DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE

Dr (Prof) M V Seshagiri Rao1, Dr S Lavanya Prabha 2, Dr M Neelamegam 3, V Srinivasa Reddy 1

1

De ar!men! of "ivil #ngineering, $N%&' "ollege of #ngineering, 'yderabad, #mail( rao)vs)med*ri+yahoo,-om 2 De ar!men! of "ivil #ngineering, #as.ari #ngineering "ollege, "hennai, 3 /ormerly Dire-!or 0r,S-ien!is!, S#R", "hennai,

Abstract: 'is!ori-ally, -on-re!e and -emen!1based -om osi!e ma!erials have been in-or ora!ed in!o s!r*-!*res as -om ression1only sys!ems, Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e (RP") !rans-ends !his !radi!ional limi!a!ion and brings a ne. a roa-h !o res!ressed -on-re!e design be-a*se i! -an be *sed !o resis! all b*! dire-! rimary !ensile s!resses, %his elimina!es !he need for shear and o!her a*2iliary reinfor-ing s!eel in re-as! members, .hi-h res*l!s in -os! red*-!ion for !he i!ems !hemselves b*!, more im or!an!, for !he labor !hey *s*ally genera!e, Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e is a high s!reng!h d*-!ile -om osi!e ma!erial form*la!ed from a s e-ial -ombina!ion of -ons!i!*en! ma!erials s*-h as Por!land -emen!, sili-a f*me, 3*ar!4 o.der, fine sili-a, high1range .a!er red*-er, very lo. .a!er -emen! ra!io and s!eel fibres, %he resear-h re or!ed in !his a er, develo men! of Rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e(RP"), an *l!ra1high1 erforman-e -on-re!e, &l!ra 'igh Performan-e "on-re!e (&'P"), !hro*gh mi-ro s!r*-!*ral enhan-emen! !e-hni3*es is resen!ed along .i!h s*i!abili!y s*i!able eval*a!ion s!*dies for refabri-a!ed s!r*-!*res es e-ially angle se-!ions, %he o !imi4a!ion of gran*lar a-5ing of !he ingredien!s li5e sili-a f*me, 3*ar!4 o.der, and s!andard sand .i!h -emen! .as an im or!an! fa-!or for ge!!ing enhan-ed me-hani-al and d*rabili!y ro er!ies of RP", 6*ar!4 sand is *sed ins!ead of ordinary aggrega!e .hi-h in-reases !he -om ressive s!reng!h, 7! .as fo*nd !ha! !he sele-!ion of ingredien!s and -*ring regime lays a ma8or role in !he enhan-ed erforman-e of &'P", 9 mi2 ro or!ion has been develo ed by o !imi4ing !he vol*me of ingredien!s and .i!h a ro ria!e -*ring regime !o rod*-e *l!ra high s!reng!h -on-re!e of 1:3MPa -*red a! :;o", %he dominan! role of !he -*ring regime on !he erforman-e of rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e .as highligh!ed in !his resen! s!*dy, %his a er revie.s !he available li!era!*re on RP", and also resen!s !he res*l! of labora!ory inves!iga!ion -om aring RP"<&'P" .i!h 'P", S e-ifi- benefi!s and o!en!ial s!r*-!*ral a li-a!ions of RP"<&'P" have also been dis-*ssed, Keywords: Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e, RP", &l!ra 'igh Performan-e "on-re!e, D*-!al, 6*ar!4, Sili-a /*me 1 INTROD!CTION Rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e (RP") is a develo ing -om osi!e ma!erial !ha! .ill allo. !he -on-re!e ind*s!ry !o o !imi4e ma!erial *se, genera!e e-onomi-al benefi!s, and b*ild s!r*-!*res !ha! are s!rong, d*rable and sensi!ive !o environmen!, 9 -om arison of !he hysi-al, me-hani-al, and d*rabili!y ro er!ies of RP" and high erforman-e -on-re!e, ('P") sho.s !ha! ro er!ies of RP" ossesses be!!er s!reng!h (bo!h -om ressive and fle2*ral) and lo.er ermeabili!y -om ared !o 'P", Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e (RP") (Ri-hard and "heyre4y (1::=)) is an &l!ra 'igh Performan-e "on-re!e (De Larrard and Sedran (1::>)) develo ed in mid 1::;?s by @o*yg*esA labora!ory in /ran-e and !he .orld?s firs! RP" s!r*-!*re, !he Sherbroo5e @ridge in "anada, .as -ons!r*-!ed in $*ly 1::B, %he resear-h -arried o*! in differen! -o*n!ries sho.s !ha! RP" .i!h a -om ressive s!reng!h * !o 2;; MPa -an be develo ed *sing s!eel fibres and -an be im roved f*r!her * !o C;; MPa

*sing s!eel elle!s (Ri-hard and "heyre4y (1::=)), %he fle2*ral s!reng!h of RP" elemen!s are is of !he order of C; MPa and !hese elemen!s -an be *sed for s!r*-!*ral a li-a!ions ins!ead of s!eel, %he ma!erial e2hibi!s high d*-!ili!y .i!h !y i-al val*es for energy absor !ion a roa-hing !hose reserved for me!als, %he advan-e me-hani-al and hysi-al ro er!ies of RP" are ob!ained by o !imi4ing a-5ing densi!y of -on-re!e mi2!*re .i!h re-ise grada!ion of all mi2 ar!i-les, and by *sing highly refined sili-a f*me !o im rove !he mi-ros!r*-!*re of hydra!ed -emen! as!es !hro*gh !he o44olani- rea-!ion (Ri-hard, 1::=, 0raybeal, 2;;2)D1E, " # REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE $RPC% Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e (RP") is a ne. family of high s!reng!h -emen! based -om osi!es !ha! a-hieves high levels of -om ressive s!reng!h from a s e-ial -ombina!ion of -ons!i!*en! ma!erials, %he -om osi!ion of rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e in-l*des -emen! (ordinary Por!land -emen!), fine sand, sili-a f*me, 3*ar!4 o.der, and high !ensile s!eel fibres, Rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e has enhan-ed me-hani-al and d*rabili!y ro er!ies d*e !o mi-ros!r*-!*ral engineering a roa-h in-l*ding elimina!ion of !he -oarse aggrega!es, red*-!ion of !he .a!er1!o1-emen!i!io*s ma!erial, lo.ering of !he "aFGSiF 2 ra!io by in!rod*-ing !he rea-!ive sili-a -om onen!s, and in-or ora!ion of s!eel fibre reinfor-emen!, %he absen-e of -oarse aggrega!e, -on!rib*!ing for red*-!ion in !he he!erogenei!y be!.een !he -emen! ma!ri2 and !he aggrega!e, is !he 5ey1as e-! for !he a-5ed mi-ros!r*-!*re and !he erforman-e of !he RP" d*e !o, leading !ha! led !o higher densi!y, grea!er s!reng!h and lo. ermeabili!y, 7n a !y i-al RP" mi2 ro or!ioning, in order !o enhan-e !he homogenei!y and o !imi4e !he densi!y of -on-re!e gran*lar mi2!*re(HH), !he -oarse aggrega!es of *sed in -onven!ional -on-re!e are !o!ally elimina!ed s*-h !ha! ne-essi!a!ing !o s*bs!an!ially in-rease !he amo*n!s 3*an!i!ies of fine aggrega!e, Frdinary Por!land -emen! and sili-a f*me, need !o be s*bs!an!ially in-reased, Ia!er -emen! ra!io *sed in RP" ranges from ;,1= !o ;,2=, %his -on-re!e has a very high -om ressive s!reng!h e2-eeding 2;; MPa .hi-h -an be im roved f*r!her * !o C;;MPa by in!rod*-ing s!eel elle!s, %o rod*-e a very high -om ressive s!reng!h of RP", a li-a!ions of ress*re before and d*ring se!!ing and hea!1!rea!ing !rea!men! af!er se!!ing are normally re3*ired, %he reinfor-ing effe-! of s!eel fibres is es e-ially -ri!i-al !o !he me-hani-al ro er!ies of RP" *nder !ension, %his ne. family of -on-re!e has im roved d*-!ile behavior .i!h a fle2*ral s!reng!h of 2=MPa !o >;MPa, %hese high erforman-es are d*e !o !he im roved mi-ros!r*-!*re ro er!ies and highly dis-on!in*o*s ore s!r*-!*re, 9lso, !he !o*ghness inde2 of !his -on-re!e is high .hen -om ared .i!h !o !ha! of !he ordinary -onfined -on-re!e (is i! -onven!ional -on-re!eHH), %here is almos! no -arbona!ion and -hloride ion ene!ra!ion and near 4ero s*l ha!e a!!a-5, Moreover !he resis!an-e !o abrasion is near !o ro-5, %here is also no shrin5age or -ree , .hi-h ma5es !he ma!erial very s*i!able for a li-a!ion in res!ressed and refabri-a!ed s!r*-!*res, %he high s!reng!h and easiness !o rod*-e *sing -*s!omary ind*s!rial !ool by -as!ing in8e-!ion, and e2!r*sion ma5es i! s*i!able for refabri-a!ed s!r*-!*ral a li-a!ions, "hara-!eri4a!ion of ma!erials *sed in RP" has rogressed !o s*-h an e2!en! !ha! !he *se of RP" in f*ll s-ale s!r*-!*res is dis!in-!ly visible in near f*!*re, Many resear-hers aro*nd !he .orld have develo ed RP"s !ha! -o*ld be -lassified, as &l!ra 'igh Performan-e "on-re!e (&'P"), %his !e-hnology of rod*-ing RP" is -overed in one of many a!en!s in !he range of &'P" 5no.n as JD*-!alK, Ii!h res e-! !o !he me-hani-al behavior, &'P" .i!h

fibres sho.s d*-!ile behavior *nder -om ression as .ell as in !ension, de ending on !he !y e and 3*an!i!y of fibres -on!ained in !he mi2, @y in!rod*-ing fine s!eel fibres, !hey -an e2hibi! remar5able s!reng!hs and energy absor !ions, Very fe. s!*dies are done on !he role of fibre addi!ion on !he -om ressive and fle2*ral s!reng!hs of RP", so more inves!iga!ions are needed !o *nders!and and se! o !im*m limi!s on !he fibre -on!en!, %he s!*dy is aimed a! iden!ifying and o !imi4ing !he salien! arame!ers !ha! infl*en-ed .o*ld infl*en-e !he mi2 ro or!ions of !he Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e and i!s -*ring me!hods, 9lso, s!*dy of vario*s me-hani-al ro er!ies of RP" is -arried o*! !o find !he feasibili!y of *sing RP" as s!r*-!*ral -om onen!s s*-h as angle se-!ions, D*e !o advan!age of !he s* er ma!erial ro er!ies, RP" has been a lied !o many real -ons!r*-!ions .here !he s*bs!an!ial .eigh! savings of s!r*-!*re -an be a re-ia!ed and .here i!s dis!ing*ished fea!*res of ma!erial ro er!y -an be f*lly *!ili4ed (9deline L "heyre4y 1::C, #!inne e! al, 2;;1, Reben!ros! L "avill 2;;M)DCE, @e-a*se !he leas! -os!ly -om onen!s of -onven!ional -on-re!e have been re la-ed by more e2 ensive ingredien!s, in-l*ding !he s!eel fiber, and !he re3*ired addi!ion of s!eel fiber in order .hi-h is *sed !o in-rease !he !ensile s!reng!h, !he -os! of RP" is es!ima!ed !o be = !o 1; !imes higher !han !ha! of !radi!ional 'igh1Performan-e "on-re!e, 9s a res*l!, a -os!1effe-!ive a li-a!ion of RP" is *sed for -on-re!e re air and re!rofi! (Lee e! al, 2;;B)DME, %he fine sand *sed in RP" be-omes e3*ivalen! !o !he -o*rse -oarse aggrega!e of -onven!ional -on-re!e, !he Por!land -emen! fills !a5es !he role of !he fine aggrega!e and !he sili-a f*me !ha! of !he -emen!, in !he -on!e2! of s a!ial o--* a!ion, b*! -er!ainly no! in !erms of -emen!i!io*s -hara-!eris!i-s, %he mineral -om onen! o !imi4a!ion alone res*l!s in a s*bs!an!ial in-rease in -os! over and above !ha! of -onven!ional -on-re!e " 1 PROPERTIES OF RPC 1, "om ressive S!reng!h( 'igher -om ressive s!reng!h !han 'igh Performan-e -on-re!e, Ma2im*m -om ressive s!reng!h of RP" is a ro2ima!ely 2;;MPa, 2, %ensile S!reng!h( 2; !o =; MPa, !.i-e as s!rong as normal -on-re!e 3, /le2*ral S!reng!h( RP" ossesses high fle2*ral s!reng!h (nearly1;; MPa) !han in -om arison !o 'P", @y in!rod*-ing s!eel fibres, RP" -an a-hieve high fle2*ral s!reng!h, >, Resis!an-e !o "hloride 7on Pene!ra!ion( 'ea! -*red RP" sho. high resis!an-e !han normal -*red RP", =, 'omogenei!y( 7m roved by elimina!ing all -oarse aggrega!es, %he ma2im*m ar!i-le si4e of !he dry RP" -om onen!s is less !han M;; Nm, Dry -om onen!s for *se in RP" are less !han M;; Nm, M, 'igh "om a-!ness( D*e !o a li-a!ion of ress*re before and d*ring -on-re!e se!!ing eriod, B, Dense Mi-ros!r*-!*re( Mi-ros!r*-!*re of !he -emen! hydra!e -an be -hanged by a lying hea! !rea!men! d*ring -*ring, C, 'igh Degree of D*-!ili!y( Ma!erial d*-!ili!y -an be im roved !hro*gh !he addi!ion of shor! s!eel fibres, :, 'igh Oo*ng?s Mod*l*s( 9bo*! =; !o B= 0Pa 1;, 9lmos! no Shrin5age or "ree , Ligh! .eigh! and Long Life 11, Po!en!ial re la-emen! !o S!eel, " " &ENEFITS OF RPC

1, 7! has !he o!en!ial !o s!r*-!*rally -om e!e .i!h s!eel, 9ll s!eel elemen!s in a s!r*-!*re -an be re la-ed by RP" elemen!s for i!s s* erior me-hani-al and d*rabili!y -hara-!eris!i-s 2, S* erior s!reng!h -ombined .i!h higher shear -a a-i!y res*l! in signifi-an! dead load red*-!ion, 3, Ii!h i!s d*-!ile !ension fail*re me-hanism, RP" -an be *sed !o resis! all b*! dire-! rimary !ensile s!resses, %his elimina!es !he need for s* lemen!al shear and o!her a*2iliary reinfor-ing s!eel, >, RP" rovides im roved seismi- erforman-e by red*-ing iner!ia loads .i!h ligh!er members, allo.ing larger defle-!ions .i!h red*-ed -ross se-!ions, and roviding higher energy absor !ion, =, Lo. Lnon1in!er-onne-!ed orosi!y diminishes mass !ransfer, ma5ing ene!ra!ion of li3*id<gas non1e2is!en!, M, RP" has *l!ra dense mi-ro s!r*-!*re, giving advan!ageo*s .a!er roofing Ld*rabili!y -hara-!eris!i-s B, No rebar needed, C, 7! has immense o!en!ial in -ons!r*-!ion d*e !o i!s s* erior, me-hani-al Ld*rabili!y ro er!ies, :, RP" sho*ld be *sed in areas .here s*bs!an!ial .eigh! savings -an be reali4ed and .here some of !he remar5able -hara-!eris!i-s of !he ma!erial -an be f*lly *!ili4ed, " ' RPC APPLICATIONS 1, "on!ainmen! of N*-lear Ias!e( &sed for isola!ion and -on!ainmen! of n*-lear .as!es, as already in vog*e in several ro8e-!s of #*ro e, 7! has been *sed for blo-5ing L s!abili4a!ion of -on!ainmen! .as!e, RP" has also been *sed for isola!ion and -on!ainmen! of n*-lear .as!e of several ro8e-!s in #*ro e, 2, %he firs! bridge ro8e-! *sing RP" .as a edes!rian bridge in Sherbroo5e, 6*ebe-, "anada, -ons!r*-!ed in
1::B, %he bridge .as man*fa-!*red -as! in a re-as! o era!ion in si2 segmen!s ea-h 33 fee! (1; m) long, !rans or!ed !o !he si!e, and os!1!ensioned !oge!her, %he bridge is a 31D s a-e !r*ss .i!h a -lear s an of 1:C f! (M; m) and a !o de-5 1,2= in, (3; mm) !hi-5, 9 edes!rian bridge in Seo*l, Porea, has a -lear s an of 3:; f! (12; m) and a s!r*-!*ral de !h of 3,M f! (1,1 m) *sing a modified do*ble b*lb1!ee .i!h a de-5 !hi-5ness of 1,2= in, (3; mm), Several o!her RP" bridge ro8e-!s are resen!ly *nder develo men! in Nor!h 9meri-a, #*ro e, 9*s!ralia, and 9sia,

3, >, =, M, B, C,

Por!*gal has *sed RP" for sea.all an-hors, 9*s!railia has *sed RP" in a vehi-*lar bridge, /ran-e has *sed RP" in b*ilding o.er lan!s, 6inghai1%ibe! Rail.ay @ridge is -ons!r*-!ed .i!h RP", Sha.nessy Ligh! Rail %ransi! S!a!ion is -ons!r*-!ed .i!h RP", @asi-ally, s!r*-!*res needing ligh! and !hin -om onen!s li5e roofs for s!adi*ms, long bridge s ans, and any!hing !ha! needs e2!ra safe!y or se-*ri!y s*-h as blas! resis!an! s!r*-!*res, RP" is a bes! sol*!ion,

Sherbroo5e bridge, 6*ebe-, "anada >

6inghai1%ibe! Rail.ay

Sha.nessy Ligh! Rail %ransi! S!a!ion in 7o.a (2;;>) &,S,

"om arison of beam -ross se-!ions of e3*al momen! -a a-i!y ' # E(PERIMENTAL PRO)RAMME %his a er resen!s !he s*i!abili!y eval*a!ion s!*dies on Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e for refabri-a!ed s!r*-!*res es e-ially angle se-!ions, %he resen! s!*dy in-l*des !hree e2 erimen!al hases, 1, %he firs! e2 erimen!al hase in-l*des Design of RP" mi2es and de!ermining of -om ressive, !ensile and fle2*ral behavior of RP", 2, %he se-ond hase in-l*des !es!ing of RP" angle se-!ions in -om ression and fle2*re, Many of !he !es!s in !his hase .ere -arried o*! a--ording !o 9S%M s!andard !es! ro-ed*res, 3, %he !hird hase is !es!ing of bol!ed la!e se-!ion for de!ermining !he edge dis!an-e !o be *sed in !he bol!ed -onne-!ion, =

' 1 MATERIALS !SED %he ma!erials *sed in !he resen! inves!iga!ion are lis!ed belo.( 1, Frdinary Por!land -emen! of =3 grade -onfirming !o 7S( 122M: .as *sed for !he s!*dy, 2, %he sili-a f*me *sed in !his s!*dy had a @laine?s fineness of 2;m2<gm, %he sili-a f*me -on!ained :>Q sili-on dio2ide .hile !he 3*ar!4 o.der -on!ained mos!ly sili-on dio2ide, (2=Q by .eigh!) 3, 6*ar!4 o.der >, S!andard #nnore Sand -onforming !o 7S( 3C3 ( 1:B; =, %he ma2im*m and nominal si4e of aggrega!es *sed for RP" is 2,3Mmm res e-!ively, %he ma!erial having !he larges! ar!i-le si4e in RP" is sand, M, @ased on si4e of aggrega!es, !.o leng!hs of mi-ro s!eel fibres .ere *sed Mmm, and 13mm mi-ro1s!eel fibres (for RP") and diame!er ;,1Mmm having !ensile s!reng!h of 2;;;MPa,(%able 2) (2,=11;Q by vol*me for !o*ghening) B, #ven!*ally !he .or5abili!y .as -on!rolled a-hieved *sing ade3*a!e 3*an!i!ies of !hird genera!ion oly1-arbo2yli- based s* er las!i-i4ers (Polya-ryli- es!er !y e), C, "*red in s!eam ba!h for >C hrs + :;R" af!er ini!ial se! and la-ed *nder ress*re a! !he molding s!age, %he hysi-al ro er!ies of !he ma!erials are sho.n in %able 1, " " RPC MI( PROPORTIONS %he s!andard mi2 ro or!ion and 3*an!i!y of ma!erials er -*bi- me!re of rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e mi2 form*la!ion as sho.n in %able 3 and >, develo ed a! "S7R1S#R" "hennai, .as ado !ed, 9 'obar! Plane!ary mi2er ma-hine (1; 5g -a a-i!y) .as *sed !o mi2 !he RP", 7n -ase of RP" mi2!*res .i!h fibres, af!er all !he o.der ingredien!s .ere mi2ed !horo*ghly .i!h .a!er along .i!h s* er las!i-i4er (SP) and .hen flo.able -onsis!en-y .as a-hieved, !he fibres .ere added !o !he mi2ing bo.l slo.ly, "are .as !a5en !o ens*re random dis!rib*!ion of fibres, Tab*e 1: P+ys,ca* Pro-ert,es o. t+e Mater,a*s Sl, Ma!erials &sed Symbol Pro er!ies No FP"( =3 0radeS S0 T 3,1=S S" T 2CQS 1, "emen! " 7S% T 11; minS /S% T 2M; minS "S T =C MPa a! 2C days 2, Sili-a /*me S/ S0 T 2,2=S Q Passing !hro*gh >=Nm sieve in IS9T:2 Q 3, 6*ar!4 Po.der 6 S0 T 2,=:S Q Passing !hro*gh >=Nm sieve in IS9TB= Q >, #nnore Sand S0 T 2,M3 =, S* er Plas!i-i4er SP Polya-ryli- es!er based Mi-ro1s!eel M S%/ LTM and 13 mm .i!h DT;,1Mmm fibres FP" G Frdinary Por!land -emen!, S0 G S e-ifi- 0ravi!y, "S G "*be S!reng!h, PSR G Par!i-le si4e range, S" G S!andard "onsis!en-y, IS9 G Ie! sieve analysis of aggrega!es, L G Leng!h, D G Diame!er, 7S% L /S%1 7ni!ial and /inal se!!ing !imes, Tab*e ": Pro-ert,es o. stee* .,bres

%y e of fibres "arbon S!raigh! Mi-ro1S!eel /ibres

Dimension of fibre L(mm) D(mm) M ;,1M 13

S!reng!h MPa 2;;;

Tab*e ': Sta/dard M,0 Pro-ort,o/s .or React,1e Powder Co/crete S/ " 6 /9 .<- SP S%/ ;,2= 1 ;,> 1,1 ;,22 3 ;,2 (2Q by vol,) 6*an!i!y of Ma!erials < m3 of -on-re!e Mi2 Pro or!ions S/ " 6 Sand .<- SP S%/ 5g 5g 5g 5g li! li! 5g 1:> BBB 311 C== 1B1 2: 1M; S/ G Sili-a /*me, " G "emen! 6 G 6*ar!4, /9 G /ine 9ggrega!e, I G Ia!er, SP G S* er Plas!i-i4er , S%/1 S!eel /ibre Tab*e 2: M,0t3re -ro-ort,o/s Mi2 ro or!ions of RP" " S 6 /9 I SP Q S/ Q RP" ) 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 1,= ) RP" 11Q Mmm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 1,2 1 RP" 12Q Mmm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 2,2= 2 RP" 1 3Q Mmm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,2; 2,= 3 RP" 1 1Q 13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 1,2 1 RP" 12Q 13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 2,2= 2 RP" 1 3Q 13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,2; 2,= 3 RP" 1 1QU1Q MmmU13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,1B 2,2= 2 RP" 1 1QU2Q MmmU13mm 1 ;,2= ;,> 1,1 ;,2; 2,= 3 ",9,L /,9,, -oarse and /ine aggrega!e, I G Ia!er, SP G S* er las!i-i4ers (3*an!i!y of SP is re resen!ed in er-en!age by .eigh! of -emen!i!io*s ma!erial), S/ G S!eel fibres (3*an!i!y of S/ is re resen!ed in er-en!age by vol*me of !he !o!al mi2!*re Mi2 7D /ibre Leng!h ' ' C!RIN) RE)IME %he -*ring ro!o-ol ado !ed is indi-a!ed in /ig, 1(a) and is !he o*!-ome of a s!*dy of differen! -ombina!ions of normal .a!er -*ring, ho! .a!er -*ring and high !em era!*re -*ring, 9f!er 1; days of differen! regimes of -*ring, !he s e-imens .ere -*red in .a!er *n!il !he !es!ing, 9%"19mbien! !em era!*re, NI"1Normal .a!er -*ring, RF'1 Ra!e of hea!ing, 'I"1'o! Ia!er "*ring, '9"1'o! 9ir "*ring, RF"1Ra!e of -*ring -ooling, DF%1Da!e of %es!ing

3;; 2=;

%e m e ra!* re ("V)

2;; 1=; 1;; =; ; ; 1 ATC

RO6: 1 +r

6AC

ROC: 1 +r

RO6: 2 : +rs 6WC NWC NWC t,** DOT

>

1;

"*ring Period (days%

F,4 1$a%: C3r,/4 Re4,5e .or RPC

,% Nor5a* water c3r,/4

,,% 6ot water c3r,/4 7 8##C

,,,% 6ot a,r c3r,/4 7"###C

F,4 1$b%: E93,-5e/ts !sed For D,..ere/t C3r,/4 Re4,5es 2 # PREPERATION OF TEST SPECIMENS 2 1 Pre-arat,o/ o. Co5-ress,o/ S-ec,5e/s %he RP" -ylinders of 1;;mm diame!er and 2;;mm heigh! .ere -as! .i!h vario*s fibre -on!en! and -ombina!ions as sho.n in %able =, 9ll !he s e-imens .ere s*b8e-!ed !o !he -*ring regimes as s e-ified and re ared for !he !es!, %his e2 erimen! .as -arried o*!, !o observe !he im rovemen! in -om ressive behavior of !he RP" on addi!ion of differen! vol*mes of Mmm and 13mm fibres, S!ress1s!rain behavio*r for s e-imens .i!h differen! fibre -on!en! is s!*died, %he addi!ion of fibres -a*sed a -onsiderable -on!rib*!ion !o d*-!ili!y, "om ressive s!reng!hs of RP" s e-imens .i!h vario*s fibre -on!en! are sho.n in %able =, 2 " Pre-arat,o/ o. Te/s,o/ S-ec,5e/ %he mos! -ommonly *sed s e-imen geome!ri-s for !es!ing of &'P" (&l!ra 'igh Performan-e "on-re!e) behavior *nder !ension .ere so1-alled d*mb1bell risms, %he sha e of s*-h risms avoids fail*re in !he area of bond in!rod*-!ion in !he s e-imen, .hi-h o!her.ise o--*rs d*e !o an *navoidable m*l!i1a2ial s!ress s!a!e and<or an abr* ! -hange in s!iffness in !he !ransi!ory region from loading la!es !o s e-imen, %he -ross se-!ion in !he -ons!an! .id!h or!ion is 2;;mm, %he overall heigh! of !he s e-imen .as 3=;mm and bo!h end edge is 1=;mm, S e-ial s!eel mo*lds .ere designed and fabri-a!ed for !he re ara!ion of dire-! !ension !es! s e-imens,

F,4 ": Te/s,o/ S-ec,5e/ w,t+ E/d )r,-s

F,4 ': &ea5 S-ec,5e/ Sc+e5at,c D,a4ra5

2 ' Pre-arat,o/ o. F*e03re a/d s+ear S-ec,5e/ RP" beams of si4e B; 2 B; 2 3=; mm .i!h differen! leng!hs of fibres Dl<d (mm), M<;,1M, 13<;,1ME single or in -ombina!ion and differen! vol*me fra-!ions .ere re ared and !es!ed, S e-imens re ared .ere beams of re-!ang*lar -ross se-!ion .i!h a no!-h a! !he mid1leng!h !o a de !h of 1<M !imes !he beam de !h, %he loading s an (S) .as 3;; mm (;,3D), %he no!-h de !h .id!h .as =mm, 2 2 Pre-arat,o/ o. test s-ec,5e/ .or &o*ted P*ates 9 RP" form*la!ion develo ed a! !he S#R" (S!r*-!*ral #ngineering Resear-h "en!re), "hennai based on e2!ensive inves!iga!ions is *sed for rod*-!ion of RP" la!e elemen!s and !he behavio*r of bol!ed la!es .as inves!iga!ed *nder dire-! !ensile loading .hi-h is !he mos! -ri!i-al -ondi!ion for a bol!ed -onne-!ion, RP" anels .ere -as! in .ooden mo*lds of -lear dimensions of 3=; 2 3=; mm and !hi-5ness 1=mm, 9f!er 2> ho*rs of !he s e-ified -*ring regimes, " -*red s e-imens .ere -*! !o !he re3*ired dimensions *sing -on-re!e -*!!ing ma-hine, 'oles .ere drilled *sing -on-re!e drilling ma-hine a! 1,=d, 2,=d and 3,=d from !he edge of la!es (d1 diame!er of !he bol! hole), 2 ; Pre-arat,o/ o. RPC A/4*e S-ec,5e/a /or -as!ing !he RP" angles .i!h !he differen! vol*mes of fibre -on!en!, a s e-ial devi-e .as designed and fabri-a!ed, &sing !he s e-ial mo*ld angle se-!ions of C;mm 2 C;mm 2 1;mm angle se-!ions .ere -as! for 1m leng!h, %hen !he angle se-!ions .ere -*! !o differen! heigh!s or leng!hs !o -ond*-! !he fle2*re and -om ression !es!s, Ii!h !his mo*ld one -an -as! angle se-!ions of !hi-5ness =mm, Mmm, Cmm, 1;mm, 12mm, 1>mm, 1Mmm and 2;mm,

F,4 2: A/4*e cast,/4 5o3*d .or RPC ; # TEST RES!LTS AND DISC!SSIONS Tab*e ;: Co5-ar,so/ o. co5-ress,1e stre/4t+s .or 1ar,o3s dosa4es o. RPC Sl,No 1 2 3 > = M B C : 1; Mi2 %y e "" 'P" RP" RP" RP" RP" RP" RP" RP" RP" /ibre -on!en! ; ; ; 1Q Mmm 2Q Mmm 3Q Mmm 1Q13mm 2Q 13mm 2QMmmU1Q13mm 2Q 13mmU1Q Mmm "om ressive S!reng!h (MPa) >:,> MC,; 1;=,; 122,B 1>=,C 1M1,C 13M,: 1B1,3 1=M,1 1=M,3

Tab*e <: Te/s,*e Pro-ert,es o. Var,o3s RPC S-ec,5e/s Sl,No, 1 2 3 > = M B C S , 7d RP";Q fibre 1QMmm 1Q13mm 2Q Mmm 2Q13mm 1Q13mmU1QMmm 3Q Mmm 2Q13mmU1QMmm S!ress a! /irs! "ra-5 (MPa) 3,:C =,1: =,C= M,=3 M,C3 M,B; B,;; 1;,;B Pea5 %ensile s!ress(MPa) >,1C B,12 B,1= C,;: :,B2 :,BC :,C= 12,>> S!ress a! /ail*re (MPa) >,1C 3,>= 3,== 3,:C >,== >,M2 3,:= M,1M

Tab*e =: S+ear Pro-ert,es o. RPC Sl,No, R; RS2 RD21 RD32 RS2L RS3L /ibre -on!en! Q Mmm 13mm ; ; 2 ; 2 1 3 2 ; 2 ; 3 "orres onding Shear S!ress(MPa) 13,33 2B,1C >M,=B C3,33 =3,;: C;,>3 1;

Tab*e :: Co5-ress,1e Stress o. 1ar,o3s Str3ct3ra* co5-o/e/ts Sl, No, 1 2 3 > = M B C : 1; 11 12 Se-!ions %y e Re-!ang*lar Se-!ion 7 Se-!ion "hannel Se-!ion 9ngle Se-!ion Vol*me of /ibre(Q) Mmm 1Q 2Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 1Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 1Q 1Q 1Q 2Q 1Q 2Q 13mm 'eigh! (mm) 1=; 1=; 1:3 1:= 1:= 2;; 2;; 2;; 2;; 2;; 2;; 2;; 2;; Larges! Dimension (mm) B; B; 1;; 1;; 1;; 1;; C; C; C; C; C; C; C; &l!ima!e "om ressive S!ress (MPa) 1>;,C; 1>>,B> 1;=,1B 12:,32 1>1,3; :2,B: 1;3,33 12>,M3 1>M,MB 1>3,3 1=3,33 12M,2B 1=M,MB

%he average !arge! -om ressive s!reng!h of RP" .as 1B1,3 MPa .i!h 2Q 13mm long fibres, .hi-h are very -lose !o !he aimed, !arge! s!reng!h, 9s seen from !he %able =, !he RP" mi2es sho.ed 112,M !o 2>M,CQ higher -om ressive s!reng!h -om ared !o Normal "on-re!e, %he -om ressive s!reng!h generally in-reased .i!h in-rease in fibre -on!en! in -ase of RP" mi2es .i!h Mmm fibres and 13 mm fibres, %he highes! -om ressive s!reng!h of 1B1,3 MPa .as re-orded for 2Q 13 mm fibres, 'o.ever, .hen fibre -ombina!ions of Mmm and 13 mm fibre .ere *sed, !here .as a red*-!ion in -om ressive s!reng!h -om ared !o highes! -om ressive s!reng!h ob!ained for single si4e fibres, %his -o*ld be a!!rib*!ed !o !he red*-ed .or5abili!y and lo.er -om a-!ion densi!y a-hieved, %herefore 3Q of Mmm and 2Q of 13 mm seem !o be !he o !im*m fibre -on!en!s as observed from !he res*l!s ob!ained in !he resen! s!*dy, %he !ensile ro er!ies of !he differen! mi2es vi4,, !he !ensile s!reng!h a! firs! visible -ra-5 and -orres onding s!rain and ea5 s!ress and -orres onding s!rain and !he fail*re s!ress and s!rain are indi-a!ed in %able M B, 9! abo*! B;1:;Q s!ress level de ending on !he !y e and vol*me fra-!ion of fibre, !he firs! vis*al -ra-5 a eared, %his led !o bri!!le fail*re for lain RP", b*! for fibred RP" !he s!ress in-reases * !o 1;13;Q de ending on !he fibre !y e and vol*me fra-!ion, and !his is a!!rib*!ed !o !he high fibre, %he shear s!ress for vario*s fibre dosages are !ab*la!ed in %able B C, %he ma2im*m shear s!ress is a-hieved for mi2ed fibre ra!io (3Q MmmU2Q 13mm) C3,33 C MPa, 'o.ever, !here is a signifi-an! in-rease in shear s!ress for 2Q 13mm fibres (=B,: =3,;: MPa), #ven 3Q13mm fibres re or!ed a ma2im*m of CM,> C;,>3MPa, 7! sho.s !he shear s!ress is in-reased .i!h in-rease in fibre -on!en!, 9lso !he minim*m shear s!ress is for !he RP" beam .i!ho*! any fibre (CMPa), %he res*l!s -onfirm !ha! !he addi!ion of 2Q 13mm fibre dosage is o !im*m for RP" -on-re!e, 11

%he !o*ghness -hara-!eris!i-s of !hese -on-re!es .ere -al-*la!ed by firs! lo!!ing !he fle2*ral s!reng!h vers*s defle-!ion lo! and !hen -al-*la!ing !he area *nder !he lo!, %he energy absor !ion -hara-!eris!i- .as -ond*-!ed for RP" -on-re!es by firs! lo!!ing !he s!ress1 s!rain -*rve in -om ression and !hen de!ermining !he area *nder !he s!ress1s!rain lo!, %he enhan-ed me-hani-al ro er!ies of RP" led !o !he inves!iga!ion of vario*s s!r*-!*ral sha es *nder -om ression as s!r*-!*ral -om onen!s of a b*ilding frame or a s a-e !r*ss, Sin-e angle se-!ions .ere more of!en *sed for !r*sses more e2!ensive s!*dy .as -arried o*! on angle se-!ions among !he vario*s sha es !a5en for !es!ing, Vario*s sha es s*-h as re-!ang*lar se-!ions, 7 se-!ions, -hannel se-!ions and 9ngle se-!ions .ere -as! and s*b8e-!ed !o a2ial -om ression, %able C : gives !he *l!ima!e -om ressive s!reng!hs of vario*s -om ression s e-imens, 9mongs! !he s e-imens !es!ed !he re-!ang*lar -ross1se-!ion gives higher -om ressive s!reng!h !han !he o!her s!r*-!*ral sha es of 2QMmm vol*me of fibre, 2Q 13mm leng!h fibre rod*-ed !he highes! s!ress -arrying -a a-i!y -om ared .i!h res e-! o!her series, %he s!ress -arrying -a a-i!y is also grea!er for -ombina!ion of fibres 1QMmm U 2Q13mm, 9lso s!ress -arrying -a a-i!y is high for lo.er slenderness ra!io (l<d) ra!ios -om ared .i!h higher slenderness ra!ios, 7! is also observed among all !he angles !es!ed .i!h vario*s as e-! ra!io, one .i!h 2Q 13mm fibre vol*me gives a higher s!reng!h, Ihen -om ared .i!h l<d ra!io of B,=, !he angles .i!h lo.er l<d ra!ios have a s* erior erforman-e, %his may be d*e !o !he si4e effe-! and fibre dis!rib*!ion, 7n addi!ion, i! is observed !ha! .i!h slenderness ra!io of 2,= and vol*me of fibre 2Q 13mm long !he angle se-!ions have highes! -om ressive s!ress, Ii!h !he addi!ion of fibre by vol*me, !he er-en!age in-rease in -om ressive s!reng!hs also in-reases, 7! is observed !ha! 1,>2 !imes in-rease in -om ressive s!reng!h for !he in-rease in fibre -on!en! by 1Q !o 3Q in Mmm for a slenderness ra!io of 2,=, 'igher in-remen! -an be reasoned be-a*se of !he *sage of mi-ro1s!eel fibres, %he fail*re a!!ern sho.s !ha! !he fail*re is d*e !o !he rin-i al !ension by forma!ion of diagonal -ra-5 ra!her !han d*e !o -om ression, 9lso i! is observed from !he fail*re a!!ern !ha! !he fail*re o--*rs d*e !o shear ra!her !han b*-5ling, %he follo.ing observa!ions are made on !he !earing resis!an-e of RP" bol!ed la!es, a) %he -ommonly re-ommended edge dis!an-e for s!eel la!e -onne-!ions is 1,=d, %his differen-e is mainly d*e !o limi!ed !earing s!reng!h of RP"s, b) 7n general an edge dis!an-e of abo*! 3,= !imes !he diame!er of bol! hole (3d) seems !o be !he referred val*e, 9ss*ming a >= dis ersion of s!ress from hole edge, a minim*m edge dis!an-e of 2,=d is re3*ired !o reven! rema!*re fail*re, -) %he onse! of -ra-5 is delayed .hen !he fibre -on!en! is in-reased d*e !o !he in-rease in n*mber of fibres resis!ing !he o ening of in-i ien! mi-ro -ra-5s, 'o.ever, !he in-rease is no! eviden! a! very high vol*me fra-!ions of fibres as !he roblems of .or5abili!y and balling -an lead !o higher s a-ing and non favorable orien!a!ion besides higher orosi!y d*e !o diffi-*l!ies in -om a-!ion, d) %here is an in-rease of 3;Q in *l!ima!e load -arrying -a a-i!y for !he same vol*me of fibre be!.een Mmm fibre and 13mm fibre, 'o.ever !he vol*me of fibre -anno! be in-reased more !han 3Q for Mmm fibres and more !han 2Q for 13mm fibres be-a*se of .or5abili!y roblems, %he leng!h of fibre *sed also signifi-an!ly infl*en-es !he load -arrying -a a-i!y of la!es, %he ma2im*m !ensile s!ress of !he la!e is 3;Q more 12

for 13mm fibre !han !he Mmm fibre, %he load -arrying -a a-i!y in-reases by 21Q !o 3;Q .i!h !he in-rease in leng!h of fibre, < # CONCL!SIONS %he follo.ing -on-l*sions are made from !he e2 erimen!s -ond*-!ed !o de!ermine !he me-hani-al ro er!ies of RP" mi2 1, 2, RP" .i!h -om ressive s!reng!h of more !han 1:; MPa -an be rod*-ed, %he s* erior erforman-es of RP" is d*e !o !he sele-!ion of a ro ria!e mi2!*re ro or!ions, .<- ra!io, *se of hea! -*ring -y-les, e!-,, .hi-h refined !he mi-ro1 s!r*-!*re and densified !he -emen!i!io*s as!e, !hereby in-reasing !he in!erfa-ial bond be!.een !he aggrega!e and as!e hase, 9 fibre dosage of 2Q 13mm .as fo*nd !o be !he o !im*m fibre -on!en! !o a-hieve !he ma2im*m enhan-emen! in ma!erial ro er!ies, %he inves!iga!ion on !he effe-! of addi!ion of mi-ro1s!eel fibre in RP" mi2!*res s*gges!ed !ha! as !he fibre dosage in-reased, !he *l!ima!e -om ressive and fle2*ral s!reng!h in-reases s*bs!an!ially .i!h a signifi-an! benefi!s in fle2*ral s!reng!h, %ho*gh 3Q fibre addi!ion .ill in-rease !he ro er!ies of RP", d*e !o !he .or5abili!y roblems, 2Q of fibre dosage is -onsidered o !im*m for fle2*re, im a-! and !o*ghness and -om a-!ion, %he highes! -om ressive s!reng!h of 1B1,3 MPa .as re-orded for 2Q 13 mm fibres, 'o.ever, .hen fibre -ombina!ions of Mmm and 13 mm fibre .ere *sed, !here .as a red*-!ion in -om ressive s!reng!h -om ared !o !ha! for single si4e fibres d*e !o !he red*-ed .or5abili!y and lo.er -om a-!ion densi!y a-hieved, %he elas!i- mod*l*s of RP" mi2es is fo*nd !o be >>,> !o CB,> Q higher !han !ha! of -on!rol -on-re!e, %he -ra-5 a!!ern sho.s forma!ion of ver!i-al -ra-5s for lo.er er-en!age of small fibre reinfor-emen! and diagonal -ra-5s for higher er-e!ages,of fibre reinfor-emen! %he minim*m shear s!ress is CMPa for RP" beam .i!ho*! fibre, 9lso .i!h !he in-rease in fibre ra!io !he shear s!ress in-reases and for 2Q13mm !he shear s!ress .as =B,: =3,;:MPa %he ea5 !ensile s!ress ranged from >,1C MPa for lain RP" !o 12,>> MPa for for mi2ed fibre ra!ios of 3Q (1QMmmU2Q13mm) .here as for 2Q 13mm fibre !he ma2im*m !ensile s!ress is :,>2 :,B2 MPa, %he average -om ressive s!reng!h of RP" angle se-!ions of 1M>MPa (fig no! available) is a-hieved for 2Q 13mm fibres for an as e-! ra!io of 2,=, %he me-hani-al ro er!ies of differen! angle se-!ions .i!h varied dosages of fibre vol*mes and differen! as e-! ra!io reveals !ha! s!r*-!*ral -om onen!s made of RP" -an be *sed ins!ead of s!eel, %es! on !he me-hani-al ro er!ies are re or!ed .i!h res e-! !o -om ression and fle2*ral s!reng!hs, /or !he -om ressive s!reng!h val*es of abo*! 1MMMPa are a!!ained and for !he fle2*ral s!reng!h val*es aro*nd >>MPa for angle se-!ions, @o!h !he !es!s sho. dis!in-! si4e effe-!, %he load -arrying -a abili!y and energy absor !ion are fo*nd !o be higher .hi-h signifies !he s* erior behavior of RP" angle se-!ions on ar .i!h !he s!eel se-!ions, Ma2im*m -om ressive s!reng!h also in-reases .i!h in-rease in vol*me and leng!h of fibre (1>MMPa for an slenderness ra!io (l<d) of B,= !o 1MMMPa for an slenderness ra!io of 2,=),

3, >, =, M,

B, C, :,
10.

11, 12, 13,

1>, 1=,

13

1M, 1B, 1C,

%he d*-!ili!y in-reases .i!h !he in-rease in leng!h of !he fibre sho.ing !he enhan-ed s!i!-hing a-!ion by !he longer fibre be!.een !he ma!erials of RP", %he res*l!s indi-a!e !ha! for bol!ed RP" members an edge dis!an-e of no! less !han 3,=d .here d is !he diame!er of bol! hole, .i!h a minim*m of 2Q of 13mm fibres .ill be s*i!able for s!r*-!*ral assemblages, RP" is a viable s*bs!i!*!e for normal -on-re!e and 'P" in s!r*-!*ral -om onen!s, Fnly dra.ba-5 is RP" has no s!andard -odal rovisions available,

= # ACKNOWLED)EMENTS %his Resear-h .or5 is -arried o*! a! "S7R1S#R" "hennai and is d*ly a-5no.ledged, : # REFERENCES 1, @en8amin 9,0rabeal,(2;;=), J"hara-!ersi4a!ion of !he @ehavior of &l!ra1'igh Performan-e "on-re!e1K, Ph,D, !hesis, &niversi!y of Maryland 2, "hin G %s*ng Li*, $ong G Shin '*ang,(2;;B) De ar!men! of "ivil #ngineering, Na!ional "heng P*ng &niversi!y, %ainan, %ai.an,, J'ighly /lo.able Rea-!ive Po.der Mor!ar as a Re air Ma!erialK, "ons!r*-!ion and @*ilding Ma!erials, Mar-h 2;;B,, PP ( 1 G C, 3, ".ir4en,9,,, (2;;B) 'elsin5i &niversi!y of %e-hnology, /inland, %he effe-! of !he hea! G !rea!men! regime on !he ro er!ies of rea-!ive o.der -on-re!e,, 9dvan-es in "emen! Resear-h, 2;;B, 1:,, No,1 $an*ary, PP ( 2= G 33, >, Da!!a!reya, $,P,, 'arish, P, V, , and Neelamegam,M,,(2;;B) J &se of Par!i-le Pa-5ing %heory for !he Develo men! of Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!eK, %he 7ndian "on-re!e $o*rnal , Se !ember 2;;B, 311>= =, Dili,9,S,, Man* San!hanam,(2;;=) De ar!men! of -ivil engineering, 77% "hennai, J7nves!iga!ions on Rea-!ive Po.der "on-re!e, 9 Develo ing &l!ra 'igh1S!reng!h %e-hnologyK, -on-re!e !e-hnology, May12;;=, PP no, 22 G 2B, M, 0illiland, S, P, WRea-!ive o.der -on-re!e (RP"), a ne. ma!erial for res!ressed -on-re!e bridge girders,W @*ilding an 7n!erna!ional "omm*ni!y of S!r*-!*ral #ngineers S!r*-!*res "ongress 1 Pro-eedings, v 1 1::M, 9S"#, Ne. Oor5, NO, &S9, 12=1132, B, Lee,N,P, and "hisholm,D,',(2;;=), JRea-!ive Po.der "on-re!eK @R9NX S!*dy re or! SR 1>M $*dgeford,Ne. Xealand, C, Masami &4a.a,Oo*hihide Shimoyama and Shigeo Poshi5a.a,(2;;=), J/resh and S!reng!h Pro er!ies of Ne. "emen!i!io*s "om osi!e Ma!erial &sing Rea-!ive Po.derK, Re or! of !he Resear-h 7ns!i!*!e of 7nd*s!rial %e-hnology,Nihon &niversi!y,No,B=,7SSN ;3CM11MBC, :, FANeil, #, /, and Do.d, I, M, WRea-!ive o.der -on-re!e (RP"), a ne. ma!erial for !he -ons!r*-!ion ind*s!ry,W N"M#" Session( Pra-!i!ioners 0*ide !o Ma!erials for "on-re!e and Masonry S!r*-!*res, 1;, Ri-hard, P,, and "heyre4y, M,',, WRea-!ive Po.der "on-re!es .i!h 'igh D*-!ili!y and 2;;1C;; MPa "om ressive S!reng!hW, ACI, SP11>>(2>), San/ran-is-o, "9, ( =;B1=1C, 1::>,

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