The evolution of Wireless Network Generations from the first generation up to the third generation

Ojukwu Henry, KGE13001; Kuhendran KGE120005; Subir Biswas KGE120003 Depar !en "# $e%e&"!!uni&a i"ns En'ineerin', (a&u% y "# En'ineerin', )ni*ersi y "# +a%aya, Kua%a ,u!pur, +a%aysiaAbstract The first generation systems were entirely based on analogue technology. The first generation phone systems suffered a setback due to the analog implementation and were overtaken in the early 1990s by the first digital systems. The high usage demand, and limited frequency allocation that characterized the 1 systems necessitated the need for a greater spectrum use efficiency. This had led to the introduction of the ne!t or second"generation #$ % mobile phone systems, with the sole intention to meet this need. &s the development of ' systems was in progress, $.( systems were developed as e!tensions of the e!isting $ systems but with higher data rates than $ systems. )owever, the ultimate concern was to provide a relatively high"speed data transfer capability, which led to the third generation #' % systems. *or further enhancement of data rate, the ' took over from the $.( in $001, though it took longer to develop and rollout than was originally anticipated due to higher development costs and a downturn in the global economy. )owever, they are able to provide a significant improvement in capability and high connection speeds over the $.( systems. KeywordsCellular systems; IG; 2G; 3G; ../$0OD)1$.O/ 2)eading 13 ha*e !"re han "ne a&&"un , perhaps, "ne #"r pri*a e use and he " her #"r w"rk- .n his way, &e%%u%ar e&hn"%"'y has enab%ed !arke pene ra i"n " be&"!e !"re han 100:- ;i h he ad*en "# &e%%u%ar e&hn"%"'y, !"bi%e ph"nes n"w pr"!ise !any !"re #a&i%i ies and &apabi%i ies han he #irs "nes " be in*en ed- <s he usa'e "# !"bi%e ph"nes &"n inued " sur'e and pe"p%e be&a!e !"re !"bi%e &en ri&, new p"ssibi%i ies ha*e e!er'ed ha enab%e he usin' "# he !"bi%e ph"nes #"r da a rans#er and #"r d"wn%"adin' in#"r!a i"n #r"! he .n erne , "r " send *ide"- $he #irs s a'e in his !i'ra i"n pa h was " pr"*ide !"re ser*i&es and a re%a i*e%y hi'h speed da a rans#er &apabi%i y- +"bi%e ph"ne his "ry wi%% sh"w a s eady in&rease in he &apabi%i ies "# hese ph"nes-

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& The first generation systems <% h"u'h, di##eren *arie ies "# #irs 'enera i"n sys e!s were de*e%"ped ar"und he '%"be, bu ea&h sys e! was ai%"red " sui he needs "# he indi*idua% &"un ry "# dep%"y!en - <% h"u'h here were di##eren&es in he spe&i#i&a i"ns "# h"se sys e!s, he under%yin' e&hn"%"ies were a%% *ery si!i%ar in &"n&ep - ("r e=a!p%e, hey a%% used #re6uen&y> !"du%a ed &arrier " &arry *"i&e in#"r!a i"n- < &"n r"% &hanne% was a%s" used " enab%e he !"bi%e " be r"u ed " a sui ab%e *a&an &hanne%- $he &hanne% spa&in' #"r ea&h sys e! was di##eren - /+$ used a 12-5 kH? &hanne% spa&in', <+@S, a 30 kH? spa&in' and $<1S a 25 kH? spa&in'- < %a er de*e%"p!en "# <+@S &a%%ed /<+@S "r narr"wband <+@S used a 10 kH? &hanne% spa&in' " &"nser*e spe& ru!<% h"u'h !u&h "# he ear%y de*e%"p!en "# &e%%u%ar sys e!s were under aken in he )S<, he #irs ana%"' &e%%u%ar sys e!s /$$As sys e!s was dep%"yed in $"ky" in 14B4 and sh"r %y a# erwards, 'radua%%y spreadin' " he wh"%e "# Capan- .n 1451, /+$ 2/"rdi& +"bi%e $e%eph"ne3 "n he " her hand, be&a!e he #irs #u%%y &"!!er&ia% sys e! " be %aun&hed in he /"rdi& &"un ries- $he <d*an&ed +"bi%e @h"ne Sys e! 2<+@S3 was he ana%"' &e%%u%ar sys e! " be %aun&hed &"!!er&ia%%y in he )S< in O& "ber 1453, .srae% in 145D, and <us ra%ia in 145B- <+@S, whi&h was de*e%"ped by Be%%, was a!"n' he #"re!"s e&hn"%"'ies ha pr"pe%%ed !ass

Brie# "*er*iew "# +"bi%e ph"ne his "ry $he de*e%"p!en and his "ry "# he !"bi%e ph"ne has wi nessed a re!end"us nu!ber "# &han'es sin&e he in&ep i"n "# he #irs &e%% ph"ne sys e!s- . was "n%y a he be'innin' "# he 1450s ha !"bi%e ph"ne e&hn"%"'y be'an " be dep%"yed &"!!er&ia%%y- Sin&e hen, "ns "# new &e%% ph"nes ha*e been in r"du&ed, and !any i!pr"*e!en s ha*e been !ade "n he &e%%u%ar !"bi%e sys e!s in er!s "# he radi" &"!!uni&a i"ns e&hn"%"'y, he !"bi%e ph"nes he!se%*es as we%% as he ass"&ia ed e6uip!en su&h as he base s a i"ns and " her ne w"rk e6uip!en whi&h ha*e be&"!e way &heaper and p"r ab%e- 1e%%u%ar e&hn"%"'ies "n he " her hand, ha*e wi nessed re!end"us i!pr"*e!en s "n he pre*a%en&e "# i s use and ha*e had a p"si i*e i!pa& "n he %i*es "# pe"p%e- $he 1e%%u%ar e&hn"%"'ies ha*e enab%ed !any pe"p%e " ha*e 2!"bi%e3 ph"nes where i w"u%d n" " herwise be p"ssib%e 789- S udies had sh"wn ha in !any &"un ries, he nu!ber "# !"bi%e ph"ne a&&"un s ha*e "u nu!bers he pe"p%e 759, i-e- !any pe"p%e

!arke usa'e "# &e%%u%ar e&hn"%"'y, bu su##ered a seri"us se&uri y drawba&k as re'ard " da a en&ryp i"n issues, i-e-, i ran&ei*es da a in p%ain e= , whi&h !ade i easi%y *u%nerab%e " ea*esdr"ppin' hr"u'h a s&anner- .n addi i"n " ha , <+@S was a%s" sus&ep ib%e " &e%% ph"ne &%"nin', and re6uired si'ni#i&an a!"un s "# wire%ess spe& ru! supp"r due " he #re6uen&y>di*isi"n !u% ip%e a&&ess 2(D+<3 s&he!e i ad"p ed as he &arrier e&hn"%"'y- < #ur her e&hn"%"'y kn"wn as $" a% <&&ess 1"!!uni&a i"n Sys e! 2$<1S3 de*e%"ped by +" "r"%a was in r"du&ed in he )K as we%% as !any " her &"un ries ar"und he w"r%d durin' he i!e "# <+@S- he ear%y &"!!er&ia% &e%% ph"nes su&h as he +" "r"%a <na%"' <+@S were e*en ua%%y superseded by Di'i a% <+@S 2D><+@S3 in 1440, and <+@S ser*i&e was shu d"wn by !"s /"r h <!eri&an &arriers by 2005.. 2G Sys e!s + eneral ,acket -adio .ervice # ,-.% /" ne&essary an e##i&ien sys e! #"r he supp"r "# da a ra##i&- . is a%s" s"%u i"n #"r GS+ " hand%e da a ra##i& !"re e##i&ien %y and a hi'her da a ra es a 8 di##eren &hanne%s &"din' s&he!esE 1S1 F 1S8 1S2 is he !"s &"!!"n%y used and a%%"ws ea&h i!e s%" " &arry 13-8 kbps- $his ser*i&e uses pa&ke swi &hin' e&hn"%"'y whi&h enab%es !u% ip%e users " share air in er#a&e res"ur&es. / ,acket 0ata /hannel #,0/)%

0 1nhanced 0ata -ates for 1volution #10 1%

lobal2 .3

EDGE re6uires n" hardware "r s"# ware &han'es " be !ade in GS+ &"re ne w"rks- EDGE> &"!pa ib%e rans&ei*er uni s !us be ins a%%ed and he base s a i"n subsys e! needs " be up'raded " supp"r EDGE- . is a%s" a new $D+>based radi" a&&ess e&hn"%"'y " enhan&e pa&ke radi" ser*i&e ha 'i*es GS+ and $D+< an e*"%u i"nary pa h "ward 3G- . reuses GS+ &arrier bandwid h 2200kH?3 and i!e>s%" s ru& ures 25 i!e>s%" 3, bu n" res ri& ed " use in GS+ "n%y- . a%s" pr"!ises da a ra e "# 358kbps, when a%% 5 i!e s%" s are usedBased "n 5@SK 20", 85", 40", 135", 150", 225", 2B0", 315"3 F au "!a i&a%%y adap " radi" &ir&u!s an&es and hereby "##ers i s hi'hes ra e in '""d pr"pa'a i"n &"ndi i"ns &%"se " he si e "# he BS- $he &hanne% ypes are he sa!e as h"se app%i&ab%e " G@0S-

< i!e s%" &arryin' G@0S>re%a ed da a ra##i& "r &"n r"% si'na%in'- < nu!ber "# new &hanne% ypes #"r @a&ke 1"!!"n 1"n r"% 1hanne% 2@111H3 and #"r @a&ke Dedi&a ed 1"n r"% 1hanne% 2@D113 are in r"du&ed-

*ig. $ Ed'e +"du%a i"n and 1"din' S&he!es 1. 4ideband #/03&% ;ideband 1D+< 2;>1D+<3 $he 0e6uire!en sE (i'ure .. G@0S 1hanne% #ra!esHi'her da a ra e 22+bps3 Si!u% ane"us in#"r!a i"n di##erin' G"S &"ns rain s, #%"w wi h

E##i&ien a&&ess " pub%i& pa&ke >swi &hed da a ne w"rk 2@@SD/3-

G@0S &"re ne w"rk ar&hi e& ure pr"*ided an e=&e%%en pr" " ype #"r de#inin' a pa&ke > swi &hed 'a eway " he @@SD/, bu he ad"p i"n "# a 1D+< air in er#a&e represen ed a subs an ia% di##eren&e #r"! pri"r sys e!;>1D+< ar&hi e& ure supp"r s b" h &ir&ui > swi &hed and pa&ke >swi &hed da a -. a%s" uses "r h"'"na% spreadin' and s&ra!b%in' &"des 7Or h"'"na% Hariab%e Spreadin' (a& "r 2OHS(3 &"de F a ype "# ;a%sh &"de9- $he s andard de*e%"ped #"r ;>1D+< are &"!prehensi*e and ra her &"!p%e=- $he dep%"y!en "# ;>1D+< was based "n a nu!ber "# phases re%eases, ea&h pr"*idin' addi i"na% and enhan&ed &apabi%i ies$w" pr" "&"% enhan&e!en s are pre#erredE 1-Hi'h>Speed D"wn%ink @a&ke <&&ess 2HSD@<3 > 200D 2- Hi'h>Speed )p%ink @a&ke <&&ess 2HS)@<3 > 200B $he &"!bina i"n "# hese pr" "&"% is er!ed Hi'h> Speed @a&ke <&&ess 2HS@<I3 *. )./0 HS1SD 2Hi'h>Speed 1ir&ui >Swi &hed Da a3 is essen ia%%y a new hi'h speed i!p%e!en a i"n "# GS+ 2G%"ba% Sys e! #"r +"bi%e 1"!!uni&a i"n3 da a rans#er- ("ur i!es #as er han GS+, wi h a rans#er ra e "# up " 5B-DKbps, i a&hie*es his speed by a%%"&a in' up " ei'h i!e s%" s " an indi*idua% user- $his speed !akes i &"!parab%e " !any #i=ed>%ine e%e&"!!uni&a i"ns ne w"rks and wi%% a%%"w users " a&&ess he .n erne and " her da a&"! ser*i&es *ia a GS+ ne w"rk. )./.0 T1/)5676 8 HS1SD "pera es a&r"ss a GS+ ne w"rk, and here#"re n" e= ra hardware is re6uired by a !"bi%e &"!!uni&a i"ns "pera "r " "##er he ser*i&e, jus a ne w"rk s"# ware up'rade- .n a GS+ ne w"rk sin'%e s%" s are a%%"&a ed " ea&h user, whi&h has a s andard da a rans#er ra e "# 4-DKbps, a% h"u'h s"!e ne w"rks are n"w bein' up'raded " 18-8Kbps, an in&rease "# 50:- .n HS1SD, users are a%%"&a ed !u% ip%e s%" s s" ha he rans!issi"n speed &an be dras i&a%%y in&reased, wi h s"!e ser*i&e pr"*iders "##erin' ra es "# up " 5B-DKbps- $his enab%es in erne a&&ess a he sa!e speed "# !any dia%>up !"de! ser*i&es a&r"ss #i=ed %ine ne w"rks). T)1 .3 -&096 .,1/T-:3 Sin&e radi" spe& ru! is a %i!i ed res"ur&e shared by a%% users, a !e h"d !us be de*ised " di*ide

up he bandwid h a!"n' as !any users as p"ssib%e- $he !e h"d &h"sen by GS+ is a &"!bina i"n "# $i!e and (re6uen&y Di*isi"n +u% ip%e <&&ess 2$D+<J(D+<3- $he (D+< par in*"%*es he di*isi"n by #re6uen&y "# he 2!a=i!u!3 25+H? bandwid h in " 128 &arrier #re6uen&ies spa&ed 200kH? apar - One "r !"re &arrier #re6uen&ies are assi'ned " ea&h base s a i"nEa&h "# hese &arrier #re6uen&ies is hen di*ided in i!e usin' a $D+< s&he!e- $he #unda!en a% uni "# i!e in his $D+< s&he!e is &a%%ed a burs peri"d and i %as s 15J2D!s 2"r appr"=0-5BB!s3- Ei'h burs peri"ds are 'r"uped in " a $D+< #ra!e 2120J2D!s, "r appr"=- 8-D15!s3, whi&h #"r!s he basi& uni #"r he de#ini i"n "# %"'i&a% &hanne%s- One physi&a% &hanne% is "ne burs peri"d per $D+< #ra!e1hanne%s are de#ined by he nu!ber and p"si i"n "# heir &"rresp"ndin' burs peri"ds- <%% hese de#ini i"ns are &y&%i&, and he en ire pa ern repea s appr"=i!a e%y e*ery hree h"urs1hanne%s &an be di*ided in " dedi&a ed &hanne%s, whi&h are a%%"&a ed " a !"bi%e s a i"n, and &"!!"n &hanne%s, whi&h are used by !"bi%e s a i"ns in id%e !"de0E1E/$ DEHE,O@+E/$S HS1SD is bein' r"%%ed "u a&r"ss !any GS+ ne w"rks as a s "p 'ap be#"re br"adband !"bi%e ser*i&es be&"!es !"re readi%y a*ai%ab%e- $he ser*i&e has a %i!i ed nu!ber "# users, as when !"re s%" s are a%%"&a ed " ea&h user hen ne w"rk wi%% be&"!e "*er%"aded #ar !"re 6ui&k%y han #"r *"i&e users- Ser*i&e pr"*iders in Eur"pe in&%ude E>@%us 2Ger!any3, Oran'e 2)K3, $e%ia 2Sweden3 and $e%en"r 2/"rway3- 1"s is re%a i*e%y %"w #"r "pera "rs wh" wish " r"%% "u HS1SD, #"r e=a!p%e Eri&ss"n w"n a &"n ra& w"r h K1B !i%%i"n #r"! Sin'ap"reAs Sin'$e% " up'rade he s"# ware "# i s swi &hes " supp"r HS1SD and add hardware " run " her in e%%i'en ser*i&es&. iDEN iDE/ 2.n e'ra ed Di'i a% Enhan&ed /e w"rk3 is a wireless e&hn"%"'y #r"! +" "r"%a &"!binin' he &apabi%i ies "# a di'i a% cellular telephone, w">way radi", a%phanu!eri&pager and da aJ#a= modem in a sin'%e ne w"rk- iDE/ "pera es in he 500 3)z, 400+H?, and 1-5 GH? bands and is based "n i!e di*isi"n !u% ip%e a&&ess 2T03&3 and .3 ar&hi e& ure- . uses +" "r"%aAs He& "r Su! E=&i ed ,inear @redi& "rs 2HSE,@3 vocoder #"r *"i&e &"!pressi"n and ;&3 !"du%a i"n " de%i*er D8 <bps "*er a 25 KH? &hanne%-

iDE/ is desi'ned " 'i*e he !"bi%e user 6ui&k a&&ess " in#"r!a i"n wi h"u ha*in' " &arry ar"und se*era% de*i&es- 1urren %y, iDE/ sys e!s w"rk in !"re han a d"?en &"un ries+. PERSONAL AN!" P ONE S"S#E$ %P S&

802 kbi Js wi h he %a es L;>O<+L &apab%e ins ru!en .n <pri% 200B, L;>O<+ ypeGL was in r"du&ed a%%"win' da a speeds "# 512 kbi Js #"r <.0>EDGE 5= users- (ur her!"re, he L;>O<+ ypeGL <.0> EDGE 5M ser*i&e is p%anned " be up'raded " a !a=i!u! hr"u'hpu "# 500 kbi Js, when he up'radin' #"r a&&ess p"in s 2!ain%y swi &hin' %ines #r"! .SD/ " fibre optic3 in i s sys e! are &"!p%e ed- <nd i !ay e=&eed he speeds "# p"pu%ar4"/03& 3G ser*i&e %ike 5TT 0o/o3oAs *63& in Capan... $he hird Genera i"n WCDMA(UMT ! ;1D+< 2;ideband 1"de Di*isi"n +u% ip%e <&&ess3 is he e&hn"%"'y behind )+$S used as i s air in er#a&e- . is a &"!p%e e se "# spe&i#i&a i"ns in whi&h a de ai%ed pr" "&"% de#ines h"w a !"bi%e ph"ne &"!!uni&a es wi h he base s a i"n "r /"deB;1D+< &an be di*ided in " w" !"des, he $i!e Di*isi"n Dup%e= !"de and he (re6uen&y Di*isi"n Dup%e= !"de- .n $DD he up%ink and he d"wn%ink rans!issi"ns are i!e !u% ip%e=ed in " he sa!e &arrier whi%e in (DD he up%ink and he d"wn%ink rans!issi"ns "&&ur in di##eren #re6uen&y bands 2ar"und 1400 +H? ran'e #"r he up%ink and 2100 +H? ran'e #"r he d"wn%ink3 wi h a 5+H? bandwid h #"r ea&h band- $he (DD !"de has been &h"sen as he !"de "# "pera i"n in Eur"pe- .n he res "# his d"&u!en (DD wi%% be he "pera i"n !"de when i is re#erred " ;1D+<- .n ;1D+< air in er#a&e a%% users be%"n'in' " a &e%% are separa ed by &"des, his a%%"ws he users " rans!i in he sa!e #re6uen&y and a he sa!e i!e- $w" kinds "# &"des are used in ;1D+< "pera i"n, he &hanne%i?a i"n "r spreadin' &"des and he s&ra!b%in' &"des- $he &hanne%i?a i"n &"des separa e &hanne%s #r"! a sin'%e rans!i er whi%e he s&ra!b%in' &"des are used " separa e rans!i ers- 1hanne%i?a i"n &"des are a%s" used " spread he bandwid h "# he si'na%CDMA"### $he #irs and "ne "# he !"s wide%y dep%"yed 3G e&hn"%"'y is 1D+<2000- <d*an&ed bui%ds up"n pr"*en 1N e&hn"%"'y and adds ad*an&ed e&hni6ues su&h as B$S in er#eren&e &an&e%%a i"n, radi" %ink enhan&e!en s and " hers " pr"*ide an unpre&eden ed in&rease in per#"r!an&e " supp"r he risin' da a de!and "# usersUp to $% in&rease over CDMA"###'s e%&ellent &apa&it() <d*an&ed "##ers up " 8= in&rease "*er "dayOs 1D+<2000 ne w"rks- Opera "rs &an 'e up " 50: in&rease by in r"du&in' a%ready &"!!er&ia% de*i&es wi h be er *"&"ders- $he !a=i!u! in&rease "# up "

@HS is essen ia%%y a cordless telephone %ike 01/T, wi h he &apabi%i y " handover #r"! "ne cell " an" her- @HS &e%%s are s!a%%, wi h rans!issi"n p"wer "# base station a !a=i!u! "# 500 !; and ran'e ypi&a%%y !easures in ens "r a !"s hundreds "# !e res 2s"!e &an ran'e up " ab"u 2 ki%"!e res in %ine>"#>si'h 3, &"n rary " he !u% i>ki%"!e re ran'es "# /03& and .3- $his !akes @HS sui ab%e #"r dense urban areas, bu i!pra& i&a% #"r rura% areas, and he s!a%% &e%% si?e a%s" !akes i di##i&u% i# n" i!p"ssib%e " !ake &a%%s #r"! rapid%y !"*in' *ehi&%es@HS uses T03&JT00 #"r i s radi" channel access method, and 32 kbi Js &0,/3 #"r i s *"i&e codec- +"dern @HS ph"ne &an a%s" supp"r !any value"added services su&h as hi'h speed wire%ess dataJ9nternet &"nne& i"n 2D8 kbi Js and hi'her3, 444 a&&ess, e"mailing, e= !essa'in' and e*en &"%"r i!a'e rans#er@HS e&hn"%"'y is a%s" a p"pu%ar "p i"n #"r pr"*idin' a wireless local loop, where i is used #"r brid'in' he Llast mileL 'ap be ween he ,6T. ne w"rk and he subs&riberAs h"!e<& ua%%y, i was de*e%"ped under he &"n&ep "# pr"*idin' a wire%ess front"end "# an 9.05 ne w"rk- $hus a base s a i"n "# @HS is &"!pa ib%e wi h .SD/ and is "# en &"nne& ed dire& %y " .SD/ telephone e!change e6uip!en e-'- a di'i a% swi &h.n spi e "# i s %"w>&"s base station, micro" cellular sys e! and LDyna!i& 1e%% <ssi'n!en L sys e!, @HS "##ers hi'her nu!ber>"#> di'i s frequency use e##i&ien&y wi h %"wer &"s 2throughput per area basis3, &"!pared wi h ypi&a% ' cellular telephone sys e!s- . enab%es he #%a >ra e wire%ess ser*i&e %ike &9-" 10 1 hr"u'h"u Capan$he speed "# <.0>EDGE da a &"nne& i"n is a&&e%era ed by &"!binin' %ines, ea&h "# whi&h basi&a%%y is 32 kbi Js- <.0>EDGE 1M "r #irs *ersi"n in r"du&ed in 2001 pr"*ide "n%y 32 kbi Js ser*i&e- .n 2002, 125 kbi Js ser*i&e 2<.0>EDGE 8M3 s ar ed- .n 2005, 25D kbi Js 2<.0>EDGE 5M3 ser*i&e s ar ed.n 200D, he speed "# ea&h %ine was a%s" up>'raded " 1-D i!es wi h he in r"du& i"n "# L;>O<+L e&hn"%"'y- $he speed "# <.0>EDGE 5M is up "

8= is a&hie*ed hr"u'h a new &hanne% &ard up'rade and new de*i&es*ree up spe&trum for E+,D- data) $his unpre&eden ed *"i&e &apa&i y in&rease &an be used " #ree up spe& ru! " "##er EH>DO da a ser*i&es- $his is an i!p"r an ""%, a!"n' " hers, a*ai%ab%e " "pera "rs " address he e=p%"si*e 'r"w h in da a de!and-

;i>(i w"rks wi h n" physi&a% wired &"nne& i"n be ween sender and re&ei*er by usin' radi" #re6uen&y 20(3 e&hn"%"'y, a #re6uen&y wi hin he e%e& r"!a'ne i& spe& ru! ass"&ia ed wi h radi" wa*e pr"pa'a i"n- ;hen an 0( &urren is supp%ied " an an enna, an e%e& r"!a'ne i& #ie%d is &rea ed ha hen is ab%e " pr"pa'a e hr"u'h spa&e- $he &"rners "ne "# any wire%ess ne w"rk is an a&&ess p"in 2<@3- $he pri!ary j"b "# an a&&ess p"in is " br"ad&as a wire%ess si'na% ha &"!pu ers &an de e& and L uneL in "- .n "rder " &"nne& " an a&&ess p"in and j"in a wire%ess ne w"rk, &"!pu ers and de*i&es !us be e6uipped wi h wire%ess ne w"rk adap ers -

Up to .#/ in&rease in &overage) $he hi'h *"i&e &apa&i y "# 1N <d*an&ed &an be raded "## " a&hie*e up " B0: in&rease in &"*era'e area- $he in&reased &"*era'e &an be used " i!pr"*e ind""r &"*era'e in urban areas and redu&e he nu!ber "# si es re6uired in rura% areasWi,*i upport) ;i>(i is supp"r ed by !any app%i&a i"ns and de*i&es in&%udin' *ide" 'a!e &"ns"%es, h"!e ne w"rks, @D<s, !"bi%e ph"nes, !aj"r "pera in' sys e!s, and " her ypes "# &"nsu!er e%e& r"ni&s<ny pr"du& s ha are es ed and appr"*ed as L;i>(i 1er i#iedL 2a re'is ered rade!ark3 by he ;i>(i <%%ian&e are &er i#ied as in er"perab%e wi h ea&h " her, e*en i# hey are #r"! di##eren !anu#a& urers("r e=a!p%e, a user wi h a ;i>(i 1er i#ied pr"du& &an use any brand "# a&&ess p"in wi h any " her brand "# &%ien hardware ha a%s" is a%s" L;i>(i 1er i#iedL- @r"du& s ha pass his &er i#i&a i"n are re6uired " &arry an iden i#yin' sea% "n heir pa&ka'in' ha s a es L;i>(i 1er i#iedL and indi&a es he radi" #re6uen&y band used 22-5GH? #"r 502-11b, 502-11', "r 502-11n, and 5GH? #"r 502-11a "r 502-11n3-

imple and &ost effe&tive upgrade) <d*an&ed is a si!p%e &hanne% &ard up'rade, %e*era'in' a%% "# he e=is in' ne w"rk asse s<% h"u'h i needs new de*i&es " a&hie*e he #u%% 8= &apa&i y, i is #u%%y ba&kward and #"rward &"!pa ib%etrong &hipset support) Gua%&"!! $e&hn"%"'ies has %ined up a s r"n' &hipse r"ad!ap #"r 1N <d*an&ed, enab%in' a ran'e "# de*i&es supp"r in' a%% !arke se'!en s- +any "pera "rs ha*e ann"un&ed heir supp"r #"r 1N <d*an&ed- $he #irs &"!!er&ia% ne w"rks were e=pe& ed in ear%y 2012;i(i ;i>(i is he na!e "# a p"pu%ar wire%ess ne w"rkin' e&hn"%"'y ha uses radi" wa*es " pr"*ide wire%ess hi'h>speed .n erne and ne w"rk &"nne& i"ns- < &"!!"n !is&"n&ep i"n is ha he er! ;i>(i is sh"r #"r L wireless fidelity,L h"we*er his is n" he &ase- ;i>(i is si!p%y a rade!arked er! !eanin' .EEE 502-11=- $he ;i>(i <%%ian&e, he "r'ani?a i"n ha "wns he ;i>(i er! spe&i#i&a%%y de#ines ;i>(i as any Lwire%ess %"&a% area ne w"rk 2;,</3 pr"du& s ha are based "n he .ns i u e "# E%e& ri&a% and E%e& r"ni&s En'ineersA 2.EEE3 502-11 s andards-L .ni ia%%y, ;i>(i was used in p%a&e "# "n%y he 2-8GH? 502-11b s andard, h"we*er he ;i>(i <%%ian&e has e=panded he 'eneri& use "# he ;i>(i er! " in&%ude any ype "# ne w"rk "r ;,</ pr"du& based "n any "# he 502-11 s andards, in&%udin' 502-11b, 502-11a, dua%>band, and s" "n, in an a e!p " s "p &"n#usi"n ab"u wire%ess ,</ in er"perabi%i y0ow Wi,*i Works)

WiMA1 ;i+<N &"!p%e!en s ;i>(i by e= endin' i s rea&h and pr"*idin' a si!i%ar e=perien&e in a %ar'er area;i>(i e&hn"%"'y was desi'ned #"r ,"&a% <rea /e w"rks 2,</s3, whereas ;i+<N was desi'ned #"r +</s- .n 200DF2005, i is e=pe& ed ha 502-1D;i+<N &an !ake a di##eren&e by enab%in' users " ake %ap "ps and subs&rip i"ns " " her %"&a i"ns and &"n inue re&ei*in' rue br"adband ser*i&e- $he di##eren&e be ween a ;i>(i h" sp" and n"!adi& br"adband enab%ed by ;i+<N is ha he &"nsu!er d"es n" need " pay e= ra #"r he ser*i&e- . w"u%d be a*ai%ab%e in p%a&es n" usua%%y ser*ed by pub%i& h" sp" s, he &"nne& i"n w"u%d be !"re se&ure, and he bandwid h w"u%d be hi'her- < nu!ber "# *end"rs are in eres ed in ;i+<N as a s andards>based e&hn"%"'y ha pr"!ises &"s >e##e& i*e, hi'h> hr"u'hpu br"adband "*er %"n' dis an&es- +"s !aj"r *end"rs "# #i=ed "r !"bi%e in#ras ru& ures are n" in*es in' dire& %y in ;i+<N a his i!eH"we*er, !any are ;i+<N ("ru! !e!bers and

wi%% w"rk wi h par ners ra her han !ake dire& in*es !en s- +anu#a& urers are #"&usin' "n #i=ed "pera "rs as an i!!edia e !arke as hey ha*e sh"wn !"re in eres han !"bi%e "pera "rs- .n e% in ends " be&"!e he pri!ary si%i&"n supp%er #"r ;i+<N> based 1@E- . #a&es &ha%%en'es su&h as 'e in' he &"n&ep "## he 'r"und and 'e in' he e&hn"%"'y in " @1s- $" 'e a pr"du& " !arke 6ui&k%y, 1is&" Sys e!s in*es ed in (%ari"nOs pr"prie ary sys e! #"r !"bi%e br"adband a&&ess- 1is&" has si'ni#i&an ;i>(i business in i s ,inksys di*isi"n and wi%% #"%%"w ;i+<N &%"se%y, espe&ia%%y wi h respe& " e!er'in' en erprise app%i&a i"nsCon&lusion Opera "rs are dep%"yin' 3G !"bi%e ne w"rks " pr"*ide *"i&e ser*i&es #"r 'r"win' nu!bers "# subs&ribers w"r%dwide- $he e&hn"%"'y a%s" pr"*ides hi'h>speed !"bi%e da a ser*i&es- $hese ser*i&es 'enera e new re*enues, he%pin' "pera "rs re&"*er heir in*es !en s as *"i&e !arke s !a ure and 'r"w h de&%ines- $he e*"%u i"n #r"! ana%"' " 3G and he e*"%u i"n "# 1D+< ha*e been re%a i*e%y "rder%y; ea&h s ep has been &"!pa ib%e wi h ear%ier s eps- $his has been a&&"!p%ished hr"u'h ne w"rk up'rades, whi%e GS+ " ;1D+< re6uires he dep%"y!en "# a new ne w"rk- < *arie y "# ana%"' ne w"rks !er'ed in " a di'i a% sys e! bui% ar"und GS+JG@0S and EDGE #"r 2GJ2-5G ne w"rks- $hese are e*"%*in' 'enera%%y in " ;1D+< ne w"rks bui% ar"und he )+$S s andard- ;1D+< *aria i"ns in&%ude #re6uen&y di*isi"n dup%e= 2(DD3, i!e di*isi"n dup%e= 2$DD3 and i!e di*isi"n 1D+< 2$D1D+<31hina has i s "wn s andard, i!e di*isi"n syn&hr"n"us 1D+< 2$D>S1D+<3- )+$S handse s desi'ned " r"a! be ween 1D+<>based ;1D+< and $D+<>based GS+ ne w"rks pr"*ide an addi i"na% &ha%%en'e- /e w"rk "pera "rs wi h heir "wn ne w"rks ha*e res"%*ed his pr"b%e!; subs&ribers &an r"a! be ween ;1D+< and GS+ ne w"rks wi h"u si'ni#i&an dr"pped &a%%s- $he basi& di##eren&e be ween 2G and 3G is in3G a%% he rans!issi"n is .@ base pa&ke sys e! wi h bes e##"r &"!!uni&a i"n sys e!- Bandwid h a%s" in&reased in " he 3G &"!!uni&a i"n sys e!- .n he " her si e 3G ;i#i is a bes &"!!uni&a i"n sys e! #"r sh"r dis an&e &"!!uni&a i"n and wi h ;i!a= we &an &"!!uni&a e up " 50k! wi h hi'h speed bu d"nO supp"r he !"bi%i y b" h "# he!- <% h"u'h !"bi%e 3G &"!!uni&a i"n sys e! supp"r !"bi%i y, he da a rans!issi"n speed n" !"re han 13+bps- ;e h"pe in #u ure, we wi%% see *ery hi'h speed ne w"rk wi h !"bi%i y0E(E0E/1ES 719 Keik" $anaka,$he +"bi%e 1"!!uni&a i"ns En*ir"n!en in he Eur"pean )ni"nE Sys e!s, 0e'u%a i"ns, and 1"nse6uen&es in he @as , @resen , and (u ure--("r he .EEE 2001 1"n#eren&e "n he His "ry "# $e%e&"!!uni&a i"ns

729 E$S. $S 100 422E Di'i a% &e%%u%ar e%e&"!!uni&a i"ns sys e! 2@hase 2I3; Subs&riber .den i y +"du%es 2S.+3; (un& i"na% &hara& eris i&s 2G@0S 02-1B H5-0-0 0e%ease 14443 739 $e&hni&a% in#"r!a i"nE G@0S Sys e! Se&uri y S udy, h pEJJjya-&"!J G@0S0D1055-h ! 80- Bri&en" +, G"%dber' ., G@0S 1%"nin' 789 ,- ;an', +- +a, and +- Ha!di, LE##i&ien pr" "&"%s #"r !u% i!edia s rea!s "n ;D+< ne w"rksL, =. 7ightw. Technol., *"%- 21, n"- 10, pp-2123 >2188 2003 759 +" "r"%a iDE/ De*e%"per /e w"rk 7On%ine9, h pEJJidenph"nes-!" "r"%a-&"!J idenJde*e%"perJde*e%"per>h"!e-jsp, 0e rie*ed "n +ar 3, 2005 7D9 $.<JE.<J.S>45><I$SBB8L, 3obile .tation" +ase .tation /ompatibility .tandard for 0ual"3ode 4ideband .pread .pectrum /ellular .ystem plus Telecommunications .ystems +ulletin> .upport for 1?.? kbps 0ata -ate and ,/. 9nteraction for 4ideband .pread .pectrum /ellular .ystems, 144D 7B9 )rban $rans!issi"n ,"ss +"de%s #"r +"bi%e 0adi" in he 400 and 1500 +H? Bands, 1441 759 S uar , P+"bi%e and ;ire%ess Ser*i&es and Ser*i&e @r"*iders in )SQ, Gar ner, (eb- 2005749 <=i" is, PSer*i&es in .n erw"rkin' 3G and ;,</ En*ir"n!en sQ, .EEE ;ire%ess, O& - 2008 @ass!"re, P1"n*er'en&eE /"w "r /e*erRQ, B10+ar- 20037109 +un"?, P< new +"de% #"r Ser*i&e and <pp%i&a i"n 1"n*er'en&e in B3GJ8G /e w"rksQ, .EEE ;ire%ess, O& - 20087119 D"ran, P;i>(i 0"a!in' S andardsQ, 1+@ /e w"rk, +ar-, 20057129 ,e''i", P<&hie*in' Sea!%ess +"bi%i y in .@> Based 0adi" <&&ess /e w"rksQ, .EEE ;ire%ess, (eb20057139 .!pa& "# ;ire%ess 2;i>(i, ;i+<N3 "n 3G and /e= Genera i"n S <n .ni ia% <ssess!en , (aw?i Beh!ann7189 (rees&a%e Se!i&"ndu& "r ;ire%ess /e w"rk e*"%u i"n by Hijay K-Gar'-P&d!a2000 < $hird 'enera i"n radi" rans!issi"n e&hn"%"'yQ,Be%% ,abs e&hni&a% C"urna% ,sep -14457159 $.<JE.< .S>2000>3 P+ediu! <&&ess 1"n r"% S andard #"r &d!a2000 Spread Spe& ru! Sys e!s,Q/"*-144471D9 D"u'%as /-Kins%ey, Sara h Ku!ar, Subhasis ,aha, and Sanji* /anda,QE*"%u i"n O# ;ire%ess Da a Ser*i&es .S>45 " &d!a2000Q71B9 $e&hn"%"'y @ri!er <<< Ser*i&es #"r 1d!a2000 /e w"rks, Brid'e ;a er Sys e!s-