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Introduction
MOST POWER CONSUMED IN MECHANICAL SERVICES SYSTEMS IS CONSUMED BY ELECTRIC MOTORS: - FANS - PUMPS - COMPRESSORS - DAMPER MOTORS - CONTROL VALVES PASSIVE DEVICES CONSUME THE BALANCE OF THE POWER: - ELECTRIC HEATER BANKS - CONTROL SYSTEMS: - RELAYS - CONTACTORS - CONTROLLERS - MONITORING DEVICES - COMPUTER DISPLAYS AND PRINTERS
Typical Consumption
Electrical Terms
Voltage (Volts, V) Current (Amps, A) Direct Current (DC) / Alternating Current (AC) AC Power (kW, kVA) and Power Factor (PF) Single Phase (1ph) / Three Phase (3ph)
Voltage (Volts, V)
Volts is the SI measurement unit of electrical potential difference or electromotive force. Ability to do work! Its a potential difference and therefore always measured between two points. Voltage is most commonly referenced to the neutral or earth potential which is termed 0 volts. Water pipe analogy voltage is like the pressure drop across the circuit. Western Power is like a variable speed pump which maintains a constant pressure differential (voltage drop) across a varying load (grid).
Current (Amps, A)
Amps is the SI measurement unit of current or electric charge flow at a specific point in a circuit. Water pipe analogy current is like the water flow through a pipe. Western Powers variable speed pump (power station) increases the water flow rate (current) to maintain a constant pressure differential (voltage drop) across the varying load (grid). Cables are sized based on current carrying capacity and voltage drop, the same way ducts and pipes are sized on flow rate and pressure drop.
DC
AC
Power Factor = 1
Purely resistive loads like: Heater bank Electronic switch-mode power supplies (e.g. computer, electronic ballast in a fluoro) Variable Speed Drives (electronics) Can be usually be switched with less expensive AC-1 rated contactors as making & breaking currents are less and shorter duration.
WE MAINLY DEAL WITH 50 HZ AC MOTORS. EITHER 240V SINGLE PHASE OR 415V THREE PHASE. THE MOTOR INDUSTRY CONSIDERS THESE TO BE LOW VOLTAGE MOTORS. HIGH VOLTAGE MOTORS: 1,000V 22,000V. WE HAVE MEPS TO HELP US ENSURE WE ARE USING THE MOST EFFICIENT ELECTRIC MOTORS.
MEPS
APPLIES TO 3 PHASE MOTORS, 0.73 kW 185 kW. 2006 HIGH EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS WERE UPGRADED. E3 Equipment Energy Efficiency From 1 October 2012 Enforced through GEMS Greenhouse Energy Minimum Standards http://www.energyrating.gov.au/programs/e3program/meps/about/ http://www.climatechange.gov.au/media/whatsnew/gems-legislation-introduced.aspx
MEPS
TYPES OF AC MOTORS
ADVANTAGES LEAST EXPENSIVE LONG LIFE LOW POWER HIGH POWER HIGH STARTING TORQUE LONG-LIFE
DISADVANTAGES ROTATION SLIPS FROM FREQUENCY LOW STARTING TORQUE ROTATION SLIPS FROM FREQUENCY AC ROTATION INSYNC WITH FREQ MORE EXPENSIVE
APPLIANCES
MORE EFFICIENT SMALLER FOR THE SAME POWER EASY TO CHANGE DIRECTION NO CAPACITOR START EASY TO SPEED CONTROL (VSD/VFD) P (WATTS) = 3 x V (VOLTS) x I (AMPS) x POWER FACTOR P (WATTS) = 3 x 415 x I (AMPS) x 0.8
Fault Levels
Fault level is expressed in kA kiloamps (thousands of amps) The current that occurs when you short out the phases! Bigger (or more) power transformers, higher the fault level. Closer to the supply transformer, higher the fault level. Make sure the Electrical Contractor or Consultant has advised the fault level. Mechanical switchboards need to be constructed suitable for the fault level.
4-10kA domestic/commercial <250A 25kA for 1000kVA TX 50kA for 2x1000kVA TX 150kA up for mines!
BOOM!
Form Rating
Compartmentalising switchboards You may need to work on some services while keeping others running go for a higher form rating! Form rating is all about concurrent maintainability!
Cascading of current is the key to DDC Control. Computer output via transistor:
DDC equipment is located on the Extra Low Voltage (ELV) side of the MSSB. Digital and Analogue Inputs trigger Digital and Analogue Outputs.
The power side of the DDC system is located on the Low Voltage (LV) Side of the MSSB. A single digital output Closes the contactor and starts the heater.
Thank you