Eee III Network Analysis (10es34) Notes

Network Analysis
10ES34
PART A UNIT 1: Basic Concepts: Practical sources, Source transformations, Network reduction using Star Delta transformation, Loop and node analysis With linearly dependent and independent sources for DC and C networks, Concepts of super node and super mesh 7 Hours UNIT 2: Network Topolog : !raph of a network, Concept of tree and co"tree, incidence matri#, tie"set, tie"set and cut"set schedules, $ormulation of e%uili&rium e%uations in matri# form, Solution of resisti'e networks, Principle of duality" 7 Hours UNIT !: Network T#eore$s 1: Superposition, (eciprocity and )illman*s theorems % Hours UNIT &: Network T#eore$s ' II: +he'inin*s and Norton*s theorems, )a#imum Power transfer theorem % Hours PART B UNIT (: Resonant Circuits: Series and parallel resonance, fre%uency"response of series and Parallel circuits, - factor, .andwidth/ %Hours UNIT %: Transient )e#a*ior an+ initial con+itions: .eha'ior of circuit elements under switching condition and their (epresentation, e'aluation of initial and final conditions in (L, (C and (LC circuits for C and DC e#citations/ 7 Hours UNIT 7: ,aplace Trans-or$ation . Applications : Solution of networks, step, ramp and impulse responses, wa'eform Synthesis
7 Hours
UNIT /: Two port network para$eters: Definition of 0, y, h and transmission parameters, modeling with these parameters, relationship &etween parameters sets % Hours T01T B2234: 1/ 5Network Anal sis67 )/ 2/ 5an 5alken&urg, P67 8 Pearson 2ducation, 9rd 2dition/ (eprint 3443/ nd 3/ 5Networks an+ s ste$s67 (oy Choudhury, 3 edition, 344: re"print, New ge 7nternational Pu&lications/ R080R0NC0 B2234: th 1/ 7 50ngineering Circuit Anal sis67 6ayt, ;emmerly and Dur&in+)6 : 2dition, 3443 3/ 5Network anal sis an+ 4 nt#esis67 $ranklin $/ ;uo, Wiley 7nternational 2dition, th 9/ 5Anal sis o- ,inear 4 ste$s6, Da'id ;/ Cheng, Narosa Pu&lishing 6ouse, 11 reprint, 3443 </ 5Circuits6, .ruce Carlson, +homson Learning, 3444/ (eprint 3443 9uestion Paper Pattern: Student should answer $752 full %uestions out of = %uestions to &e set each carrying 34 marks, selecting at least T:2 ;uestions -ro$ eac# part/
Co*erage in t#e Te<ts:

UNIT 1: +e#t 3: 1/:, 3/9, 3/< > lso refer R1:3/<, </1 to </:, ?/9, ?/:, 14/@ +his &ook gi'es concepts of super node and super meshA UNIT 2: +e#t 3: 9/1 to 9/11 UNIT ! an+ UNIT &: +e#t 3 B/1 to B/B UNIT (: +e#t 3 =/1 to =/9 UNIT %: +e#t 1 Chapter ?, UNIT 7: +e#t 1 B/< to B/B, =/1 to =/? UNIT /: +e#t 1 11/1 to 11/
INDEX SHEET
SL.NO 1 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 University syllabus 1: Basic C nce!ts Assignment !estions " #: Net$ r% T ! l &y Assignment !estions " ': Net$ r% T(e re)s 1 Assignment !estions " *: Net$ r% T(e re)s " II Assignment !estions " +: ,es nant Circuits Assignment !estions " -: Transient be(avi r an. initial c n.iti ns Assignment !estions /: La!lace Trans0 r)ati n 1 A!!licati ns Assignment !estions 2: T$ ! rt net$ r% !ara)eters Assignment !estions TOPIC PAGE NO. 2-3 5-14 15-1" 1#-3" 3#-3$ 40-4" 4#-4$ 50-5# 5$-%0 %1-%$ "0-"1 "2-#3 #4-#5 #%-$5 $%-$" $#-110 111-112
Unit: 1 : Basic
C nce!ts
3rs: 4/
Syllabus 0 unit 1:
&ra'ti'al so!r'es( So!r'e trans)ormations( Network re*!'tion !sing Star + Delta trans)ormation( ,oo- an* no*e analysis .it/ linearly *e-en*ent an* in*e-en*ent so!r'es )or D0 an* A0 networks 0on'e-ts o) s!-er no*e an* s!-er mes/1
,ec ))en.e. rea.in&s:

11 5Net$ r% Analysis67 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 5Net$ r%s an. syste)s67 6oy 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*ition( New Age International &!4li'ations 1
31 7Net$ r% t(e ry 7( 8anes/ 6ao1 41 5Net$ r% analysis9 ( 6oy 0/o!*ry1
BA4IC ,A:4:
11 :H2S ,A. IA=-0!rrent )rom A to =
3;I<
IA= >
3A=;3oltage o) A w1r1t =
< 3A= -
21 ?0, i1>i4>i5;i2>i3 i;0
i1 i2 i3 alge4rai' s!m @ Iin;-Io!tA
or iin; iio!t
i5 31 ?3, 32 B;0
i4
alge4rai' s!m @3rise; -3*ro-A
I2 > <2 > Brise; B*ro31 <1 - E2 > I1 E1 > <3 33 > <4 I3 I4 34 6e)eren'e Dire'tion E1-E2;31-32>33-34;I1<1-I2<2>I3<3-I4<4
C2NN0CTI2N4
SE,IES
1
PA,ELLEL
> 3 - > 32 <1
> 3n <n
<2
>
> I 3 -
C1
C2
Cn
I1
n
I2
In
Z
1
Z1 Z 2
Z3
Zn
Y
1
Y1 Y2 Y3
Yn
3oltage DiBision 3i;@<i5<A3
0!rrent DiBision II;@Ci5CAI
I;35<;315<1;325<2;--------------
3;I5C;I15C1;I25C2;-------------
Pro)le$s
110al'!late t/e Boltages 312(323(334 in t/e network s/own in Dig( i) 3a;1"132>E10 34;30 #0 0 3 an* 30;15 -1003 wit/ 0al'!lator in 'om-leF an* *egree mo*e 312 ; -3' > 34 3 0 ; @0-15 -100 >30 #0 A ; 45 #0 3 G > 323 ; 3a-34>3' ; 3a + 312 3a 0 0 ; 1"132>10i- 45 #0 ; 351%1 -"4152 > 3' 334 ; 34 - 3a ; 30 #0 - 1"132-10i ; 23 1211"#0 1 2 4 > 34
-
21How is '!rrent o) 10A s/are* 4y 3 im-e*an'es <1;2-H5I <2 ; %1"0# 2%15% an* <3 ; 3 > H4 all 'onne'te* in -arallel AnsJ -1 -1 -1 -1 0 < ; C ; @@2-5iA > @%1"0# 2%15A >@3>4iA ; 310% $155 0 0 0 3;1< ; 301% $155 J @2-5iA ;51%# ""1"5 I1 ; 35<1;@301% $155 A I2 ; 3 ; @301% $1550 A <2 0 I3 ; 3 ; @301% $155 A <2 J @%1"0# 2%15%A ; 415% -1"0 J @3>4iA ; %112 -431%
0
31 In t/e 'ir'!it *etermine w/at Boltage m!st 4e a--lie* a'ross A= in or*er t/at a '!rrent o) 10 A may )low in t/e 'a-a'itor I1 5I %I #I 10 I
A 0
3A0; @"-#iA@10A ; 10%13 -4#1#
I2
"I
#I
I1 ; 3A0 ; 131%1 -$$0 5>%i I ; I1>I2 ; 10 00 >131%1 -$$0 ; 1515"% -5$1%0 3 ;31>32 ; 10%13 -4#1 > @1515"% -5$1%A @#>10iA;2#$ -220
Practical s urces:
Network is a system wit/ inter'onne'te* ele'tri'al elements1 Network an* 'ir'!it are t/e same1 T/e only *i))eren'e 4eing a 'ir'!it s/all 'ontain at least one 'lose* -at/1 Ele'tri'al Elements So!r'es In*e-en*ent So!r'es 2 De-en*ant So!r'es N 1 &assiBe Elements 6 @Energy 0ons!ming ElementA , @Energy storing element in a magneti' )iel*A 0 @Energy storing element in an Ele'tri' )iel*A
3oltage So!r'e @i*ealA
0!rrent So!r'e @i*ealA A A I
kiF
gBF
>kBF -
>BiF @*A
E >
@aA
@4A
@'A
@aA0!rrent 'ontrolle* '!rrent so!r'e @4A 3oltage 'ontrolle* '!rrent so!r'e @'A 3oltage 'ontrolle* Boltage so!r'e @*A 0!rrent 'ontrolle* Boltage so!r'e 2 @3al!e o) so!r'e !antity is not a))e'te* in anyway 4y a'tiBities in t/e remin*er o) t/e 'ir'!it1A N @So!r'e K!antity is *etermine* 4y a Boltage or '!rrent eFisting at some ot/er ,o'ation in t/e 'ir'!itA T/ese a--ear in t/e eK!iBalent mo*els )or many ele'troni' *eBi'es like transistors( :&A2&S an* integrate* 'ir'!its1
&ra'ti'e 3oltage so!r'e
2es/ @loo-A
,oo-
&ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e
6e)eren'e no*e
T8PES O9 NET:O,;S
Linear an. N nlinear Net$ r%s: A network is linear i) t/e -rin'i-le o) s!-er-osition /ol*s i1e i) e1@tA( r1 @tA an* e2@tA( r2 @tA are eF'itation an* res-onse -airs t/en i) eF'itation is e1 @tA > e2 @tA t/en t/e res-onse is r1 @tA > r2@tA1 T/e network not satis)ying t/is 'on*ition is nonlinear EFJ- ,inear + 6esistors( In*!'tors( 0a-a'itors1 Nonlinear + Semi'on*!'tors *eBi'es like transistors( sat!rate* iron 'ore in*!'tor( 'a-a'itan'e o) a --n )!n'tion1 Passive an. active Net$ r%s: A ,inear network is -assiBe i) @iA t/e energy *eliBere* to t/e network is nonnegatiBe )or any eF'itation1 @iiA no Boltages an* '!rrents a--ear 4etween any two terminals 4e)ore any eF'itation is a--lie*1 EFam-leJ- 6(, an* 01 A'tiBe networkJ- Networks 'ontaining *eBi'es /aBing internal energy +8enerators( am-li)iers an* os'illators1 Unilateral 1 Bilateral: T/e 'ir'!it( in w/i'/ Boltage '!rrent relations/i- remains !naltere* wit/ t/e reBersal o) -olarities o) t/e so!r'e( is sai* to 4e 4ilateral1 EFJ- 6( , L 0 I) 3-I relations/i-s are *i))erent wit/ t/e reBersal o) -olarities o) t/e so!r'e( t/e 'ir'!it is sai* to 4e !nilateral1 EFJ- semi'on*!'tor *io*es1
Lumped & Distributed: Elements of a circuit, which are separated physically, are known as lumped elements. Ex:- L & C. Elements, which are not separable for analytical purposes, are known as distributed Ex:- transmission lines havin !, L, C all alon their len th. "n the former care #irchhoff$s laws hold ood but in the latter case %axwell$s laws are re&uired for ri orous solution. Reciprocal: ' network is said to be reciprocal if when the locations of excitation and response are interchan ed, the relationship between them remains the same.
elements.
4ource Trans-or$ation:
"n network analysis it may be re&uired to transform a practical volta e source into its e&uivalent practical current source and vice (hese are done as explained below versa . )* E* a )L b "* b fi )+ a )L
fi , Consider a volta e source and a current source as shown in .i ure , and -. .or the same load )L across the terminals a & b in both the circuits, the are currents " L/ E* < s><, Dor eK!iBalen'e; ES ; IS <S><, T/ere)ore ES ; IS < & an* <S ; < & T/ere)ore ES ES ; <& <S Trans)ormation )rom a -ra'ti'al Boltage so!r'e to a -ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e eliminates a no*e1 Trans)ormation )rom a -ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e to a '!rrent so!r'e eliminates a mes/1 A -ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e is in -arallel wit/ an im-e*an'e <- is eK!iBalent to a Boltage so!r'e IS ;
1
in fi ,
and
"L /
"* .) +
< - > <,
in fi -
<& < &><,
Es;Is <- in series wit/ <-1 A -ra'ti'al Boltage so!r'e Es in series wit/ a im-e*an'e <s is eK!iBalent to a '!rrent so!r'e Es5<s in -arallel wit/ <s1
42URC0 4HI8TIN=:
So!r'e s/i)ting is o''asionally !se* to sim-li)y a network1 T/is sit!ation arises 4e'a!se o) t/e )a't t/an an i*eal Boltage so!r'e 'annot 4e re-la'e* 4y a '!rrent so!r'e1 ,ike wise i*eal '!rrent so!r'e 'annot 4e re-la'e* 4y a Boltage so!r'e1 =!t s!'/ a so!r'e trans)ormation is still -ossi4le i) t/e )ollowing te'/niK!es are )allowe*1 ' <3 a <1 > E M: : F <2 4 <1 > F E - ' <3 <2 4
> F
> F
@aA E s/i)t o-eration
I <1 I <2 < <4 4 I <3 <1 <4 <1 <2
<2 <3 I
<4
<3 I
@4A I s/i)t o-eration
10 10
4ources wit# e;ui*alent ter$inal c#aracteristics
> 31 32 > -
> 31>32
> 31 -
> - 3 3 2; 1
> B1;B2
@iASeries Boltage so!r'es
@iiA &arallel Boltage so!r'es@i*ealA i1
i1
i2
i1>i2
i1;i2
i1
@iiiA &arallel '!rrent so!r'es
@iBASeries '!rrent so!r'es@i*ealA < <
> 3 N<
> 3 -
@BA3oltage so!r'e wit/ -arallel <
@BiA0!rrent so!r'e wit/ series < > 3 I I
> -
> I 3 @BiiiA 3 an* I in Series
@BiiA 3 an* I in &arallel
>elta'star trans-or$ation:
A set o) star 'onne'te* @C oJr TA immittan'es 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y an eK!iBalent set o) mes/ @' or OA 'onne'te* immittan'es or Bi'e Bersa1 S!'/ a trans)ormation is o)ten ne'essary to sim-li)y -assiBe networks( t/!s aBoi*ing t/e nee* )or any mes/ or no*al analysis1 Dor eK!iBalen'e( t/e immittan'e meas!re* 4etween any two terminals !n*er s-e'i)ie* 'on*itions m!st 4e t/e same in eit/er 'ase1
<ELTA t 8 trans0 r)ati n: 0onsi*er t/ree P-'onne'te* im-e*an'es <A=( <=0 an* <0A a'ross terminals A( = an* 01 It is reK!ire* to re-la'e t/ese 4y an eK!iBalent set <A( <= an* <0 'onne'te* in star1 A <A= 0 = <=0 = <= <0 <A0 A <A 0
In '( im-e*an'e meas!re* 4etween A an* = wit/ 0 o-en is <A= @<=0 > <0AA <A=> <=0 > <0A .it/ 0 o-en( in C( im-e*an'e meas!re* 4etween A an* = is <A= @<=0 > <0AA Dor eK!iBalen'e <A><= ; < A=> <=0 > <0A <A><=1
-----------@1A
Similarly )or im-e*an'e meas!re* 4etween = an* 0 wit/ A o-en <= > <0 ; <=0 @<0A > <A=A -----------------------------@2A <A=> <=0 > <0A Dor im-e*an'e meas!re* 4etween 0 an* A wit/ = o-en <0A @<A= > <=0A --------------------------------@3A <0 > <A ; <A=> <=0 > <0A A**ing @1A( @2A an* @3A 2 @<A> <= > <0A ; <A ; 2 @<A= <=0 > <=0<0A > <0A<A=A <A=> <=0 > <0A - @<= > <0A
@<A= <=0 > <=0<0A > <0A<A=A <A=> <=0 > <0A
S!4stit!ting )or <= > <0 )rom @2A < A <A= <A ; < 0 ; A=> <= > <0A <
0A
< A= <
A=
Similarly 4y symmetry
<= ; <0 ;
<A= <=0 <A= <=0 <0A <A= <Q 1 3
I)
<A= ; <=0 ; <0A ; <Q t/en <A ; <= ; <0 ; <C ;
8 t = trans0 r)ati n: 0onsi*er t/ree C 'onne'te* a*mittan'e Ca( C4 an* C' a'ross t/e terminals A( = an* 01 It is reK!ire* to re-la'e t/em 4y a set o) eK!iBalent Q a*mittan'es Ca4( C4' an* C'a1
A*mittan'e meas!re* 4etween A an* = wit/ = L 0 s/orte* In C In Q CA @C= > C0A CA> C= > C0 CA= > C0A
A CA=
CA0 0
CA 0
C=0
C=
C0
Dor eK!iBalen'e CA= > C0A ; CA @C= > C0A CA> C= > C0
-------------------------@1A
A*mittan'e 4etween = an* 0 wit/ 0 L A s/orte* C @C0 > CAA ------------------------------------@2A C=0 > CA= ; C => C A = > C0 A*mittan'e 4etween 0 an* A wit/ A L = s/orte* C @CA > C=A ---------------------------------@3A C0A > C=0 ; C 0 A> C= > C0 'ddin 0,1, 0-1 and 021 3'4 5 34C 5 3C' / 3'34 5 343C 5 3C3' CA> C= > C0 CA= ; R CA C= R CA - @C=0 > C0AA S!4stit!ting )rom @3A
CA C= C = C0 C C= C ; J C0A ; =0 ; CA> C= > A C0 CA> C= > C0 CA> C= > C0 J In terms o) im-e*an'es( <A <= > <=<0 > <0<A <A= ; CA > C= > C0 ; <0 CA C= <A <= > <=<0 > <0<A Similarly <=0 ; <A <A <= > <=<0 > <0<A <0A ; <= I) <A ; <= ; <0 ; <C t/en <A= ; <=0 ; <0A ; <Q ; 3<C 1
Assi&n)ent >uesti ns:

1A Disting!is/ t/e )ollowing wit/ s!ita4le eFam-les1 iA ,inear an* non-linear elements1 iiA Snilateral an* trilateral elements1 iiiA In*e-en*ent an* *e-en*ent so!r'es1 2A .rite t/e mes/ eK!ation )or t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1 1 an* *etermine mes/ '!rrents !sing mes/ analysis1
9 i& . 1
3A Esta4lis/ star + *elta relations/i- s!ita4ly 4A Ssing so!r'e trans)ormation( )in* t/e -ower *eliBere* 4y t/eT50 3 Boltage so!r'e in t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1
5A Din* t/e -ower *eliBere* 4y t/e 5A '!rrent so!r'e in t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig14 4y !sing t/e no*al met/o*1
:A Dor t/e network s/own in )ig1 2( *etermine t/e Boltage 3 !sing so!r'e s/i)t an* 5 or so!r'e
trans)ormation te'/niK!es only1 T/en Beri)y 4y no*e eK!ations
BA Sse mes/ '!rrent met/o* to *etermine t/e '!rrent in t/e 'a-a'itor o) %: o) t/e 4ri*ge network s/own in )ig1 51
=A Sse no*e eK!ations to *etermine w/at Bal!e o) UEV will 'a!se 3F to 4e Nero )or t/e network
s/own in )ig1 %1
$A :4tain t/e *elta 'onne'te* eK!i-ment o) t/e network s/own in )ig1 11
10A 'A Din* t/e Boltage a'ross t/e 'a-a'itor o) 20 : rea'tan'e o) t/e network s/own in )ig1 2( 4y re*!'ing t/e network to 'ontain one so!r'e only( 4y so!r'e trans)ormation te'/niK!es1
,,1 'A Sse 3 mes/ eK!ations )or t/e network s/own in )ig1 5 to *etermine 6 an* 01 s!'/ t/at t/e
'!rrent in 3>E4: is Nero 1 Take Z ; 50 ra*5se'1
Unit: #
Net$ r% T ! l &y:
3rs: 4/
Syllabus 0 unit :
8ra-/ o) a Network( 0on'e-t o) t r e e an* 0o-tree( matriF( tie-set( tie-set an* in'i*en'e 0!t-set s'/e*!les( Dorm!lation :) eK!ations in matriF )orm( Sol!tion o) resistiBe networks( eK!ili4ri!m &rin'i-le o) *!ality

11 5Net$ r% Analysis67 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 5Net$ r%s &!4li'ations 1 an. syste)s67 6oy 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*ition( New Age International
Net work Topolog

<e0initi n:
T/e term 'ir'!it to-ology re)ers to t/e s'ien'e o) -la'ement o) elements an* is a st!*y o) t/e geometri' 'on)ig!rations1 70ir'!it to-ology is t/e st!*y o) geometri' -ro-erties o) a 'ir'!it !se)!l )or *es'ri4ing t/e 'ir'!it 4e/aBior7 Ter)s use. in T ! l &y: T/e )ollowing terms are o)ten !se* in network to-ology Gra!(: In t/e giBen network i) all t/e 4ran'/es are re-resente* 4y line segments t/en t/e res!lting )ig!re is 'alle* t/e gra-/ o) a network @or linear gra-/A1 T/e internal im-e*an'e o) an i*eal Boltage so!r'e is Nero an* /en'e it is re-la'e* 4y a s/ort 'ir'!it an* t/at o) an i*eal '!rrent so!r'e is in)inity an* /en'e it is re-resente* 4y an o-en 'ir'!it in t/e gra-/1 EFam-leJ Network 8ra-/
No*e It is a -oint in t/e network at w/i'/ two or more 'ir'!it elements are Eoine*1 In t/e gra-/ s/own 1( 2( 3 an* 4 are no*es1 Branc( ? r T$i&@: It is a -at/ *ire'tly Eoining two no*es1 T/ere may 4e seBeral -arallel -at/s 4etween two no*es1
Oriente. Gra!( I) *ire'tions o) '!rrents are marke* in all t/e 4ran'/es o) a gra-/ t/en it is 'alle* an oriente* @or *ire'te*A gra-/ 1 C nnecte. &ra!( A network gra-/ is 'onne'te* i) t/ere is a -at/ 4etween any two no*es 1In o!r )!rt/er *is'!ssion(let !s ass!me t/at t/e gra-/ is 'onne'te*1 Sin'e( i) it is not 'onne'te* ea'/ *isEoint -art may 4e analyse* se-arately as a 'onne'te* gra-/1 1 2
Unc nnecte. &ra!( I) t/ere is no -at/ 4etween any two no*es(t/en t/e gra-/ is 'alle* an !n'onne'te* gra-/1 1 2 4 1 2 4 3 3 5 3 5 5
Planar &ra!( A -lanar gra-/ is a gra-/ *rawn on a two *imensional -lane so t/at no two 4ran'/es interse't at -oint w/i'/ is not a no*e1 = 0 A = A D D E E E 0
N n !lanar &ra!( A gra-/ on a two + *imensional -lane s!'/ t/at two or more 4ran'/es interse't at a -oint ot/er t/an no*e on a gra-/1 Tree o) a gra-/ Tree is a set o) 4ran'/es wit/ all no*es not )orming any loo- or 'lose* -at/1 @GA 0ontains all t/e no*es o) t/e giBen network or all t/e no*es o) t/e gra-/ @GA No 'lose* -at/ @GA N!m4er o) 4ran'/es in a tree ; n-1 ( w/ere n;n!m4er o) no*es A 2 = 0 A = 2 4 5 % 5 D Two -ossi4le trees
0 D
8ra-/
C " tree A 0o- tree is a set o) 4ran'/es w/i'/ are remoBe* so as to )orm a tree or in ot/er wor*s( a 'o- tree is a set o) 4ran'/es w/i'/ w/en a**e* to t/e tree giBes t/e 'om-lete gra-/1 Ea'/ 4ran'/ so remoBe* is 'alle* a link1 N!m4er o) links ; l ; 4 + @n-1A ./ere 4 ; Total n!m4er o) 4ran'/es n ; N!m4er o) no*es
Inci.ence AatriB In'i*en'e matriF is a matriF re-resentation to s/ow w/i'/ 4ran'/es are 'onne'te* to w/i'/ no*es an* w/at is t/eir orientation in a giBen gra-/ @GA T/e rows o) t/e matriF re-resent t/e no*es an* t/e 'ol!mns re-resents t/e 4ran'/es o) t/e gra-/1 @GA T/e elements o) t/e in'i*en'e matriF will 4e >1( -1 or Nero @GA I) a 4ran'/ is 'onne'te* to a no*e an* its orientation is away )rom t/e no*e t/e 'orres-on*ing element is marke* >1 @GA I) a 4ran'/ is 'onne'te* to a no*e an* its orientation is towar*s t/e no*e t/en t/e 'orres-on*ing element is marke* + 1 @GA I) a 4ran'/ is not 'onne'te* to a giBen no*e t/en t/e 'orres-on*ing element is marke* Nero1 In'i*en'e 2atriF
0om-lete In'i*en'e matriF ?i@C )!lete inci.ence )atriB:
6e*!'e* in'i*en'e matriF
An in'i*en'e matriF in w/i'/ t/e s!mmation o) elements in any 'ol!mn in Nero is 'alle* a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriF1 ?ii@,e.uce. inci.ence )atriB: T/e re*!'e* in'i*en'e matriF is o4taine* )rom a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriF 4y eliminating a row1 Hen'e t/e s!mmation o) elements in any 'ol!mn is not Nero1 EFam-le 1J 0onsi*er t/e )ollowing network an* t/e oriente* gra-/ as s/own
Network :riente* gra-/
@GA T/ere are )o!r no*es A( =( 0 an* D an* siF 4ran'/es 1( 2( 3( 4( 5 an* %1 Dire'tions o) '!rrents
20 20
are ar4itrarily '/osen1 @GA T/e in'i*en'e matriF is )orme* 4y taking no*es as rows an* 4ran'/es as 'ol!mns
No*es A = 0 D
=ran'/es 1 -1 0 0 >1 2 >1 -1 0 0 3 >1 0 -1 0 4 0 -1 >1 0 5 0 >1 0 -1 % 0 0 >1 -1
& ;
-1 0 0 1
1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
0 0 0 -1 1 0 1 0 1 0 -1 -1
In t/e a4oBe eFam-le t/e )o!rt/ row is negatiBe o) s!m o) t/e )irst t/ree rows1 Hen'e t/e )o!rt/ 'an 4e eliminate* as we know t/at it 'an 4e o4taine* 4y negatiBe s!m o) )irst t/ree rows1 As a res!lt o) t/is we get t/e re*!'e* in'i*en'e matriF1 &6 ; -1 1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 1 0 0 0 -1 1 0 1
&ro-erties o) a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriF @GA S!m o) t/e entries o) ea'/ 'ol!mn is Nero @GA 6ank o) t/e matriF is @n-1A( w/ere n is t/e no o) no*es @GA Determinant o) a loo- o) 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriF is always Nero
EFam-le 2 J T/e in'i*en'e matriF o) a gra-/ is as s/own1 Draw t/e 'orres-on*ing gra-/1 Sol!tion J T/e s!m o) ea'/ 'ol!mn o) t/e giBen matriF is Nero1 Hen'e it is a 'om-ete in'i*en'e matriF1
1 0 -1 1 0 -1 0 0
0 0 1 -1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 -1 0
N!m4er o) no*es ; n ; 4 @say A1 =1 0 an* DA N!m4er o) 4ran'/es ; 4 ; @say 1( 2( 3( % &re-are a ta4!lar 'ol!mn as s/own1 No*es =ran'/es 1 2 1 -1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 3 0 1 0 -1
4( 5 an* %A
4 0 0 -1 1
5 1 0 0 -1
% -1 0 1 0
A = 0 D
Drom t/e ta4!lar 'ol!mn( t/e entries /aBe to 4e inter-rete* as )ollowsJ
Network Analysis
10ES34
Drom t/e )irst 'ol!mn t/e entries )or A an* = are oneVs 1 Hen'e 4ran'/ 1 is 'onne'te* 4etween no*es A an* = 1 Sin'e )or no*e A entry is >1 an* )or no*e = it is -1( t/e '!rrent leaBes no*e A an* enters no*e = an* so on1 Drom t/ese inter-retations t/e reK!ire* gra-/ is *rawn as s/own1 % A 1 5 D 3 = 2 4 0
EFam-le 3J T/e in'i*en'e matriF o) a gra-/ is as s/own1 :4tain t/e 'orres-on*ing gra-/ 11 0 0 0 -1 1 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 1
Sol!tionJ- 8iBen in'i*en'e matriF is a re*!'e* in'i*en'e matriF as t/e s!m o) ea'/ 'ol!mn is not Nero1 Hen'e it is )irst 'onBerte* in to a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriF 4y a**ing t/e *elete* row1 T/e elements o) ea'/ 'ol!mn o) t/e new row is )ille* !sing t/e )a't t/at s!m o) ea'/ 'ol!mn o) a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriF is Nero1 In t/e giBen matriF in )irst( t/ir*( )i)t/ an* t/e seBent/ 0ol!mn t/e s!m is ma*e Nero 4y a**ing +1 in t/e new row an* t/e 'orres-on*ing no*e is E1 T/e 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriF so o4taine* an* also t/e gra-/ )or t/e matriF are as s/own1
No*es
=ran'/es 1 2 1 0 0 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0 -1
4 0 1 -1 0 0
5 0 0 1 0 -1 %
% 0 0 1 -1 0
" 0 0 0 1 -1
A = 0 D E 8ra-/J
/
E
22
Tie set Analysis:

In or*er to )orm a tree )rom a network seBeral 4ran'/es nee* to 4e remoBe* so t/at t/e 'lose* loo-s o-en !-1 All s!'/ remoBe* 4ran'/es are 'alle* links an* t/ey )orm a 0o-tree1 AlternatiBely w/en a link is re-la'e* in a tree( it )orms a 'lose* loo- along wit/ )ew o) t/e tree 4ran'/es1 A '!rrent 'an )low aro!n* t/is 'lose* loo-1 T/e *ire'tion o) t/e loo- '!rrent is ass!me* to 4e t/e same as t/at o) t/e '!rrent in t/e link1 T/e tree + 4ran'/es an* t/e link t/at )orm a loo- is sai* to 'onstit!te a tie + set1 De)inition A tie + set is a set o) 4ran'/es 'ontaine* in a loo- s!'/ t/at t/e loo- /as at least one link an* t/e remain*er are twigs @tree 4ran'/esA % % N = F 3 1 2
A 1
= 2
5 y 3
8ra-/
tree @In t/i'k linesA 0o-tree @In *otte* linesA .e see t/at 4y re-la'ing t/e links 1( 4 an* 5 t/ree loo-s are )orme* an* /en'e t/ree loo- '!rrents F( y an* N )low as s/own1 T/e relations/i-s o4taine* 4etween loo- '!rrents( tree 4ran'/es an* links 'an 4e s'/e*!le* as )ollows Tie + set s'/e*!le Tie + set 1 2 3 Tree + 4ran'/es 2( 3 1( 4 4( 5 ,ink 5 2 % Loop current F y N
Tie + set matriF @=)A T/e Tie + set s'/e*!le s/own a4oBe 'an 4e arrange* in t/e )orm o) a matriF w/ere in t/e loo'!rrents 'onstit!te t/e rows an* 4ran'/es o) t/e network 'onstit!te t/e 'ol!mns Entries insi*e t/e matriF are )ille* 4y t/e )ollowing -ro'e*!re J
23 23
,et an element o) t/e tie + set matriF 4e *enote* 4y mik T/en 1 =ran'/ ? is in loo- i an* t/eir '!rrent *ire'tions are same -1 I) 4ran'/ ? is in loo- i an* t/eir '!rrent *ire'tions are o--osite1 I) t/e 4ran'/ ? is not in loo- i =y )ollowing t/is -ro'e*!re we get t/e Tie + set matriF w/i'/ is s/own 4elowJ ,oo=ran'/es '!rrentss 1 2 F y N 0 >1 0 >1 >1 0 mik ;
3 >1 0 0
4 0 >1 >1 :r
5 >1 0 -1
% 0 0 -1
=) ;
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 -1
Analysis o) t/e net work 4ase* on Tie + set s'/e*!le Drom t/e tie +set s'/e*!le we make t/e )ollowing o4serBations1 @iA 0ol!mn wise a**ition )or ea'/ 'ol!mn giBes t/e relation 4etween 4ran'/ an* loo- '!rrents T/at is i3 i4 ; F ; y> N i1 i2 i5 i% ; y ; F>y ; F-N ; -N
&!tting t/e a4oBe eK!ations in matriF )orm( we get i1 i2 i3 i5 i% 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 4 0 -1 0 -1 0 N 1 1 y
In 'om-a't )orm I= ; = )T I,
./ere I= ; =ran'/ '!rrent matriF = )T ; Trans-ose o) t/e tie- set matriF I, ; ,oo- '!rrent 'ol!mn matriF @iiA6ow wise a**ition )or ea'/ row giBes t/e ?3, eK!ations )or ea'/ )!n*amental loo6ow - 1 6ow - 2 6ow - 3 J J J 31 > 32 > 33 31 > 32 > 34 34 - 35 - 3% ; 0 ; 0 ; 0
31 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 -1
35
3% = ) 3=
32 33 34
; 0
In 'om-a't )orm
; 0
- - - @1A
./ere 3= ; =ran'/ Boltage 'ol!mn matriF an* = ) ; Tie - set matriF
5 EFam-leJ Dor t/e network s/own in )ig!re( write a Tie-set s'/e*!le an* t/en )in* all t/e 4ran'/ 50 0!rrents an* Boltages 3 0 W 10 Sol!tionJ T/e gra-/ an* one -ossi4le tree is s/ownJ A 1 5 = % 4 0 3 2 1 F 4 D N 3 =ran'/ N!m4ers 3 4 0 1 0 0 1 -1
5 10 = 5 5 D
5 y %
,oo'!rrent F y N
1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
5 -1 1 0
% 0 -1 1
Tie set 2atriFJ =) ; 1 0 0 1 -1 1 0 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 0
=ran'/ Im-e*en'e matriF
<=
; 0 0 0 0 0
6 7 7 7 10 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0
7 7 0 0 0 0 5
<, ;
1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 1
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 -1 -1 1 0 0 -1 1
<,
20 -5 -10 -5 20 -5 -10 -5 20
,oo- EK!ations J 20 -5 -10 -5 20 -5 -10 -5 20 F y N
<, I, ; - =) 3s 1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 1 -50 0 0 0 0 0
;-
20F-5y-10N ;50 -5F>20y-5N ; 0 -10F-5y>20N ;0 SolBing t/e eK!ations( we get F ; 411" Am-s y ; 111" Am-s An* N ; 215 Am-s
Cut set Analysis

A '!t + set o) a gra-/ is a set o) 4ran'/es w/ose remoBal ( '!ts t/e 'onne'te* gra-/ in to two -arts s!'/ t/at t/e re-la'ement o) any one 4ran'/ o) t/e '!t set ren*ers t/e two -arts 'onne'te*1 A A 1 5 EFam-le 4 = 3 D 4 = D 2 % 3 0 0 Dire'te* gra-/ Two se-arate gra-/s 'reate* 4y t/e '!t set @1( 2( 5( %A
9un.a)ental cut set is a '!t + set t/at 'ontains only one tree 4ran'/ an* t/e ot/ers are links 9 r)ati n 0 9un.a)ental cut set @GA Sele't a tree @GA Sele't a tree 4ran'/ @GA DiBi*e t/e gra-/ in to two sets o) no*es 4y *rawing a *otte* line t/ro!g/ t/e sele'te* tree 4ran'/ an* a--ro-riate links w/ile aBoi*ing interr!-tion wit/ any ot/er tree + 4ran'/es1 EFam-le 1 J Dor t/e giBen gra-/ write t/e '!t set s'/e*!le A 4 1 = 2 % 0 T/e )!n*amental '!t +set o) t/e Sele'te* tree is s/own in )ig!re 5 3 D 4 A 1 = 2 0 3 % 5 D
Note t/at D0S - 1 yiel*s no*e A an* t/e set o) no*es @ =( 0( DA T/e :rientation o) t/e )!n*amental '!t + set is !s!ally ass!me* to 4e t/e same as t/e orientation o) t/e tree 4ran'/ in it( ./i'/ is s/own 4y an arrow1 =y )ollowing t/e same -ro'e*!re t/e D0S- 2 an* D0S -3 are )orme* as s/own 4elowJ
A 4 1 = 2 % 0 D0S -2 5 3 D 4
A 1 = 2 % 0 D0S -3 3
5 D
It s/o!l* 4e note* t/at )or ea'/ tree 4ran'/ t/ere will 4e a )!n*amental '!t + set1 Dor a gra-/ /aBing UnV n!m4er o) no*es t/e n!m4er o) twigs is @n-1A1T/ere)ore t/ere will 4e @n-1A @n-1A )!n*amental '!t-sets1 :n'e t/e )!n*amental '!t sets are i*enti)ie* an* t/eir orientations are )iFe*( it is -ossi4le to write a s'/e*!le( known as '!t + set s'/e*!le w/i'/ giBes t/e relation 4etween tree + 4ran'/ Boltages an* all ot/er 4ran'/ Boltages o) t/e gra-/1 ,et t/e element o) a '!t + set s'/e*!le 4e *enote* 4y
ik ik
t/en(
; 1
I) 4ran'/ ? is in '!t + set I an* t/e *ire'tion o) t/e '!rrent in t/e 4ran'/ ? is same as '!t + set *ire'tion1
-1 I) 4ran'/ k is in '!t + set I an* t/e *ire'tion o) t/e '!rrent in k is :--osite to t/e '!t + set *ire'tion1 : I) 4ran'/ is k is not in '!t + set i 0!t set S'/e*!le Tree branc( 1 v lta&e e1 e2 e3 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 "1 1 4 "1 4 1 4 1 "1 # ' Branc( C lta&es * + -
T/e elements o) t/e '!t set s'/e*!le may 4e written in t/e )orm o) a matriF known as t/e '!t set matriF1 1 0
)
0 0 1
-1 1 0
-1 0 0 1 1 -1
0 1 0 0
'nalysis
of
network usin
cu t
se t
schedule
@GA 0ol!mn wise a**ition o) t/e '!t set s'/e*!le giBes t/e relation 4etween tree 4ran'/ Boltage an* t/e 4ran'/ Boltages )or t/e a4oBe '!t t/e s'/e*!le 31 ; e1 32 ; e2 33 ; e3 34 ; - e1 > e2 35 ; - e1> e3 3% ; e2 - e3 In matriF )orm 31 32 33 34 35 3% In 'om-a't )orm CB D E 0 CT
T
1 0 0 ; -1 -1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 -1
e1 e2 e3
XXX1 @1A
./ere 3= ;=ran'/ Boltage 2atriF T ) ; Trans-ose o) '!t set matriF an* 3T ; Tree 4ran'/ Boltage matriF1
@GA !ow wise addition iven #CL at each node I 1 - I 4 - I5 ; 0 0 I 2 > I 4 > I% ; 0 I 3 > I 5 > I% ; In matriF )orm 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 0 1 1 -1 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I% I= ; 0 XXXXXXX@2A ./ere ; 0
In 'om-a't )orm
; '!t set matriF ) I= ; =ran'/ '!rrent matriF 3? C?
@GA ,et !s 'onsi*er a network /aBing U4V 4ran'/es1 Ea'/ o) t/e 4ran'/es /as a re-resentation as s/own in )ig!re
I?
6e)erring to t/e )ig!re Ik ; Ck 3k > Isk
IS?
Sin'e t/e network /as 4 4ran'/es( one s!'/ eK!ation 'o!l* 4e written )or eBery 4ran'/ o) t/e network ie I1 ; C1 31 > Is1 I2 ; C2 32 > Is2
-----------------------------XXXXXXXXXX
I4 ; C4 34 > Is4 &!tting t/e a4oBe set o) eK!ations in a matriF )orm we get IB D 8B CB F Is XXXXXXXXX @3A
I= ; =ran'/ '!rrent matriF o) or*er 4F1 C= ; C1 0 0 0 0 - - 0 C2 0 - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - C4 ; =ran'/ a*mittan'e matriF o) or*er 4F 4
3= ; =ran'/ 3oltage 'ol!mn matriF o) or*er 4F1 an* I= ; So!r'e '!rrent matriF o) or*er 4F11 S!4stit!ting @3A in @2A we get
) )
C= 3= > IS ; C= 3= >
) IS
0 0
=!t )rom @1A we /aBe 3= ; Hen'e eK!ation @4A 4e'omes

)
3T
C=
) 3T > C0 3T >
) IS )I S
; ;
0 0 @5A
or
C0 3T ; )
) IS
GGGGGGGG. ) T
./ere C0 ;
C=
is 'alle* '!t - set a*mittan'e matriF
Acti n Plan 0 r cut set analysis. @GA Dorm t/e '!t- set matriF ) @GA 0onstr!'t t/e 4ran'/ a*mittan'e matriF C= @GA :4tain t/e '!t + set a*mittan'e matriF !sing t/e eK!ation C0 ; ) C= @GA Dorm t/e ?0, or eK!ili4ri!m eK!ations !sing t/e relation C0 3T ; -
) )
IS 30 30
T/e elements o) t/e so!r'e '!rrent matriF are -ositiBe i) t/e *ire'tions o) t/e 4ran'/ '!rrent an* t/e so!r'e 'onne't atta'/e* to t/at 4ran'/ are same ot/erwise negatiBe1 @GA T/e 4ran'/ Boltages are )o!n* !sing t/e matriF eK!ation 3 ; T 3 = ) T @GA Dinally t/e 4ran'/ '!rrents are )o!n* !sing t/e matriF eK!ation I ; C 3 > IS = = =
EBa)!le # J Dor t/e *ire'te* gra-/ o4tain t/e '!t set matriF A 5 % 1 D E = 4 2 # 3 " 0 S luti n J T/e tree @marke* 4y t/i'k linesAan* t/e link @marke* 4y *o))e* linesAare as s/own1 T/e )!n*amental '!t sets are )orme* at no*es A = 0 an* D kee-ing UEV as re)eren'e no*e D's - 1 -D's - 2 -D's - 3 -D's - 4 -@ 1( 5( %A @2( %( @ 3( "( @4( 5( "A #A #A D0S3 0 Hen'e t/e '!t + set s'/e*!le is as )ollowsJ Tree branc( 1 v lta&e e1 e2 e3 e4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 "1 4 4 1 1 "1 4 4 4 1 "1 4 4 4 1 "1 # ' * Branc( + / # D D0S4 A 1 4 E 2 = D0S2 D0S-1
Hen'e t/e reK!ire* '!t +set matriF
);
1 4 4 4
4 1 4 4
4 4 "1 1 4 4 4 4 4 "1 1 4 1 4 4 4 "1 1 4 1 1 4 4 "1
EBa)!le ': Din* t/e 4ran'/ Boltages !sing t/e 'on'e-t o) '!t-sets 1 1 1 1C W 1 1 1
S luti n : T/e Boltage so!r'e is trans)orme* in to an eK!iBalent '!rrent so!r'e1 It s/o!l* 4e note* t/at all t/e 'ir'!it &assiBe elements m!st 4e a*mittan'es an* t/e net work s/o!l* 'ontain only '!rrent so!r'es1 T/e gra-/ )or t/e network is s/own1 A -ossi4le tree @s/own wit/ t/i'k linesA an* 'o tree @S/own 4y *otte* linesA are s/own 1m/o D0S 1 ; D0S 2 ; D0S 3 ;
3( 1( 5 4( 2( 5 1m/o %( 1( 2 1A
1m/o 1m/o
1 m/o
1m/o
0!t set s'/e*!le Tree branc( 1 v lta&e e3 e4 e% "1 4 1 4 1 "1 1 4 4 4 1 4 "1 1 4 4 4 1 # Branc(es ' * + A D0S1
1 5
3
D0S2
4 #
% 2
D0S3
-1 0 1 0 -1 0 0 10 1 1 0 1 -1 0 0 0 1
C= ;
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 0 1 0 -1 0 C0 ; 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 1 1 0 -1 0 0 0 1
3 ; -1 -1
-1 3 -1
-1 -1 3
E>uilibriu) E>uati ns
H C0 3T ; -
IS -1 0 0 0 0 0
3 -1 -1 -1 3 -1 -1 -1 3
e3 e4 e%
-1 0 1 0 -1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 -1 0 0 0 1
3 e 3 + e4 + e% ; - 1 -e3 > 3 e4 + e% ; 0 - e3 + e4 > 3e% ; 1 SolBing we get e3;-0125 Bolt e4;0 e%;0125 Bolt
<UALIT8 CONCEPT
Two ele'tri'al networks are *!als i) t/e mes/ eK!ations t/at '/ara'teriNe one /aBe t/e same mat/emati'al )orm as t/e no*al eK!ations o) t/e ot/er1 EFam-le 1 0onsi*er an 6-,-0 series network eF'ite* 4y a Boltage so so!r'e 3 as s/own in t/e )ig!re1 T/e eK!ation generating t/e 'ir'!it 4e/aBior is 6i>,*i >1 Yi*t ;3 XX11@1A *t 0 Dig!re 1 Now 'onsi*er t/e -arallel 8-0-, network )e* 4y a 0!rrent So!r'e i is s/own in t/e )ig!re1 T/e eK!ation generating t/e 0ir'!it 4e/aBior is 83> 0*3 >1 YB*t ; i XX11@2A *t ,
Dig!re 2
0om-aring t/e eK!ations @1A an* @2A(we get t/e similarity 4etween t/e networks o) )ig@1A an* )ig@2A1T/e sol!tion o) eK!ation @1A will 4e i*enti'al to t/e sol!tion o) eK!ation @2A w/en t/e )ollowing eF'/anges are ma*e 6 Z 8( ,Z 0( 0Z, an* 3 Zi Hen'e networks o) )ig!re @1A an* @2A are *!al to ea'/ ot/er1 Ta4le o) *!al 113oltage So!r'e 21,oo- '!rrents 31I*!'tan'es 416esistan'es 510a-a'itan'es %1 :n ?3, 4asis "10lose o) swit'/ !antities 0!rrent so!r'e No*e Boltages 0a-a'itan'es 0on*!'tan'es In*!'tan'es :n ?0, 4asis :-ening o) swit'/
NoteJ:nly -lanar networks /aBe *!als1 &ro'e*!re )or *rawing *!al network T/e *!als o) -lanar networks 'o!l* 4e o4taine* 4y a gra-/i'al te'/niK!e known as t/e *ot met/o*1 T/e *ot met/o* /as t/e )ollowing -ro'e*!re1 &!t a *ot in ea'/ in*e-en*ent loo- o) t/e network1 T/ese *ots 'orres-on* to in*e-en*ent no*es in t/e *!al network1
&!t a *ot o!tsi*e t/e network1 T/is *ot 'orres-on*s to t/e re)eren'e no*e in t/e *!al network1 0onne't all internal *ots in t/e neig/4oring loo-s 4y *otte* lines '!tting t/e 'ommon 4ran'/es1 T/ese 4ran'/es t/at are '!t 4y *as/e* lines will )orm t/e 4ran'/es 'onne'ting t/e 'orres-on*ing in*e-en*ent no*es in t/e *!al network1 Hoin all internal *ots to t/e eFternal *ot 4y *as/e* lines '!tting all eFternal 4ran'/es1 D!als o) t/ese 4ran'/es will )orm t/e 4ran'/es 'onne'ting t/e in*e-en*ent no*es an* t/e re)eren'e no*e1
EFam-le 1J Draw t/e eFa't *!al o) t/e ele'tri'al 'ir'!it s/own in t/e )ig!re1
3o/m 4D 4o/m 2sin%t W 1 %H 2
Sol!tionJ 2ark two in*e-en*ent no*es 1 an* 2 an* a re)eren'e no*e 0as s/own in t/e )ig!re1 Hoin no*e 1 an* 2 4y a *otte* line -assing t/ro!g/ t/e in*!'tan'e o) %H1t/is element will a--ear as 'a-a'itor o) % D 4etween no*e 1 an* 2 in t/e *!al1 Hoin no*e 1 a n* re)eren'e no*e t/ro!g/ a *otte* line -assing t/e Boltage so!r'e o) 2sin%t Bolts1 T/is will a--ear as a '!rrent so!r'e o) 2sin%t am-eres 4etween no*e1 an* re)eren'e no*e1
Hoin no*e 1 an* re)eren'e no*e t/ro!g/ a *otte* line -assing t/ro!g/ 3 o/ms resistor1 T/is element a--ears as 3m/o 'on*!'tan'e 4etween no*e1 an* re)eren'e no*e in t/e *!al1 Hoin no*e 2 an* re)eren'e no*e t/ro!g/ a *otte* line -assing t/ro!g/ t/e 'a-a'itor o) 4 Dara*s1 T/is element will a--ear as 4 Henry in*!'tor 4etween no*e 2 an* re)eren'e no*e in t/e *!al Hoin no*e 2 an* re)eren'e no*e t/ro!g/ a *otte* line -assing t/ro!g/ t/e resistor o) 4 o/ms1 T/is element will a--ear as 4 m/o 'on*!'tan'e 4etween no*e 2 an* re)eren'e no*e1 T/e D!al network *rawn !sing t/ese -ro'e*!ral ste-s is s/own1
3%

1A EF-lain in'i*en'e matriF o) a network o) a network gra-/[ 8iBe s!ita4le eFam-le1 2A De)ine t/e )ollowing wit/ s!ita4le eFam-les iA &lanar an* non--lanar gra-/ iiA Twigs an* links 3A Dor t/e network s/own in Dig1 # write t/e gra-/ o) t/e network an* o4tain t/e tie-set s'/e*!le 'onsi*ering H1( H2( H5 as tree 4ran'/es1 0al'!late all 4ran'/es '!rrent1
4A EF-lain 4rie)ly trees( 'otrees( an* loo-s in a gra-/ o) network wit/ s!ita4le eFam-le 5A EF-lain wit/ eFam-les t/e -rin'i-al o) *!ality %A Draw t/e oriente* gra-/ o) t/e network s/own in Dig1 10 sele'ts a tree( write t/e set s'/e*!le an* o4tain eK!ili4ri!m eK!ations
3" 3"
"A Sn*er w/at 'on*itions *o yo! 'onsi*er to-ology )or network analysis[ Dor t/e gra-/ s/own in Dig1 3( )or a 'o- tree @4(5(2(#A( write tie set an* '!t set matri'es1 @10A
3# 3#
#A Dor t/e network s/own in Dig1 4( *raw its *!al1 .rite in intergo *i))erential )orm iA 2es/ eK!ations )or t/e giBen network iiA No*e eK!ations )or t/e *!al1 3@tA ; 10 sin 40t1
I@ ./at are *!al networks[ ./at is t/eir signi)i'an'e [ Draw t/e *!al o) t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig1 # 1
10A Dor t/e network s/own in Dig1 5( -er)orm so!r'e s/i)ts( *raw a gra-/( sele't tree wit/ 4ran'/es 1(2 an* 3 an* o4tain tie set an* matri'es1
Unit: ' Net$ r%
T(e re)s 1:
3rs: 4-
Syllabus 0 unit : S!-er-osition( 6e'i-ro'it y an* 2illmanVs t/eorems

31 7Net$ r% t(e ry 7(
8anes/ 6ao1
41 5Net$ r% analysis9 ( 6oy 0/o!*ry1
NET:O,; T3EO,EAS
2es/ '!rrent or no*e Boltage met/o*s are general met/o*s w/i'/ are a--li'a4le to any network1 A n!m4er o) sim!ltaneo!s eK!ations are to 4e set !-1 SolBing t/ese eK!ations( t/e res-onse in all t/e 4ran'/es o) t/e network may 4e attaine*1 =!t in many 'ases( we reK!ire t/e res-onse in one 4ran'/ or in a small -art o) t/e network1 In s!'/ 'ases( we 'an !se network t/eorems( w/i'/ are t/e ai*es to sim-li)y t/e analysis1 To re*!'e t/e amo!nt o) work InBolBe* 4y 'onsi*era4le amo!nt( as 'om-are* to mes/ or no*al analysis1 ,et !s *is'!ss some o) t/em1
SUPE,POSITION T3EO,EA:
T/e res-onse o) a linear network wit/ a n!m4er o) eF'itations a--lie* sim!ltaneo!sly is eK!al to t/e s!m o) t/e res-onses o) t/e network w/en ea'/ eF'itation is a--lie* in*iBi*!ally re-la'ing all ot/er eF'itations 4y t/eir internal im-e*an'es1 Here t/e eF'itation means an in*e-en*ent so!r'e1 Initial Boltage a'ross a 'a-a'itor an* t/e initial '!rrent in an in*!'tor are also treate* as in*e-en*ent so!r'es1 T/is t/eorem is a--li'a4le only to linear res-onses an* t/ere)ore -ower is not s!4Ee't to s!-er-osition1 D!ring re-la'ing o) so!r'es( *e-en*ent so!r'es are not to 4e re-la'e*1 6e-la'ing an i*eal Boltage so!r'e is 4y s/ort 'ir'!it an* re-la'ing an i*eal '!rrent so!r'e is 4y o-en 'ir'!it1 7In any linear network 'ontaining a n!m4er o) so!r'es( t/e res-onse @'!rrent in or Boltage a'ross an elementA may 4e 'al'!late* 4y s!-er-osing all t/e in*iBi*!al res-onses 'a!se* 4y ea'/ in*e-en*ent so!r'e a'ting alone( wit/ all ot/er in*e-en*ent Boltage so!r'es re-la'e* 4y s/ort 'ir'!its an* all ot/er in*e-en*ent '!rrent so!r'es re-la'e* 4y o-en 'ir'!its91 Initial 0a-a'itor Boltages an* initial in*!'tor '!rrents( i) any( are to 4e treate* as in*e-en*ent so!r'es1 To -roBe t/is t/eorem 'onsi*er t/e network s/own in )ig1 Ia IS IS ES Ia1
.e 'onsi*er only one-Boltage so!r'es an* only one '!rrent so!r'es )or sim-li'ity1 It is reK!ire* to 'al'!late Ia wit/ Is a'ting alone t/e 'ir'!it 4e'omes IS <1 <3 Ia1 ; <1 > <2 > <3 <4 <3 > <4 <3 > <4 ; IS <1 <3 @<1 > <2 > <3A <4 > @<1 > <2A <3 ------------------------------------@1A 40 40
Ia2 ES
wit/ ES a'ting alone Ia1 ;
-E S
<4 > @<1 > <2A <3<1 > <2 > <3 -ES @<1 > <2 > <3A ; @<1 > <2 > <3A <4 > @<1 > <2A <3 ----------------------------------------@2A NeFt 'onBerting t/e '!rrent so!r'e to Boltage so!r'e( t/e loo- eK!ations
IS <1
I1
I2
ES
I2 ;
<1><2><3 -<3 <1><2><3 -<3
IS <1 -ES -<3 <3><4 --------------------------------- @3A
IS<1<3 - ES @< 1><2><3A ; @<1><2><3A <4 > @<1><2A <3
Drom eK!ation @1A( @2A an* @3A Ia1 > Ia2 ; I2 ; Ia Hen'e -roo)
Reciprocit T#eore$ : In an initially relaFe* linear network 'ontaining one in*e-en*ent so!r'e only1 T/e ratio o) t/e res-onse to t/e eF'itation is inBariant to an inter'/ange o) t/e -osition o) t/e eF'itation an* t/e res-onse1 i1e i) a single Boltage so!r'e EF in 4ran'/ X -ro*!'es a '!rrent res-onse Iy t/e 4ran'/ C( t/en t/e remoBal o) t/e Boltage so!r'e )rom 4ran'/ F an* its insertion in 4ran'/ C will -ro*!'e t/e '!rrent res-onse Iy in 4ran'/ X1
Similarly i) t/e single '!rrent so!r'e IF 4etween no*es X an* XV -ro*!'es t/e Boltage res-onse 3y 4etween no*es C an* CV t/en t/e remoBal o) t/e '!rrent so!r'e )rom X an* XV an* its insertion 4etween C an* CV will -ro*!'e t/e Boltage res-onse 3y 4etween t/e no*es X an* XV1 =etween t/e eF'itation an* t/e res-onse( one is Boltage an* ot/er is '!rrent1 It s/o!l* 4e note* t/at a)ter t/e so!r'e an* res-onse are inter'/ange*( ot/er t/e '!rrent an* t/e Boltages in -arts o) t/e network will not remain t/e same1 Proo- :
J1 J# I1 A M E J' J*
"
0onsi*er a network as s/own in w/i'/ t/e eF'itation is E an* t/e res-onse is I in <41 T/e rea*ing o) t/e ammeter is
I1 D
E <1 > <3 @ <2 > <4A <2><3><4
<3 <2><3><4
E <3
I1 ;
<1 @ <2><3><4A > <3@<2 > <4A
GGG @1A
NeFt inter'/ange t/e so!r'e an* ammeter1

E
J1
J#
J* J' E K F
I#
Now t/e rea*ing o) t/e Ammeter is J
I2 D
E @ <2 > <4A > <1 <3 <1 > <3
<3 <1><3
E <3
I2 ;
<1 @ <2><3><4A > <3@<2 > <4A
GGG @2A
Drom @1A L @2A
I1
I#
It 'an 4e similarly 4e s/own )or a network wit/ '!rrent so!r'es 4y writing no*e eK!ations1
Trans-er I$pe+ance : T/e trans)er im-e*an'e 4etween any two -airs o) terminals o) a linear -assiBe network is t/e ratio o) t/e Boltage a--lie* at one -air o) terminals to t/e res!lting '!rrent at t/e ot/er -air o) terminals 1 .it/ t/is *e)inition t/e re'i-ro'ity t/eorem 'an 4e state* as J 7:nly one Bal!e o) trans)er im-e*an'e is asso'iate* wit/ two -airs o) terminals o) a linear -assiBe network 7 1
<1 > E1
'
I2 <1 I1 M <2
'
I2 > E2
b .
<2
w1r1t )igs s/own
E1 I2
E2 I1
<T
I) E1 ; E2 t/en I1 ; I21
Aill)anLs T(e re):

0ertain sim-le 'om4inations o) -otential an* '!rrent so!r'e eK!iBalents are o) !se 4e'a!se t/ey o))er sim-li)i'ation in sol!tions o) more eFtensiBe networks in w/i'/ 'om4inations o''!r1 2illmanVs T/eorem says t/at 7i) a n!m4er o) Boltage so!r'es wit/ internal im-e*an'es are 'onne'te* in -arallel a'ross two terminals( t/en t/e entire 'om4ination 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y a single Boltage so!r'e in series wit/ single im-e*an'e91 T/e single Boltage is t/e ratio S!m o) t/e -ro*!'t o) in*iBi*!al Boltage so!r'es an* t/eir series a*mittan'es S!m o) all series a*mittan'es an* t/e single series im-e*an'e is t/e re'i-ro'al o) s!m o) all series a*mittan'es1 E1 E2 E3 <1 <2 <3
En
<n
,et E1( E2XXXX1En 4e t/e Boltage so!r'es an* <1( <2XXXXXXX<n are t/eir res-e'tiBe im-e*an'es1 All t/ese are 'onne'te* 4etween A L = wit/ C;15<( a''or*ing to 2illmanVs T/eorem( t/e single Boltage so!r'e t/at re-la'es all t/ese 4etween A L = is n EA= ;R E? C?
?;1
n R C?
?;1
An*
T/e single im-e*an'e is
< ;
1 n R C?
?;1
&roo)J Trans)orm ea'/ Boltage into its eK!iBalent '!rrent so!r'e1 T/en t/e 'ir'!it is as in Dig1 E15<1 <1 = E25<2 <2 A
En5<n <n
.it/ C;15< t/e 'ir'!it is sim-li)ie* as E1 C1>E2 C2 >XXX11EnCn; RE?C? = A
C1> C2 >XXX11Cn; RC? ./i'/ is a single '!rrent so!r'e in series wit/ a single a*mittan'e[ 6etrans)orming t/is into t/e eK!iBalent Boltage so!r'e
REC RC A >
<; 15C =
T/e t/eorem 'an 4e state* as 7I) a n!m4er o) '!rrent so!r'es wit/ t/eir -arallel a*mittan'es are 'onne'te* in series 4etween terminals A an* =( t/en t/ey 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y a single '!rrent so!r'e in -arallel wit/ a single a*mittan'e1 T/e single '!rrent so!r'e is t/e ratio S!m o) -ro*!'ts o) in*iBi*!al '!rrent so!r'es an* t/eir im-e*an'es S!m o) all s/!nt im-e*an'es An* t/e single s/!nt a*mittan'e is t/e re'i-ro'al o) t/e s!m o) all s/!nt im-e*an'es1 ,et I1( I2( XXXXX11In 4e t/e n n!m4er o) '!rrent so!r'es an* C1(C2XX11Cn 4e t/eir res-e'tiBe s/!nt a*mittan'es 'onne'te* in series 4etween A L =1 T/en a''or*ing to 2illmanVs T/eorem t/ey 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y single '!rrent I A= in -arallel wit/ a single a*mittan'e C A= w/ere IA=; RI?<? R <? An* CA=; 1 R <? A I1 C1 = > I15C1 ; I1<1>I2<2XX > C1 > I25C2 C2 > In5Cn I AB 6I % J% 6J % Cn I2 C2 In Cn A =
Trans)orm ea'/ '!rrent so!r'e into its eK!iBalent Boltage so!r'e to get t/e 'ir'!it as in )ig
<1><2>XXX11
6etrans)orming to eK!iBalent '!rrent so!r'e
8AB 1 6J %
Assi&n)ent >uesti ns :
1A Din* t/e 'on*ition )or maFim!m -ower trans)er in t/e )ollowing network ty-e A0 So!r'e( 'om-leF so!r'e im-e*an'e an* 'om-leF loa* im-e*an'e 4!t only loa* resistan'e Barying1 2A In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig 110 )in* t/e loa* 'onne'te* at A= )or w/i'/ t/e -ower trans)erre* will 4e maFim!m1 Also )in* maFim!m -ower
3A In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1 111 Din* 3F an* -roBe re'i-ro'ity t/eorem1
4A @ Determine t/e '!rrent t/ro!g/ 2: resister o) t/e network s/own in Dig1 !sing s!-er-osition &rin'i-le
5A State 2illmanVs t/eorem( !sing t/e same 'al'!late '!rrent t/ro!g/ t/e loa* in t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1
"A 0al'!late t/e '!rrent I s/own in )ig1 1$ !sing 2illmanVs t/eorem
#A state an* eF-lain iA 6e'i-ro'ity t/eorem iiA 2illmannVs t/eorem1 Ssing s!-er-osition t/eorem( o4tain t/e res-onse I )or t/e network s/own in Dig1121
$A Sse millmanVs t/eorem to *etermine t/e Boltage 3s o) t/e network s/own in Dig1% 8iBen t/at 0 0 0 E6 ; 230 0 3( EC ; 230 -120 3( an* E= ; 230 120 3
Unit: * Net$ r% T(e re)s " II : Syllabus 0 unit :
3rs: 4-
T/eBininVs an* NortonVs t/eorems\ 2aFim!m &ower trans)er t/eorem

11 5Net$ r% Analysis67 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 5Net$ r%s an. Syste)s67 6oy &!4li'ations 1 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*itions( New Age International
T#e*inin?s an+ Norton?s T#eore$s:

I) we are intereste* in t/e sol!tion o) t/e '!rrent or Boltage o) a small -art o) t/e network( it is 'onBenient )rom t/e 'om-!tational -oint o) Biew to sim-li)y t/e network( eF'e-t t/at small -art in K!estion( 4y a sim-le eK!iBalent1 T/is is a'/ieBe* 4y T/eBininVs T/eorem or NortonVs t/eorem1
T#e*inin?s T#eore$ :
I) two linear networks one 2 wit/ -assiBe elements an* so!r'es an* t/e ot/er N wit/ -assiBe elements only an* t/ere is no magneti' 'o!-ling 4etween 2 an* N( are 'onne'te* toget/er at terminals A an* =( t/en wit/ res-e't to terminals A an* =( t/e network 2 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y an eK!iBalent network 'om-rising a single Boltage so!r'e in series wit/ a single im-e*an'e1 T/e single 3oltage so!r'e is t/e :-en 'ir'!it 3oltage a'ross t/e terminals A an* = an* single series im-e*an'e is t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e network 2 as Biewe* )rom A an* = wit/ in*e-en*ent Boltage so!r'es s/ort 'ir'!ite* an* in*e-en*ent '!rrent so!r'es o-en 'ir'!ite*1 De-en*ent so!r'es i) any are to 4e retaine*1 Arrange t/e networks 2 an* N s!'/ t/at N is t/e -art o) t/e network w/ere res-onse is reK!ire*1
A
.
B
To -roBe t/is t/eorem( 'onsi*er
t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1
<1 >
E1
<2 >
E2
<,
<4
> M
IS
50 50
S!--ose t/e reK!ire* res-onse is t/e '!rrent I, in <,1 0onne'te* 4etween A an* =1 A''or*ing to T/eBininVs t/eorem t/e )ollowing ste-s are inBolBe* to 'al'!late I, Ste- 1J 6emoBe <, an* meas!re t/e o-en 'ir'!it Boltage a'ross A=1 T/is is also 'alle* as T/eBininVs Boltage an* is *enote* as 3TH
<1 >
E1
<2
E2 A =
1 1
>
<s M
IS
E1+ I S < S
3TH ; 3A= ; E 1
<1>< 2 > < S 5 E-1 0E,
<1 > E2
0),5) - 5 ) *1 8 0 E,8 " * ) * 1 ), ),5) - 5 ) *
9(:
Ste- 2J
/ 9'4
To o4tain t/e single im-e*an'e as Biewe* )rom A an* =( re-la'e t/e network in Dig1 re-la'ing t/e so!r'es1 T/is single im-e*an'e is 'alle* T/eBininVs Im-e*an'e an* is *enote* 4y <TH
<1 > M A <S = <2
< TH
<1 @< 2 > < SA <1>< 2 > < S
Ste- 3 J
.rite t/e t/eBininVs network an* re intro*!'e <,

<TH
3TH
<,
T/en t/e '!rrent in <, is I, ;
3TH <TH > <,
@ E1 > E2A @ <1>< 2 > < S A + @ E1+ I S< S A <1 <1>< 2 > < S
<1@< 2 > < SA <1>< 2 > < S
> <,
@ E1 > E2A @ <1>< 2 > < S A + @ E1+ I S< S A <1 <1@< 2 > < SA > <2 @<1>< 2 > < SA
To Beri)y t/e 'orre'tness o) t/is( write loo- eK!ations )or t/e network to )in* t/e '!rrent in <, @ E1 > E2A @ E1 - IS <sA <1>< , <1 <1 <1>< 2 > < S <1 <1>< 2 > < S
@ E1 > E2A @ <1>< 2 > < S A + @ E1+ I S< S A <1 @< 1 > < ,A @<1>< 2 > < SA + <1 2 @ E1 > E2A @ <1>< 2 > < S A + @ E1+ I S< S A <1 <1@< 2 > < SA > <2 @<1>< 2 > < SA
N rt nLs T(e re) :"

<1 >
E1
<2 >
I1
E2
I2
<5 M
IS
<,
T/e T/eBinins eK!iBalent 'onsists o) a Boltage so!r'e an* a series im-e*an'e 1 I) t/e 'ir'!it is trans)orme* to its eK!iBalent '!rrent so!r'e( we get Nortons eK!iBalent1 NortonVs T/!s t/eorem is t/e *!al o) t/e T/eBininVs t/eorem1 I) two linear networks( one 2 wit/ -assiBe elements an* so!r'es an* t/e ot/er N wit/ -assiBe elements only an* wit/ no magneti' 'o!-ling 4etween 2 an* N( are 'onne'te* toget/er at terminals A an* =( T/en wit/ res-e't to terminals A an* =( t/e network 2 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y a single '!rrent so!r'e in -arallel wit/ a single im-e*an'e1 T/e single '!rrent so!r'e is t/e s/ort 'ir'!it '!rrent in A= an* t/e single im-e*an'e is t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e network 2 as Biewe* )rom A an* = wit/ in*e-en*ent so!r'es 4eing re-la'e* 4y t/eir internal im-e*an'es T/e -roo) o) t/e NortonVs t/eorem is sim-le 0onsi*er t/e same network t/at is 'onsi*ere* )or t/e T/eBininVs T/eorem an* )or t/e same res-onse1 Ste- 1J S/ort t/e terminals A an* = an* meas!re t/e s/ort 'ir'!it '!rrent in A=( t/is is NortonVs '!rrent so!r'e1 <1 <2 E1 > E2 > <s
IN;Is';E1>E2 > E2>IS<S
<1 <2><S ;@E1 > E2A@<2 > <S A>@E2 >IS <S A<1 <1 @<2><S A Ste- 2J T/is is t/e same as in t/e 'ase o) t/eBninVs t/eorem Ste- 3J write t/e Nortons eK!iBalent an* reintro*!'e <, A <n = T/en t/e '!rrent in <, is I,;IN1 <n <n> <, @E1>E2A@<2 ><sA>@E2>Is<sA<1 1 <1 @<2 ><sA <1@<2 ><sA <1 ><2><s <1@<2 ><s A > <, <1 ><2 ><s @E1>E2A@<2 ><sA>@E2>Is<sA<1 <1 @<2 ><sA ><,@<1 ><2><s A @E1>E2A @ <1 ><2 ><sA - @E1 -Is<sA<1 <1 @<2 ><sA > <, @<1><2><sA <
; ;
3eri)i'ation is to 4e *one as in T/eBininVs T/eorem Determination o) T/eBininVs or NortonVs eK!iBalent w/en *e-en*ent so!r'es are -resent Sin'e I,; ; IN 1<TH 3TH < TH ><, < TH ><, <TH 'an also 4e *etermine* as <TH
;3TH ; o1' Boltage a'ross A= s1' '!rrent in A= IN
./en network 'ontains 4ot/ *e-en*ent an* in*e-en*ent So!r'es1 It is 'onBenient to *etermine <TH 4y )in*ing 4ot/ t/e o-en 'ir'!it Boltage an* s/ort 'ir'!it '!rrent I) t/e network 'ontains only *e-en*ent so!r'es 4ot/ 3TH an* IN are Nero in t/e a4sen'e o) in*e-en*ent so!r'es1 T/en a--ly a 'onstant Boltage so!r'e @or res!ltant so!r'eA an* t/e ratio o) Boltage to '!rrent giBes t/e <TH 1 HoweBer t/ere 'annot 4e an in*e-en*ent so!r'e ie( 3TH or I N in t/e eK!iBalent network1
AaBi)u) Trans0er T(e re):"

./en a linear network 'ontaining so!r'es an* -assiBe elements is 'onne'te* at terminals A an* = to a -assiBe linear network( maFim!m -ower is trans)erre* to t/e -assiBe network w/en its im-e*an'e 4e'omes t/e 'om-leF 'onE!gate o) t/e T/eBininVs im-e*an'e o) t/e so!r'e 'ontaining network as Biewe* )rom t/e terminals A an* =1 Dig re-resents a network wit/ so!r'es re-la'e* 4y its T/eBininVs eK!iBalent o) so!r'e o) ETH Bolts an* im-e*an'e <s( 'onne'te* to a -assiBe network o) im-e*an'e N at terminals A L =1 .it/ <s ;6s>HXs an* N;6>HX( T/e -roo) o) t/e t/eorem is as )ollows 0!rrent in t/e 'ir'!it is I; ETH @1A 2 2 ] @6s>6A >@Xs>XA <s > ET/ 4 -ower *eliBere* to t/e loa* is &;I26 ; E
2 T/ 2
a <
16
@2A
@ 6s>6A >@Xs>XA
As & ; Y@6(XA an* sin'e & is maFim!m w/en *&;0 .e /aBe *&; ^& 1*6 > ^& 1*X ^6 ^X &ower is maFim!m w/en ^& ;0 an* ^& ;0 sim!ltaneo!sly ^6 ^X 2 2 ^& ; @6s>6A >@Xs>XA +6_2@6s>6A` ;0 2 ^6 D 2 2 ie( @6s>6A >@Xs>XA +26_2@6s>6A` ;0 @4A
@3A
^& ; +;6_2@Xs>XA` ; 2 0 ^X D ie 26@Xs>XA;0 @5A Drom @5A we /aBe X; -Xs @%A 2 S!4stit!ting in @4A @6s>6A ;26@6s>6A( ie( 6s>6; 26 ie ( 6;6s
AlternatiBely as & ;; E6 2 2 @6s>6A >@Xs>XA ; ; ie &;)@<(aA *& ; )or &maF ^& ; 0 ; _<s >< >2 < <s 0os@ a-asA` 0os a -< 0os a _2<>2<s 0os@ a-asA` ^< 2 2 2 ie <s >< ;2 < >2< <s 0os@ a-asA1 :r b < b;b <s b @#A
2 2
E < 0osa
2
@6s><0os
aA2>@Xs><SinaA2 2 E < 0osa 2 2 <s >< >2<<s0os@a-asA

^& 1*< > ^& 1*a ;0 ^< â
@"A
t/en wit/ ^& ; 0 ; _<s >< >2 < <s 0os@a-asA`<@-SinaA-<0osa _<S >< 2< <s Sin@a-asA`
2 2 2 2
â @<s >< Sina ;2< <s _0osa Sin @a-asA - Sina 0os @a-asA`
2 2A
; - 2< <s Sinas S!4stit!ting @#A in @$A 2 <s Sina ; -2 <s Sinas
2
@$A
<
a ; <s -as
a ; - as
E))i'ien'y o) &ower Trans)erJ .it/ 6s;6, an* Xs; - X, S!4stit!ting in @1A 2 2 & ,maF ;E TH6 ; E TH 2 @26A 46 2 2 an* t/e -ower s!--lie* is &s ; E TH 26 ; E TH 2 @26A 26 2 T/en ctra ; &, ; E TH 46 ; 1 ; 50d 2 &s E TH 26 2
T/is means to transmit maFim!m -ower to t/e loa* 50d -ower generate* is t/e loss1 S!'/ a low e))i'ien'y 'annot 4e -ermitte* in -ower systems inBolBing large 4lo'ks o) -ower w/ere 6, is Bery large 'om-are* to 6s1 T/ere)ore 'onstant Boltage -ower systems are not *esigne* to o-erate on t/e 4asis o) maFim!m -ower trans)er1 HoweBer in 'omm!ni'ation systems t/e -ower to 4e /an*le* is small as t/ese systems are low '!rrent 'ir'!its1 T/!s im-e*an'e mat'/ing is 'onsi*era4le )a'tor in 'omm!ni'ation networks1 HoweBer 4etween 6 L X i) eit/er 6 or X is restri'te* an* 4etween < an* restri'te* t/e 'on*itions )or 2aF & is state* as )ollows
e i) eit/er b6A2>@Xs>XA2 + 26@6s>6A;0 2 2 2 2 6s > 6 > 26s6>@Xs>XA -26s6-26 ;0 2 2 2 6 ; 6s >@Xs>XA 6; 6s @Xs XA 0ase @iiAJ- I) < 'ontains only 6 ie( F;0 t/en )rom t/e eKn *eriBe* a4oBe 6;b<sb1 6s 2 Xs 2 0ase @iiiAJ- I) b<s A Sin T ;-2< <s SinTs SinT ; -2<<s Sin Ts 2 2 @< ><s A T/en -ower trans)er to loa* may 4e 'al'!late* 4y s!4stit!ting )or 6 an* X )or s-e'i)ie* 'on*ition1 Dor eFam-le Dor 'ase@iiA &maF is giBen 4y &maF ; E26 2 2 @6s>6A >@Xs>XA 2 ;; E <s ; E2<s 2 2 2 2 2 @6s><sA >Xs 6s >26s<s><s >Xs ; E 2@<s>6sA
2
2 2
@ie 6s >Xs ; <s A

1A State an* eF-lain s!-er-osition t/eorem an* NortonVs t/eorem 2A :4tain t/e T/eBeninVs eK!iBalent o) network s/own in Dig1 4etween terminals X an* C1
3A :4tain t/e T/eBeninVs an* NortonVs eK!iBalent 'ir'!its a'ross terminals A an* = )or t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1 41
*@ A In t/e 'ir'!it o) Dig1 " o4tain I 4y T/eBeninVs t/eorem
5A state an* -roBe T/eBeninVs t/eorem %A Din* T/eBeninVs eK!iBalent 'ir'!it a'ross A= !sing 2illmanVs t/eorem an* )in* t/e '!rrent t/ro!g/ t/e loa* @5>E5A : s/own in Dig1 #1
/@ 0al'!late T/eBeninVs eK!iBalent 'ir'!it a'ross A= )or t/e network s/own in )ig1 $1
Unit:
+: ,es nant Circuits:
3rs: 4-
Syllabus 0 unit : Series an* -arallel resonan'e( )reK!en'y res-onse o) series an* &arallel 'ir'!its( =an*wi*t/1
+)a'tor(

11 5Net$ r% Analysis67 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 5Net$ r%s &!4li'ations 1 an. Syste)s67 6oy 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*ition( New Age International
31 7Net$ r% t(e ry 7( 8anes/ 6ao1 41 5Net$ r% analysis9 ( 6oy

0/o!*ry1
%0 %0
,es nant Circuits

6esonan'e is an im-ortant -/enomenon w/i'/ may o''!r in 'ir'!its 'ontaining 4ot/ in*!'tors an* 'a-a'itors1 In a two terminal ele'tri'al network 'ontaining at least one in*!'tor an* one 'a-a'itor( we *e)ine resonan'e as t/e 'on*ition( w/i'/ eFists w/en t/e in-!t im-e*an'e o) t/e network is -!rely resistiBe1 In ot/er wor*s a network is in resonan'e w/en t/e Boltage an* '!rrent at t/e network in -!t terminals are in -/ase1 6esonan'e 'on*ition is a'/ieBe* eit/er 4y kee-ing in*!'tor an* 'a-a'itor same an* Barying )reK!en'y or 4y kee-ing t/e )reK!en'y same an* Barying in*!'tor an* 'a-a'itor1 St!*y o) resonan'e is Bery !se)!l in t/e area o) 'omm!ni'ation1 T/e a4ility o) a ra*io re'eiBer to sele't t/e 'orre't )reK!en'y transmitte* 4y a 4roa* 'asting station an* to eliminate )reK!en'ies )rom ot/er stations is 4ase* on t/e -rin'i-le o) resonan'e1 T/e resonan'e 'ir'!its 'an 4e 'lassi)ie* in to two 'ategories Series + 6esonan'e 0ir'!its1 &arallel + 6esonan'e 0ir'!its1 11Series 6esonan'e 0ir'!it 6 , 0
A series resonan'e 'ir'!it is one in w/i'/ a 'oil an* a 'a-a'itan'e are 'onne'te* in series a'ross an alternating I Boltage o) Barying )reK!en'y as s/own in )ig!re1 3 T/e res-onse UIV o) t/e 'ir'!it is *e-en*ent on t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e 'ir'!it( ./ere <; 6 >EX, - EX0 an* I; 3 5 N at any Bal!e o) )reK!en'y .e /aBe X, an* X0
;2O), ; 1 2O)0
X, Baries as ) X0 Baries inBersely as )
In ot/er wor*s( 4y Barying t/e )reK!en'y it is -ossi4le to rea'/ a -oint w/ere X, ; X0 1 In t/at 'ase < ; 6 an* /en'e 'ir'!it will 4e !n*er resonan'e1 Hen'e t/e series A101 'ir'!it is to 4e !n*er resonan'e( w/en in*!'tiBe rea'tan'e o) t/e 'ir'!it is eK!al to t/e 'a-a'itiBe rea'tan'e1 T/e )reK!en'y at w/i'/ t/e resonan'e o''!rs is 'alle* as resonant )reK!en'y @ )rA EF-ression )or 6esonant DreK!en'y @ )r A At resonan'e X, ; X0
Salient 9eatures 0 ,es nant circuit @GA At resonan'e X, ; X0 @GA At resonan'e < ; 6 i1e1 im-e*an'e is minim!m an* /en'e I ; 3 < @GA T/e '!rrent at resonan'e @IrA is in -/ase wit/ t/e Boltage @GA T/e 'ir'!it -ower )a'tor is !nity @GA 3oltage a'ross t/e 'a-a'itor is eK!al an* o--osite to t/e Boltage a'ross t/e in*!'tor1
is maFim!m
DreK!en'y res-onse o) a series resonan'e 'ir'!it Dor a 6-,-0 Series 0ir'!it t/e '!rrent UIV is giBen 4y I;
6 > E @X,- X0A At resonan'e X, ; X0 an* /en'e t/e '!rrent at resonan'e @IrA is giBen 4y Ir ; 356 At o)) resonan'e )reK!en'ies sin'e t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e 'ir'!it in'reases t/e '!rrent in t/e 'ir'!it will re*!'e1 At )reK!en'ies ) ./ere )f )r ( t/e im-e*an'e is going to 4e more in*!'tiBe1 Similarly at )reK!en'ies ) g )r t/e 'ir'!it im-e*an'e is going to 4e more 'a-a'itiBe1 T/!s t/e resonan'e '!rBe will 4e as s/own in )ig!re1
I Ir
X' f Xl X l f X'
)r
Euali0y 0act r ? r E 0act r@:
Anot/er )eat!re o) a resonant 'ir'!it is t/e + rise o) Boltage a'ross t/e resonating elements1 I) 3 is t/e a--lie* Boltage a'ross a series resonan'e 'ir'!it at resonan'e( Ir ; 36 Any 'ir'!it res-onse( w/i'/ is )reK!en'y *e-en*ent( /as 'ertain limitations1 T/e o!t-!t res-onse *!ring limite* 4an* o) )reK!en'ies only will 4e in t/e !se)!l range1 I) t/e o!t-!t -ower is eK!al to
or more t/an /al) o) t/e maFim!m -ower o!t-!t t/at 4an* o) )reK!en'ies is 'onsi*ere* to 4e t/e !se)!l 4an*1 I) I r is t/e maFim!m '!rrent at resonan'e t/en &ower at resonan'e ; &maF ; I2 r 6 0onsi*er t/e )reK!en'y res-onse '/ara'tersti' o) a series resonant 'ir'!it as s/own in )ig!re
Ir 01"0" Ir
)reK D1 Dr D2
In t/e )ig!re it is seen t/at t/ere are two )reK!en'ies w/ere t/e o!t-!t -ower is /al) o) t/e maFim!m -ower1 T/ese )reK!en'ies are 'alle* as /al) -ower -oints )1 an* )2 A )reK!en'y )1 w/i'/ is 4elow )r w/ere -ower is /al) o) maFim!m -ower is 'alle* as lower /al) -ower )reK!en'y @or lower '!t + o)) )reK!en'yA1 Similarly )reK!en'y )2 w/i'/ is a4oBe )r is 0alle* !--er /al) -ower )reK!en'y @or !--er 0!t-o)) )reK!en'yA T/e 4an* o) )reK!en'ies 4etween )2 an* )1 are sai* to 4e !se)!l 4an* o) )reK!en'ies sin'e *!ring t/ese )reK!en'ies o) o-eration t/e o!t-!t -ower in t/e 'ir'!it is more t/an /al) o) t/e maFim!m -ower1 T/!s t/eir 4an* o) )reK!en'ies is 'alle* as =an*wi*t/1 i1e =an* wi*t/ ;=1. ; )2 - )1
Selectivity :
Sele'tiBity is a !se)!l '/ara'teristi' o) t/e resonant 'ir'!it1 Sele'tiBity is *e)ine* as t/e ratio o) 4an* wi*t/ to resonant )reK!en'y Sele'tiBity ; )2- )1 )r It 'an 4e seen t/at sele'tiBity is t/e re'i-ro'al o) !ality )a'tor1 Hen'e larger t/e Bal!e o) Smaller will 4e t/e sele'tiBity1 T/e Sele'tiBity o) a resonant 'ir'!it *e-en*s on /ow s/ar- t/e o!t-!t is 'ontaine* wit/ in limite* 4an* o) )reK!en'ies1 T/e 'ir'!it is sai* to 4e /ig/ly sele'tiBe i) t/e resonan'e '!rBe )alls Bery s/ar-ly at o)) resonant )reK!en'ies1
6elation 4etween 6esonant )reK!en'y an* '!t-o)) )reK!en'ies ,et )r 4e t/e resonant )reK!en'y o) a series resonant 'ir'!it 'onsisting o) 6(, an* 0 elements 1Drom t/e 0/ara'teristi' it is seen t/at at 4ot/ /al) )reK!en'ies )2 an* )1 t/e o!t-!t '!rrent is 01"0" Io w/i'/ means t/at t/e magnit!*e o) t/e im-e*an'e is same at t/ese -oints1 At lower '!t-o)) )reK!en'y )1 )1 Ir 01"0"Ir
)r
)2
6esonan'e 4y Barying In*!'tan'e 6esonan'e in 6,0 series 'ir'!it 'an also 4e o4taine* 4y Barying resonating 'ir'!it elements1 ,et !s 'onsi*er a 'ir'!it w/ere in in*!'tan'e is Barie* as s/own in )ig!re1 6 , 0 Ir
01"0"Ir 3( ) HN a
Parallel ,es nance

A -arallel resonant 'ir'!it is one in w/i'/ a 'oil an* a 'a-a'itan'e are 'onne'te* in -arallel a'ross a Baria4le )reK!en'y A101 S!--ly1 T/e res-onse o) a -arallel resonant 'ir'!it is somew/at *i))erent )rom t/at o) a series resonant 'ir'!it1 I)!e.ance at res nance .e know t/at at resonan'e t/e s!s'e-tiBe -art o) t/e a*mittan'e is Nero1 Hen'e C0 ; 6 2 2 2 6 >h0 ,
=!t 6 >h0 2 ,
; ,50
So C0 ; 605, or <o ; ,560 ./ere <o is 'alle* t/e *ynami' resistan'e1 ./en 'oil resistan'e 6 is small( *ynami' resistan'e o) t/e -arallel 'ir'!it 4e'omes /ig/1 Hen'e t/e '!rrent at resonan'e is minim!m1 Hen'e t/is ty-e o) 'ir'!it is 'alle* reEe'tor 'ir'!it1
8re;uenc response c#aracterisitics

T/e )reK!en'y res-onse '!rBe o) a -arallel resonant 'ir'!it is as s/own in t/e )ig!re1 .e )in* t/at '!rrent is minim!m at resonan'e1 T/e /al) +-ower -oints are giBen 4y t/e -oints at w/i'/ t/e '!rrent is ]2 Ir 1Drom t/e a4oBe '/ara'teristi' it is 'lear t/at t/e '/ara'teristi' is eFa'tly o--osite to t/at o) series resonant1 I
2Ir
Ir DreK!en'y )1 )r )2
Euality 0act r ? E"0act r@ T/e K!ality )a'tor o) a -arallel resonant 'ir'!it is *e)ine* as t/e '!rrent magni)i'ation ; 0!rrent t/ro!g/ 'a-a'itan'e at resonan'e Total 0!rrent at resonan'e ; I00 5 I0 ; 3 5 @15 Z00A 3 5 <0 ; <0Z00 ; @, 5 60A Z00 ; Z0, 5 6 Hen'e t/e eF-ression )or t/e - )a'tor )or 4ot/ series an* -arallel resonant 'ir'!it are t/e same Also Ban. $i.t(D 04 M E
II A c il an. a Practical Ca!acit r in !arallel 0onsi*er a -arallel resonant 'ir'!it in w/i'/ t/e resistan'e o) t/e 'a-a'itan'e is also 'onsi*ere* Im-e*an'e o) t/e 'oil ; <, ; 6, > E Z, C, ; 1 5 <, ; 15 6,>E Z, ; 6, + E Z, 5 6,2 >Z 2 ,2 I Im-e*an'e o) t/e 0a-a'itor ; <0 ; 60 + E 5 Z0 ; 60 > E 5 Z0 6' >15Z 0 T/ere)ore total a*mittan'e ; C;C,>C0 ; @ 6, + E Z, 5 6,
2 2 2
IL IC
,L
NL
,C C
NC
2 >Z 2 ,A > 6 0 > E 5 Z0
6' >15Z 0
At resonan'e t/e s!s'e-tan'e -art o) t/e total a*mittan'e is Nero( w/i'/ giBes 15Z00 Z0 , D 2 2 2 60 > 15Z 00 6,2 >Z 20,2
2 15,0 i 6,2 >Z 20,j ;Z2 0i60 2
> 15Z 200 2 j
2 2 @60 + ,50A ; 6 , 5 ,0 + 15 0
; 15,0@6, + ,50A ? 60 + ,50A

2
Z0 ; 15] ,0
6,2 + ,50 2 ] @ 60 + ,50A

#
04 D
1 #S O LC
? ,L LMC@
# ? , C LMC@
At 6esonan'e t/e a*mittan'e is -!rely 'on*!'tiBe giBen 4y
C0 ;
6, 6,2 >Z 20,2
>
60 602 > 15Z 2002
EBa)!le 1 J Determine t/e Bal!e o) 60 in t/e S/own in )ig!re to yiel* 6esonan'e Sol!tionJ ,et <, 4e t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e in*!'tiBe 4ran'/ t/en <, ; 10> E 10 C, ; 15 @10 >E 10A ; 10 + E 10 ; 10- E 20 2 2 10 >10 200 ,et <0 4e t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e 'a-a'itiBe 4ran'/ t/en <0 ; 60 + E 2 C0 ; 1 60 + E 2 ; 60 + E 2 60 > 4
2
60
10
-E2
E10
Total a*mittan'e o) t/e 'ir'!it ; C ; C, > C0 Dor t/e 'ir'!it !n*er 6esonan'e t/e S!s'e-tan'e -art is Nero @ 25 60 > 4A - @10 5 200A ; 0 60 ; 3% ,C D - ()s
2 2
25 Answer
25 mH
EBa)!le #: An Im-e*an'e 'oil o) 25 o/ms 6esistan'e an* 25 mH in*!'tan'e is 'onne'te* in -arallel wit/ a Baria4le 'a-a'itor1 Dor w/at Bal!e o) 0a-a'itor will t/e 'ir'!it resonate1I) $0 Bolts(400 HN so!r'e is !se*( w/at will 4e t/e line 0!rrent !n*er t/ese 'on*itions Sol!tionJ Z0 ; 2S)0 ; 2S@ 400A h0
2
0 $0 3olts(400HN
; 1 ,0
6 ,
2 2
%131% F 10 ; 1
,0
1 ,0
; h0 > 6 2 , % ; %131% F 10 > 252 5 @25 F 10-3A2 % ; "131% F 10 0; 514%" PD <0 ; ,560 ; @25 F 10-3A5 25 F 514%" F 10-% ; 1#21#$ o/ms I0 ; 305 <0 ; $05 1#21#$ ; 014$2 am-ere

1A EF-lain -arallel resonan'e [ DeriBe t/e 'on*ition )or -arallel resonan'e w/en 6, 'onne'te* -arallel to 60 1 2A S/ow t/at resonant )reK!en'y o) series resonan'e 'ir'!it is eK!al to t/e geometri' mean o) two /al) -ower )reK!en'ies1 3A In t/e 'ir'!it giBen 4elow in Dig1 21( an in*!'tan'e o) 011 H /aBing a o) 5 is in -arallel wit/ a 'a-a'itor1 Determine t/e Bal!e o) 'a-a'itan'e an* 'oil resistan'e at resonant )reK!en'y o) 500 ra*5sa'1
4A In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1 22( *etermine t/e 'om-lete sol!tion )or t/e '!rrent w/en t/e swit'/ S is 'lose* at t ; 01 A--lie* Boltage is 3 @tA ; 400 'os 500> 6esistan'e 6 ; 15:( in*!'tan'e , ; 012H an* 'a-a'itan'e 0 ; 3 D1
5A In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig1 23 t/e swit'/ S is moBe* )rom a to 4 at t ; 01 Din* Bal!es o) i( at t ; 0 i) 6 ; 1:( , ; 1H( '; 011 D an* 3;100 31 Ass!me stea*ily state is a'/ieBe* w/en ? is at UaV1
>
%A A series resonant 'ir'!it in'l!*es 1 D 'a-a'itor an* a resistan'e o) 1%:[ I) t/e 4an* .i*t/ is a 500 ra*5se'( *etermine iA iiA an* iiiA , "A A two 4ran'/ antiresonant 'ir'!it 'ontains , ; 014H an* 0 ; 40D1 6esonan'e is to 4e achieved by variation of !L and !C. Calculate the resonance fre&uency for the followin 'asesJ iA 6, ; 120:( 60 ; #0:
iiA iiiA
6, ; #0:( 60 ; 0 6, ; 60 ; 100:
"0 "0
Unit: -
Transient be(avi r an. initial c n.iti ns
3rs: 4/
Syllabus 0 unit : =e/aBior o) 'ir'!it elements !n*er swit'/ing 'on*ition an* t/eir 6e-resentation( eBal!ation o) initial an* )inal 'on*itions in 6,( 60 an* 6,0 'ir'!its )or A0 an* D0 eF'itations1 ,ec ))en.e. rea.in&s:
Ele'tri'al 'ir'!its are 'onne'te* to s!--ly 4y 'losing t/e swit'/ an* *is'onne'te* )rom t/e s!--ly 4y o-ening t/e swit'/1 T/is swit'/ing o-eration will '/ange t/e '!rrent an* Boltage in t/e *eBi'e1 A -!rely resistiBe *eBi'e will allow instantaneo!s '/ange in '!rrent an* Boltage1 An in*!'tiBe *eBi'e will not allow s!**en '/ange in '!rrent or *elay t/e '/ange in '!rrent1 A 'a-a'itiBe *eBi'e will not allow s!**en '/ange in Boltage or *elay t/e '/ange in Boltage1 Hen'e w/en swit'/ing o-eration is -er)orme* in in*!'tiBe or 'a-a'itiBe *eBi'e t/e '!rrent an* Boltage in t/e *eBi'e will take a 'ertain time to '/ange )rom -reswit'/ing Bal!e to stea*y Bal!e a)ter swit'/ing1 T/is st!*y o) swit'/ing 'on*ition in network is 'alle* transient analysis1 T/e state @or 'on*itionA o) t/e '!rrent )rom t/e instant o) swit'/ing to attainment o) stea*y state is 'alle* transient state or transient1 T/e '!rrent an* Boltage o) 'ir'!it elements *!ring transient -erio* is 'alle* transient res-onse1 T/e transient may also o''!r *!e to Bariation in 'ir'!it elements1 Transient analysis is an !se)!l tool in ele'tri'al engineering )or analysis o) swit'/ing 'on*itions in 0ir'!it 4reakers( 6elays( 8enerators et'1 It is also !se)!l )or t/e analysis o) )a!lty 'on*itions in ele'tri'al *eBi'es1 Transient analysis is also !se)!l )or analyNing swit'/ing 0on*itions in analog an* *igital Ele'troni' *eBi'es1
,"L Series circuit transient:

0onsi*er T/e 6-, series 'ir'!it s/own in t/e )ig1 Swit'/ ? is 'lose* at t;01 6e)erring to t/e 'ir'!it( 4alan'e eK!ation !sing ?
6 i@tA
?ir'/o))Vs law 'an 4e written as dt Taking ,a-la'e Trans)orm we get 5s 7 s u ( L^S7 s i 4 ` s Ass!ming t/ere is no store* energy in t/e in*!'tor I@0A;0 5s
5t
(i t
ldi t
t;0
5s ( -!t . 5s ( 7s S ( L ( . L 5s L
5 s 1 1( ( S S L T/ere)ore Taking inBerse ,a-la'e we get 5 1 e (

( t L
it
T/e eK!ation 'learly in*i'ates transient nat!re o) '!rrent( w/i'/ is also s/own in )ig!re1 L ./ere ( T!ne 'onstant o) t/e 'ir'!it( w/i'/ is *enote* 4y < giBen in se'on*s1 C 5 t it 1 e ( Hen'e 5 5 &!tting t;N we get i@NA ; 01%32 ( ./ere ( ; stea*y state '!rrent1 Hen'e Time 'onstant )or an 6-, series '!rrent 'ir'!it is *e)ine* as t/e time taken 4y t/e 'ir'!it to rea'/ %312d o) its )inal stea*y Bal!e1 6-0 series 'ir'!it Transient
0onsi*er t/e 60 'ir'!it s/own1 ,et t/e swit'/ 4e 'lose* at t;01 .riting t/e 4alan'e eK!ation !sing ?ir'/o))Vs Boltage law ( 1 i( i dt c Taking ,a-la'e trans)orm( we get 't Let us assume that there is no stored ener y in the circuit. Hen'e ;0 5s 7s 1 7s( 7 s ( s CS CS ! ; < 7s 5 s 1 ; < 1 ( S (C Taking ,a-la'e inBerse we get it 5t ( e
1 t (C
-o
1 " t/e time 'onstant o) t/e 'ir'!it1 T/e sket'/ o) transient '!rrent is s/own in )ig!re ./ere (C 1 " (C in t/e '!rrent eK!ation we get &!tting 5 i@NA ; 013%" ( Hen'e time 'onstant o) 60 series '!rrent 'an 4e *e)ine* as t/e time taken 4y '!rrent transient to )all to 3%1"d o) its initial Bal!e1
EFam-le 1J
In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig!re t/e swit'/ U?V is moBe* )rom -osition 1 to -osition 2 at time t ; 01 T/e stea*y state '!rrent /aBing 4een -reBio!sly esta4lis/e* in 6-, 'ir'!it1 Din* t/e '!rrent i@tA a)ter swit'/ing1 Sol!tionJ Drom t/e giBen *ata t/e 'ir'!it is !n*er stea*y state w/en swit'/ ? is in -osition 1 !n*er stea*y 14 state 'on*ition in*!'tan'e is a s/ort an* /en'e i@0A ; 14 ; 1 Am-1
./en t/e 'ir'!it is swit'/e* to -osition 2( t/is 1 Am- '!rrent 'onstit!te* t/e store* energy in t/e 'oil1 .riting t/e 4alan'e eK!ation )or -osition 2 we get Taking ,a-la'e trans)ormation 347 s <#s 7 s i 4 $ 4 347 s <#s 7 s 1$ < 1 7s <s ? s ? taking inBerse ,a-la'e we get it ?t e 34i < di dt 4
EFam-le 2J
A series 6-0 'ir'!it is s/own in )ig!re1 T/e 'a-a'itor /as an initial '/arge o) #00k0o!lom4s on its -lates( at t/e time t/e swit'/ is 'lose*1 Din* t/e res!lting '!rrent transient1 Sol!tionJ Drom t/e *ata giBen K@0A ; =44 u 14 0 .riting t/e 4alan'e eK!ation we get 1 144 14i t : i>tAdt sA ->4A$ : #7>sA S sA14 : <S S sA <S ! S 1344 1344 7>sA : : <4S 14 14 <4 S <4 : :
94 S 3?444 Taking InBerse ,a-la'e we get i>tA 3?444 t 94e 7>sA
EFam-le3J Dor t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig!re t/e relay 'oil is a*E!ste* to o-erate at a '!rrent o) 5 Am-s1 Swit'/ ? is 'lose* at t ; 0 an* t/e relay is )o!n* to o-erate at t ; 0134" se'on*s1 Din* t/e Bal!e o) in*!'tan'e U,V o) t/e relay1 SolnJ .riting t/e 4alan'e eK!ation )or t/e relay 'ir'!it di dt A--lying ,a-la'e trans)ormation 5>tA (i>tA L 5> s A (7>SA LS#7>SA i>4A$ S Sin'e t/ere is no mention o) initial 14 7>sA 7>sALS Hen'e S 14 7>SA^SL 1` S 14 14 L 7>sA 1 S S 1 SL S S L 14 S 1 .S L L A;10 =; -10 14 S 1 L Taking InBerse ,a-la'e we get 7>SA 14
t
'!rrent in t/e 'oil i@0A ;0
. 1 S L
i>tA 14 14e L T/e relay o-erates at t ; 0134" se'on*s w/en t/e '!rrent Bal!e rea'/es 5A1 Hen'e ? 14 14e
4/9<B L 4/9<B ? L 4/9<B L
14e
14 ?
e SolBing t/e eK!ation we get ,;015H
EFam-le 4J
In )ig!re t/e swit'/ U?V is 'lose*1 Din* t/e time w/en t/e '!rrent in t/e 'ir'!itry rea'/es to 500 mA SolnJ ./en t/e swit'/ is 'lose* 3' @0A ; 0 ./en t/e swit'/ is 'lose* at t ; 0
I1 @tAl50 ; 10 , " 0t1 u =7 3 144 u 14
,7
:
i dt 3
Taking ,a-la'e )or 4ot/ t/e eK!ations 4/3 14 71>SA >1A ?4S ? 1 73 > sA 14 73 >SA u B4 c S ? 7 3 >S A 14 B473 >sA : ? 144 u 14 s 1 1 14 1 73>SA E >3A < 9 B S 1<3/=: B4S 14 Bs 14 Taking inBerse ,a-la'e )or eK!ation @1A an* @2A I1 @tA ;012 A 1 1<3/=: t 73 >tA e B Total '!rrent )rom t/e 4attery i@tA ;I1 > I2 1 1<3/=:t i>tA 4/3 e B w/en t/is '!rrent rea'/es 500 mA 1 1<3/=: t 9 4/3 e ?44 u 14 B SolBing we get t ; 511$ l 10-3 Se'on*s1
6-,-0 Series Transient 'ir'!itJ
Ass!ming Nero initial 'on*itions w/en swit'/ ? is 'lose* t/e 4alan'e* eK!ation is giBen 4y di 1 idt dt C Taking ,a-la'e trans)ormation we get 5> sA 1>sA( LS7>sA 7>sA s CS 1 7>sA( SL CS 5>sA 5> sA L 7>sA 1 ( 1 3 S>( SL A S S CS L LC T/e time res-onse o) t/e 'ir'!it *e-en*s on t/e -oles or roots o) t/e '/ara'teristi' eK!ation ( 1 3 S S 4 L LC 5 i( L 6oots o) t/e '/ara'teristi' eK!ation are giBen 4y
S1,S 3 S1,S3
(% ( L L 3
<u 1 LC
3
( % ( 3L 3L
1 LC
"ntial
conditions:
T/e reason )or st!*ying initial an* )inal 'on*itions in a network is to eBal!ate t/e ar4itrary 'onstants t/at a--ear in t/e general sol!tion o) t/e *i))erential eK!ations written )or t/e network1 In t/is '/a-ter we 'on'entrate on )in*ing t/e '/ange in sele'te* Baria4les in a 'ir'!it w/en a swit'/ is t/rown )rom o-en to 'lose* or Bi'e Bersa -osition1 &lease note t/at t ; 0 in*i'ates t/e time o) t/rowing t/e swit'/ t ; 0- in*i'ates time imme*iately 4e)ore t/rowing t/e swit'/ an*
t ;0> in*i'ates time imme*iately a)ter t/rowing t/e swit'/1 .e are Bery m!'/ intereste* in t/e '/ange in '!rrents an* Boltages o) energy storage elements @in*!'tor an* 'a-a'itorA a)ter t/e swit'/ is t/rown sin'e t/ese Baria4les along wit/ t/e so!r'es will *i'tate t/e 'ir'!it 4e/aBio!r )or t f 01 Initial 'on*itions in a network *e-en* on t/e -ast /istory o) t/e 'ir'!it @4e)ore t; 0-A an* str!'t!re o) t/e network at t ; 0>1&ast /istory will s/ow !- in t/e )orm o) 'a-a'itor Boltages an* in*!'tor '!rrents1 Initial an* )inal 'on*itions in elements T(e resist r: T/e 'a!se e))e't relation )or t/e i*eal resistor is giBen 4y B ; 6i1 Drom t/is eK!ation we )in* t/at t/e '!rrent t/ro!g/ a resistor will '/ange instantaneo!sly( i) t/e Boltage '/anges instantaneo!sly1Similarly Boltage will '/ange instantaneo!sly i) '!rrent '/anges instantaneo!sly1
T(e in.uct r : Initial 'on*ition T/e swit'/ is 'lose* at t; 0 C
t T/e eF-ression )or '!rrent t/ro!g/ t/e in*!'tor is giBen 4y i@tA ; 1 YB *t , -m 0t ; 15, Y B*t > 15, Y B*t -m t 0; i@0-A > 15, Y B*t 0&!tting t ; 0> 0> i @0>A ; i @0-A > 15, Y B*N 0i @0>A ; i @0-A T/e a4oBe eK!ation in*i'ates t/at t/e '!rrent in an in*!'tor 'an not '/ange instantaneo!sly1 Hen'e i) i @0-A ;0( t/en i@0>A ; 01 T/is means t/at at t ; 0> in*!'tor will a't as an o-en 'ir'!it( in*e-en*ent o) Boltage a'ross t/e terminals1 , :10
I) i @0-A ; I0 @i1 e1 i) a resi*!al '!rrent is -resentA t/en i @0>A ; I0 ( meaning t/at an in*!'tor at t ; 0> 'an 4e t/o!g/t o) as a '!rrent so!r'e o) I0 w/i'/ is as s/own
#0 #0
I0 , Dinal @or stea*y stateA 'on*ition
II I4
T/e )inal +'on*ition eK!iBalent 'ir'!it o) an in*!'tor is *eriBe* )rom t/e 4asi' relation s/i- 3 ; , *i5 *t Sn*er stea*y state 'on*ition *i ; 0 w/i'/ means B ; o an* /en'e , a'ts as a s/ort S10 at t ; m @ )inal or stea*y stateA I0 , S10 At t; m I4
T(e ca!acit r T/e swit'/ is 'lose* at t ; 0 1 T/e eF-ression At t;0 Dor Boltage a'ross t/e 'a-a'itor is giBen 4y t i@tA 0 B B ; 15 0 Y i *t -m 0t B@tA ; 15 0 Y i *t > 15 0 Y i *t -m 0&!tting t; 0> 0> B@0> A ; B@0-A > 150 Y i *t 03@0>A ; 3 @0-A w/i'/ means t/at t/e Boltage a'ross t/e 'a-a'itor 'an not '/ange instantaneo!sly1 I) 3@o-A ; o t/en 3 @o>A ; o in*i'ating t/at t/e 0a-a'itor a'ts as a s/ort at t;0> 0 S10 at t;0>
30;
050
-> 30
Dinal @or stea*y stateA 'on*ition
T/e )inal-'on*ition eK!iBalent network is *etermine* )rom t/e 4asi' relations/ii ; 0 *B5*t Sn*er stea*y state 'on*ition *B 5 *t ; 0 w/i'/ means at t; m t/e 0a-a'itor a'ts as a o-en 'ir'!it1 0 :10 30 > 30 -> :10

1A Esta4lis/ t/e -ro'e*!re )or eBal!ating initial 'on*itions wit/ s!ita4le eFam-les1 2A @ In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1 20 3;103( 6; 10:( ,;1H( 0; 10PD( an* 30;0 1 )in* i@0>A( @0>A an* @0>A it swit'/ ? is 'lose* at t;01
3A @ Din* i@tA )or t/e )ollowing network s/own in Dig1 21 i) i) t/e swit'/ U?V is o-ene* at t; 0( 4e)ore t/at t/e 'ir'!it /as attaine* stea*y state 'on*ition 1
*@ 6 ; 1:( , ; 1H an* 0 ; 152D are in series wit/ a swit'/ a'ross 0 23 is a--lie* to t/e 'ir'!it1 At > t ; 0 t/e swit'/ is in 'lose* -osition1 At t ; 0 t/e swit'/ is o-ene*1 Din* at t ; 0 ( t/e Boltage a'ross t/e swit'/( its )irst an* se'on* *eriBatiBes1 5A A 'oil o) 6 ; 1000: an* , ; 1 H is 'onne'te* to a *1'1 Boltage o) 1003 t/ro!g/ a '/angeoBer swit'/1 At t ; ( t/e swit'/ 'onne'ts a 'a-a'itor o) 0 ; 011kD in series wit/ t/e 'oil( eF'l!*ing t/e Boltage1 SolBe )or i( iA D@sA ; iiA D@sA ; iiiA D@sA ; "A ./y *o we nee* to st!*y initial 'on*ition[ .rite t/e eK!iBalent )rom o) t/e elements in terms o) t/e initial 'on*ition o) t/e element an* in t/e 'oil all at t ; 0 1
>
>1 Sse initial an* )inal Bal!e t/eorems( w/ere t/ey a--ly( to )in* )@0A an* )@&A )or t/e )ollowing J
#A A -arallel 6-, 'ir'!it is energiNe* 4y a '!rrent so!r'e o) 1 A1 t/e swit'/ a'ross t/e so!r'e is 2 > o-ene* at t;01 SolBe )or 3( DB an* D B all at t;0 i) 6;100: an* ,;1H1 $A Determine t/e T/eBeninVs eK!iBalent 3a4@SA an* <a4@SA )or t/e network on Dig112 )or Nero initial 'on*itions1
14@ Dor t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1 15 t/e swit'/ is o-ene* at t;01 I) , ; H( 8;1m/o( 0 ;1D an* 3;1B( )in* t/e no*e Boltages B1@tA an* B2@tA
Unit: / La!lace
Trans0 r)ati n 1 A!!licati ns :
3rs: 4/
Syllabus 0 unit :
Sol!tion o) networks( ste-( ram- an* im-!lse res-onses( waBe)orm Synt/esis

LAPLACE T,ANS9O,AATION:
,a-la'e trans)orm is a Bery !se)!l an* -ower)!l tool in 'ir'!it analysis1Integro-*i))erential eK!ations 0an 4e trans)orme* in to alge4rai' eK!ations !sing t/e te'/niK!e o) ,a-la'e trans)ormation an* 'om-lete sol!tion inBolBiong 4ot/ nat!ral res-onse an* )or'e* res-onse is o4taine* in one ste<e0initi n 0 La!lace Trans0 r): ,et )@tA 4e a )!n'tion o) time1 Ass!ming t/e Bal!e o) )!n'tion to 4e Nero )or tg0( t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) )@tA is giBen as m , i) @tAj ; D@SA ; Y )@tA e-St *t 0 )@tA is a )!n'tion in time-*omain an* D@SA is a )!n'tion in 'om-leF )reK!en'y *omain1 0om-leF )reK!en'y USV is giBen 4y S; n >EZ Drom t/e a4oBe it is o4Bio!s t/at ,a-la'e trans)ormation '/anges a )!n'tion in time *omain into a )!n'tion in )reK!en'y *omain1 Im-ortant -ro-erties o) ,a-la'e trans)orm Linearity Pr !erty: I) ,_)1@tA `; D1@SA An* ,_ )2@tA `;D2@SA T/en , _a1 )1@tA `> a2 )2@tA`; a1 D1@SA> a2 D2@SA m &roo)J , _a1 )1@tA `> a2 )2@tA`;Y _a1 )1@tA `> a2 )2@tA è-St *t 0 m m ; a1 Y )1@tA e-St *t >a2 Y )2@tA e-St *t 0 ; a1 D1@SA > a2 D2 @SA
Ti)e"S(i0tin& Pr !erty: I) ,_ F@tA ` ; X@SA t/en )or any real n!m4er t0 ,_ F@t- t0A !@t- t0A`; e-to S X@SA
u?t" t @
t ; to m &roo)J ,et ,_ F@t-toA !@t- toA ` ; Y F@t- t0A !@t- t0Aè-St *t 0 Sin'e !@t- toA; 1 `tft0 0 `tgt0 m
time
.e get , i F@t-t0A !@t-toAj ; Y F@t- t0Ae-St *t to ,et t;t0 > o *t ; *o As t t0 o 0 As t m o m m Hen'e we get , _ F@t-t0A !@t-toA`; Y F@oA e-S @o > t0A *o 0 m ; e-Sto Y F@oA e-S o *o 0 ; X@ SA e-Sto 9re>uency". )ain s(i0tin& !r !erty I) ,_F@tA`; X@SA t/en ,_eSot F@tA `; X@S-SoA m &roo)J ,_eSot F@tA `; Y eSot F@tA e-St *t 0 m ; Y F@tA e-@ S-SoAt 0 ; X@ S- S0A *. Ti)e"Scalin& Pr !erty I) ,i F@tA j ; X@SA t/en , i F@atA j ; 15a X@ S5aA m , i F@atA j ; Y F@atA e-St *t 0 &!t at; o a *t ; * o m Hen'e , iF @atAj ; Y 15a F@oA e- So 5 a * o 0 m Hen'e , iF @atAj ; 15a Y F@oA e- So 5 a * o 0 , iF @atAj ; 15 a X@S5 aA
&roo)J
+. Ti)e"<i00erentiati n Pr !erty I) ,iF @tAj ; X@SA , i*F5*tj ; S X@SA + F @0A &roo)J ,et y@tA ; *F5*t m T/en ,iy @tAj ; C@SA ; Y y@tA e-St *t 0 m ; Y @*F5*tA e-St *t 0 m m ; i e-st F@tA j - Y F@tA _ -se-St`*t 0 0 m ; i F@mA + F@0A j > s Y F@tA e-St *t 0 C@SA; SX@SA + F@0A i1e1 ,i*F5*tj ; S X@SA + F@0A
-. Ti)e"inte&rati n Pr !erty m Dor a 0a!sal signal F@tA ( i) y@tA ; Y F@oA * o ./ere Uo Uis a *!mmy Baria4le o) Ut T 0 T/en ,i y@tAj ;C@SA ; X@SA S m &roo) ,_ F@tA `; X@SA ; Y F@tA e-St *t 0 DiBi*ing 4ot/ si*es 4y S yiel*s m X@SA; Y F@tA e-St *t S 0 Sm m m ; e-St Y F@tA*t - Y iY F@tA e-St@-sA *tj S 0 0 S m ; e-St y@tA - Y y@tA e-St @-sA *t S 0 S ; e-St y@tA - C@SA S X@sA; C@SA S T/ere)ore C@SA ; X@SA S
as e-St y@tA ;0 at t;m S
/. Ti)e"Peri .icity Pr !erty
F@tA
time T F1@tA 2T 3T 4T
0 F2@tA
T F3@tA
2T
2T
3T
,et !s 'onsi*er a D!n'tion F@tA t/at is -erio*i' as s/own in )ig!re1T/e )!n'tion F@tA 'an 4e re-resente* as t/e s!m o) time-s/i)te* )!n'tions as s/own in )ig!re1 Hen'e F@tA ; F1@tA > F2@tA > F3@tA > XXXXXXX ./ere F2@tA ; F1@t- TA !@t-TA F3@tA ; F1@t- 2TA !@t-2TA XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX an* so on Hen'e F@tA ; F1@tA > F1@t- TA !@t-TA> F1@t- 2TA !@t-2TA > XXXXXX11 ./ere F1@tA is t/e waBe)orm *es'ri4e* oBer t/e )irst -erio* o) F@tA1 Taking ,a-la'e trans)ormation on 4ot/ si*es o) t/e a4oBe eK!ation we get X@sA ; X1@sA > X1@sA e-TS > X1@sA e-2TS > X1@sA e-3TS > XXXXXX
; X1@sAi1> e-TS > e-2TS >e-3TS > XXXXXXj =!t 1> a2 >a3 > a4 > XXXXXXXX11; 1 1-a Hen'e we get X@SA ; X1@SA 1 1- e-TS Dor ag 1
Initial value T(e re):

T/e Initial -Bal!e t/eorem allows !s to )in* t/e initial Bal!e F@0A *ire'tly )rom t/e ,a-la'e Trans)orm X@SA1I) F @tA is a 'as!al signal( t/en F@0A ; ,im S X@SA S m &roo)J .E /aBe , *F@tA ; S X@SA +F@0A *t m Y @*F5*tA e-St *t 0
; S X@SA +F@0A
Taking ,imit on 4ot/ si*es as S m (we get m ,im Y @*F5*tA e-St *t ; ,im S X@SA +F@0A S m 0 S m Hen'e 0 ; ,im S X@SA -F@0A S m Dinal 3al!e t/eorem T/e )inal Bal!e t/eorem allows !s to )in* t/e Bal!e o) F@mA *ire'tly )rom its ,a-la'e Trans)ormation X@SA I) F@tA is a 'as!al signal( ,im F@tA ;,im S X@SA t m S 0 &roo)J .e /aBe , *F@tA ; S X@SA +F@0A *t m Y @*F5*tA e-St *t ; S X@SA +F@0A 0 Taking t/e limits S 0 on 4ot/ si*es we get( or ,im S X@SA ; F@0A S m
m $0 $0
,im i S X@SA -F@tAj ; ,im Y @*F5*tA e-St *t S 0 S 0 m Y @*F5*tA ,im e-St *t 0 S 0 m ; Y @*F5*tA *t ; 0 F@tA 0
; S X@SA +F@0A m
,im S X@SA +F@0A ; F@m A +F@0A S 0 F@mA ; ,im S X@SA S 0
Inverse La!lace Trans0 r)ati n:

T/e inBerse ,a-la'e Trans)orm o) X@SA is *e)ine* 4y an integral o-eration wit/ res-e't to 3aria4le USV as )ollows n>m F @tA ; 15 2S Y X@SA eSt *s XXXXX@1A n-m Sin'e USV is a 'om-leF K!antity t/e sol!tion reK!ires a knowle*ge o) 'om-leF Baria4les1 In :t/er wor*s t/e eBal!ation o) integral in eK!ation @1A reK!ires t/e !se o) 'onto!r integration In t/e 'om-leF -lane( t/is is Bery *i))i'!lt1 Hen'e we will aBoi* !sing eK!ation@1A to 'om-!te InBerse ,a-la'e trans)orm1 .e go )or in*ire't met/o*s to get t/e inBerse ,a-la'e trans)orm o) T/e giBen )!n'tion( w/i'/ are -artial + Dra'tion met/o* 0onBol!tion integral met/o* &artial + Dra'tion met/o*J In many sit!ations(t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm 'an 4e eF-resse* in t/e )orm X@SA ; &@SA XXXXXXX@2A @SA ./ere &@SA; 4mSm > 4m-1Sm-1> 4m-2Sm-2 XXXXXX11> 40 @SA; an Sn > an-1 Sn-1 > an-2 Sn-2 >XXXXXX11> a0 T/e )!n'tion X@SA as *e)ine* 4y eK!ation @2A is sai* to 4e rational )!n'tion o) USV( sin'e It is a ratio o) two -olynomials1 T/e *enominator @SA 'an 4e )a'tore* in to linear )a'tors1 A -artial )ra'tion eF-ansion allows a stri'tly -ro-er rational )!n'tion &@SA to 4e eF-resse* @SA As a )a'tor o) terms w/ose n!merators are 'onstants an* w/ose *enominator 'orres-on*s to ,inear or a 'om4ination o) linear an* re-eate* )a'tors1 T/is in t!rn allows !s to relate s!'/ terms To t/eir 'orres-on*ing inBerse ,a-la'e trans)orm1 Dor -er)orming -artial )ra'tion te'/niK!e on X@SA t/e )!n'tion X@SA /as to meet t/e )ollowing 'on*itions1 iA X@SA m!st 4e a -ro-er )ra'tion i1e1 mg n 1 ./en X@SA is im-ro-er we 'an !se long *iBision
to re*!'e it to -ro-er )ra'tion1 iiA @SA s/o!l* 4e in t/e )a'tore* )orm1 0onBol!tion-integral met/o*J I) , _ F@tA ` ; X@SA , _ /@tA ` ; H@SA T/en , _ F@tA G /@tA `; X@sA H@SA ./ere UG U is t/e 'onBol!tion o) two )!n'tions giBen 4y m F@tA G /@tA ; Y F @ oA /@ t-o A * o -m
T(ree
i)! rtant Sin&ularity 0uncti ns:
T/e t/ree im-ortant sing!larity )!n'tions em-loye* in 'ir'!it analysis are t/e !nit ste- )!n'tion !@tA t/e *elta )!n'tion '@tA t/e ram- )!n'tion r@tA T/ey are 'alle* Sing!larity )!n'tions 4e'a!se t/ey are eit/er not )inite or t/ey *o not -osess )inite *eriBatiBe eBeryw/ere1 ! @tA Unit ste! 0uncti n: T/e Snit-ste- )!n'tion is *e)ine* as !@tA ; 0 tg 0 ;1 tf0 T/e ste- )!n'tion 'an /aBe a *is'ontin!iy Dor eFam-le in seK!ential swit'/ing 1T/e !nit Ste- )!n'tion t/at o''!rs at t;a is eF-resse* as !@t-aA w/i'/ is eF-resse* as !@t-aA !@ t-a A ; 0 @t-a Ag 0 ; 1 @t-aAf 0 t .e !se ste- )!n'tion to re-resent an a4r!-t '/ange in Boltage or '!rrent ( like t/e '/anges t/at :''!r in t/e 'ir'!it o) 'ontrol engineering an* *igital systems1 m
,a-la'e trans)ormation o) !nit ste- )!n'tion is giBen 4y , _ !@ tA ` ; Y e-St *t 0 ; - 15 S i e-m - e0 j ; 1 S m Similarly ,_ ! @t-aA ` ; Y ! @ t-aA e-St *t a m ; -;1 e-St ; 1 e- a S S a S I)!ulse 0uncti n: T/e *eriBatiBe o) t/e !nit ste- )!n'tion is t/e !nit im-!lse )!n'tion '@tA i1e1 '@tA ; *5*t _ !@tA ` ; 0 tg 0 '@tA ;1 t;0 ;0 tf0
T/e !nit im-!lse may 4e Bis!aliNe* as Bery s/ort *!ration -!lse o) !nit area T/is may 4e eF-resse* mat/emati'ally as 0> Y '@tA *t ; 1 0./ere t; 0- in*i'ates t/e time E!st 4e)ore t;0 an* t;0> *enotes t/e time H!st a)ter t;01 Sin'e t/e area !n*er t/e !nit im-!lse is !nity( it is -ra'ti'e to write U1V 4esi*e t/e arrow1 ./en t/e im-!lse /as a strengt/ ot/er t/an !nity t/e area o) t/e im-!lse )!n'tion is eK!al to its strengt/1 Sin'e '@tA ; *5*t _ !@tA ` , _ '@tA ` ; , i*5*t _ !@tA `j ; S X 1 5 S ; 1 ,a)! 0uncti n: Integrating t/e !nit ste- )!n'tion res!lts in t/e !nit ram- )!n'tion r@tA t r @tA ; Y ! @o A *o ; t ! @ tA r@tA -m ;0 tg0 ;t tf0 In general a ram- is a )!n'tion t/at '/anges at a 0onstant rate1 A *elaye* ram- )!n'tion is s/own in )ig!re 2at/emati'ally it is *es'ri4e* as )ollows
r@t-t0 A ; 0
tg 0 r @t- t0 A
; t + t0 t f 0 ,a-la'e trans)ormation o) a ram- )!n'tion is giBen 4y t , _ r @ t A ` ; , i Y ! @ t A *t j 0 t0 ; 1 5 S X 1 5 S ; 1 5 S2 , _ r @ t + t 0 A ` ; 1 5 S X 1 5 S e-t0S ; 1 e- toS t

1A :4tain t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) a -erio*i' )!n'tion wit/ a s!ita4le eFam-le waBe )orm1 Also )in* t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) t/e )ollowing waBe )orm s/own in Dig1
$A @ State an* -roBe 'onBol!tion t/eorem1 Ssing t/e same )in* )@tA w/en D@sA ; 10A Ssing ,a-la'e trans)orm *etermine t/e '!rrent in t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig1 25 w/en t/e swit'/ S is 'lose* at t;0 1 Ass!me Nero initial 'on*ition 1
11A Din* t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) iA (@tA iiA t iiiA e-at iBA sin w t BA!@tA 12A :4tain t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) sawtoot/ waBe)orm in t/e Dig1
13A Din* t/e ,a-la'e inBerse o)
!sing 'onBol!tion integral
14A State an* -roBe @iA initial Bal!e t/eorem an* @iiA )inal Bal!e t/eorem as a--lie* to , trans)orm1 ./at are t/e limitations o) ea'/ t/eorem[ #A :4tain t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) a )!ll waBe re'ti)ie* sine waBe o) am-lit!*e 1 an* -erio* ) se's1
$A T/e '!rrent )!n'tion i@tA s/own in )ig1 10 is im-resse* on a 'a-a'itor 01 w/at s/o!l* 4e t/e strengt/ A o) t/e im-!lse so t/at t/e Boltage a'ross t/e 0 4e'omes Nero )or t f 5se's1
14@ In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig1 11( t/e swit'/ is o-ene* at t ; 0( wit/ 3 ; 13( 0 ; 1D , ; q H( 8 ; 1 )in* t/e no*e Boltages 31@tA an* 32@tA 4y , trans)orm met/o*1
11) @ T/e swit'/ in t/e network o) Dig1 1" o-en at t;01 !se ,a-la'e trans)ormation analysis to
*etermine t/e Bolt age a'ross t/e 'a-a' it or ) or tp 01
Unit:
2 T$
! rt net$ r% !ara)eters :
3rs: 4-
Syllabus 0 unit :
De)inition o) N( y( / an* transmission -arameters( mo*eling wit/ t/ese -arameters( relations/i- 4etween -arameters sets1

T:2 P2RT PARA@0T0R4:

> -
i1 1 31 i 1 2
>
i1 31 i1 Network
i2
>
Network
-
32
-
Network
i2 Two -ort 2!lti -ort
:ne -ort
PO,T:" &air o) terminals at w/i'/ an ele'tri'al signal enters or leaBes a network1 One ! rt net$ r%J- Network /aBing only one -ort1 EFJ Domesti' a--lian'es( 2otor( 8enerator( T/eBininVs or Norton networks T$ ! rt net$ r%J- Network /aBing an in-!t -ort an* an o!t-!t -ort1 EFJ Am-li)iers( Transistors( 'omm!ni'ation 'ir'!its( &ower Transmission L *istri4!tion lines Dilters( atten!ators (trans)ormers et' 2ulti ! rt net$ r%J-Network /aBing more t/an two -orts1
EFJ &owerTransmission lines ( Distri4!tions ,ines( 0omm!ni'ation lines1

Two -ort networks a't as 4!il*ing 4lo'ks o) ele'tri'al or ele'troni' 'ir'!its s!'/ as ele'troni' systems( 'omm!ni'ation 'ir'!its( 'ontrol systems an* transmission L *istri4!tion systems1 A one -ort or two -ort network 'an 4e 'onne'te* wit/ anot/er two -ort network eit/er in 'as'a*e( series or in -arallel1 In T/eBinins :r Nortons networks ( we are not intereste* in t/e *etaile* working o) a maEor -art o) t/e network1 Similarly it is not ne'essary to know t/e inner working o) t/e two -ort network 4!t 4y meas!ring t/e Boltages an* '!rrents at in-!t an* at o!t-!t -ort( t/e network 'an 4e '/ara'teriNe* wit/ a set o) -arameters to -re*i't /ow a two -ort network intera't wit/ ot/er networks1 :)ten t/e 'ir'!it 4etween t/e two -orts is /ig/ly 'om-leF T/e two -ort -arameters -roBi*e a s/ort/an* met/o* )or analyNing t/e in-!t-o!t-!t -ro-erties o) two -orts wit/o!t /aBing to *eal *ire'tly wit/ t/e /ig/ly 'om-leF 'ir'!it internal to t/e two -ort1 T/ese networks are linear an* -assiBe an* may 'ontain 'ontrolle* so!r'es 4!t not in*e-en*ent so!r'es1insi*e11 ./ile *e)ining two -ort -arameters we -!t t/e 'on*ition t/at one o) t/e -orts is eit/er o-en 'ir'!ite* or s/ort 'ir'!ite*1 In t/ese networks t/ere are )o!r Baria4les 31( I1 an* 32( I2 1 Two o) t/em are eF-resse* in terms o) t/e ot/er two( *e)ine two -ort -arameters1
Network Analysis
10ES34
9 ur i)! rtant Para)eters Sl1 No1 11 21 31 41 &arameters N &arameters y -arameters / -arameters t -arameters De-en*ent 3aria4le 31( 32 I1( I2 31( I2 31 ( I1 In*e-en*ent 3aria4le I1( I2 31( 32 I1( 32 32 ( I2 EK!ations V1 z11 z12 I 1 V z 2 21 z 22 I 2 I 1 y11 y12 V1 I y 2 21 y 22 V2 31 / 11 / 12 I1 I / 2 21 / 22 32 V1 A B V2 I C D I 1 2
DEDINITI:NS ?1@ J !ara)eters ? !en circuit i)!e.ance !ara)eters@ 31; N11I1 > N12I2 32; N21I1 > N22I2 z11 z 21 V;
1
I1 V;
2
I2 ; 0 I2 ; 0
z12 z 22
V;
1
I2 V;
2
I1 ; 0 I1 ; 0
I1 Dor N11 an* N21 - o!t-!t -ort o-ene* N12 an* N22 - in-!t -ort o-ene*
I2 Hen'e t/e name o-en 'ir'!it im-e*an'e -arameters
EK!iBalent networks in terms o) 'ontrolle* so!r'es \ Network @iA I1 N11 > 31 M Network @iiA > N12I2 > N21I1
N22
I2 > 32 M
=y writing
31 ; @N11 + N12A I1 > N12 @I1 > I2A 32 ; @N21 + N12A I1 > @N22 + N12A I2 > N12 @I1 > I2A N11 + N12 > I1 De-t1o)3E1EE(SH=I T N22 + N12 @N21 + N12AI1 > I2 >
Network Analysis
N12
10ES34 32
$$
T/e N -arameters sim-li)y t/e -ro4lem o) o4taining t/e '/ara'teristi's o) two 2 -ort networks 'onne'te* in series ?#@ y !ara)eters I1; y1131 > y1232 I2; y2131 > y2232 y11 y21
; 1
V1 I2 ; 0
; 2
y12 y22
I1 V2
; 2
I1 ; 0 I1 ; 0
I I2 ; 0
V1 Dor y11 an* y21 - -ort 2 is s/orte* N12 an* N22 - -ort 1 is s/orte*
V2 Hen'e t/ey are 'alle* s/ort 'ir'!it a*mittan'e -arameters
E>uivalent net$ r%s in ter)s 0 c ntr lle. s urces I1 > y1232 31 y11 y2131 y22 I2 > 32
@iiA 4y writing I1 ; @y11 > y12A 31 - y12 @31 > 32A I2 ; @y21 + y12A 31 > @y22 > y12A 32 - y12 @32 + 31A
+ y12 > @y21 > y12A31 31 y11 > y12 y22 > y12 > 32
T/e y -arameters are Bery !se)!l to know t/e '/ara'teristi's o) two 2 -ort Networks 'onne'te* in -arallel
100 1001
H )ri+ para$eters:'
31; /11 I1 > /12 32 I2 ; /21 I1 > /22 32 h11 h22 V;
1
I1
; 2
32 ; 0 32 ; 0
h12 h22
; 1
V I1 ; 0 I1 ; 0
V2
; 2
I1
V2
E>uivalent Net$ r% in ter)s 0 c ntr lle. s urcesH I1 > 31 /1232 /11 > /21I1 /22 I2 > 32
&arameter Bal!es )or 4i-olar E!n'tion transistors are 'ommonly K!ote* In terms o) / -arameters
Trans$ission or ABC> para$eters

31; A32 - =I2 I1 ; 032 - DI2 C A I2 ; 0 V ; 1 V2
; 1
B V1
32 ; 0 I2 I1 32 ; 0 I2
I2 ; 0
V2
As t/e name in*i'ates t/e maEor !se o) t/ese -arameters arise in transmission ,ine analysis an* w/en two 2 -orts are 'onne'te* in 'as'a*e
(elationship &etween two port parameters:"

6elations/i- 4etween *i))erent two -ort -arameters 'an 4e o4taine* as )ollows1 Drom t/e giBen set o) two -ort -arameters( rearrange t/e eK!ations 'olle'ting terms o) *e-en*ent Baria4les o) new set o) -arameters to t/e le)t1 T/en )orm matriF eK!ations an* )rom matriF mani-!lations o4tain t/e new set in terms o) t/e giBen set1 @iA 6elations/i- 4etween N an* y -arameters )or F -arameters i3j;iNjiIj t/en
@iiA 6elations/i- 4etween i y j an* i / j Drom I1 y11V1 y12V2 I2 6earranging y11 y 21 y 21V1 y 22V2 I1 y12V2 y 22V2 y11V1 y 21V1 I 2
0 V1 1 y12 I 1 1 I 2 0 y 22 V 2 1 0 1 y12 I 1 V y * 1 11 V 1 0 y 22 I 2 y 21 2 1 1 0 1 y12 I 1 V y11 y 21 y11 0 y 22 2 1 1 y12 I1 y11 y 21 y12 y 21 y11 y 22 V 2 1 y12 h11 h12 y y11 I 1 11 ' y h21 h22 y 21 V 2 y y11 11
@iiiA To EF-ress T--arameters in terms o) /-&arametersJ EK!ations )or T--arameters( 9, / '9--4"", / C9--?"0, 1 EK!ations )or /--arameters( 9, / h,,", 5 h,-9"- / h-,",5 h--9- --9h--9-
0-1
6e arranging EK!ation @2A 31 - /11I1 ; /1232 - /21I1 ; /2232 -I2
=y a similar -ro'e*!re( t/e relations/i- 4etween any two sets o) -arameters 'an 4e esta4lis/e*1 T/e )ollowing ta4le giBes s!'/ relations/i-sJ
8 z 22 QyR y11 y21 y 22 'y QPR y 21 'y 1 Q(R y11 y 21 ' y12 y22 y12 'y y11 'y y12 y11
y
P z12 'z z11 'z z12 z 22 z12 z 22 1 z 22 ' z z 21 z 22 z 21 1 h11 h21 h11 'h h22 'z z 21 'z z11 z 21 ' z z 22 z 21 z 22 z11 z 21 1 z 21
3 h12 h11 'h h11 h12 h22 1 h22 h12 h22 h11 h21 1 h21 D B
T 't B
1 AB B A C 1 C B D 't C D C 't D
h21 h22 h11 h21 'h h21 h22 h21
QtR
y11 y11 y 22 1 y 21 y 21 ' y 21

y
1 C D D
A C
B D
y11 y 21
0:2&STATI:NS :D T.: &:6T &A6A2ETE6SJ A1 =y *ire't met/o* i1e1 !sing *e)initions Dor N -arameters( o-en o!t-!t -ort @I2;0A )in* 31 L 32 in terms o) I1 4y eK!ations 0al'!late <11;315I1 L<21;325I11 :-en in-!t -ort @I1;0A )in* 31 L 32 in terms o) I210al'!late <12;315I2 L<22;325I2 Similar -ro'e*!re may 4e )ollowe* )or y -arameters 4y s/ort 'ir'!iting t/e -orts / L t -arameters may 4e o4taine* 4y a 'om4ination o) t/e a4oBe -ro'e*!res1
=1
N an* y -arametersJ=y no*e L mes/ eK!ations in stan*ar* )orm
Dor a re'i-ro'al network @-assiBe wit/o!t 'ontrolle* so!r'esA wit/ only two '!rrent So!r'es at in-!t an* o!t-!t no*es(t/e no*e eK!ations are I1;C1131>C1232>C1333>--------- >C1n 3n I2;C2131>C2232>C2333>--------- >C2n 3n 0 ;C3131>C3232>C3333>--------- >C3n 3n -------------------------------------------------0 ; Cn131 >Cn2 32 >Cn3 33--------->Cnn3n t/en 31 32 '11 ' 21 I1 I2 ' ' '12 ' 22 I 1 I2 ' ' '11 ' w/ere ' is t/e *et er min ent o) t/e C matriF1 '1 E 'o)a'tor o) C o) ' 1E
0om-aring t/ese wit/ t/e N -arameter eK!ations1 we /aBe N11 N 22 ' 22 ' N12 ' 21 ' N 21 '12 '
Similarly )or s!'/ networks( t/e loo- eK!ations wit/ Boltage so!r'es only at -ort 1 an* 2 V1 V2
m
Z 11 I 1 Z 12 I 2 1111111111 Z 1m I m Z 21 I 1 Z 22 I 2 1111111111 Z 2 m I Z m1 I 1 Z m 2 I 2 11111111111 Z mm I m D11 D21 D D22 D
O T/en I1 I V2
D D12 D
V1
V2 V
2
w/ere D is t/e *eterminant o) t/e < matriF an* DiE is t/e 'o-)a'tor o) t/e element <iE o) < matriF 1'om-aring t/ese wit/ iyj eK!ations T/!s we /aBe y11 D11 D y 22 D22 D y12 D12 D y 22 D22 D
AlternatiBe met/o*s Dor N -arameters t/e mes/ eK!ations are
V1 V2
m
Z 11 I 1 Z 12 I 2 1111111111 Z 1m I m Z 21 I 1 Z 22 I 2 1111111111 Z 2 m I Z m1 I 1 Z m 2 I 2 11111111111 Z mm I m
=y matriF -artitioning t/e a4oBe eK!ations 'an 4e written as
31 <11 <12 3 2 < 21 < 22 0 < 31 < 32 0 < n1 < n 2
<1n I1 < 2 n I 2 < 3n I 3 I < nn n
31 3 2 : : 3 1 3 2 Similarly )or C -arameters
2 &
N I1 I 2 I 3 I 2 N
1
#2
I 1 & I 2
01 =y re*!'ing t/e network @'ontaining -assiBe elements onlyA to single T or D 4y T-D trans)ormations I) t/e network is re*!'e* to a T network as s/own I2 T/en < <1 2 > > 31 <1 < 3 I1 < 3 I 2 31 I1 <3 I2 32 32 N11 N12 < 3 I1 <1 < 3 N 21 N13 < 2 <3 I 2 N 22 < 2 <3 )rom w/i'/
I) t/e network is 4ro!g/t to r network as s/own I1 I2 T/en C3 > > @

1 3
31
S8AAET,ICAL CON<ITIONS
A t$ ! rt is sai. t be sy))etrical i0 t(e ! rts can be interc(an&e. $it( ut c(an&in& t(e ! rt v lta&e an. currents..
i1e1
i)
31 I1 I 2
32 I 2 I1
* N11
N 22
=y !sing t/e relations/i- 4etween N an* ot/er -arameters we 'an o4tain t/e 'on*itions )or Symmetry in terms o) ot/er -arameters1 As N11;N22( in terms o) y we /aBe y11;N125*N L y22;N15*N( * y11Dy##.
In terms o) / -arameters as N11;'/5/22 L N22;15/22 we /aBe '(D(11(##" (1#(#1 D 1. In terms o) t -arameters as N1;A50 L N22;D50 t/e 'on*ition is AD<
,eci!r city c n.iti n in ter)s 0 t$ ! rt !ara)eters I1 > 3 M > 3 1 Dig 1 Dor t/e two networks s/own )or Dig 1 Dig 2 Drom N -arameters 31 32 * Ia N11I1 N12 I 2 N 21 I1 N 22 I
2
I2 N > 32 Ia I4
I1 > 31 Dig 2 N
I2
> M3
31 ; 3 32 ; 3
I2 ; -Ia I1 ; -I4
32 ; 0 31 ; 0
0on*ition )or re'i-ro'ity is Ia ; I4 we /aBe )rom )ig@1A 3 : N12 3 'N N11I1 N12 I a N 21 I1 N 22 I a
N 3 21 'N
Drom )ig@2A : 3
2
N11I 4 N12 I 2 N 21I 4 N12 I
I4
N 213 'N
N12 N 21
t/en )or I a
I4
Dor re'i-ro'ity wit/ N12;N21( In terms o) y -arameters N12; - y125'y L N21;-y215'y 'on*ition is In terms o) t -arameters N12;'t50 L N21;150 t/e 'on*ition is
y1#D y#1
In terms o) / -arameters N12; /125/22 L N21; - /215/22 t/e 'on*ition is (1#D " (#1 'tDA< " BCD1
Para)eters Con+ition -or 6e'i-ro'ity Symmetry
P y ( t
P1#DP## y1#Dy## (1#D "(#1

A<"BCD1
P11D P## y11Dy## (11.(##"(1#.(#1D1

DD
CA4CA>0 C2NN0CTI2N:'
>
I1
31
> I1a 31a -
I2a> Na 32a -
> -
I14 314 N4
I24
> 32a
I2
>
>
I1
>
I2
32
31
-
32

1A EF-lain < an* C -arameters wit/ eK!iBalent 'ir'!it Also eF-ress <- -arameters in terms o) C + -arameters1 2A Din* t/e /- -arameters o) t/e network s/own in Dig1 8iBe its eK!iBalent 'ir'!it
'@
Din* C -arameters )or t/e network s/own in )ig1
4A Din* t/e transmission or general -arameters )or t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Dig
5A De)ine y an* N -arameters1 DeriBe relations/i- s!'/ t/at y -arameters eF-resse* in terms o) N -arameters an* N -arameters eF-resse* in terms o) y -arameters %A De)ine / an* T -arameters an* *eriBe eF-ressions )or i/j in terms o) iTj1
=1 Din*
an*
)or t/e two -ort network s/own in )ig1 131
110 1101
8) Dor t/e network s/own in )ig114 o4tain t/e o1'1 im-e*an'e -arameters
9) Din*
an*
)or t/e two -ort network s/own in )ig1 13

Eee III Network Analysis (10es34) Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Eee III Network Analysis (10es34) Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Network Analysis

Co*erage in t#e Te<ts:

,ec ))en.e. rea.in&s:

31 7Net$ r% t(e ry 7( 8anes/ 6ao1 41 5Net$ r% analysis9 ( 6oy 0/o!*ry1

11 :H2S ,A. IA=-0!rrent )rom A to =

21 ?0, i1>i4>i5;i2>i3 i;0

i1 i2 i3 alge4rai' s!m @ Iin;-Io!tA

alge4rai' s!m @3rise; -3*ro-A

> 3 - > 32 <1

3oltage DiBision 3i;@<i5<A3

0!rrent DiBision II;@Ci5CAI

3A0; @"-#iA@10A ; 10%13 -4#1#

3oltage So!r'e @i*ealA

0!rrent So!r'e @i*ealA A A I

&ra'ti'e 3oltage so!r'e

&ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e

<& < &><,

@aA E s/i)t o-eration

I <1 I <2 < <4 4 I <3 <1 <4 <1 <2

@4A I s/i)t o-eration

4ources wit# e;ui*alent ter$inal c#aracteristics

@iASeries Boltage so!r'es

@iiA &arallel Boltage so!r'es@i*ealA i1

@iiiA &arallel '!rrent so!r'es

@iBASeries '!rrent so!r'es@i*ealA < <

@BA3oltage so!r'e wit/ -arallel <

@BiA0!rrent so!r'e wit/ series < > 3 I I

> I 3 @BiiiA 3 an* I in Series

@BiiA 3 an* I in &arallel

<A= <=0 <A= <=0 <0A <A= <Q 1 3

<A= ; <=0 ; <0A ; <Q t/en <A ; <= ; <0 ; <C ;

Assi&n)ent >uesti ns:

trans)ormation te'/niK!es only1 T/en Beri)y 4y no*e eK!ations

$A :4tain t/e *elta 'onne'te* eK!i-ment o) t/e network s/own in )ig1 11

'!rrent in 3>E4: is Nero 1 Take Z ; 50 ra*5se'1

,ec ))en.e. rea.in&s:

31 7Net$ r% t(e ry 7( 8anes/ 6ao1 41 5Net$ r% analysis9 ( 6oy 0/o!*ry1

Net work Topolog

0om-lete In'i*en'e matriF ?i@C )!lete inci.ence )atriB:

6e*!'e* in'i*en'e matriF

Network :riente* gra-/

=ran'/es 1 -1 0 0 >1 2 >1 -1 0 0 3 >1 0 -1 0 4 0 -1 >1 0 5 0 >1 0 -1 % 0 0 >1 -1

Drom t/e ta4!lar 'ol!mn( t/e entries /aBe to 4e inter-rete* as )ollowsJ

Tie set Analysis:

&!tting t/e a4oBe eK!ations in matriF )orm( we get i1 i2 i3 i5 i% 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 4 0 -1 0 -1 0 N 1 1 y

./ere 3= ; =ran'/ Boltage 'ol!mn matriF an* = ) ; Tie - set matriF

Tie set 2atriFJ =) ; 1 0 0 1 -1 1 0 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 0

=ran'/ Im-e*en'e matriF

,oo- EK!ations J 20 -5 -10 -5 20 -5 -10 -5 20 F y N

Cut set Analysis

; '!t set matriF ) I= ; =ran'/ '!rrent matriF 3? C?

6e)erring to t/e )ig!re Ik ; Ck 3k > Isk

I= ; =ran'/ '!rrent matriF o) or*er 4F1 C= ; C1 0 0 0 0 - - 0 C2 0 - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - C4 ; =ran'/ a*mittan'e matriF o) or*er 4F 4

=!t )rom @1A we /aBe 3= ; Hen'e eK!ation @4A 4e'omes

is 'alle* '!t - set a*mittan'e matriF

Hen'e t/e reK!ire* '!t +set matriF

4 4 "1 1 4 4 4 4 4 "1 1 4 1 4 4 4 "1 1 4 1 1 4 4 "1

3o/m 4D 4o/m 2sin%t W 1 %H 2

Assi&n)ent >uesti ns:

Unit: ' Net$ r%

Syllabus 0 unit : S!-er-osition( 6e'i-ro'it y an* 2illmanVs t/eorems

,ec ))en.e. rea.in&s:

41 5Net$ r% analysis9 ( 6oy 0/o!*ry1

$A :4tain t/e elta 'onne'te eK!i-ment o) t/e network s/own in )ig1 11

6e!'e in'i*en'e matriF

I= ; =ran'/ '!rrent matriF o) orer 4F1 C= ; C1 0 0 0 0 - - 0 C2 0 - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - C4 ; =ran'/ amittan'e matriF o) or*er 4F 4

0),5) - 5 ) 1 8 0 E,8 " ) * 1 ), ),5) - 5 ) *

At 6esonan'e t/e amittan'e is -!rely 'on!'tiBe giBen 4y

T(e in.uct r : Initial 'onition T/e swit'/ is 'lose at t; 0 C

I0 , Dinal @or steay stateA 'onition

Dinal @or steay stateA 'onition