc E u l im trong.
f) E gi l ng nu E cha mi im bin
g) E gi l b chn nu tn ti mt qu cu no cha n.
h) E gi l lin thng nu c th ni hai im bt k bng mt ng lin tc nm
hon ton trong E.
i) E gi l n lin nu bin ca E l lin thng, ngc li E gi l a lin.
2. Hm nhiu bin
a) D c R
n
, mt phn t x e R
n
l mt b n s thc (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
). nh x:
f : D R
x = (x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
) u = f(x) = f(x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
)
l mt hm s n bin s xc nh trn D, D gi l min xc nh ca hm s, f(D) l
min gi tr ca hm s.
b) Nu hm s u cho bi u = f(M) th khi min xc nh l tp nhng im lm hm
s c ngha.
V d: z =
2 2
y x 1 , z =
3 3
y x
y x

3. ngha hnh hc ca hm hai bin

4. Gii hn ca hm hai bin
Cho D l min, f l hm xc nh trn D.
a) Ni rng dy im {M
n
(x
n
,y
n
)} c D hi t v im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) e D khi n , nu
) M , M ( d lim
0 n
n
= 0, hay
n
n
x lim

= x
0
v
n
n
y lim

= y
0
.
b) Ni rng hm s f(M) c gii hn l khi M(x,y) M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) nu vi mi dy im
{M
n
(x
n
,y
n
)} c D hi t v M
0
e D u c
n
lim f(x
n
,y
n
) = l
c) Tiu chun Cauchy: Hm s f(M) c gii hn l khi M dn ti M
0
khi v ch khi:
( > 0) ( - > 0) : M e D | d(M,M
0
) < => |f(M) - l| < .
d) Ta cng c khi nim gii hn ti v gii hn bng tng t nh i vi hm
mt bin.
e) Cc kt qu v gii hn ca tng, tch, thng, hm s cp cng ging nh ca hm
mt bin.
V d:
) 3 , 1 ( ) y , x (
lim
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 2)
2
,
2 2
2 2
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x (
y x
y x
lim
+
,
2 2
2
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x (
y x
y x
lim
+

5. Tnh lin tc ca hm hai bin
a) f(M) xc nh trong min D, M
0
l mt im thuc D. Ni rng f(M) lin tc ti M
0

nu
0
M M
lim
f(M) = f(M
0
).
Ch : Trong nh ngha ny, tnh lin tc c xt vi mt im thuc tp xc nh
v l im t.
Theo tiu chun Cauchy, ni hm f(M) lin tc ti M
0
khi v ch khi ( > 0) ( - > 0)
: d(M,M
0
) < => |f(M) - f(M
0
)| < .
b) Hm f(M) c gi l lin tc trong min D nu n lin tc ti mi im thuc D.
c) Trong tiu chun v tnh lin tc ca hm nhiu bin, ni chung, = (,M
0
). Nu
trong min D, = (), ta c khi nim lin tc u. Hm s f(M) gi l lin tc u
trn min D nu:
( > 0) ( - > 0) : M
1
,M
2
e D | d(M
1
,M
2
) < => |f(M
1
) - f(M
2
)| <
d) Hm nhiu bin s lin tc cng c cc tnh cht v cc php ton tng t nh i
vi hm lin tc mt bin s.

C. Bi tp
1. Tm min xc nh ca cc hm s sau:
a) z =
1 y x
1
2 2
+
b) z = ) y x 4 )( 1 y x (
2 2 2 2
+ c) z = arcsin
x
1 y

d) z = y sin x e) z = y sin x f) z = arctg
2 2
y x 1
y x
+

g) z = ln
2 2
2 2
y x
y x
+
h) z = arcsin
2
x
+ xy i) z = ) y x ( sin
2 2
+ t
2. Tm cc gii hn (nu c) ca cc hm s sau
a)
2 2
2 2
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x (
y x
y x
lim
+
b)
y x 2
x
sin lim
) , ( ) y , x (
+
t

c)
2 2
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x (
y x
xy
lim
+

d)
2 2
) , ( ) y , x (
y xy x
y x
lim
+
+

e)
y x
x
) a , ( ) y , x (
2
x
1
1 lim
+

|
.
|
\
|
+ f)
2 2
y x 2 2
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x (
) y x ( lim +

g)
x
xy sin
lim
) 2 , 0 ( ) y , x (
h)
2 2
xy y x
y
2
) 3 , 0 ( ) y , x (
) xy 1 ( lim
+
+ i)
) y x ( y x
) y x cos( 1
lim
2 2 2 2
2 2
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x (
+
+

j)
) y x ( 2 2
) , ( ) y , x (
e ) y x ( lim
+
+ +
+ k)
x y y x
y
2
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x (
2 2
) xy 1 ( lim
+
+
3. Kho st tnh lin tc ca hm s f(x,y) =
=
=
+
o
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( : 0
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( :
y x
| xy |
2 2

Gii tch 1 Tun XI. o hm v vi phn hm nhiu bin
Tun XI. o hm v vi phn hm nhiu bin
A. Tng quan
B. L thuyt
1. o hm ring
a) Cho hm s u = f(x,y) xc nh trong mt min D; M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) e D, nu hm s mt
bin s x f(x,y
0
) c o hm ti x = x
0
th o hm c gi l o hm ring
ca f i vi x ti x0, k hiu f
x
(x
0
,y
0
), hay
x
f
c
c
(x
0
,y
0
). Ta c:
f
x
(x
0
,y
0
) =
x
) y , x ( f ) y , x x ( f
lim
0 0 0 0
0 x
A
A +
A

b) Tng t, ta c khi nim o hm ring ca f ti y
fy(x
0
,y
0
) =
y
) y , x ( f ) y y , x ( f
lim
0 0 0 0
0 y
A
A +
A

V d: z = x
y
=> z
x
= yx
y-1
, z
y
= x
y
lnx
2. Vi phn ton phn
a) Cho hm s z = f(x,y) xc nh trong min D, M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) e D, biu thc:
f = f(x
0
+ x,y
0
+ y) - f(x
0
,y
0
)
gi l s gia ton phn ca f ti M
0
. Nu c th biu din di dng:
f = A.x + B.y +
2 2
y x A + A
trong 0 khi
2 2
y x A + A 0, A,B l cc hng s, th ta ni f l kh vi ti M
0

v biu thc A.x + B.y gi l vi phn ton phn ca z = f(x,y) ti M
0
, k hiu dz
hay df.
b) Nu hm s z = f(x,y) c cc o hm ring ti ln cn im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
), v cc o
hm ring lin tc ti M
0
th f(x,y) kh vi ti M
0
, v ta c dz = f
x
x + f
y
y.
c) Ta c cng thc tnh gn ng: f(x
0
+ x,y
0
+ y) f(x
0
,y
0
) + df.
3. o hm hm hp
Cho : D c R
2
(D) c R
2

(x,y) (u,v) = (u(x,y),v(x,y))
v f : (D) R, t F = f
o
: F(x,y) = f((x,y)) = f(u(x,y),v(x,y)).
Khi , nu f c cc o hm ring
u
f
c
c
,
v
f
c
c
lin tc trong D, v u, v c cc o hm
ring
x
u
c
c
,
y
u
c
c
,
x
v
c
c
,
y
v
c
c
trong D th trong D c cc o hm ring
x
F
c
c
,
y
F
c
c
, ng thi
x
F
c
c
=
u
f
c
c
x
u
c
c
+
v
f
c
c
x
f
c
c
v
y
F
c
c
=
u
f
c
c
y
u
c
c
+
v
f
c
c
y
v
c
c

Vi phn ca ton phn ca hm s z = f(u,v) c cng mt dng cho d u, v l cc bin
c lp hay l cc hm s ca nhng bin s c lp khc.
4. Khi nim hm n
Cho phng trnh F(x,y) = 0 (*), trong F : U R l mt hm s xc nh trn tp
D c R
2
. Phng trnh ny xc nh mt hay nhiu hm s n theo x trong mt khong
I no . Hm s f : I R l mt hm s n xc nh bi (*) nu x e I, (x,f(x)) e
D, ng thi F(x,f(x)) = 0.
Tng t nh th, phng trnh F(x,y,z) = 0 c th xc nh mt hay nhiu hm s n
z ca cc bin s x,y.
H hai phng trnh
=
=
0 ) v , u , z , y , x ( G
0 ) v , u , z , y , x ( F
, trong F : U R v G : U R, vi U c
R
5
c th xc nh mt hay nhiu cp hm s n u, v ca cc bin s x,y,z.
5. nh l v s tn ti hm n
Cho phng trnh F(x,y) = 0 (*), trong F : U R l mt hm s c cc o hm
ring lin tc trn mt tp hp m U c R
2
. Gi s (x
0
,y
0
) e U, F(x
0
,y
0
) = 0. Nu
Fy(x
0
,y
0
) 0 th phng trnh xc nh duy nht mt hm s n y = f(x) trong ln cn
no ca x
0
, hm c gi tr bng y
0
khi x = x
0
, lin tc v c o hm lin tc
trong ln cn .
Cho phng trnh F(x,y,z) = 0 (**), trong F : U R l mt hm s c cc o hm
ring lin tc trn mt tp m U c R3, Gi s (x0,y0,z0) e U, F(x0,y0,z0) = 0. Nu
Fz(x0,y0,z0) 0 th phng trnh (**) xc nh trong mt ln cn no ca im
(x0,y0) mt hm s n duy nht z = f(x,y), hm s y c gi tr bng z0 khi x = x0, y =
y0, lin tc v c o hm ring lin tc trong ln cn ni trn.
Cho h hai phng trnh
=
=
0 ) v , u , z , y , x ( G
0 ) v , u , z , y , x ( F
(***), trong F : U R v G : U R l
hai hm s c cc o hm ring lin tc trn mt tp hp m U c R
5
. Gi s
(x
0
,y
0
,z
0
,u
0
,v
0
) e U, F(x
0
,y
0
,z
0
,u
0
,v
0
) = 0, G(x
0
,y
0
,z
0
,u
0
,v
0
) = 0, th h (***) xc nh
mt cp hm s n duy nht u = f(x,y,z), v = g(x,y,z), cc hm s y c gi tr theo th
t bng u
0
, v
0
khi x = x
0
, y = y
0
, z = z
0
, chng lin tc v c o hm ring lin tc
trong ln cn ni trn.
6. o hm ca hm n
Gi s phng trnh (*) xc nh mt hm s n y = y(x), khi
dx
dy
=
y
x
' F
' F

Gi s phng trnh (**) xc nh mt hm s n z = z(x,y), khi z
x
=
z
x
' F
' F
, z
y
=
z
y
' F
' F

Gi s h phng trnh (***) xc nh mt cp hm s n u = u(x,y,z), v = v(x,y,z),
khi ta c u
x
= -
) v , u ( D
) G , F ( D
) v , x ( D
) G , F ( D
, v
x
= -
) v , u ( D
) G , F ( D
) x , u ( D
) G , F ( D
, tng t cho u
y
, v
y
, u
z
, v
z
.

C. Bi tp
1. Tm cc o hm ring ca cc hm s sau
a) z = (1 + xy)
y
b) z =
x
y
sin
e c) z = y
2
sin
y
x
d) z =
y x
y x
+
e) z =
2 2
y x
x
+

f) z =
3
y
x (x,y > 0 g) z = ln(x +
2 2
y x + ) h) z = arctg
2 2
2 2
y x
y x
+

i) u =
z
y
x (x,y,z > 0) j) u =
2 2 2
z y x
1
e
+ +
k) z = (sinx)xy l) z =
) y x ( xy
2 2
e
+

m) u =
z
y
x
2. Kho st s lin tc, s tn ti, lin tc ca cc o hm ring ca hm s f(x,y)
sau:
a) f(x,y) =
=
= |
.
|
\
|
0 x khi 0
0 x khi
x
y
xarctg
2

b) f(x,y) =
=
=
+
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( khi 0
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( khi
y x
x sin y y sin x
2 2

c) f(x,y) =
=
=
+
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( khi 0
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( khi
y x
xy
2 2
d) f(x,y) =
=
=
+
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( khi 0
) 0 , 0 ( ) y , x ( khi
y x
y
2 2
4

3. Gi s z = yf(x
2
- y
2
), trong f l hm s kh vi. Chng minh rng i vi hm
s z, h thc sau lun tho mn:
x
' z
x
+
y
' z
y
=
2
y
z

4. Tm o hm cc hm s hp sau y
a) z =
2 2
v 2 u
e

, u = cosx, v =
2 2
y x + b) z = ln(u
2
+ v
2
), u = xy, v = x/y
c) z = e
u
sinv, u = x
2
+ y
2
, v = xy d) z = (1 + uv)
v
, u = x
2
- y
2
, v = x + y
e) z = ln
v u
v u
+
, u = x, v =
2 2
y x f) z = arcsin(x - y), x = 3t, y = 4t
3
g) z = sin
2
(x + y
2
), x = cos
3
t, y = sin
3
t h) z = arctg
y
x
, x = cost, y = sin2t
i) z = e
x-2y
, x = sint, y = t
3
j) z = arcsin(x - y), x= sint, y = t
3

5. Tm vi phn ton phn ca cc hm s
a) z = lntg
x
y
b) z = x
y
c) z =
2 2
3 3
y x
y x
+
+
d) z = y
x
+ xy e) z =
2
x
e sin
2
y
g) z = arcsin
x
y
h) z = sin(x
2
+ y
2
) i) z = arctg
y x
y x
+
j) u =
2 2 2
z y x
1
+ +

k) u =
z y
2
x l) u = z
xy
m) u = (xy)
z
n) u = sin
yz
x
6. Tnh gn ng
a) A =
3
2 2
) 05 , 0 ( ) 02 , 1 ( + b) B = ln(
3
03 , 1 +
4
98 , 0 - 1) c) C = (0,97)
2,02

7. Tm o hm y ca cc hm s n xc nh bi cc phng trnh sau
a) x
3
y - y
3
x = a
4
b) arctg
a
y x +
=
a
y
c) y + tg(x + y) = 0 d) y = arctg(x + y)
e) x
y
= y
x
f) y + cos(x + y) = 0 g) arctg(xy) + e
x-y
= 0
8. Tnh cc o hm z
x
, z
y
ca hm s n z = z(x,y) xc nh bi
a) z
2
+
x
2
=
2 2
z y b) x + y + z = e
z
c) x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
- 3xyz = 0
d) x
2
+ z
3
- 3xyz = a
3
e) z
3
- x
3
- y
3
= a
3
f) x
3
+ y
3
- z
3
= sin(xyz)
g) x + y + z = xyz h) z = arctg
x z
y

9. Cho u =
z y
z x
+
+
, tnh u
x
, u
y
bit rng z l hm s n ca x,y xc nh bi phng
trnh ze
z
= xe
x
+ ye
y

10. Tm o hm ca cc hm s n y(x), z(x) xc nh bi h
= + +
= + +
1 z y x
0 z y x
2 2 2

11. Phng trnh z
2
+
x
2
=
2 2
z y , xc nh hm n z = z(x,y). Chng minh rng
x
2
z
x
+
y
' z
y
=
z
1

Gii tch 1 Tun XII. o hm v vi phn cp cao, cc tr hm nhiu bin
Tun XII. o hm v vi phn cp cao, cc tr hm nhiu bin
A. Tng quan
B. L thuyt
1. nh l Schwartz
Nu trong ln cn U no ca im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
), hm s z = f(x,y) c cc o hm
ring f
xy
, f
yx
v cc o hm y lin tc ti M
0
th f
xy
= f
yx
ti M
0
.
Ch rng tnh bt bin ca vi phn cp cao (ln hn hay bng 2) ca hm s nhiu
bin khng cn ng.
2. Cng thc Taylor
Gi s hm s f(x,y) c cc o hm ring n cp (n + 1) lin tc trong mt ln cn
no ca im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
), nu im M(x
0
+ x,y
0
+ y) cng nm trong ln cn ,
th ta c:
f(x
0
+ x,y
0
+ y) - f(x
0
,y
0
) = df(x
0
,y
0
) +
! 2
1
d
2
f(x
0
,y
0
) + +
! n
1
d
n
f(x
0
,y
0
) +
)! 1 n (
1
+
f(x
0

+ x,y
0
+ y) (0 < < 1)
3. Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin
Cho hm s z = f(x,y) xc nh trong mt min D no , M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) l mt im trong
ca D. Ta ni rng f(x,y) t cc tr ti M
0
nu vi mi im M trong mt ln cn no
ca M
0
, nhng khc M
0
, hiu s f(M) - f(M
0
) c du khng i. Nu f(M) - f(M
0
) >
0, ta c cc tiu, nu f(M) - f(M
0
) < 0, ta c cc i.
4. Quy tc tm cc tr
t p = f
x
(M), q = f
y
(M), r = f
xx
(M), s = f
xy
(M), t = f
yy
(M)
Nu hm s f(x,y) t cc tr ti M
0
v ti cc o hm ring p = f
x
(M), q = f
y
(M)
tn ti, th cc o hm ring bng khng: p = q = 0 ti M
0
.
Gi s hm s z = f(x,y) c cc o hm ring n cp hai lin tc trong mt ln cn
no ca M0(x0,y0). Gi s ti M0 ta c p = q = 0. Khi , ti M0, ta c:
a) Nu s
2
- rt < 0 th f(x,y) t cc tr ti M
0
, l cc tiu nu r > 0 v cc i nu r < 0.
b) Nu s
2
- rt > 0 th f(x,y) khng t cc tr ti M
0
.
c) Nu s
2
- rt = 0, th f(x,y) c th hoc khng t cc tr ti M
0
(trng hp nghi ng).

C. Bi tp
1. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca hm s sau
a) z =
3
) y x (
3 2 2
+
b) z = x
2
ln(x+y) c) z = arctg
x
y
d) z = 2x
2
y
3

e) z = sinxcosy f) z =
2
y x
e
+
g) z = xsinxy + ycosxy
2. Tm o hm cc hm n sau
a) sin(x + y) - y = 0, tnh y, y b) x + y
2
= 1, tnh y, y, y
c) ln
2 2
y x + = arctg
x
y
, tnh y
3. Ly vi phn cp hai ca cc hm s sau
a) z = xy
2
- x
2
y b) z =
) y x ( 2
1
2 2
+
c) z = e
x
siny d) z = x
y

e) z = ln(x - y) g) z = (x + y)e
x+y
h) z = arctg(xy) i) z = sinxsiny
j) z = cos(x + y)
4. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau
a) z = x
2
+ xy + y
2
+ x - y + 1 b) z = x + y - xe
y
c) z = x
3
+ y
3
- 3xy
d) z = x
2
+ y
2
-
) y x (
2 2
e
+
e) z = 2x
4
+ y
4
- x
2
- 2y
2
f) z = x
3
+ y
3
- 9xy + 27
g) z = xy
2 2
y x 1 i) z = xy
2
(1 - x - y) j) z = (x - 1)
2
+ 2y
2

k) z = x
3
+ y
3
- 3x - 6y l) z = 1 + 6x - x
2
- xy - y
2

m) z = x
2
+ xy + y
2
- 2x - y

Tun XIII. Gi tr ln nht v nh nht, cc tr c iu kin
A. L thuyt
1. Gi tr ln nht v nh nht
tm gi tr ln nht (nh nht) ca hm s trong min D, chng ta phi tm cc im
ti hn, (im cc i (cc tiu)), ca hm s sau so snh gi tr hm ti cc im
vi nhau v vi cc im cc i (cc tiu) trn bin ca D, t rt ra kt lun v
gi tr ln nht (nh nht) cng nh v tr nhng im t cc gi tr ny.
2. Cc tr c iu kin, phng php nhn t Lagrange
Ngi ta gi cc tr ca hm s z = f(x,y) (*), trong cc bin s x v y b rng buc
bi h thc g(x,y) = 0 (**) l cc tr c iu kin.
Gi s M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) l im cc tr c iu kin ca hm s (*) vi iu kin (**), ng
thi:
a) ln cn M
0
, cc hm s f(x,y), g(x,y) c cc o hm ring cp mt lin tc.
b) Cc o hm ring gx, gy khng ng thi bng khng ti M
0
.
Khi , ta c, ti M
0
:
y x
y x
' g ' g
' f ' f
= 0 (***)
iu kin (***) tng ng vi vic tn ti s sao cho ti M
0
, ta c:
= +
= +
0 ) y , x ( ' g ) y , x ( ' f
0 ) y , x ( ' g ) y , x ( ' f
y y
x x
(****)
H (****) cng vi (**) cho ta tm c , x
0
, y
0
, ngha l tm c nhng im m
ti hm (*) c cc tr vi iu kin (**). S gi l nhn t Lagrange, phng php
trn gi l phng php nhn t Lagrange.
C th tm lc nh sau: t F(x,y,) = f(x,y) + g(x,y), gii h
=
=
=
0 ' F
0 ' F
0 ' F
y
x
tm cc
im cc tr ca (*) tho iu kin (**).
B. Bi tp
1. Tm cc tr c iu kin
a) z =
x
1
+
y
1
vi
2
x
1
+
2
y
1
=
2
a
1
b) z = xy vi x + y = 1
c) z = x
2
+ y
2
vi ax + by + c = 0 d) z =
2 2
y x 1 vi x + y - 1 = 0
e) z = 6 - 4x - 3y vi x
2
+ y
2
= 1 f) z = x + 2y vi x
2
+ y
2
= 5
2. Tnh gi tr ln nht v b nht ca cc hm s
a) z = x
2
y(4 - x -y) trong hnh tam gic gii hn bi x = 0, y = 6, x + y = 6
b) z = sinx + siny + sin(x + y) trong hnh ch nht gii hn bi x = 0, x = /2, y = 0, y
= /2
c) z = 8x
2
+ 3y
2
+ 1 - (2x
2
+ y
2
+ 1)
2
trong min x
2
+ y
2
1
d) z = x
2
+ y
2
-xy + x + y trong min x,y 0, x + y -3
e) z = 2x
2
+ 2y
2
+ (x - 1)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
trong tam gic O(0;0), A(1;0), B(0;1)
f) z = x
2
+ y
2
- xy - 4x trong min x,y 0, 2x + 3y 12
g) z = xy trong min x
2
+ y
2
1 h) z = x
2
- y
2
trong min x
2
+ y
2
4
i) z = x
2
y(2 - x - y) trong min x,y 0, x + y 6
j) z = x + y trong min x
2
+ y
2
1
k) z = x
3
- y
3
- 3xy trong min 0 x 2, -1 y 2
l) z = x
2
+ y
2
- 12x + 16y trong min x
2
+ y
2
25

Giải tích 1 - Lê Chí Ngọc - DHBKHN

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giải tích 1 - Lê Chí Ngọc - DHBKHN

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gii tch 1 Mc lc

L Ch Ngc Khoa Ton-Tin ng dng, i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni Trang 1

f(x) = L, chng ta khng loi tr kh nng x

Cc tiu chun c gii hn ca hm s c hc trng ph thng, y ch cn nhc

(x) = L(x). o li, gi

f(x) = L, khi nu t (x) = f(x) - L =>

, nu thay sinx ~ x, tgx~ x ra kt qu bng 0 l khng ng, gii

Nu c th, m t vn tt chng minh mt s ca nh l ny da trn tnh cht v gii hn

; -1 x 1 b) y = lnx; 0 < x < 1 c) y =

- f(x). Ngha l, theo nh l Rolle,

- f(c) = 0, hay f(c) =

(g(x) - g(a)) - f(x)

g(c) - f(c) = 0, hay

Bt ng thc ny thng c gi l bt ng thc hm li.

, ngha l: g(t) = (a - b)[f(t

(Bt ng thc Hlder)

(Bt ng thc Minkowski)

= -1, vy th hm s c hai tim cn

gi l trc cc. H ta xc nh bi cc v trc cc c gi l h ta

v vc t ch phng tip tuyn ca ng cong, th:

, tgV = - khi = 0, tgV = 0 khi =

, r = 0 khi = 0, tgV = -cotg, tgV = khi = 0.

xdx ) 1 n sin( x sin

. Tng ny c gi l tng tch

ln lt c gi l tng (tch phn) di v

AMB, Ox, x = x(t

ANB, Ox, x = x(t

You might also like