Page !

of "

!" $%&% '())*+&,(- %-. /(01%),2%&,(-
The puipose of R0 uata collection anu analysis is to unueistanu the tiue conuition of the R0 membianes anu help tioubleshoot any
potential pioblems befoie they become seiious. Noimalizeu uata factois in exteinal factois that can affect membiane peifoimance so
you can compaie apples to apples when ieviewing noimalizeu uata. R0 uata that is noimalizeu is then compaieu to a baseline (when
the membianes weie new, ieplaceu oi cleaneu).

The following iaw uata is collecteu to ueteimine the health of the R0 membiane.

1. Feeu Temp (F)
2. Peimeate Flow (uPN)
S. Concentiate Flow (uPN)
4. Feeu Piessuie (PSI)
S. Concentiate Piessuie (PSI)
6. Peimeate Piessuie (PSI)
7. Feeu Conuuctivity
8. Peimeate Conuuctivity

All of these opeiating conuitions uiiectly affect the quality anu amount of peimeate watei that the R0 membianes can piouuce.
Bowevei, since these opeiating conuitions aie constantly changing, it is impossible to compaie the obseiveu peifoimance of ceitain
paiameteis at one point anu compaie them to anothei point unuei uiffeient opeiating conuitions. Changing factois such as
tempeiatuie, feeu watei quality, peimeate flow anu system iecoveiy all has an effect on membiane peifoimance.

Noimalizing R0 uata allows the usei to compaie the peifoimance of an R0 membiane peifoimance to a set stanuaiu which uoes not
uepenu on changing opeiating conuitions. Noimalizeu uata will measuie the uiiect conuition of the R0 membiane anu show the tiue
peifoimance anu health of an R0 membiane.
Bata that is not noimalizeu can be misleauing, as theie aie many vaiiables that can cause changes that may appeai to be pioblems
when in fact they aie not. Tempeiatuie of the feeu watei is the most noticeable conuition affecting the peifoimance of R0 systems.
The geneial iule of thumb is to estimate a peimeate flow change of 1.S% pei uegiee Fahienheit (F). Foi example, if an R0 piouuceu
Su uPN of peimeate when the feeu watei was 6u F anu latei the feeu watei tempeiatuie uioppeu S F, then the R0 woulu piouuce
appioximately 46 uPN. This 4 uPN uiop in piouuct is peifectly noimal given the tempeiatuie uiop.



Page $ of "


%&'& ()'*+,+*'&'-.)
An R0 opeiatoi is ultimately conceineu about two outcomes: the quality anu quantity of watei being piouuceu. As mentioneu above,
these two factois can be influenceu by a numbei of vaiiables such as feeu watei piessuie, system iecoveiy, anu changes in feeu watei
quality to name a few.

Theie aie thiee calculateu values which help give a bettei pictuie of tiue membiane peifoimance anu help accuiately tioubleshoot
potential R0 system pioblems involving the quantity anu quality of watei being piouuceu by the R0 system. By collecting opeiating
uata, noimalizing the uata anu then tienuing the noimalizeu uata ovei time anu compaiing the values to a baseline (a baseline is
consiueieu the stait-up values when the R0 membianes aie new oi aftei they have been cleaneu oi ieplaceu) you can pioactively
auuiess any pioblems befoie iiieveisible uamage to the R0 membianes occui. The thiee calculateu values to monitoi anu tienu aie
Noimalizeu Peimeate Flow (NPF), Noimalizeu Salt Rejection (NSR) anu Noimalizeu Piessuie Biffeiential (NPB).

/.+0&1-2* 3*+0*&'* 41.5 6/347
NPF measuies the amount of peimeate watei that the R0 is piouucing. If the NPF uiops 1u% to 1S% below the baseline value (the
NPF ieauing at stait up with new membianes oi when membianes weie ieplaceu oi cleaneu) then this inuicates fouling oi scaling of
the R0 membianes anu the R0 membianes shoulu be cleaneu.

If the NPF incieases then this implies that theie is uamage to the R0 membiane. This uamage can be causeu by chemical attack (fiom
an oxiuizei like chloiine) oi a mechanical issue (like an 0-iing failuie) on the membiane.



NPF NPF






%.5)5&+8 '+*)8 -)8-9&'*: ;.<1-)=>:9&1-)= .; 0*0?+&)*: @,5&+8 '+*)8 -)8-9&'*: 0*0?+&)* 8&0&=*

!"" $%& ' () *"" +), (+" -.$ %* /01/210("34


Time -
uPN
Time -
uPN
Page A of "


/.+0&1-2*8 B&1' C*D*9'-.) 6/BC7
NSR inuicates how well the R0 membiane is iejecting salts (contaminants) anu theiefoie is ielateu to peimeate watei quality. If the
NSR uecieases then the amount of salts going thiough the R0 membiane is incieasing (lowei quality peimeate). A ueciease in NSR
can inuicate fouling oi scaling oi uegiauation of the R0 membianes.

A well peifoiming R0 membiane shoulu be pioviuing 97% to 99% iejection anu a membiane is consiueieu 'bau' when the R0
iejection uiops to 9u% oi less. 0vei noimal opeiation of an R0 membiane you can expect to see the NSR steauily uecline uuiing
continuous use. R0 membianes usually last foi seveial yeais befoie they iequiie ieplacement anu a steauy uecline in NSR is a noimal
sign of an aging membiane. A piopei cleaning iegiment foi R0 membianes can help impiove the NSR.

NSR can be helpful in iuentifying biofouling issues. When biofouling is a concein, oftentimes the NSR will actually inciease anu the
NPF will ueciease. This is because the biofoulant will actually seal small impeifections in the R0 membiane theieby incieasing the
iejection of salts. 0vei time, the biofoulant layei ages anu begins to uie, many items such as C02, methane, oiganic acius begin to
uiffuse thiough the membiane, ultimately affecting the quality of the peimeate watei (less salt iejection iesulting in a lowei NSR).

!"" $%& 5 () *"" +), (+" -!6 %* /01/210("34

/.+0&1-2*8 3+*::<+* %-;;*+*)'-&1 6/3%7
The NPB tells us how clean the feeu watei spacei is on the membiane. These spaceis aie only aiounu Su thousanus of an inch thick
anu aie theiefoie extiemely susceptible to plugging. As plugging occuis the iesistance to flow incieases anu piessuie uiop incieases.

The NBP will begin to inciease ovei time uue to fouling oi scaling anu R0 membianes shoulu be cleaneu when the NBP incieases by
1S% to 2S% above the baseline value. NBP anu NPF shoulu be monitoieu togethei to ueteimine when the R0 membianes shoulu be
cleaneu. 0ften the NPF will ueciease anu the NBP will iemain unchangeu. This is simply because the foulingscaling issues have yet to
plug the feeu watei spaceis. In time the NBP will inciease in conjunction with the uiop in NPF.

A ueciease in NPB is usually uue to faulty instiumentation oi mistakes maue uuiing uata collection.

If NPB can be measuieu foi each stage of an R0, usually pioblems can be iuentifieu between fouling anu scaling baseu on the location
of the incieaseu piessuie uiop. An inciease in NPB in the fiont stage of an R0 inuicates fouling issues anu an inciease in NPB in the
seconu stage inuicates scaling.



Page E of "



3,450* 6 7 /(01%),2*. 8*01*%&* 3)(9 '%)+5)%&,(-

!"# ! !"#$"%&" !"#$ !
!"#$%&'$ !"#$
!"#$
!
!"#$%&'$ !"#
!"#


Wheie:
!""# !"# !
!""# !"#$%&'()('*
!


!"#$%#&'(&% !"#$%& !
!"#$"%&" !"#$ !!"#$%#&'(&% !"#$
!"#$%#&'(&% !"#$


!"#$%#&'(&% !"# ! !""# !"# ! !"#$%#&'(&% !"#$%&

!"#$ !"#$%&# !"# !"#$#%! !"#$$%"#
!
!""# !"#$$%"# !!"#$%#&'(&% !"#$$%"#
!
!
!""# !"# !!"#$%#&'(&% !"#
!""
!!"#$"%&" !"#$$%"#

!""# !"#$ ! !
!
!
! !""# !"#$ !!"
!"# !"#$"%&'(%" !"#!"#$%&' !"#$%& ! !"# !"#$ !
!
!"#
!
!
!"# !!""# !"#$ !

!"# %&'()*)+,-*
70("8 ("9:"80(28" %* );" )< (+" ="> <0/()8* %; (+" :"8<)890;/" )< 8"?"8*" )*9)*%* 9"9@80;"*4 A"9@80;" 90;2<0/(28"8* :8)?%3"
("9:"80(28" /)88"/(%); <0/()8* <)8 &%?"; ):"80(%;& ("9:"80(28"* 0;3 /0; ?08> @> 90;2<0/(28"8 0;3 /0; 01*) @" /01/210("3 %;
3%<<"8";( ,0>*4 B+" C!BA 9"(+)3 0* *+),; 0@)?" ,%(+ (+" A"9@80;" D)"<<%/%";( )< 5EFG %* 2*"3 <)8 )28 :28:)*" )< <%;3%;&
?08%0;/" %; 0 6H4 B+" A"9@80;" D)"<<%/%";( )< 5EFG %* 2*"3I 0* (+" 90J)8%(> )< )28 9"9@80;"* ,%11 /);<)89 () (+%* ;29@"8 0;3
(+" "<<"/( ); (+" /01/210(%);* @> 2*%;& 0 *:"/%<%/ /)"<<%/%";( <)8 "0/+ 9"9@80;" %* ;"&1%&%@1"4


Page F of "


3,450* : 7 /(01%),2*. ;%)& !*<*+&,(-
NSR monitois the amount of salt that passes thiough the membiane.


!"# ! !"" ! !"#$ !"##"$% !
!"#$"%&" !"#$
!"#$%&'$ !"#$"%&" !"#$
! !"# ! !""

Wheie:
!"#$"%&" !"# !
!"#$"%&" !"#$%&'()('* ! !!!"


!""# !"# !
!""# !"#$%&'()('*
!


!"#$ !"#"$%&'( ! ! !
!"#$"%&" !"#
!""# !"#


!"#$ !"##"$% ! ! ! !"#$ !"#"$%&'(

!""# !"#$ ! !
!
!
! !""# !"#$ !!"
!"# !"#$"%&'(%" !"##$%&'!" !"#$%& ! !"# !"#$ !
!
!"#
!
!
!"# !!""# !"#$ !

!"# %&'()*)+,-*
70("8 ("9:"80(28" %* );" )< (+" ="> <0/()8* %; (+" :"8<)890;/" )< 8"?"8*" )*9)*%* 9"9@80;"*4 A"9@80;" 90;2<0/(28"8* :8)?%3"
("9:"80(28" /)88"/(%); <0/()8* <)8 &%?"; ):"80(%;& ("9:"80(28"* 0;3 /0; ?08> @> 90;2<0/(28"8 0;3 /0; 01*) @" /01/210("3 %;
3%<<"8";( ,0>*4 B+" C!BA 9"(+)3 0* *+),; 0@)?" ,%(+ (+" A"9@80;" D)"<<%/%";( )< 5EFG %* 2*"3 <)8 )28 :28:)*" )< <%;3%;&
?08%0;/" %; 0 6H4 B+" A"9@80;" D)"<<%/%";( )< 5EFG %* 2*"3I 0* (+" 90J)8%(> )< )28 9"9@80;"* ,%11 /);<)89 () (+%* ;29@"8 0;3
(+" "<<"/( ); (+" /01/210(%);* @> 2*%;& 0 *:"/%<%/ /)"<<%/%";( <)8 "0/+ 9"9@80;" %* ;"&1%&%@1"4


Page " of "


3,450* = 7 /(01%),2*. 80*>>50* $,??*0*-&,%)
The Piessuie Biffeiential can help iuentify if the membiane is uiity. The noimalizeu value (NPB) will account foi changes in flow anu
tempeiatuie. An inciease in the NPB is an eaily waining of scaling anuoi fouling. To pievent complex pioblems the membiane
shoulu be cleaneu if the NPB becomes 1S% oi gieatei than the baseline.


!"# ! !"#$$%"# !"#$ !
!"#$%&'$ !"#$%&# !"#$
!"#$%&# !"#$


Wheie:
!"#$$%"# !"#$ ! !""# !"#$$%"# !!"#$%#&'(&% !"#$$%"#

!"#$%&# !"#$ !
!"#$"%&" !"#$ !!"#$%#&'(&% !"#$
!