Characterization Parameters of Microwave Circuit Impedances and Admittances : Consider an arbitrary N-port microwave network

Vn = V n + Vn
In = In In
Vn
n

n N

, I are tota vo ta!e and current at port n " #he impedance matri$%z& of the microwave network re ates these vo ta!es and currents is as fo ows ,
V( Z (( V Z ' '( = V N Z N ( Z (' Z '' ZN' Z ( N I ( Z ' N I ' Z NN I N

or %)&*%+&%I&
Z ij = Vi Ij

I k =, fork j

Z ij is obtained by drivin! port - with the current

Ij

openin! circuit

a other ports and measurin! the open . circuit vo ta!e at port i" /eciprocity princip e revea s that
Z ij = Z ji

#he admittance matri$ %0& is

 I ( Y(( I Y ' '( = I N Y N (

Y(' Y'' YN '

Y(N V( Y' N V' Y NN V N

or %I&*%0&%)& where %y&* % z &( Property of matri$ e ements for oss ess network
Pave =
=

( ( ( /e3%V &t % I &12 = /e35% I &% Z &4 t % I &12 = /e3% I &t % Z &t % I &12 ' ' '

( 5 I ( Z (( I ( 1 +I ( Z (' I ' 1 +I ' Z '( I ( 1 +"""4 '

( N N = I m Z mn I n 1 ' n =( m =(

6ince the net power de ivered to the network is zero , we have

Re 3Pave 2 = ,

#his !ives us
/e3I n Z nm I n 2 = I n
1 '

/e3Z nm 2 = ,

Re 3Z nm 2 = , 5(4

indicates that :
Re 35 I n I m + I m I n 4 Z mn 2 = ,
5In Im + Im In 4
1 1

Z mn = Z nm

is a rea 7uantity 8e therefore have R 3Z 2 = , 5'4 5(4 and 5'4 show that the e ements of impedance matri$ are pure y ima!inary "
e mn

6catterin! Matri$ #he scatterin! matri$ re ates the vo ta!e waves incident on the ports to those ref ected from the ports" 8e assume that

Vn

and

Vn are the amp itudes of incident and ref ected waves at port n"
V( S(( V' S '( = V N S N ( S(' S '' SN ' S(N V(+ S ' N V'+ + S NN V N

or % V &*%6&% V + & A specific e ement of the %6& matri$ can be determined as

V S ij = i + Vj
Vk + =, fork j

Sij is found by drivin! port - with an incident wave of

vo ta!e V j + and measurin! the ref ected wave amp itude comin! out of port i , whi e terminatin! a other ports in matched oads"

Vi

#ransformation amon! %6& , %+& , and %0& matrices 8e assume that the characteristic impedances Z of a the ports are identica " 9or convenience , we set Z =(
on on

Vn = V n + V n
In = In In
+

* Vn + Vn

%+&%I&* %+& % V + &-%+& % V &*%)&* %V + &:% V &

5%+&:%;&4 %V &*5%+&-%;&4 % V + & %;& is the unit matri$ %s&*

%Z & =

%V & % Z & %U & = %V + & % Z & + %U &

%U & +% S & %U & % S & %U & % S & %U & +% S &

%Y & = % Z & ( =

6ome properties of %6& matri$ 5(4 9or a reciproca network , %s&*

Vn =
+

% s &t

( 5Vn + I n 4 ' (

% V + &* ' 5%+&:%;&4%I&

Vn =

( 5Vn I n 4 '

% V &* ' 5%+&-%;&4%I& %V &* 5%+&-%;&4 5%+& +%;&4 % V + &

-(

%V & %6&* %V + & *5%+&-%;&4 5%+& + %;&4 -(

%6&t * 35%+& + %;&4 -(2t 5%+& %;&4 t

If the network is reciproca , %+& is symmetrica and
%6&t * 5%+& +%;&4 -( 5%+&-%;&4
%+&t

*%+&

6ince both %6&* %6&

t

5%+& +%;&4 -(

and 5%+&-%;&4 are symmetrica , we then !et

5'49or a oss ess network , %6& is a unitary matri$ #he power de ivered to the network can be e$pressed as

( t ( +t t +1 1 Pave = /e3%V & %I &12 = /e35%V & + %V & 45%V & %V & 42 ' '
= ( /e35%V + &t %V + &1 %V + &t %V &1 + %V &t %V + &1 %V &t %V &1 42 ' ( ( = %V + &t %V + &1 %V &t %V &1 ' '

If the network is oss ess , no rea power can be de ivered to the network " 8e then !et
%V + &t %V + &1 = %V &t %V &1

Note that we have #his !ives us 8e therefore !et

% S &t % S &1 = %U &

%V & =% S &%V + &

%V + &t %V + &1 = %V + &t % S &t % S &1 %V + &1

*3 3% S & 2 2 #herefore %6& is a unitary matri$ and

% S &1
t (

S
k =(

ki

S kj 1 = ij

for a i*-

<$amp e : 9or the de ta shown be ow determine whether the network is reciproca or oss ess" If a short circuit is p aced on port ' " 8hat wi be the return oss at port (" 6o ution:
,"( ,, S = =, , ,"> ,"> =, , ,"' ,,

6ince %6& is symmetrica , the network is reciproca "

S((
'

+ S '(

'

= ,"(' +,"> ' = ,"?@ (

#he network is not oss ess "

V( = S((V(+ + S('V'+ = S((V(+ S('V' V' = S '(V(+ + S ''V'+ = S '(V(+ S ''V' S '( V' = V(+ ( + S ''

V( V' S S = S S = S(( (' '( (( (' + + V( V( ( + S ''

5 j ,">45 j ,">4 = ,"?AA ( + ,"'

* ,"(

#he return oss ess is /"B"* ', o! =A"=CdB <$amp e : 9ind the 6 parameters of the fo owin! AdD attenuation"

6o ution:
S(( is defined as
S(( = V( + V(

V' + =,

= ( V + =, =
'

Z in ,( Z , Z in ,( + Z ,

8here

Z in ,(

is

Z in ,( = >"@? +

(E(">?5>"@? + @,4 = @, (E(">? + 5>"@? + @,4

S(( *,* S ''

V' = V' = V(

(E(">? FF5>"@? + @,4 @, >"@? + %(E(">? FF5>"@? + @,4& @, + >"@?

* ,"C,CV( = ,"C,CV( +

V S '( = '+ V(
S '(

= ,"C,C = S('
V' + =,

8e may use the fo owin! circuit to obtain the transmission coefficient

#ransmission ADC< matri$ #his representation is especia y appro$imate for the confi!uration of the Cascade connection of two or more two . port networks" #he ADCG matri$ is defined as
V( = AV' + BI ' I ( = CV' + DI '

I( Port (

I'

V(
-

A B C D
I'

V'
-

Port '

Note that the direction of

V( A( I = C ( ( B( V' D( I '

is out of the network"

Consider a cascade connection shown be ow

I(

IA

V -(
V( A( B( V' A( B( A' B' VA = = I( C( D( I' C( D( C' D' IA

A B C D

V'
-

A B C D

VA
-

#he ADCG representation becomes

 A B A( C D = C (

B( A' D( C '

B' D'

<$amp e: ADC<G parameters of a series impedance +

V( = AV' + BI ' I ( = CV' + DI ' A= V( V'

I( V'

=( B =
I ' =,

V( I'

=Z
V' =,

C=

=,
I ' =,

D=

I( I'

=(
V' =,

A C

B ( = D ,

Z (

ADCG parameters of some fundamenta circuit confi!urations

<$amp e : #ransformation of impedance matri$ into ADCG transmission matri$ #he impedance matri$ parameters are !iven as
V( = Z (( I ( Z (' I ' V' = Z '( I ( Z '' I ' V( = AV' + BI ' I ( = CV' + DI '

8e have that
A= V( V'
V( I'

=
I ' =,

I ( Z (( Z (( = I ( Z '( Z '(
I ( Z (( Z (' I ' I' = Z ((
V' =,

B=

=
V' =,

I( I'

Z ('
V' =,

= Z ((

Z '' Z Z Z (' Z '( Z (' = (( '' Z '( Z '(

C=

I( V'

=
I ' =,

I( ( = I ( Z '( Z '( I ' Z '' = Z '( Z '' Z '(

I D= ( I'

V' =,

I'

AG-DC* Z ((
= Z (' Z '(

'(

Z '' Z Z Z (' Z '( ( 5 (( '' 4 Z '( Z '( Z '(

If the network is reciproca Z (' = Z '( , we have AG-DC*( #ransformations amon! +,0,6 and ADCG parameters

Network Ana yzer Ca ibration : usin! thru . ref ect . ine 6 parameters are ratios of comp e$ vo ta!e amp itudes" #he primary reference p ane is !enera y at some point within the ana yzer itse f" 8e consider the fo owin! schematic"

A ca ibration procedure is used to characterize the error bo$es before the measurement of G;#" Consider the fo owin! error bo$

L =

Z L Z, Z L + Z,

b( = S((a( + S(' a ' = S((a( + S(' b' L

b' = S '(a( + S '' a ' = S '(a( + S '' b' L

b' 5( S '' L 4 = S '(a(

b' =

S '(a( 5( S '' L 4 S '(a(L 5( S '' L 4

b( = S((a( + S(' in =

b( S S = S(( + (' '( L a( ( S '' L

Z (' = Z '(

Assume that the error bo$ is reciproca ,i"e",

in = S(( + S L ( S '' L
' ('

#o ca ibrate the error bo$ means to find scatterin! parameters the error bo$" 8e consider the fo owin! three situations 5(4 the oad is short . circuited , L = (
in ,s = S(( S(' ( + S ''
'

S ij

of

H 5a4

5'4 the oad is open. circuited ,

in ,o = S(( + S(' ( S ''
'

L =(

H5b4

5A4 the oad is matched , L = , =S H5c4 Dy so vin! 5a4 5b4 and 5c4 , we obtain S(( , S(' and S '' "8e then !et the scatterin! parameters S of the error bo$"
in ((
ij

#he work with a cascade of three two . port networks , we convert the 6 parameters of error bo$es to the correspondin! ADCG parameters " As a resu t , the overa measurement transmission matri$ is
Am C m Bm A( = Dm C( B( A B A' D( C D C ' B' D'
(

#he ADCG transmission matri$ of G;# is

A B A( C D = C ( B( Am D( C m
(

Bm A' Dm C '

B' D'

9ina y , we convert the ADCG transmission matri$ of G;# into the 6 parameters of G;#"

#wo . port power !ain Ca cu ation by usin! 6catterin! Parameters Consider the fo owin! two . port network

8e want to find the fo owin! three power !ains Power Iain*I*

s

Pl

Pin

the ratio of power dissipated in the oad to

the power de ivered to the input of two . port network"5independent of Z 4 Avai ab e Iain
A

Pavn

Pavs the

ratio of ma$imum power avai ab e to the

two - port network to the ma$imum power avai ab e from the source "5dependent on Z s , but not Z l 4 #ransducer power Iain*
l

Pl

Pavs

the ratio of power de ivered to the

oad to the power avai ab e from the source"5dependent on both Z s and Z 4 #he ref ection coefficient ookin! from the network toward the oad is
l = Z l Z , V'+ = Z l + Z , V'

#he ref ection coefficient ookin! from the network toward the source is
s = Z s Z , V(+ = Z s + Z , V(
in

8e ne$t want to find

in = V( V(+

and

o"t

o"t =

V' V'+

V( = S((V(+ + S('V'+ = S((V(+ + S(' lV'

V' = S '(V(+ + S ''V'+ = S '(V(+ + S '' lV'
+ V' 5( S '' l 4 = S '(V(

V( = S((V(+ +

S(' S '(l + V( ( S '' l

S S Z Z, V( in = + = S(( + (' '( l = in V( ( S '' l Z in + Z ,

Dy the same token , we obtain

o"t = S '' + S(' S '( s ( S(( s
V(

#he vo ta!e
V( = Vs

is

Z in = V(+ + V( = V(+ 5( + in 4 Z s + Z in
( + in ( in

Z in = Z ,

( + in ( in Vs = V(+ 5( + in 4 ( + in Z s + Z, ( in Z,
V(+ = Vs Z, Z , 5( + in 4 + Z s 5( in 4

8e assume that
V(+ = Vs

Z , *(

( ( = Vs ( + in + Z s Z s in 5( + Z s 4 in 5 Z s (4

= Vs

( (+ Zs

V ( s ( = s Z ( ' ( s in ( in s Z s +(

where

Z ( ( Z s +( Z s +( ( ( ( 5( s 4 = 5( s 4= = ' ' Zs +( ' Z s +( Zs +(

#he avera!e power de ivered to the network is

+ ( V( Pin = 5( in ' Z, ' '

4=

Vs >

'

( s

' '

( s in

5( in

'

#he power de ivered to the oad is

Pl = V'
'

'Z ,
V(+
'

5( 4 l
' '

'

V' =
Vs

S '(V(+ 5( S '' l 4
'

Pl =

S '( 5( 4 l ( S '' l
'

'Z ,

S '( 5( 45( 4 l s ( S '' ( l s in

' '

'

'

'

>

#he power !ain I is

I*

Pl

Pin

S '( 5( 4 l ( S '' 5( 4 l in
in
' '

'

'

#he ma$imum power avai ab e to the network occurs when 8e then !et Pavs = Pin
1

*
s

in = s 1

VS

'

( s

'

>Z , 5( s ' 4
l *

6imi ar y , the ma$imum power avai ab e to the oad occurs when " #herefore , we have
o"t

Pavs = Pin =
l

o"t 1

VS

'

S '( 5( o"t 45( s 4

' '

'

'

'

>Z , ( S '' o"t 1 ' ( s in '

( s in

' l = o"t 1

( ((s 5( o"t 4 ( S'' o"t 1

' '

'

8e !et
Pavn = VS
'

S '( ( s

' ' >Z , ( S(( 5( 4 s o"t

#he avai ab e power !ain

A

A
'

is

Pavn

Pavs

S '( 5( 4 s ( S(( 5( 4 s o"t

!
' '

'

#ransducer power Iain

!

is
' '

Pl

Pavs

S '( 5( 45( 4 s l ( S '' ( l s in

'

'

'

#he matched 5or ma$imum4 transducer power !ain occurs when

s = l =,
! , ma$

= S '(

'

#he uni ater power !ain is

! ,"

! S(( , S(' = , in =

S '( 5( 45( 4 s l ( S(( S

'

'

'

'

( S '' l

'

Chain 6catterin! Matri$

a( !(( b = ! ( '(

!(' b' !'' a '

chain scatterin! parameters scatterin! transfer parameters # parameters

1/e ationship between the 6 and # parameters

!(( ! '( ( !(' S '( = !'' S(( S '(
S(( S '(

S '' S '( S(( S '' S(' S '(

!'' !'(!(' !(( !(' !((

and

!'( S(' !(( = S '' ( !((