1

Chng 1. MY BIN P
Trong phn ny ni dung ch yu c cp n nhm gip ngi c hiu
c cu to v nguyn l lm vic chung ca my bin p, bit phng trnh cn
bng p, s thay th v cc thng s k thut ca my bin p.
Ngoi ra ngi c cn hiu c phng php bin i in p ba pha v t
ni dy ca my bin p 3 pha.
1.1 Khi nim chung
1.1.1. nh ngha my bin p
My bin p l loi my in tnh, dng bin i in p ca h thng in
xoay chiu nhng vn gia nguyn tn s ca h thng.
My bin p c 2 ca: ca ni vi ngun in gi l s cp ca my bin p,
ca ni vi ti gi l th cp ca my bin p.
Cc i lng, thng s s cp trong k hiu c ghi ch s 1: s vng dy cun
dy s cp W
1
, in p s cp: U
1
, dng in s cp: I
1
, cng sut s cp: S
1
, P
1
Cc i lng, thng s th cp trong k hiu c ghi ch s 2: s vng dy cun
dy th cp W
2
, in p s cp: U
2
, dng in s cp: I
2
, cng sut s cp: S
2
, P
2.
K
hiu ca my bin p v s nguyn l ca my bin p mt pha nh hnh 1.1.


(a) (b)
Hnh 1.1. K hiu (a) v s nguyn l (b) ca my bin p mt pha
My bin p c vai tr quan trng trong h thng in. C 2 dng my bin p chnh:
My bin p in lc c dng trong h thng truyn ti v phn phi in
nng, lm nhim v: nng in p u ra my pht in (thng t 6,3 n 38,5 kV)
ln mc in p ca ng dy truyn ti (thng l 35, 110, 220 v 500 kV) v h
in p ng dy xung mc in p cung cp cho cc ti (thng c cc mc 3kV
hoc 6kV v 110V n 500V).
My bin p chuyn dng c dng trong cc thit b: xe in, l in, hn
in, o lng v.v
1.1.2. Cc lng nh mc ca my bin p
Cc lng nh mc ca my bin p l cc thng s k thut ca my do nh
sn xut my qui nh.
- in p nh mc s cp, K hiu U
1m
l in p qui nh cho cun dy s
cp.
- in p nh mc th cp, K hiu U
2m
l in p gia cc cc ca cun th
cp khi th cp h mch v in p s cp l nh mc. Theo qui c, vi my bin p
1 pha, in p nh mc l in p pha; Vi my bin p 3 pha in p nh mc l
in p dy. n v ca in p ghi trn my bin p thng l kV.
- Dng in nh mc l dng in qui nh cho mi cun dy ca my bin p
ng vi cng sut nh mc v in p nh mc. Theo qui c, vi my bin p 1
pha, dng in nh mc l dng in pha. Vi my bin p 3 pha dng in nh mc
l dng in dy. Dng in nh mc s cp, k hiu l I
1m
, dng in nh mc th
cp, k hiu l I
2m
. n v dng in ghi trn my bin p thng l A.
- Cng sut nh mc, k hiu S
m
(n v o kVA), l cng sut biu kin a
2
ra cun dy th cp my bin p khi in p, dng in my bin p nh mc.
i vi my bin p 1 pha, cng sut nh mc l:
S
m
= U
2m
.I
2m
~ U
1m
.I
1m
(1.1)
i vi my bin p 3 pha, cng sut nh mc l:
S
m
= 3 U
2m
.I
2m
~ 3 U
1m
.I
1m
(1.2)
Ngoi ra trn nhn my bin p cn ghi tn s, s pha, s ni dy v t ni dy,
in p ngn mch, ch lm vicca my.
1.2. Cu to ca my bin p
My bin p c cc b phn chnh sau: Li thp, dy qun v v my
1.2.1. Li thp
Li thp my bin p dng dn t thng chnh ca my. gim dng in
xoy trong li thp, ngi ta ghp li thp bng cc l thp k thut in.
Phn li thp c lng cun dy gi l tr ca li thp. Phn li thp ni cc tr
vi nhau thnh mch t khp kn gi l gng ca li thp. Tit din ca gng c dng
hnh ch nht.

Hnh 1.2. Tit din tr li thp ca my bin p
Tit din ca tr, i vi my bin p cng sut nh th c dng hnh ch nht.
i vi my bin p cng sut ln th c dng hnh bc thang nh hnh 1.2.
Gng v tr c th ghp vi nhau theo phng php ghp ni hay ghp xen k.
Ghp ni th tr v gng ghp ring, sau dng x p v bu lng vt cht li nh hnh
1.3a.

(a) (b)
Hnh 1.3. Ghp ni gia tr v gng ring (a) v xen k (b)
Ghp xen k th ton b li thp phi ghp ng thi, cc l thp c xp xen
k nhau theo th t nh m t hnh 1.3b.
an ton li thp c ni vi v v v phi c ni t.
1.2.2. Dy qun my bin p
Dy qun my bin p thng c ch to bng dy ng hoc nhm, c tit
din trn hoc ch nht, mt ngoi dy c bc lp cch in.
Mi cun dy ca my bin p gm 1 s vng dy qun thnh 1 s lp chng
ln nhau. Gia cc lp dy ca 1 cun dy. Gia cc cun dy vi nhau v gia cun
dy vi li thp u c lp cch in.
Mt pha ca my bin p thng c 2 cun dy, cun dy ni vo in p cao
gi l cun cao p, cun dy ni vo in p thp gi l cun h p. Khi cun cao p
v cun h p cng qun trn 1 tr trong kiu dy qun ng tm, th cun h p c
3
qun st tr, cn cun cao p qun ngoi cun h p nh hnh 1.4. Lm nh vy s
gim c vt liu cch in.



Hnh 1.4. Dy qun ng tm
Ngoi kiu qun dy ng tm cn c kiu qun dy xen k, nh biu din trn
hnh 1.5. Trong kiu qun ny, mi cun dy cao v h p gm mt s bnh dy t
xen k nhau.

Hnh 1.5. Dy qun xen k
1.2.3. V my bin p
V my bin p gm 2 phn: Thng v np thng:
Thng my bin p: Thng dng cha my bin p v cha du. Du my
bin p dng tn nhit cho my v tng cng cch in. Thng my lm bng
thp. Cc my cng sut nh ( 30KVA) thng c v trn. Cc my cng sut va v
ln, tng kh nng to nhit, v thng c lm theo kiu dp sng hoc c gn
cc ng tn nhit hay b tn nhit nh hnh 1.6.
Np thng: Np thng dng y kn thng v lp cc chi tit nh: Tr s ca
cc u dy cao p v h p (c nhim v cch in gia cc u dy ra vi v my).
Bnh gin du: l 1 thng hnh tr bng thp, t trn np v ni thng vi thng my
bin p bng 1 ng. 1 u ca bnh c gn 1 ng ch mc du dng theo di mc
4
du bn trong. Bnh gin du to khng gian cho du trong thng my bin p gin n
t do, m bo cho p sut du khng tng v thng lun y du.

(a) (b)
Hnh 1.6. V thng dp sng (a), v thng c ng tn nhit (b)
ng bo him: thng c dng hnh tr, t nghing, mt u thng vi thng
my bin p, mt u bt kn bng 1 a thu tinh. Khi p sut trong thng my bin p
t ngt tng ln qu ln, a thu tinh s v du du thot ra ngoi, my bin p s
khng b hng.
B phn tuyn ng ca cu dao i ni cc u iu chnh in p ca dy
qun cao p.
1.3. Nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p 1 pha
Hnh 1.7 l s nguyn l ca my bin p 1 pha c 2 cun dy: cun s cp
c W
1
vng, cun th cp c W
2
vng.

Hnh 1.7. S nguyn l ca my bin p mt pha
Khi ta ni cun s cp W
1
vo ngun in xoay chiu c in p u
1
, tn s f,
trong cun W
1
s c dng in i
1
. Dng in i
1
sinh ra t thng | bin thin chy kn
trong li thp xuyn qua c 2 cun dy W
1
, W
2
v c gi l t thng chnh.
Theo nh lut cm ng in t, t thng bin thin | s lm cm ng trong
cun dy s cp sc in ng:

dt
d
W e
|
=
1 1
(1.3)
v trong cun dy s cp sc in ng:

dt
d
W e
|
=
2 2
(1.4)
Khi my bin p khng ti (cun th cp h mch), dng in th cp i =0, t
thng chnh ch do dng in s cp i
1
sinh ra. Khi my bin p c ti, cun th cp
ca my c ni vi ti c tr khng Z
t
, sc in ng e
2
s to ra dng in th cp
i
2
chy qua ti v cun W
2
. Cun W
2
cng sinh ra t thng chy trong li thp v t
thng chnh lc ny do ng thi 2 dng in i
1
v i
2
sinh ra.
in p u
1
l hnh sin nn t thng | cng bin thin hnh sin: | = |
max
sinet th
5
vo (1.3), (1.4) ta c:
)
2
sin( 2 )
2
sin( 2 . . . 44 , 4 ) sin (
1 1 1 1 1
t
e =
t
e | = e | =
|
= t E t W f t
dt
d
W
dt
d
W e
m m

)
2
sin( 2 )
2
sin( 2 . . . 44 , 4 ) sin (
2 2 2 2 2
t
e =
t
e | = e | =
|
= t E t W f t
dt
d
W
dt
d
W e
m m

Trong : E
1
= 4,44.f.W
1
.|
m

E
1
= 4,44.f.W
1
.|
m
(1.5)
E
1
, E
2
trong biu thc (1.5) l gi tr hiu dng ca sc in ng cun dy s cp v
th cp my bin p. Biu thc ca e
1
, e
2
cho thy cc sc in ng ny c cng tn
s e nhng khc nhau v tr hiu dng.
T s:
2
1
2
1
W
W
E
E
= = K (1.6)
Trong K c gi l h s my bin p.
Nu b qua in tr dy qun v t thng tn ra ngoi li thp, s c cc quan
h gn ng U
1
~ E
1
, U
2
~ E
2
, v c:
2
1
2
1
2
1
W
W
E
E
U
U
= ~ = K (1.7)
Ngha l t s in p gia s cp v th cp bin p gn ng bng t s vng
dy ca 2 cun.
Nu b qua tn hao trong my bin p, s c quan h gn ng:
U
1
I
1
~ U
2
I
2

Hay:
1
2
2
1
I
I
U
U
~ ~ K (1.8)
Nh vy, trong my bin p, gia cun dy s cp v th cp khng c s lin
trc tip v in, nng lng c truyn t s cp sang th cp nh t thng chnh
trong li thp.
1.4. Phng trnh cn bng in v t ca my bin p
vit h phng trnh, ta chn chiu dng in, in p s cp v th cp
bin p nh hnh 7. Theo qui tc vn nt chai, chiu t thng | ph hp vi chiu i
1
,
chiu e
1
, e
2
ph hp vi chiu |. Chiu i
2
c chn ngc chiu e
2
, do chiu t
thng do i
2
sinh ra ngc chiu |.
Trong my bin p, ngoi t thng chnh | chy trong li thp cn c cc t
thng tn ca cc cun dy, nh ngha nh sau:
- T thng tn mc vng cun dy s cp, k hiu
t1
l t thng do cun s
cp W
1
sinh ra v ch mc vng ring cun s cp.
- T thng tn mc vng cun dy th cp, k hiu
t2
l t thng do cun th
cp W
2
sinh ra v ch mc vng ring cun th cp.
ng i ca t thng tn c nhng on ngoi li thp, c t tr ln, nn t
thng tn rt nh so vi t thng chnh.
T thng tn s cp
t1
sinh ra trong cun W
1
sc in ng cm ng e
t1

dt
di
L
dt
d
e
t
t
1
1
1
1
=

= (1.9)
Trong :
1
1
1
i
L
t

= gi l in cm tn s cp.
T thng tn s cp
t2
sinh ra trong cun W
2
sc in ng cm ng e
t2

6
dt
di
L
dt
d
e
t
t
2
2
2
2
=

= (1.10)
Trong :
2
2
2
i
L
t

= gi l in cm tn th cp.
1.4.1. Phng trnh cn bng in s cp
Trong mch vng s cp c cc in p v sc in ng: in p u
1
, in p
trn in tr dy qun s cp (r
1
) l i
1
r
1
, sc in ng do t thng chnh sinh ra e
1
,
sc in ng do t thng tn s cp sinh ra
dt
di
L e
t
1
1 1
= . Phng trnh theo lut
Kirhoff 2 vit cho mch vng s cp l:

dt
di
L e e e u i r
t
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + =
Hay:
1
1
1 1 1 1
e
dt
di
L i r u + =
Vit di dng phc: 1
.
1
.
1
1
.
1
.
1
1
.
1
1
.
E I Z E I jX I r U = + = (1.11)
Trong : X
1
= eL
t1
l in cm tn dy qun s cp.
Z
1
= r
1
+ jX
1
gi l tng tr dy qun s cp.
1.4.2. Phng trnh cn bng in th cp
Tng t nh mch s cp, phng trnh theo lut Kirhoff 2 vit cho mch
vng th cp l:

dt
di
L e e e u i r
t
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + = +
Hay:
2
2
2 2 2 2
e
dt
di
L i r u =
Vit di dng phc: 2
.
2
.
2
2
.
2
.
2
2
.
2
2
.
E I Z E I jX I r U = = (1.12)
Trong : X
2
= eL
t2
l in cm tn dy qun th cp.
Z
2
= r
2
+ jX
2
gi l tng tr dy qun th cp.
V in p th cp u
2
chnh l in p trn ti: 2
.
2
2
.
I Z U = (1.13)
1.4.3. Phng trnh cn bng t
V in khng tn X
1
v in tr dy qun s cp r
1
rt nh, nn in p trn
cc phn t ) , ( 1
.
1
1
.
1
I jX I r cng rt nh so vi 1
.
E , do t phng trnh (1.11) c
quan h gn ng: U
1
~ E
1
V in p t vo s cp bin p U
1
khng i, nn sc in ng E
1
cng
khng i. T (1.5) suy ra bin t thng chnh |
m
khng i.
ch khng ti, t thng chnh do sc t ng ca cun dy s cp W
1
i
1

sinh ra. Khi c ti, t thng chnh do tng i s cc sc t ng ca cun s cp v
th cp (W
1
i
1
- W
2
i
2
) sinh ra. Sc t ng th cp W
2
i
2
ly du m (-) l do chiu i
2

khng ph hp vi chiu | theo qui tc vn nt chai.
V |
m
khng i nn sc t ng lc khng ti bng sc t ng lc c ti, tc
l: q.W
1
i
0
= W
1
i
1
- W
2
i
2
(1.14)
Trong i
0
l dng in s cp khi khng ti v c gi l dng in khng ti hoc
dng in t ho ca my bin p. (1.14) gi l phng trnh cn bng t ca my
bin p. Chia c 2 v ca (1.14) cho W
1
v thay:
7

2
1
W
W
= K;
K
i
i
2
2
'
= ta c: i
1
= i
0
+ i
'
2
(1.15)
Trong
K
i
i
2
2
'
= gi l dng in th cp qui i v s cp.
Phng trnh cn bng t di dng phc:

'
2
.
0
.
1
.
I I I + = (1.16)
1.5. S thay th ca my bin p
thun li cho vic phn tch, nghin cu my bin p, ta tm cch thay th
my bin p bng mt s mch c qu trnh nng lng tng ng vi my bin
p, tc l h phng trnh mch hon ton ng nht vi h phng trnh my bin p.
Nhn 2 v ca (1.12) vi K v thay
'
2
.
2
.
I K I = v 2
.
1
.
E K E = , ta c:
1
.
2
.
2
2
2
.
2
2
2
.
. . . . E I X jK I r K U K = (1.17)
t:
2
2 '
2
.r K r = vi
'
2
r gi l in tr dy qun th cp quy i v mch s cp.
2
2 '
2
.X K X = vi
'
2
X gi l in khng tn dy qun th cp quy i v mch s
cp.
r

2
+ jX

2
= K
2
(r
2
+ jX
2
) = K
2
.Z
2
= Z

2
vi
'
2
Z gi l tr khng dy qun th cp
quy i v mch s cp.
Z

t
= K
2
.Z
t
vi
'
t
Z gi l tr khng ti quy i v mch s cp.
2
.
U K = 2
.
'
U vi 2
.
'
U gi l in p th cp quy i v s cp.
2
.
'
U = 2
.
U K = 2
.
. . I Z K
t
=
.
2
' 2
. . I Z K
t
= 2
.
' '
. I Z t v th vo (1.17) ta c:
1
.
2
.
'
2
'
2
.
'
2
'
2
.
'
. . E I jX I r U = (1.18)
Xt s hng ( 1
.
E ), trong 1
.
E l sc in ng do t thng chnh | gy ra trong
cun dy s cp. M t thng chnh | li do dng 0
.
I sinh ra, do ( 1
.
E ) c th coi l
in p trn mt nhnh (r
m
+ jX
m
) c dng chy qua gi l nhnh t ho:
1
.
E = (r
m
+ jX
m
) 0
.
I (1.19)
Trong : r
m
gi l in tr t ho c trng cho tn hao st t P
st
vi P
st
= r
m
.I
2
0

X
m
gi l in khng t ho c trng cho t thng chnh |
Thay (1.19) vo (1.11), (1.18) v kt hp vi (1.16) ta c h phng trnh:
1
.
1
.
1
1
.
1
.
1
1
.
1
1
.
E I Z E I jX I r U = + =
1
.
2
.
'
2
'
2
.
'
2
'
2
.
'
. . E I jX I r U = (1.20)
'
2
.
0
.
1
.
I I I + =
H phng trnh (1.20) l h phng trnh vit theo lut K
1
v K
2
cho s
hnh 1.8a. y gi l s thay th ca my bin p.
Thng thng tng tr nhnh t ho rt ln hn tng tr mch th cp qui i
v s cp: r
m
+ jX
m
= Z
m
<< Z

2
+ Z

t
.
Dng in t ho rt nh hn dng in th cp quy i v s cp: i
0
<< i

2
, do
c th b nhnh t ho, ta c s thay th gn ng (n gin) nh hnh 1.8b. S
thay th n gin thng c dng trong tnh ton n gin cc c tnh ca my
bin p.
8

(a) (b)
Hnh 1.8. S thay th my bin p (a) v s n gin (b)
1.6. Tn hao v hiu sut ca my bin p
Khi my bin p lm vic c cc tn hao sau:
- Tn hao trn in tr dy qun s cp v th cp gi l tn hao ng P


n t n m t n
P K r I K r I r r I I r I r P . . . . ) (
2 2 2 2
1
'
2 1
2
1
2
2 2
2
1 1
= = = + = + =
(1.21)
- Tn hao trong li thp do dng in xoy v do t tr gy ra gi l tn hao st t P
st
.
Tn hao st t khng ph thuc vo dng in ti m ph thuc t thng chnh, cng
tc l ph thuc in p. Tn hao st t bng cng sut lc khng ti:
P
st
= P
0
(1.22)
Hiu sut my bin p q c nh ngha l:

n t t m t
t m t
st
P K P S K
S K
P P P
P
. cos . .
cos . .
2
0 2
2
+ +

=
+ +
= q (1.23)
Trong : P
2
l cng sut ra ti. Ta c P
2
= S
2
.cos
t
= K
t
.S
m
.cos
t

T (1.23) cho thy hiu sut thay i theo ti. Nu
t
= const, hiu sut t cc i
khi: 0 =
c
q c
t
K
(1.24)
Thay (1.23) vo (1.24) tnh c: K
2
t
.P
n
= P
0

Vy hiu sut t cc i khi tn hao st t bng tn hao ng. Minh ho trn hnh 1.9

Hnh 1.9. S ph thuc ca hiu sut theo ti
H s ti khi hiu sut cc i l:

n
t
P
P
K
0
= (1.25)
My bin p in lc thng c thit k hiu sut t cc i K
t
= 0,5
n 0,7.
Hiu sut my bin p thay i theo cng sut my v c gi tr ln. My bin
p cng sut ln hiu sut c th t ti 99%.
1.7. Bin i in p ba pha
bin i in p 3 pha, ta c th dng 3 my bin p 1 pha ni vi nhau to
thnh t my bin p 3 pha, hoc dng 1 my bin p 3 pha.
9
1.7.1. My bin p 3 pha
Trn hnh 1.10 l s nguyn l mt my bin p 3 pha kiu tr. Li thp c 3
tr, trn mi tr qun cun dy s cp v th cp ca 1 pha. Ngi ta quy c k hiu
cc u dy cun s cp l cc ch in hoa, cn cc u dy cun th cp l cc ch in
thng.

Hnh 1.10. S nguyn l my bin p 3 pha kiu tr
Pha u dy s cp u dy th cp
A A, X a, x
B B, Y b, y
C C, Z c, z
Nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p 3 pha tng t nh my bin p 1 pha. Gi
s vng ca cun dy s cp v th cp ca 1 pha th t l W
1
v W
2
, t s in p
pha s cp v th cp s l:

2
1
2
1
W
W
U
U
p
p
= (1.26)
T s in p dy s cp v th cp khng ch ph thuc vo W
1
, W
2
m cn
ph thuc vo cch ni dy s cp v th cp.
1.7.2. Ni dy my bin p 3 pha
Cc cun dy s cp v th cp ca my bin p 3 pha hoc t my bin p 3
pha c th ni vi nhau theo hnh sao hay tam gic. cch ni s cp v th cp
khng ph thuc ln nhau. Trn hnh 1.11 l s mt vi cch ni v k hiu tng
ng.

Hnh 1.11. Cc cch ni dy my bin p 3 pha
T s in p dy s cp v th cp (H s bin p) ca cc s l:
10
S ni Y/Y:
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
3
p
p
d
d
p
p
U
U
U
U
W
W
U
U
= = =
S ni A/A:
2
1
2
1
2
1
d
d
p
p
U
U
W
W
U
U
= =
S ni A/Y:
2
1
2
1
2
1
3 3
d
d
p
p
U
U
W
W
U
U
= =
1.7.3. T ni dy my bin p 3 pha
- T ni dy my bin p 3 pha l k hiu ch r cch ni dy ca my bin p
v gc lch pha gia in p dy s cp v th cp.
- Gc lch pha gia in p dy s cp v th cp lun l bi s ca ca 30
0
vi
h s nhn l cc s nguyn t 1 n 12. Trong k hiu t ni dy, gn, ngi ta qui
c khng ghi gc lch m ch ghi h s nhn ng vi gc lch.
V d: T ni dy Y/A-11 ch rng: dy qun s cp ni sao, dy qun th cp
ni tam gic, gc lch pha gia in p dy s cp v th cp l 11*30
0
=330
0
. S
ni dy v th vc t in p ca t ni dy ny nh hnh 1.12.

Hnh 1.12. S ni dy v th vct in p
y cc u dy (A, a), (B, b) l cc u dy cng cc tnh.
1.8. My bin p lm vic song song
Khi cn tng cng sut th ni nhiu my bin p lm vic song song vi nhau
nh hnh 1.13.

Hnh 1.13. Ni hai my bin p lm vic song song
iu kin cc my bin p c th lm vic song song l:
1- in p nh mc s cp v th cp ca cc my phi tng ng bng nhau (cng
11
c ngha l h s bin p ca my bng nhau).
U
1I
= U
1II
, U
2I
= U
2II
, k
I
= k
II

(Thc t cho php h s bin p ca cc my sai khc nhau khng qu 0, 5%)
2- Cc my phi c cng t ni dy ( in p th cp ca chng trng pha nhau)
iu kin 1 v 2 m bo cho khng c dng in cn bng ln chy qun
trong dy qun cc my do s chnh in p th cp ca chng.
3- in p ngn mch ca cc my phi bng nhau. U
nI
% = U
nII
%
iu kin ny m bo cho phn b ti cho cc my t l vi cng sut ca chng.
Tht vy, gi s c: U
nI
% < U
nII
%, xt khi my I nhn ti nh mc, tc c I
I
= I
Im

in p ri trong my I l: I
Im
.Z
nI
. Khi dng in trong my II l I
II
v in p ri
trong my l I
IIm
.Z
nII
. V hai my lm vic song song nn 2 in p ny phi bng
nhau: I
Im
.Z
nI
= I
IIm
.Z
nII

Vi Z
nI
v Z
nII
l tng tr ngn mch ca my I v my II (xem hnh 1.14). V U
nI
% <
U
nII
% nn I
Im
.Z
nI
< I
IIm
.Z
nII
, do : I
Im
< I
Iim
tc dng in trong my II nh hn
dng in nh mc ca n. Vy khi my I nhn ti nh mc th my II non ti, nu
my II nhn ti nh mc th my I s qu ti. Thc t cho php in p ngn mch cc
my sai khc khng qu 10%.

Hnh 1.14. Tng tr ngn mch ca my bin p khi lm vic song song



Cu hi n tp chng 1
Cu 1. My bin p l g ? Vai tr ca my bin p trong h thng in lc ? Tc dng
ca tng b phn trong my bin p ?
Cu 2. ngha cc i lng nh mc ca my bin p ? Xc nh cc dng in
nh mc ca my bin p 3 pha nu bit S
m
= 100(kVA), U
1m
/U
2m
= 6000/230 (V).
Cu 3. Ti sao khi tng dng in th cp th dng in s cp li tng ln? lc t
thng trong my bin p c thay i khng ?
Cu 4. Cch xc nh tr khng mch s cp v th cp ca my bin p? Tn hao
ngn mch l g? Tn hao khng ti l g ? Tr s in p ngn mch c ngha g ?
Cu 5. S ph thuc ca in p th cp vo ti nh th no ?
Cu 6. Cho 2 my bin p ni Y/Y-12 v Y/Y-6 c cng t s bin i K v in p
ngn mch U
n
. chng lm vic song song th phi lm th no ? Cng cc kin trn
nu 2 my bin p c t ni dy Y/-11 v Y/-12 ?.
Cu 7. My bin p 1 pha c tit din tr li thp l 135cm
2
, in p s cp/th cp l
10kV/0,23kV, 50Hz. Bit bin cm ng t trong li thp l 1,1T, Tnh s vng dy
cun dy s cp, th cp.
Cu 8. Mt my bin p 3 pha Y/Y-12 c: S
m
= 180kVA; U
1
/U
2
=6000/400 V; dng
in khng ti I
0
% = 6,4%; tn hao khng ti P
0
= 1000W; in p ngn mch U
n
% =
5,5; tn hao ngn mch P
n
= 4000W. Gi s r
1
= R

2
, x
1
= X

2
. Hy v s thay th
ca my bin p v tnh cc thnh phn ca in p ngn mch.

12
Chng 2. MY IN KHNG NG B
Ni dung chnh ca chng my in khng ng b nhm gip ngi c hiu
c cu to v nguyn l lm vic chung v nhng thng s k thut ca my in
khng ng b, bit cc phng php m my i vi ng c in khng ng b
xoay chiu ba pha. Ngoi ra ngi c cn hiu c nhng yu cu khi m my ng
c in khng ng b.
2.1. Nguyn l lm vic c bn ca my in khng ng b

Hnh 2.1. S in t v s hnh thnh mmen in t my in
khng ng b khi lm vic ch ng c in (a); s u (b).
Trong my in khng ng b (hnh 2.1a) c hai dy qun: mt dy qun t
phn tnh - trong li thp stato 1, cn dy qun th hai t phn quay - trong li thp
rto 3. Gia stato v rto c khe h khng kh. tng cng s lin h v t gia cc
dy qun, tr s khe h khng kh cn phi ch to nh nht khi c th c. Dy qun
stato thng c ba pha (hoc tng qut gm c nhiu pha), c cc pha ca n c t
cch u nhau theo chu vi stato. Trng hp trn hnh 1, dy qun stato 2 c ba pha
AX, BY, CZ ni theo s hnh sao hoc tam gic v c ni vo li in xoay
chiu ba pha (hnh 1b). Dy qun rto c ch to thnh ba pha (hoc nhiu pha), c
cc pha ca n cng c t cch u nhau theo chu vi rto. Trng hp trn hnh 1,
dy qun rto 4 c ba pha ax, by, cz c ni ngn mch li.
Khi c cung cp in xoay chiu ba pha, dy qun stato to ra t trng quay
u
1
quay vi tc ng b:
p
f 60
n
1
1
=
(vng/pht) (2.1)
Trong : f
1
- tn s li in cung cp (Hz); p - s i cc t stato.
T trng quay stato u
1
qut qua cc thanh dn dy qun rto, cm ng trong
chng s.. cm ng e
2
v nu dy qun rto c ni ngn mch, th trong n xut
hin dng in i
2
, bin i vi tn s f
2
=f
1
(khi rto ng yn). Nu dy qun rto c
ba pha (hnh 2.1b), th dng in ba pha sinh ra trong n s to ra t trng quay rto
u
2
, c s cc t 2p, quay cng chiu v cng tc vi t trng quay stato khi n=0:
n
2
=60f
2
/p=60f
1
/p=n
1
, vg/ph. Nh vy, t trng quay u
1
v u
2
quay ng b vi
nhau, to thnh t trng quay tng u khe h khng kh. Kt lun ny cng ng
cho c my in c rto lng sc.
13
Tc dng tng h ca dng in rto vi t trng quay tng u s to ra lc
in t F v mmen quay in t M, lm quay rto vi tc n.
iu kin cn thit sinh ra mmen in t M my in khng ng b l
tc quay ca rto n phi khc tc ca t trng quay n
1
. Ch iu kin
trong dy qun rto mi cm ng s.. e
2
v do vy mi xut hin dng in i
2
. Chnh
v rto quay khng ng b vi t trng m tn gi ca my in l my in khng
ng b. i khi my in ny cn c gi l my in kiu cm ng, v dng in i
2

sinh ra trong dy qun rto l nh con ng cm ng t, ch khng phi c cung
cp t ngun ngoi.
Hiu s tng i ca tc t trng quay n
1
v tc quay rto n c gi
l h s trt s:
1
1
n
n n
s

=
(2.2)
T cng thc (2.2), c th tnh tc quay rto n qua h s trt s:
n = n
1
(1-s) (2.3)
Theo cc cng thc (2.2) v (2.3), c th biu th h s trt s (v tc quay
rto n tng ng) nm trong cc phm vi cho bng 1.1, m mi phm vi ng vi mt
ch lm vic c th, c xt di y.
Bng 2.1
H s trt s +s>1 s=1 1>s>0 s=0 0>s-
Tc quay rto n -n<0 n=0 0<n<n
1
n=n
1
n
1
<n+

2.1.1. Khi rto quay theo chiu t trng vi tc 0<n<n
1
(1>s>0).
Gi thit t trng quay tng u quay theo chiu kim ng h vi tc ng
b n
1
v rto quay cng chiu t trng vi tc n<n
1
nh trn hnh 2.1a. Cn c
vo chiu chuyn ng tng i ca cc thanh dn rto vi t trng quay tng u,
theo qui tc bn tay phi d dng xc nh c chiu s.. cm ng trong cc thanh
dn rto (hnh 2.1a).
Dng in thnh phn tc dng rto trng pha vi s.. cm ng, nn k hiu
"+" v "." trn hnh 2.2a ng thi ch chiu ca dng in ny. Tc dng ca dng
in trong thanh dn rto vi t trng quay tng u s sinh ra lc in t F c chiu
c xc nh theo qui tc bn tay tri, v mmen quay in t ca my M.
Nu mmen quay in t M ln th rto s quay theo chiu ca t trng
quay, t n tc n xc lp no , c mmen quay in t M cn bng vi
mmen cn M
c
trn trc my. Khi my in lm vic ch ng c in
(1>s>0), bin in nng nhn c t li in thnh c nng a ra trc my. ch
ng c in, mmen quay in t M ng vai tr mmen ch ng.
1.2. Khi rto quay theo chiu t trng quay vi tc n>n
1
(s<0).
Nu nh ng c s cp quay rto ca my in khng ng b theo chiu t
trng quay n tc n>n
1
, th chiu s.. v dng in sinh ra trong thanh dn rto
thay i ngc li so vi ch ng c in va xt (hnh 2.2a). S d nh vy l
v chiu chuyn ng tng i ca cc thanh dn rto vi t trng quay tng u
b thay i ngc li. Kt qu l mmen quay in t M b i hng, tc dng ngc
chiu quay rto, ng vai tr mmen hm. Lc ny my in lm vic ch my
pht in (s<0), bin c nng nhn c trn trc thnh in nng cung cp cho li
in.
14

Hnh 2.2. S hnh thnh mmen in t my in
khng ng b, khi lm vic ch my pht in (a)
v ch hm in t (b).
2.1.3. Khi rto quay ngc chiu t trng n<0 (s>1).
Nu v nguyn nhn no , chng hn do ngoi lc, rto quay ngc chiu t
trng n<0 (hnh 2.2b), th chiu chuyn ng tng i ca cc thanh dn rto vi t
trng quay tng u vn khng i, ging nh ch ng c in. Do vy chiu
s.., chiu dng in trong thanh dn rto v chiu mmen quay in t M vn ging
nh ch ng c in. Song v mmen quay in t M tc dng ngc chiu
quay rto, nn n ng vai tr mmen hm, c tc dng hm rto li. Ch lm vic
ny c gi l ch hm in t. ch hm in t my in khng ng b
va tiu th in nng t li in, va nhn c nng t trc my.
2.2. Phn loi v cu to ca my in khng ng b
2.2.1. Phn loi
C nhiu cch phn loi, chng hn:
Theo kt cu v my, my in khng ng b c phn thnh: kiu h, kiu bo
v, kiu kn, kiu phng n...
Theo kiu dy qun rto, phn thnh hai loi: rto lng sc v rto dy qun.
Theo s pha ca dy qun stato, phn thnh cc loi: mt pha, hai pha, ba pha...
2.2.2. Cu to
My in khng ng b ch yu c dng lm ng c in. Trong thc t
thng gp hai loi ng c in khng ng b: rto lng sc (hnh 2.3) v rto dy
qun (hnh 2.4).
Kt cu ca my in khng ng b gm hai phn chnh: phn tnh v phn
quay.
2.2.2.1. Phn tnh (stato) bao gm: v my, li thp v dy qun.
- V my c tc dng c nh li thp v dy qun, ngoi ra cn c dng
gi np my. Trn np my c gn bi phn quay. V my thng lm bng
gang hoc nhm i vi my nh v lm bng thp tm hn li i vi my ln. Tu
thuc vo cch lm ngui m v my c hnh dng khc nhau.
- Li thp stato l phn dn t ca my. V t trng qua li thp stato l t
trng quay nn gim tn hao dng in xoy, li thp c lm bng nhng l
thp k thut in dy 0,35mm hoc 0,5mm, ph sn cch in hai mt ri p li vi
nhau.
15


Hnh 2.3. Cu to ca ng c in khng ng b roto lng sc
1 - li thp stato; 2 - dy qun stato ; 3 - np my; 4 - bi; 5 - trc my; 6 - hp
u cc; 7 - li thp roto; 8 v my; 9 - qut gi lm mt; 10 np bo v qut
gi.

Hnh 2.4. Cu to ca ng c in khng ng b roto dy qun
tt c cc ng c khng ng b c ng knh ngoi li thp stato nh hn
1m, nhng l thp k thut in stato c dng hnh vnh khn nguyn tm, mt trong
ca n c dp sn rnh t dy qun; cn khi ng knh ngoi li thp stato ln
hn 1m, phi dng nhng l thp k thut in c hnh r qut. Khi li thp stato ngn
c th ghp thnh mt khi; cn khi li thp stato qu di phi ghp thnh tng khi,
mi khi di 68cm, gia cc khi c rnh thng gi rng 1cm.
- Dy qun stato c t vo trong cc rnh stato v c cch in tt so vi
16
li thp.
2.2.2.2. Phn quay (rto).
Rto ca my in khng ng b gm ba phn chnh: trc my, li thp v
dy qun.

Hnh 2.5. Cu to rto lng sc: lng sc (a); rto lng sc vi
thanh dn bng ng (b); rto lng sc c nhm (c);
cc dng rnh rto (d).
1- li thp rto; 2- cc thanh dn; 3- vnh ngn mch; 4- cnh qut gi.
- Trc my c lm bng thp.
- Li thp rto. Khi my lm vic tn hao st t trong li thp rto rt b nn c
th khng cn dng thp l k thut in. Tuy vy sau khi dp li thp stato, phn thp
l k thut in cn li thng c tn dng dp lun li thp rto. Trong cc my
in c nh li thp rto c p trc tip ln trc, cn nhng my in ln li thp
rto c p ln gi trc.
- Dy qun rto, gm hai loi chnh: rto dy qun v rto lng sc.
+ Rto dy qun: c dy qun ging nh ca dy qun stato. Trong my in c
nh thng dng loi dy qun ng tm mt lp. Trong my in c trung tr ln
thng dng kiu dy qun sng hai lp v bt c nhng u dy ni, kt cu dy
qun trn rto cht ch. Dy qun ba pha ca rto thng c u hnh sao, cn ba
u kia c ni vo ba vnh trt thng lm bng ng t c nh mt u trc
my v thng qua chi than c th ni vi mch in bn ngoi. ng c in rto dy
qun c u im l: thng qua vnh trt v chi than c th ni ni tip bin tr m
my vo mch rto ci thin tnh nng m my; a s.. ph hoc ni ni tip
in tr ph vo mch rto iu chnh tc . Lc my lm vic, dy qun rto
c ni ngn mch.
+ Rto lng sc: dy qun rto lng sc c cu to rt khc so vi dy qun
stato. Lng sc c th c ch to t cc thanh dn bng ng (hoc nhm), hai u
ca chng c ni ngn mch vi nhau bng hai vnh ngn mch (hnh 2.5a). cc
ng c in c cng sut ln, lng sc c ch to t cc thanh dn bng ng t
vo trong cc rnh rto, phn u thanh dn nh ra khi li thp c hn li vi nhau
thnh hai vnh ngn mch (hnh 2.5b). cc ng c in c cng sut nh v trung
bnh, lng sc c ch to bng cch c nhm vo trong rnh rto, ng thi c
lun c vnh ngn mch v cnh qut gi (hnh 2.5c). Dy qun lng sc khng cn
17
cch in so vi li thp rto.
ci thin tnh nng m my, cc ng c in cng sut tng i ln
rnh rto lng sc c ch to c hnh dng c bit. ci thin dng sng s..,
trong cc my in c nh rnh rto thng c lm cho i mt gc so vi phng
dc trc my.
2.2.2.3. Khe h khng kh
Gia stato v rto ca my in khng ng b c khe h khng kh o rt nh.
hn ch dng in t ho nhm nng cao h s cng sut ca my, tr s khe h
khng kh os0,31mm i vi my in c cng sut trn 0,5kW v os0,020,3mm
i vi my in c cng sut rt nh.
2.3. M my ng c in khng ng b
2.3.1. Cc yu cu khi m my ng c in khng ng b
Cc phng php m my ng c in khng ng b phi p ng c cc
yu cu sau:
- ng c phi c mmen ln (M
mm
> M
c
) rto tng tc t tc quay
nh mc.
- Dng in m my I
mm
phi c hn ch, trnh lm hng ng c v ph
hy ch lm vic bnh thng ca li in.
- S m my phi n gin, chc chn, gi thnh thit b m my phi r.
- Tn hao cng sut trong qu trnh m my cng nh cng tt.
2.3.2. Cc phng php m my ng c in khng ng b
2.3.2.1. M my trc tip ng c in khng ng b roto lng sc.

Hnh 2.6. S cc phng php m my ng c in
khng ng b rto lng sc: a m my trc tip; b- m my bng in
khng; c- m my bng bin p t ngu
y l phng php m my n gin nht, ch vic u dy qun stator ng
c in r to lng sc trc tip vo li in (hnh 2.6a). Khi in p t trn dy
qun stator U
1
=U
dm
v dng in m my trc tip I
mm
bng:
I
mm
= (47)I
m
(2.4)
Cc ng c in khng ng b r to lng sc c thit k, m bo cho
php chng m my trc tip c. Nh vy, cc ng c in r to lng sc hon
ton c th m my trc tip c, nu li in c cng sut v dng in m
my khng gy ra st p trong li in qu mc cho php.
18
2.3.2.2. Cc phng php m my di in p thp
Trong mt s trng hp, c khi khng m my trc tip cc ng c khng
ng b roto lng sc c, do n gy ra st p qu ln trong li in.
Lc phi dng cc phng php m my di in p thp.
u im ca phng php m my di in p thp l gim c dng in
m my. Song, phng php m my ny c nhc im l: khi gim in p U
1
, m
men m my M
mm
b gim bnh phng ln mc gim in p, do vi nhng ti
yu cu mmen m my ln s khng dng c phng php m my ny.
a) M my bng cun khng
Lc m my tin hnh ng cu dao CD1, ng c c cp in qua b in
khng ba pha DK (hnh 2.6b). Tr s in khng X
dk
ca b in khng ni ni tip
mch stator c tc dng hn ch tr s dng in m my ca ng c. Sau khi m
my xong, ng cu dao CD2 loi in khng DK ra khi s , a in p U
1
=
U
m
vo cc ng c.
Khi m my trc tip, dng in m my I
mm
bng:
2 2
dm
mm
n n
U
I
r x
=
+
(2.5)
trong :
r
n
, x
n
tng ng l in tr v in khng ngn mch ca mt pha ng c in.
Khi m my bng in khng, b qua in tr tc dng ca b in khng,
dng in m my I
mm
bng:
'
2 2
( )
dm
mm
n n dk
U
I
r x x
=
+ +
(2.6)
Bng cch iu chnh tr s in khng x
dk
s nhn c dng in m my cn
thit.
T biu thc (2.5) v (2.6), ta c:
2 2
' 2 2
( )
mm n n dk
mm n n
I r x x
k
I r x
+ +
= =
+
(2.7)
Hay:
' mm
mm
I
I
k
=
(2.8)
Ngha l khi m my bng in khng dng in m my ca ng c in I

mm
b gim i k ln so vi khi m my trc tip I
mm
.
Nu coi rng lc m my bng in khng cc tham s ca my in khng i,
th in p trn cc ng c U
mm
cng b gim i k ln khi vi m my trc tip:
' dm
mm
U
U
k
=
(2.9)
V do vy, m men m my M
mm
b gim i k
2
ln so vi khi m my trc tip.
'
2
mm
mm
M
M
k
=
(2.10)
b) M my bng bin p t ngu
u tin ng cu dao CD1 v CD3 a in p thp vo cc ng c in qua
bin p t ngu TN (hnh 2.6c). Sau khi t tc quay nht nh no c th m
cu dao CD3, khi ng c c cp in qua mt s vng dy ca my bin p t
19
ngu TN, ging nh trng hp cp in qua cun khng. Sau cng tin hnh ng
cu dao CD2 a in p nh mc U
dm
vo cc ng c.
Nu bin p t ngu TN gim in p m my ng c i k
TN
ln, th dng in
m my trong ng c hay pha h p HA ca bin p t ngu I
mm
cng b gim i
k
TN
ln, cn dng in m my pha cao p CA ca my bin p t ngu hay pha
li in I
mm
b gim i k
2
TN
ln. M men m my ca ng c t l vi in p m
my, cng b gim i k
2
TN
ln.
c) M my bng cch i ni tam gic sao
Phng php m my bng cch i ni sao - tam gic (hnh 2.7) ch dng
thch hp cho cc ng c in lc lm vic bnh thng dy qun stator u .

Hnh 2.7. S m my ng c in khng ng b
rto lng sc bng cch i ni sao - tam gic.
Khi m my tin hnh ng cu dao CD2 trn hnh 2.7 sang tri, ng vi v tr
m my, lm cho dy qun stator u sao (Y); cn khi tc ng c t n nh
mc phi nhanh chng ng cu dao CD2 sang bn phi, ng vi v tr lm vic,
dy qun stator u li thnh sao ().
So vi khi m my trc tip vi dy qun stator u , phng php m my
ny gim c in p pha dy qun stator ln, m men m my gim 3 ln, dng
in m my trong mi pha dy qun stator gim ln, cn dng in m my pha
li in gim 3 ln.
2.3.2.3. M my ng c in khng ng b rto dy qun bng bin tr m
my
ng c in rto dy qun t c dng hn so vi ng c in rto lng
sc. Chng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi cc ng c in rto lng sc khng p ng c cc yu cu v iu
chnh tc quay.
- Khi m my vi m men cn tnh M
c
trn trc ln, ng c in khng ng
b r to lng sc khng th m my c bng phng php in p thp, cn m
my trc tip th dng in m my li qu ln, khng m bo.
20
- Khi trng lng phn ng ln, nhit nng sinh ra mch in th cp ca
ng c in r to lng sc rt ln, t nng dy qun r to lng sc qu mc cho
php.
Di y xt qu trnh m my ng c in khng ng b rto dy qun nh
bin tr m my ni ni tip vo mch rto nh hnh 2.8.

Hnh 2.8. S m my ng c in khng ng b
rto dy qun nh bin tr m my
Trc lc m my, tt c cc cp bin tr m my c ni vo mch r to qua
vnh tip xc v chi in. Trong qu trnh m my ln lt ng cc tip im K3,
K2, K1.
u im ca phng php m my ny l to ra c m men m my ln,
trong khi dng in m my li nh.

PHN THAM KHO IU CHNH TC
NG C IN KHNG NG B XOAY CHIU 3 PHA
I. iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b bng phng php thay i in p
1. S nguyn l iu chnh
iu chnh in p ta dng b bin i BB c tn hiu in p ra thay i
theo tn hiu iu khin nh s nguyn l sau

B
B

U
1

,

f
1

=

c
o
n
s
t
Rc
U
2
= var
U
k

2. c tnh c trong iu chnh
a, Nu b qua tng tr ngun v khng dng in tr ph trong mch r to
in p ngun thay i ta thu c mt h c tnh iu chnh c trt ti
hn gi nguyn cn M
th
thay i t l vi U
2

21
t.tn
M
th M
th.u
U
1
U
2

M

Nh vy nhng ng c tnh iu chnh ny c on lm vic ngn, cng
thp v M
th
gim nhanh khi in p gim.
ci thin c tnh iu chnh v lm gim mc pht nng ca my in
ngi ta ni thm mt in tr R
c
vo mch roto. Khi in p t vo stato l nh
mc th ta thu c c tnh mm hn c tnh t nhin, ta gi n l ng c tnh
gii hn

th thgh
cd
th thgh
M M
R
R R
s s =
+
=
2
2
.
M
thgh
, s
thgh
: m men v trt ti hn gii hn ca c tnh gii hn
M
th
, s
th
: m men v trt ti hn ca c tnh t nhin
Khi in p t vo khc nh mc, m men ti hn M
th.u
s thay i t l vi
bnh phng in p cn trt ti hn s
th.u
th khng i

const s s
U M
U
U
M M
thgh u th
thgh
dm
thgh u th
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
.
2 *
2
.
.

Da vo c tnh gii hn M
gh
(s) ta suy ra c tnh iu chnh ng vi gi tr U
cho trc nh quan h
2 *
.U M M
gh u
=
Cc ng c tnh iu chnh s c dng nh sau:
t.tn
U
1
U
2

M
th.gh
M
th M
th.u

b, Nu tnh n c tng tr ngun
Trng hp n gin ta xt b bin i c in tr R
b
, in khng X
b
v cc
thng s ny khng ph thuc vo in p U t vo ng c, khi ta c

| |
2
2 1
2
1 1
2
2 1
2
1 1
2
2 1
2
1 1 0
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
) (
) (
) ( 2
3
) ( (
X X R R
X X R R
M
X X R R
U
M
X X R
R R
s
t t t
th
t t t
thgh
t t
cd
thgh
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
+ +
+
=
e

22
Trong : R
1t
= R
1
+R
b
; X
1t
= X
1
+X
b

Phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c tnh gii hn s l:

thgh
thgh
thgh
thgh thgh
gh
s a
s
s
s
s
s a M
M
,
,
2
) 1 ( 2
+ +
+
= vi:
, ,
2
1 ,
cd
t
R R
R
a
+
=
I I . iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b bng phng php thay i tn s
ngun f
1

1. Khi nim chung
Xut pht t biu thc ) 1 (
2
) 1 (
1
0
s
p
f
s = =
t
e e , ta nhn thy khi thay i tn
s f
1
ta cng c th thay i c tc ca ng c khng ng b .
Ta c s iu chnh nh sau :

B
B

U
1

,

f
1

=

c
o
n
s
t
U
2
, f
2
= var
U
k

Do my in c thit k lm vic vi mt tn s nht nh nn vic thay
i tn s s lm nh hng n ch cng tc ca my in.

1
1
'
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
f
U
C
Cf
U
U f C
Z I U f C E
- -
-
- - -
= = u ~ u
= u =

Nu in p U
1
= const th khi tn s f
1
tng th t thng s gim do s
dn n hin tng gim m men trong my. gi cho m men khng i th ta phi
tng dng in. Nh vy ng c s b qu ti v in
Nu ta gim tn s f
1
th t thng s tng ln , iu ny s lm t nng li
thp v lm cho hin tng bo ho t trong my tng ln.
Nh vy i vi phng php thay i tn s th khi iu chnh tn s th ta
cng phi thay i U
1
cho ph hp nhm mc ch gi cho l khng i.
2. Quy lut thay i tn s
Khi tin hnh iu chnh nu ta gi cho h s qu ti v m men l mt hng s
th ch lm vic ca my in s lun c duy tr mc ti u nh khi lm vic
vi ti nh mc.
Nh vy khi iu chnh ta cn phi lun tho mn iu kin : const
M
M
c
th
= =
Nu coi 0
1
~ r t biu thc ca M
th
, ta c:
2
1
'
2 1
2
1
1
'
2 1 1 0
2
1
) (
4
3
) ( 2
3
f C C
p
U
f x f x
U
M
th
+
=
+
~
t
e

23
Trong , ta thay th
p
f
1
0
2t
e =
H s qu ti v m men ca ng c c xc nh da vo M
th
v M
c
= f ()

) ( .
.
) ( . ) (
4
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
'
2 1
2
1
e
e
t

c
c
c
th
M f
U
A
M f C C
p
U
M
M
=
+
= =
Thay th M
c
= f () bng phng trnh c tnh c dng gn ng ca my sn xut v
coi
x x
x
x
dm c
x
dm c c
f B f
p
M M M
p
f
1 1 . .
1
0
) 2 (
. ) (
2
= - = = = ~
t
e e
t
e e
Nh vy ta c
) 2 (
1
2
1
x
c
th
f
U
B
A
M
M
+
= = v vit biu thc cho trng hp lm vic cc
thng s nh mc v trong trng hp U
1
, f
1
bt k v tho mn iu kin = const
lc ta c

) 2 (
1
) 2 (
1
2
1
2
1
) 2 (
1
2
1
) 2 (
1
2
1
x
x
dm
x x
dm
f
f
U
U
f
U
f
U
+
+
+ +
= =
T ta rt ra quy lut bin i ca in p
) 2 (
1
) 2 (
1
1
1
x
dm
x
dm
f
f
U
U
+
+
= hoc
) 2 (
1 1
x
f U
+ - -
=
Vy in p stato phi thay i ph thuc tn s v c tnh ph ti. Cho x cc gi tr
khc nhau ta s c nhng quy lut bin i khc nhau ca in p. Ta c bng biu
din quy lut:
Loi ti X Quy lut iu chnh
Kiu my tin -1
-
1
f
Kiu my nng 0
-
1
f
Ma st nht 1
3
1
-
f
Qut gi 2
2
1
-
f
3. Cc c tnh iu chnh
c tnh c ca ng c khi iu chnh tn s khng nhng ph thuc vo f
1

m cn ph thuc vo quy lut thay i in p, ngha l ph thuc vo c tnh ti.
Khi s dng quy lut iu chnh in p gn ng th m men ti hn ca c
tnh iu chnh cng c xc nh gn ng. Khi tn s v in p l nh mc th m
men ti hn s l:
) (
4
3
'
2 1
2
1
2
1
.
C C f
p
U
M
dm
dm
dm th
+
=
t

So snh vi M
th
ta c
2
1
2
1
.
-
-
=
f
U
M M
dm th th
v thay
-
1
U bng quy lut bin thin va xc
nh c ta s c
x
dm th th
f M M
-
=
1 .

trt ti hn c xc nh theo biu thc gn ng
- - -
=
+
=
1
.
1
'
2 1 1
'
2
f
s
f C f C
R
s
dm th
th

Trong s
th.m
l trt ti hn ca c tnh c t nhin.
Nh vy khi bit s liu ca c tnh t nhin v c tnh c ca my sn xut ta c
th xc nh c M
th
v s
th
ca ng c ti bt k tn s no. Cui cng s dng
phng trnh:
24


s
s
s
s
M
M
th
th
th
+
=
2

ta s dng c c tnh c iu chnh. Di y trnh by dng cc ng c tnh c
ng vi cc ph ti khc nhau.

M
M
M
Mc M
th
f
11
f
m
f
12
f
13
f
21
f
m
f
22
f
m
f
31
f
32
Trn thc t h c tnh ny u tho mn iu kin const
M
M
c
th
= =
Trong thc t , do ta b qua gi tr R
1
nn nhng min tn s thp m men ti
hn c s sai khc ng k so vi gi tr tnh ton. nhng min tn s cao th in
khng t ho x

>>R
1
nn ta c th b qua cn khi tn s iu chnh thp th gi tr R
1

khng th b qua c nn kt qu tnh ton s khng chnh xc. H s qu ti thc t
b gim ng k trong min ny.
cng ca c tnh c cng ph thuc vo tn s iu chnh v c tnh ca
m men cn. n gin trong tnh ton ta coi on lm vic ca c tnh c l ng
thng v c phng trnh:
2
th
th
M
M s
s
=
Khi cng ca n s c xc nh theo phng trnh:
0
2 1
th
th
M
s
|
e
=
Thay cc gi tr ca M
th
v s
th
vo ta c cc c tnh iu chnh tng ng
I I I . iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b bng phng php thay i s i
cc
1. Nguyn l iu chnh
Khi thay i s i cc ca my in KB, tc t trng quay thay i do
tc ca roto cng thay i theo. Quan h c th hin theo biu thc :
1
0
2
(1 ) (1 )
f
s s
p
t
e e = =
f
1
: tn s ca li in
p: s i cc
c th thay i c s i cc ca ng c th my in phi c ch to
c bit. Nhng my in kiu gi l my in a tc. S i cc ca my c th
c thay i bng 2 cch:
+ Dng 2 t dy qun stato ring bit, mi t c s i cc ring
+ Dng mt t dy qun stato nhng mi pha c chia lm 2 on, thay i cch
ni dy gia 2 on ta s thay i c s i cc.
25
Thng thng nhng ng c c t 3 cp tc tr ln u c 2 hoc nhiu t
dy qun stato. Mi t li c th phn on thay i s i cc theo cch hn hp.
Nhng loi ng c kiu ny thng l loi ng c lng sc.
Ta kho st phng php thay i s i cc bng cch thay i cch u dy
stato :
Gi s ta c mt t u dy stato gm 2 on, mi on l mt phn t dy qun,
nu ta u ni tip hai on thun cc nhau th s i cc s l p = 2, cn nu ta
u ni tip ngc cc hoc song song ngc th p = 1.
* *
* *
~
P = 2 ;
0
* *
* *
P = 1 ; 2
0
* *
* *
~
P = 1 ; 2
0
~
N
s
N
s s N N s

Nh vy bng cch i ni n gin ta iu chnh c tc ng c.



Cu hi n tp chng 2
Cu 1. Nguyn l lm vic chung ca my in khng ng b l g ? Vai tr ca my
in khng ng b trong cng nghip v dn dng ?.
Cu 2. Mi quan h ca h s trt s vi tc quay ca rto n ? Ti sao tc quay
ca rto li khc tc ca t trng quay ?.
Cu 3. Cu to ca ng c khng ng b ba pha loi lng sc v dy qun ? Chc
nng ca mi b phn ?
Cu 4. Cc yu cu khi m my ng c in khng ng b, gii thch vai tr v
ngha ca cc yu cu khi m my ng c khng ng b ?
Cu 5. Gii thch ti sao cn phi p dng cc phng php khi ng cc ng c
khng ng b c nhng phng php khi ng no ?
Cu 6. c im ca cc phng php m my ng c khng ng b rto lng sc,
phm vi ng dng ca tng phng php ?
Cu 7. c im ca cc phng php m my ng c khng ng b rto dy qun,
phm vi ng dng ca tng phng php ?









26
Chng 3. MY IN NG B
Ni dung chnh ca chng my in ng b nhm gip ngi c hiu c
cu to v nguyn l lm vic chung v nhng thng s k thut ca my in ng
b, bit cc phng php m my i vi ng c in ng b. Ngoi ra ngi c
cn hiu c vai tr, phm vi ng dng ca my pht v ng c in ng b.
3.1. Nguyn l lm vic c bn ca my in ng b
Stato ca my in ng b (hnh 3.1a) c cu to ging nh stato ca my in
khng ng b. Dy qun stato 3 ca my in ng b thng c ba pha AX, BY, CZ
(tng qut c nhiu pha), c cu to ging nh dy qun stato ca my in khng
ng b, c s cc t bng s cc t ca r to, c gi l dy qun phn ng.

Hnh 3.1. S in t (a) v s u dy (b)
ca my in ng b
Trn li thp rto ca my in ng b t dy qun kch thch 4, c cung
cp in mt chiu t ngun ngoi qua vnh trt 5 v chi in 6. Nh vy, dng
in sinh ra trong dy qun rto l do ngun in mt chiu bn ngoi cung cp, ch
khng phi t con ng cm ng nh trong my in khng ng b. Dy qun kch
thch, c nhim v to ra t trng kch thch trong my. Rto cng vi dy qun kch
thch c gi chung l phn cm. Khi ch to my in ng b, cn phi s dng
cc bin php sao cho nhn c s phn b t cm ca t trng kch thch dc theo
chu vi stato c dng gn sin nht.
Nu quay rto ca my in ng b vi tc n no v cp in cho dy
qun kch thch, th t thng kch thch
t
u
s qut qua cc thanh dn dy qun stato,
cm ng trong cc pha dy qun stato s.. xoay chiu E (hnh 3.1b) bin i vi tn
s
1
f
.

1
,
60
pn
f Hz = (3.1)
trong :
n-tc quay r to, vg/ph
H thng s.. dy qun stato l h thng s.. ba pha i xng. Khi mc ti i
xng cho n, dy qun stato s mang ti ba pha i xng v my lm vic ch
my pht in.
Khi mang ti, dy qun stato to ra t trng quay, ging nh ca dy qun
stato my in khng ng b. T trng stato quay theo chiu quay ca r to, vi tc
:
27

1
1
60
, /
f
n vg ph
p
= (3.2)
T cc cng thc (3.1) v (3.2), ta c:

1
n n = (3.3)
Nh vy, t trng stato lun quay cng chiu v cng tc (ngha l quay
ng b) vi rto, chnh v vy m my in c gi l my in ng b.
T trng stato v t trng r to lun quay ng b vi nhau, to ra t trng
quay tng
o
u
ging nh my in khng ng b.
C th t dy qun phn ng phn tnh, cn dy qun kch thch phn quay
nh trn hnh 3.1a (kiu c bn), hoc c th t ngc li (kiu o ngc) v iu
khng lm thay i nguyn l lm vic c bn ca my in.
My in ng b c th lm vic song song vi cc my pht in ng b
khc trn cng mt li in.
Khi lm vic vi li in, my in ng b c th cung cp in nng cho
li in (t cch ny l my pht in) hoc tiu th in nng t li in ( t cch
l ng c in).
Khi dy qun stato ni vo li in c in p
1
U
, tn s
1
f
, ging nh my
in khng ng b, dng in stato to ra t trng quay stato. Tc dng tng h
gia t trng quay stato vi dng in kch thch
t
i
ca r to s to ra mmen in t
M. Khi my lm vic ch ng c in m men in t M ng vai tr m men
ch ng; cn khi lm vic ch my pht in l m men hm.
Nh vy khc vi my in khng ng b, s sinh ra m men in t my
in ng b khng i hi phi c s.. cm ng dy qun r to, v trong dy qun
r to c dng in
t
i
c cung cp t ngun ngoi. Cng chnh v vy, m r to
lun quay ng b vi t trng quay stato c ch ng c in, cng c ch
my pht in, khng ph thuc vo ti c trn trc r to hoc ti in.
3.2. Phn loi v cu to ca my in ng b
3.2.1. Phn loi
C th phn loi my in ng b theo kt cu, theo cch t cc dy qun v
theo chc nng ca my.
- Theo kt cu, my in ng b c phn thnh: my cc n v my cc li.

Hnh 3.2. My in ng b
kiu c bn (a) v kiu o ngc (b).
28
- Theo cch t cc dy qun, my in ng b c cng sut ln thng c
ch to theo kiu c bn, c dy qun phn ng t phn tnh (hnh 3.2a) tin cho
vic truyn dn in nng t phn ng ra li in. Mt khc, khi thc hin cp
in cho dy qun kch thch qua cc vnh trt khng phi gp tr ngi ln do cng
sut kch thch nh. Cc my in ng b c cng sut nh
2 5kW
, thng c ch
to theo kiu o ngc (hnh 3.2b).
- Theo chc nng, my in ng b c phn thnh:
+ My pht in ng b: My pht in ng b c s dng bin i c
nng thnh in nng. in nng ba pha dng trong sn xut v trong i sng hin
nay ch yu c sn xut ra t cc my pht in quay bng tuabin hi hoc kh (gi
l my pht tuabin hi) hoc quay bng tuabin nc (gi l my pht tuabin nc).
My pht in ng b c quay bng cc loi ng c khc (ng c diezen, ng
c t trong, xylanh hi nc) c ch to c cng sut va v nh, dng cho cc
ti a phng.
+ ng c in ng b: Khc vi cc ng c in khng ng b, ng c
in ng b c kh nng pht ra ch khng tiu th cng sut phn khng. Cc ng
c in ng b thng c dng ko cc ti khng yu cu phi thay i tc ,
c cng sut ch yu t 200kW tr ln, nh dng truyn ng cho cc my nn xi
lanh, qut gi m, nm thy lc, my xc m l thin Cc ng c in ng b c
cng sut nh (c bit lm cc ng c nam chm vnh cu) c s dng rt rng
ri trong cc thit b t ng v iu khin.
+ My b ng b: My b ng b ch yu c dng ci thin h s cng
sut
os c
ca li in.
Ngoi ra trong thc t cn gp cc my in ng b c bit, nh: my bin
i mt phn ng , my ng b tn s cao, cc my ng b cng sut nh dng
trong iu khin t ng: ng c ng b phn khc, ng c ng b t tr, ng c
bc
3.2.2. Cu to
3.2.2.1. Kt cu ca my in ng b cc n:
Kt cu rto ca my in ng b cng sut ln ph thuc ch yu vo tc
quay. Kt cu rto cc n hnh 3.3b c dng c bit thch hp cho cc my in
ng b c hai cc 2p=2 (n=3000vg/ph) v bn cc 2p=4 (n=1500vg/ph), nh cc
my pht tuabin hi. S d khng dng c kt cu r to cc li cho cc my c t
cc (c bit l my hai cc) l v vic c nh dy qun kch thch rt kh khn.
Rto ca my in ng b cc n (hnh 3.3a) c lm bng thp hp kim
cht lng cao (hp kim Crom, Niken, Mlpen). N c ch to t mt phi thp
nguyn vi c u trc, c rn thnh khi hnh tr, sau gia cng v phay rnh
t dy qun kch thch. Phn khng phay rnh ca r to hnh thnh nn mt cc t.
Mt ct ngang trc li thp r to cho trn hnh 3.3b. Do tc quay ln, hn ch
lc ly tm v m bo bn c. Khi n=3000vg/ph ng knh r to D khng vt
qu 1,20 1,30m. tng cng sut my , ch c th tng chiu di l ca rto. Chiu
di ti a ca rto vo khong l ~ 7,5 8,5m.
Dy qun kch thch t trong rnh r to c ch to t dy ng trn tit din
ch nht qun theo chiu mng thnh cc bi dy ng tm. Cc vng dy ca bi dy
ny c cch in vi nhau bng mt lp mika mng.
29

Hnh 3.3. R to ca my in ng b cc li (a)
v cc n (b): 1- li thp r to; 2- dy qun kch thch

Hnh 3.4. Hnh dng b ngoi rto cc n (a) v cc li (b)
c nh v p cht dy qun kch thch vo trong rnh, ming rnh c
nm kn bng cc thanh nm thp khng t tnh. Phn u ni (nm ngoi rnh) ca
dy qun kch thch c ai cht bng cc ng tr thp khng t tnh.
Hai u dy qun kch thch i lun trong trc v ni vi hai vnh trt t
u trc, thng qua hai chi in dy qun kch thch c ni vi ngun mt chiu
bn ngoi.
Thng s dng my pht in mt chiu lm my kch thch t ca my in
ng b. My kch t c t trn trc my in ng b hoc c ni vi trc ca
n.
Stato ca my in ng b cc n bao gm li thp, trong c t dy qun
ba pha, than my v np my. Li thp stato c ch to t cc l thp k thut in
(tn silic) dy 0,5mm, hai mt c ph sn cch in, ri c p cht li. Dc chiu
di li thp stato c cch khong
3 6cm
li c mt rnh thng gi ngang trc, rng
10mm. Li thp stato c t c nh trong than my. cc my in ng b cng
30
sut trung bnh v ln, thn my c ch to sao cho trong n hnh thnh h thng
ng thng gi lm ngui my in. Np my cng c ch to t thp tm hoc
t gang c. i vi cc my in ng b cng sut trung bnh v ln, trc c
t trn gi trc, t c nh trn b my.
3.2.2.2. Kt cu ca my in ng b cc li
Kt cu rto cc li hnh 3.5 c dng trong cc my in ng b c s cc
t
2 4 p >
(
1500 / n vg ph s
), nh my pht tuabin nc, my pht diezen, my b ng
b, ng c tc chm

Hnh 3.5. Cu to ca my in rto cc li
My in ng b cc li thng c tc quay thp (c vi chc hoc vi
trm vg/ph), v my c s cc t ln (
2 16 96 p =
). V vy, khc vi my in ng b
cc n, ng knh r to D ca my in ng b cc li c th n 15m trong khi
chiu di 1 ca n li nh (t l l/D=
0,15 0, 2
).
Kt cu ca my in ng b cc li cng sut nh cho trn hnh 3.5. Li thp
r to my in ng b cc li cng sut trung bnh v nh c lm bng thp ng
v gia cng thnh khi lng tr hoc khi hnh tr (bnh xe) trn mt c t cc cc t.
cc my c cng sut ln, li thp r to c ch to t cc tm thp dy
1 6mm
,
c dp hoc c nh hnh sn ghp thnh cc khi lng tr v li thp ny
khng c lng trc tip vo trc my. Cc t t trn li thp roto. Gi r to
mi c lng 1 1,5mm. Cc t c c nh trn li thp nh ui hnh T hoc nh
cc bulng xuyn qua mt cc v vt cht vo li thp rto.
Dy qun kch thch c ch to t dy ng trn tit din ch nht qun theo
chiu mng thnh tng cun dy. Cch in gia cc vng dy l cc lp mica hoc
amiang. Cc cun dy sau khi gia cng c lng vo than cc cc t.
Dy qun cn ( my pht in ng b) hoc dy qun m my ( ng c
in ng b) c t trn cc u cc. Cc dy qun ny (ging nh dy qun lng
sc ca my in khng ng b) c ch to t cc thanh dn bng ng t vo
rnh cc u cc v hai u ca chng c ni bng hai vng ngn mch (hnh
3.6b). Dy qun m my ch khc dy qun cn ch cc thanh ln hn, do c lm
t nhng vt liu c in tr sut cao hn (ng thau).
Stato ca my in ng b cc li c cu to tng t nh stato ca my in
ng b cc n.
31


(a)



(b)
Hnh 3.6. Mt ct ngang (a) v dy qun (b) ca rto cc li
Trc ca cc my ng b cc li (ng c in ng b, my b dng b, my
pht in diezen) thng c t nm ngang.
Trc ca cc my pht tuabin nc c t thng ng.
3.2.2.3. H thng kch thch ca my in ng b
Theo phng php cp in cho dy qun kch thch, h thng kch thch ca
my in ng b c phn thnh: kch thch c lp v t kch.
h thng kch thch c lp, ngun in cp cho dy qun kch thch ly t
my pht in mt chiu (my kch t) t trn trc ca my in ng b (hnh 3.7a)
hoc ly t my pht in ring, c quay bi ng c in ng b.
h thng t kch, dy qun kch thch c cp in t dy qun phn ng
cu my in ng b qua b chnh lu c iu khin hoc khng c iu khin dng
van bn dn (hnh 3.7b). Cng sut cn thit kch thch ch bng 0,3 3,0% cng
sut ca my in ng b.

Hnh 3.7. S kch thch ca my pht in ng b
Trong cc my pht in cng sut ln, ngoi my kch t chnh, i khi cn c
thm my kch t ph (l my pht in mt chiu cng sut nh), dng cp in
32
cho cun kch thch ca my kch t chnh. Trong trng hp ny c th s dng my
pht in ng b kt hp vi b chnh lu bn dn lm my kch t chnh. Vic
cp in cho dy qun kch thch qua chnh lu bn dn dng it hoc thyrist c
p dng rng ri cc ng c in ng b v my pht in ng b cng sut nh
v trung bnh, cng nh c cc my pht tuabin nc v tuabin hi cng sut ln (h
thng kch thch dng thyristor). Vic iu chnh dng in kch thch
t
i
c thc
hin t ng nh b iu chnh kch thch c bit. cc my pht in cng sut nh
i khi ngi ta iu chnh dng in kch thch bng tay, nh thay i tr s bin tr
mc trong mch dy qun kch thch.
nng cao tin cy cho h thng kch thch, ngi ta dng h thng kch
thch khng c chi in (hnh 3.7c), ngha l trong mch cp in cho dy qun kch
thch ca my pht in ng b khng c vnh trt v chi in. Trn hnh 3.7c,
my kch t chnh l my pht in ng b c dy qun phn ng t trn r to v c
b chnh lu c gn trc tip ln trc. Cun dy kch thch ca my kch t chnh
c cp in t my kch t ph qua b iu chnh in p.
3.3. ng c in ng b
3.3.1. u, nhc im v phm vi s dng ca ng c in ng b
Trong thc t ch yu dng ng c in khng ng b, do chng c nhng
u th: cu to n gin, lm vic chc chn, bo qun d dng v gi thnh h.
Tuy vy, so vi loi ng c in khng ng b, cc ng c in ng b c
nhng u im:
- Nh c kch thch bng dng in mt chiu, chng c th lm vic vi
os =1 c
, v khi khng tiu th mt cng sut phn khng no ca li in. Cn khi
lm vic ch qu kch thch, thm ch cc ng c in ng b s pht cng sut
phn khng vo li in, ci thin c h s cng sut ca li in, lm gim hao
tn in p v tn hao cng sut trong li in, cng nh nng cao h s cng sut
ca my pht in, lm vic trn trm pht in.
- Mmen cc i ca ng c in ng b t l vi U, cn ca ng c in
khng ng b t l vi
2
U
. V vy khi in p gim, ng c in ng b vn c
kh nng duy tr s lm vic vi ti ln. Ngoi ra, s dng kh nng tng dng in
kch thch ca cc ng c in ng b s cho php tng tin cy lm vic ca
chng khi in p trong li in b gim xung do s c v ci thin c iu kin
lm vic ca c li in.
- Do tr s khe h khng kh ln, cc tn hao ph trong thp v trong lng sc
rto ca cc ng c in ng b nh hn so vi ng c in khng ng b, v vy
m cc ng c in ng b thng c hiu sut cao hn.
Cu to ca cc ng c in ng b phc tp hn so vi ng c in khng
ng b r to lng sc, v thm vo , cc ng c in ng b cn phi c my
kch t hoc mt thit b no khc cung cp dng in mt chiu cho dy qun kch
thch. V vy, ni chung ng c in ng b t hn ng c in khng ng b r
to lng sc. Vic m my v iu chnh tc quay ca ng c in ng b cng
phc tp hn.
Cc ng c in ng b c u th ln ch khi
200 300
dm
P kW >
v chng
c s dng thch hp nhng ni khng i hi phi m my, dng v iu khin
tc quay thng xuyn (t hp ng c in-my pht in, bm cng sut ln,
my nn kh, qut gi m, ng c dn ng chnh trong cc my xc EKG-8U trn
m khai thc l thin). Theo nghin cu ca cc tc gi L.V.litvak,
33
L.A.Stramianhikv, cc ng c in ng b c
os =1
dm
c
xt v mt gi thnh v
tn hao nng lng lun u vit hn so vi cc ng c in khng ng b c dng
kt hp vi t in b h s cng sut n
os =1 c
. Khi
300
dm
P kW >
dng cc ng
c in ng b c
os =0,9
dm
c
lm vic ch qu kch thch l c li; cn khi
1000
dm
P kW >
- dng vi
os =0,8 c
. Cc ng c in ng b c ch to c cng
sut n
50000
dm
P kW =
.
Ngy nay, cc ng c in ng b c s dng ngy cng rng ri.
3.3.2. Cc phng php m my ng c in ng b
3.3.2.1. M my theo phng php khng ng b
a s cc ng c in ng b s dng phng php m my ny.
Qu trnh m my khng ng b ng c in ng b c chia thnh hai
giai on.
Giai on I: khi m my, dy qun phn ng ca ng c in ng b (hnh
3.8b) c ni vi li in. T trng quay phn ng c sinh ra tc dng tng h
vi dng in trong dy qun m my (hnh 3.8a), to nn lc in t F v mmen
in t khng ng b, lm quay rto.
Dy qun m my c cu to kiu
lng sc t trong cc rnh mt cc, hai
u ni vi hai vnh ngn mch (hnh 8a)
v c tnh ton m my trc tip.
mt s ng c in, cc mt cc bng
thp nguyn khi c ni vi nhau hai
u r to bng hai vng ngn mch, thay
th cho rto lng sc m my. Cn i
vi cc ng c in ng b cc n, vic
m my theo phng php khng ng
b c kh khn hn, v dng in cm
ng lp mng mt ngoi r to nguyn
khi s gy nng cc b ng k. Trong
trng hp , m my c d dng,
cn phi h thp in p bng cch dng
bin p t ngu hoc cun khng.
Giai on II: cui qu trnh m my
khng ng b, khi
0, 05 s ~
r le tc
tc ng, tip im 7 ca cng tc t
ng li, cn tip im 8 b m ra. Kt
qu l dy qun 2 c cp dng in
kch thch v rto ca ng c in c
li vo ng b sau mt vi qu trnh dao
ng.

Hnh 3.8. Cu to dy qun m my
ca ng c in ng b (a) v s
m my khng ng b (b,c).
34
My kch t ca ng c in ng b t ngay trn trc ca n, thng l my
pht in mt chiu kch thch song song (hnh 3.9).
Khi m my theo s hnh 3.9a tip im 7 m, cn tip im 8 ng. Khi
dy qun kch thch 2 ca ng c in ng b c ni tt qua in tr 6, nh vy
qu trnh m my c din ra trong nhng iu kin thun li nht. S d phi ni tt
dy qun kch thch 2 vi in tr 6, l v nu h mch dy qun kch thch th lc
bt u m my t trng quay phn ng qut qua vi tc ng b s sinh ra
s.. cm ng rt ln c th ph hng cch in dy qun.
ng c in ng b c li vo ng b mt cch chc chn, nu h s
trt cui giai on I cha kch thch tha mn iu kin:
2 2
0, 04
m dm tdb
od
tdm
dm
k P i
S
i
GD n
s
(3.4)
Trong .
od
S
m
k -bi s mmen cc i ch ng b, khi dng in kch
thch nh mc
tdm
i ;
dm
P l cng sut nh mc ca ng c in, kW;
tdb
i l dng in
kch thch khi ha ng b;
2
GD l mmen ng lng ca ng c in v c cu ni
trc vi n,
2
. kGm ;
2
dm
n - tc quay nh mc ca ng c in, vg/ph.

Hnh 3.9. S mch kch thch ca ng c in
ng b vi my kch t lc m my c dy qun
kch thch c ni tt qua in tr trit t (a)
v c ni thng vo my kch t (b)
M my theo s hnh 3.9b din ra trong nhng iu kin km thun li hn:
- Th nht, v ng c in ng b c kch thch qu sm s to nn dng
in ngn mch:
2 2 2
(1 )
(1 )
n
u d
s E
I
r s x

=
+
(3.5)
Trong
E-s.. cm ng bi dng in kch thch
t
i ;
d
x - in khng ng b dc trc,
khi s=0.
Do , ng c in phi ti thm cng sut:

2
u n n
P mI r =
(3.6)
V trn trc ng c in c thm momen cn:
35

1
n
n
pP
M
e
=
(3.7)
Khin cho qu trnh li rto ng c in vo ng b gp kh khn hn.
- Th hai, so vi s hnh 8, ng cong momen khng ng b c dng km
thun li hn.
S hnh 3.9b m bo li ng c in vo ng b chc chn, nu momen
cn trn trc khi
: (0, 4 0,5)
dm c dm
n n M M ~
Khi dy qun m my c thit k hon
ho, ng c in c th c li vo ng b tin cy khi
c dm
M M =
.
M my theo s hnh 3.9b rt n gin, ging nh m my ng c in
khng ng b rto lng sc, v vy cch m my ny ngy cng c p dng rng
ri.
Trn thc t cc ng c in ng b thng c m my trc tip theo
phng php khng ng b, ngha l tin hnh ni trc tip dy qun phn ng ca
n vo li in c in p . Khi iu kin m my kh khn (gim p trong li
in ln, qu nhit dy qun m my hoc rto nguyn khi n mc nguy him)
th phi m my di in p thp bng in khng hoc bng bin p t ngu, ging
nh i vi ng c in khng ng b rto lng sc.
Trn hnh 3.10 cho cc ng cong thay i ca dng in phn ng I, dng
in kch thch
t
i , in p U, tc my quay n, khi m my khng ng b trc tip
ng c in ng b cng sut ln
( 1500 , 6 , 1000 / )
dm dm dm
P kW U kV n vg ph = =
lc
khng ti, bng cch ni thng dy qun kch thch.
ng c c li vo ng b sau 11 giy di tc dng ca mmen phn
khng.
3.3.2.2. Cc phng php m my khc
Ngoi phng php m my khng ng b, trong nhng trng hp c bit,
cn c th s dng mt vi phng php m my khc. Chng hn, c th m my
theo phng php ha ng b, bng cch quay ng c in ng b lc khng ti
nh mt my ni vi n (th d, trong t hp my ng c in ng b-my pht
in mt chiu). Khi c th dng phng php ha ng b vi li in, nh i
vi my pht in ng b. Trong mt s trng hp c th m my bng ngun c
tn s thay i. Theo phng php ny, ng c in ng b c cp in t mt
my pht in ng b ring, v tn s c tng ln dn dn t khng. Khi , ng
c in ng b c quay ng b thm ch ngay t khi tc n cn rt thp. Dy
qun kch thch ca my pht in v ca ng c in trong trng hp ny cn phi
c cung cp t ngun ngoi. M my bng ngun c tn s thay i s din ra thun
li hn khi dng in kch thch ca my pht in lc bt u m my c bng nh
mc, cn dng in kch thch ca ng c in bng dng in kch thch ly theo
c tnh khng ti ng vi khi
dm
n=n
dm
U U v ~ .
3.3.3. Cc c tnh lm vic ca ng c in ng b
Cc c tnh lm vic ca ng c in ng b l quan h ca
1 2 t
, , , os =f(P ) khi U=const, f=const v i P I c const q =
c dng nh trn hnh 3.10.
Cng ging nh my pht in ng b, ng c in ng b thng lm vic vi
gc ti
0
20 30
dm
u =
.
36

Hnh 3.10. Cc ng cong c trng cho qu trnh m my
trc tip ng c ng b bng cch ni thng dy qun kch thch



Cu hi n tp chng 3
Cu 1. Nguyn l lm vic chung ca my in ng b l g ? Vai tr ca my in
ng b trong cng nghip v h thng phn phi v truyn ti in nng ?.
Cu 2. Mi quan h ca tc t trng quay stator n
1
vi tc quay ca rto n ?
Ti sao tc quay ca rto li bng tc ca t trng quay ?.
Cu 3. Kt cu ca my in ng b loi cc n v cc li ? Chc nng ca mi b
phn ?
Cu 4. Cc s kch thch ca my pht in ng b, phm vi ng dng ca mi s
?
Cu 5. u nhc im v phm vi s dng ca ng c in khng ng b ?.
Cu 6. c im ca cc phng php khi ng cc ng c ng b, c tnh lm
vic ca ng c in ng b ?










37
Chng 4. MY IN MT CHIU
Trong chng ny ni dung c gii thiu v my in mt chiu nhm gip
ngi c hiu c cu to, nguyn l thun nghch v nhng thng s k thut ca
my in mt chiu, bit cc phng php m my i vi ng c in mt chiu.
Ngoi ra ngi c cn bit nhng yu cu khi m my ng c in mt chiu v cc
phng php iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu.
4.1. i cng v my in mt chiu
4.1.1. Cu to ca my in mt chiu

Hnh 4.1. Cu to ca my in mt chiu
1-lp bo v c gp chi in, 2-chi in, 3-li thp rto, 4-li thp Stato
5-cc t chnh, 6-v my, 7-lp bo v cnh qut, 8-qut gi
4.1.1.1. Phn tnh (Stator), gm cc b phn sau:
- Cc t chnh (hnh 4.2a) l b phn sinh ra t trng, gm li thp cc t 4 v
dy qun kch thch 2 lng bn ngoi li thp. Li thp cc t lm t nhng l thp k
thut in dy 0,5-1mm, c p v tn cht vi nhau. i vi nhng my in nh,
cc t c th c ch to t thp khi. Cc t c gn cht vo v my nh cc
bulng 5. Dy qun kch thch bng ng bc cch in, qun thnh tng cun ri bc
cch in thnh mt khi v c tm sn cch in trc khi t trn cc cc t. Cc
cun dy kch thch trn cc cc t, c ni ni tip vi nhau.

Hnh 4.2. Cc t chnh (a) v cc t ph (b)
ca my in mt chiu
38
- Cc t ph (hnh 4.2b) t gia cc cc t chnh, dng ci thin i chiu.
Li thp 1 ca cc t ph thng c lm bng thp khi, trn c t dy qun 2 c
cu to nh dy qun cc t chnh. Cc t ph cng c gn vo v my bng
bulng.
- Gng t (hnh 4.1 - s 6) dng ni lin mch t gia cc cc t, ng thi
lm thnh v my. i vi nhng my in nh v va, gng t c ch to t cc
tm thp dy sau khi un li c hn, i khi cng c c bng gang. i vi
nhng my in ln gng t thng c ch to t thp c.
- Cc b phn khc, gm:
+ Np my (hnh 4.1 - s 1 v s 7), dng bo v khi nhng vt l ri vo
trong my v m bo an ton cho ngi s dng, trnh nguy him do in git.
nhng my in nh v va, np my cn c tc dng lm gi bi chng thng
c c bng gang.
+ C cu chi than (hnh 4.3) dng a dng in t phn quay ra ngoi
hoc ngc li. C cu chi than, gm: Chi than 3 t trong hp chi than 4 v nh
l xo 2 n c t cht xung c gp.

Hnh 4.3. C cu chi than
Hp chi than t c nh trn gi chi than v c cch in so vi gi. Gi
chi than c th xoay c, mc ch iu chnh v t chi than ng v tr. Sau
khi iu chnh xong, dng vt c nh cht li.
4.1.1.2. Phn quay (rotor) gm cc b phn sau:




Hnh 4.4. Li thp phn ng my in mt chiu khi khng
c dy qun (a); L thp ca li thp phn ng (b);
phn ng c vi phn t dy qun (c)
- Li thp phn ng (hnh 4.4a) dng dn t, c ghp t cc l thp k
thut in dy 0,5mm, sn cch in mng hai mt ri p cht li vi nhau nhm
39
gim tn hao dng in xoy. Trn tng l thp c dp hnh dng rnh (hnh 4.4b),
sau khi p chng li dy qun phn ng s c t vo cc rnh (hnh 4.4c). i vi
nhng my in c trung bnh tr ln trn cc tm thp cn dp thm cc l thng gi,
khi p chng li thnh li thp, l thng gi dc trc c to ra.
i vi nhng my in va v ln, li thp thng c chia thnh tng on
nh, gia cc on c mt khe h. i vi nhng my in c nh li thp phn
ng c p trc tip vo trc.
- Dy qun phn ng l b phn sinh ra s.. v c dng in chy qua, thng
c ch to t dy ng bc cch in c tit din trn hoc ch nht. Dy qun phi
c cch in so vi rnh v so vi np my.

Hnh 4.5. C gp my in mt chiu
- C gp hay cn gi l vnh gp (hnh 4.5), dng kt hp vi chi than i
chiu dng in xoay chiu trong phn ng thnh dng in mt chiu
mch ngoi (hoc ngc li).
- Cc b phn khc, gm c: Cnh qut dng lm ngui my (hnh 4.2 s 8);
trc my t li thp phn ng v bi.
4.1.2. Phn loi my in mt chiu
- Phn loi my in mt chiu theo cng sut: n 0,5kW l my c cng sut
rt nh; t 0,5 n 20kW l my cng sut nh; t 20 n 250kW l my cng sut
trung bnh v trn 250kW l my in cng sut ln.
- Phn loi theo in p: n 24V l my in p rt thp; t 60 n 80V l my
in p thp; t 110 n 220V l my in p thng; t 400 n 600V l my in p
tng i cao v trn 750V l my in p cao.
- Phn loi theo v tr t cun kch t so vi phn ng ng c in mt chiu
gm c: ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp, ng c in mt chiu kch t ni
tip, ng c in mt chiu kch t song song v ng c in mt chiu kch t hn
hp.
4.2. Nguyn l thun nghch ca my in mt chiu
T thng chnh do phn cm to ra i t cc t bc N qua phn ng n cc
nam S v qua gng t tr v khp kn mch cc N.
My in mt chiu c tnh cht thun nghch, ngha l my c th lm vic
ch my pht in, cng nh c ch ng c in. Di y s ln lt xt
tng ch lm vic ca n.
40

Hnh 4.6. S nguyn l my in mt chiu n gin
4.2.1. Ch my pht in
Gi s quay phn ng ca my in mt chiu (hnh 4.6 v hnh 4.7a) theo
chiu kim ng h. Khi , theo nh lut cm ng in t trong cc thanh dn dy
qun phn ng cm ng ra s.., c chiu c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi, cn
gi tr tc thi ca n bng:
e
td
= Blv (4.1)
trong :
B - t cm khe h khng kh ni thanh dn qut qua;
l - chiu di tc dng thanh dn;
v - tc chuyn ng thanh dn trong t trng.
Do cc thanh dn b tr i xng, nn s... cm ng trong cc thanh dn e
td

ging nhau, theo mt vng kn cc s... ny c cng li. Nh vy s... dy qun
phn ng c mt vng dy:
E

= 2e
td
=2Blv (4.2)
V cc thanh dn quay lun chuyn trong t trng t N n S v ngc li, nn
s... cm ng trong thanh dn e
td
v trong dy qun phn ng E

l nhng i lng
xoay chiu. Nu tc quay phn ng n c th nguyn l vg/s, th tn s f bin i
ca s... my in 2 cc: f= n cn my in c p s i cc t: f=pn.
Nu my pht in mang ti, dy qun phn ng khp kn mch vi ti bn
ngoi qua vnh gp v chi than (hnh 4.3, hnh 4.5), th trong dy qun phn ng c
c mt dng in xoay chiu I

bin i tng t nh dng E

. mch ngoi, do tc
dng ca vnh gp v chi than m cc tnh ca chi than lun khng i, v vy s..
E

v dng in I

mch ngoi l nhng i lng mt chiu bin i p mch.

Tht vy, khi phn ng cng c gp quay i 90
0
so vi v tr trn hnh 4.7a, chiu s..
trong thanh dn b i li ng thi vi vic thay th phin gp di chi than. Nhn
thy chi than bn trn lun tip xc vi phin gp ni vi thanh dn nm di cc N,
cn chi than bn di cc S, chnh v vy m cc tnh ca chi than lun khng
i, v E

,I

mch ngoi l nhng i lng mt chiu. Nh vy ch my pht,

vnh gp v chi than l b chnh lu c kh bin i dng in xoay chiu trong dy
qun phn ng thnh dng in mt chiu mch ngoi.
nhn c s.. E

mch ngoi c tr s ln v bt b p mch, trong

thc t dy qun phn ng gm nhiu bi dy, cc bi dy t cnh nhau lch nhau
41
trong khng gian mt gc no . Tt nhin khi c gp cng bao gm nhiu phin
gp t cch in so vi nhau v cch in so vi trc my.
Khi my pht in mang ti, in p trn cc my pht U nh hn s.. E

mt
lng bng in p ri trn in tr dy qun phn ng:
U=E

-I

(4.3)
trong : R

in tr ton phn ca mch in phn ng.

Khi c dng in I

chy trong thanh dn nm trong t trng, s xut hin lc

in t F
td
tc dng ln thanh dn (hnh 4.6). Chiu ca lc in t F
td
c xc nh
theo quy tc bn tay tri, cn tr s ca n c tnh theo cng thc:
F
td
= BlI

(4.4)
Lc in t F
td
to ra m men in t M
M=F
td
D

= BlI

(4.5)
trong : D

ng knh phn ng.

Hnh 4.7. Nguyn l ca my in mt chiu n gin ch
my pht in (a) v ng c in (b).
ch my pht in, m men in t M tc dng ngc chiu quay phn
ng nn n ng vai tr m men hm.
4.2.2. Ch ng c in
Mun my in mt chiu ang xt lm vic ch ng c in, phi dng
ngun in mt chiu t bn ngoi t vo cc chi than khc cc tnh ca my. Nh
c dng in I

chy trong dy qun phn ng m lc in t F

td
xut hin tc dng
ln thanh dn. Chiu ca lc in t F
td
c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri, cn tr
s ca n cng c xc nh theo cng thc (4.4). Kt qu l m men in t M, c
tr s xc nh theo cng thc (4.5) c to ra. Khi mmen in t M ln thng
c mmen cn phn ng s quay, to ra cng sut c trn trc ng c in. ch
ng c in, chiu quay ca my do mmen in t quyt nh nn M ng vai tr
l mmen ch ng.
Khi thanh dn quay trong t trng, trong thanh dn cm ng s.. e
td
c chiu
c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi, cn tr s cng c xc nh theo cng thc
(4.1). Kt qu l trong dy qun phn ng c mt s.. E

.
ch ng c in, in p t trn cc U cn bng vi s.. E

v in p
ri trn in tr dy qun phn ng:
U=E

+I

(4.6)
42
ch ng c in, vnh gp v chi than ng vai tr b nghch lu dng
in, bin i dng in mt chiu mch ngoi thnh dng in xoay chiu trong
dy qun phn ng.
Nu cc tnh cc t chnh v chiu quay phn ng ch my pht in v
ng c in ging nhau (hnh 4.7), th chiu tc dng ca mmen in t M v chiu
dng in I

hai ch ny ngc nhau.

4.3. M my ng c in mt chiu
4.3.1. Yu cu m my ng c in mt chiu
- Phi to c mmen m my M
mm
c gi tr ln nht c th c, ng c
in hon thnh qu trnh m my trong khong thi gian ngn nht.
- Dng in m my I
mm
phi c hn ch n mc nh nht, nhm trnh cho
dy qun phn ng khi b chy hoc nh hng xu n i chiu.
m my khng ti ng c in, c th s dng cc phng php nh m
my trc tip, m my bng bin tr v m my bng in p thp.
4.3.2. Cc phng php m my ng c in mt chiu
4.3.2.1. M my trc tip:
y l phng php m my n gin nht, ch vic ng in trc tip cho
ng c in vo ngun c in p U=U
m
.
ta c:

u
u
u
R
E U
I

=
(4.7)
Lc rto cha quay n=0, s.. E

=C
e
u
o
n=0, v vy dng in phn ng:

u
u
R
U
I =
(4.8)
Trong h n v tng i, vi U=U
m
, ta c:

- -
-
-
= =
u u
u
R R
U
I
1
(4.9)
cc my in kiu thng thng, c R
-
=0,020,10, nn khi m my trc tip
vi in p nh mc (U
-
=1):
I

=(5010)I
m
(4.10)
Dng in phn ng I

ln nh vy l khng cho php.

V vy phng php m my trc tip ch dng ph hp m my cc ng
c in mt chiu cng sut c vi trm W, v chng c R

tng i ln, lc m my
c I

s(46)I
m
, mt khc thi gian qu trnh m my li ngn 12s.
4.3.2.2. M my dng in tr, bin tr:
y l phng php hay c dng nht m my cc ng c in mt
chiu kch t song song.
S m my ng c in kch thch song song nh bin tr m my c
trnh by trn hnh 4.8. trnh nguy him cho ng c in v dng in m my
I
mm
qu ln, lc m my phi ni ni tip vo mch phn ng ca ng c in bin
tr m my (hnh 4.8a) hay in tr m my (hnh 4.8b).
Khi , theo biu thc (4.8) ta c:

mm u
u
u
R R
E U
I
+

=
(4.11)
43

Hnh 4.8. S m my ng c in mt chiu kch t
song song dng bin tr (a) v in tr (b).
thi im bt u m my, n=0, E

=0:

mm u
u
R R
U
I
+
=
(4.12)
R
mm
l ca bin tr m my (hnh 4.8a) hay in tr m my (hnh 4.8b).
Tr s ca R
mm
phi c tnh chn sao cho i vi cc ng c in cng sut
ln lc bt u m my c I

=(1,41,7)I
m
, cn i vi cc ng c in cng sut
nh - I

=(22,5)I
m
.
Trc lc m my cng tc ng CT ca bin tr m my t v tr 0 trn
hnh 8a, mch in ca ng c in h.
Lc bt u m my (t=0), dng tay xoay cng tc ng CT v v tr 1. Trong
qu trnh m my cng tc ng CT ln lt c xoay v cc v tr 2, 3, 4, 5, nh vy
tng cp in tr ca bin tr m my ln lt c loi ra khi s . Khi kt thc
qu trnh m my v tr 5 (loi ht cc cp bin tr m my ra khi s ), ng c
in lm vic di in p U=U
m
.
Khi thnh lp s hnh 4.8a phi lu : trong sut qu trnh m my mch
kch thch ca ng c in lun t di in p , dy qun kch thch KT phi
c ni c nh vi cung ng , cng tc ng CT lun tip xc trt trn n, v
trc lc m my phi t con trt ca bin tr iu chnh v tr sao cho r
c
=0. iu
ny l cn thit cho khi m my lun c I
t
v u
o
t gi tr cc i v khng i, v
nh vy ng vi mi tr s I

cho s nhn c mmen M cc i.

S thay i ca dng in phn ng I

, mmen M v tc quay n theo thi

gian trong qu trnh m my, c trnh by trn hnh 4.9.

Hnh 4.9. Quan h ca I

, M, n vi thi gian
khi m my ng c in.

44
Vng gch cho trn hnh 4.9 l mmen ng:
M

= M M
C
(4.13)
Di tc dng ca mmen ng ny, din ra qu trnh tng tc n. S cp
bin tr m my v tr s in tr tng cp phi c tnh chn sao cho trong khong
thi gian chuyn tip gia cc cp, tr s cc i v cc tiu ca dng in I

tt c
cc cp phi bng nhau.
Cc cp in tr c tnh chn theo ch lm vic ngn hn di ti.
Trong cc thit b t ng, thay cho bin tr m my ngi ta s dng cc in
tr m my (hnh 4.8b). Khi m my, chng ln lt c ni sun mt cch t ng
nh cc tip im ca cng tc t K
1
, K
2
, K
3
. n gin s v gim bt s lng
thit b, s cp in tr m my cn ly nh nht (vi ng c in cng sut nh
thng ly bng 12 cp).
Khi dng ng c in, khng c h mch kch thch, m phi khp kn
mch ca n qua phn ng (hnh 4.8a,b). Lm nh vy c tc dng cho dng in
trong dy qun kch thch khng b gim xung 0 mt cch tc thi sau khi ct in
ng c, m phi sau thi gian ln, nhm ngn nga s.. t cm c tr s rt ln
cm ng ra trong dy qun kch thch, c th ph hng cch in ca dy qun ny.
Cn c bit lu l: trong bt c trng hp no cng khng cho php lm
t mch dy qun kch thch ca ng c in.
i chiu quay ng c in cn phi i chiu dng in phn ng I

, hoc
i chiu dng in kch thch I
t
ngay trc lc m my. Mun i chiu quay lc
ng c in ang quay, ch c php i chiu dng in phn ng I

, v nu i
chiu dng in kch thch th s xut hin s.. t cm rt ln (do dy qun kch thch
c in cm ln) c th gy ra qu in p nh thng cch in ca n.
4.3.2.3. M my bng in p thp:
Mc ch ca phng php m my ny l hn ch dng in m my.
m my bng in p thp i hi phi c ngun in mt chiu c in p iu chnh
c (my pht in mt chiu, chnh lu c iu khin...) cung cp in cho phn
ng ca ng c in. Trong khi , mch kch thch ca ng c phi c t di
in p U=U
m
, ly t ngun in mt chiu c lp khc. Phng php m my
ny thng s dng cho cc ng c in cng sut ln, c kt hp vi vic iu
chnh tc quay ca ng c.
4.3.2.4. M my bng cch thay i in p phn ng:

Hnh 4.10. S iu chnh tc quay ng c in kch thch c
lp bng cch thay i in p phn ng, khi cp in
cho ng c t my pht in (a) v t b chnh lu c iu khin (b).
45
Phng php iu chnh tc ny c th p dng c i vi ng c in
kch t song song lm vic ch kch t c lp.
Mun iu chnh tc , phi c ngun in mt chiu cho php iu chnh m
in p cung cp cho phn ng ca ng c in, trong khi mch kch thch ca
n phi c cung cp t ngun in mt chiu c lp khc ( u
o
=const).
Trn thc t, c th s dng my pht in mt chiu kch thch c lp trong
t hp "my pht in & ng c in mt chiu " (hnh 4.10a), hoc b chnh lu bn
dn thyrist c iu khin - iu chnh c in p ra (hnh 4.10b), lm ngun in
mt chiu cung cp cho phn ng ng c.
Khi thay i in p U cung cp cho dy qun phn ng, s nhn c mt h
c tnh c cng dc nh trn hnh 4.11.
V khng cho php ng c in lm vic in p U>U
m
, nn phng php
iu chnh ny ch cho php iu chnh tc v bn di tc nh mc. Khi in
p U cng gim, tc ng c in cng thp.
phng php iu chnh tc ny c phm vi iu chnh tc kh rng,
n 1:10 v ln hn, v hiu sut ng c in khi iu chnh tc vn c duy tr
cao.

Hnh 4.11. c tnh tc v c tnh c
4.4. iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu
4.4.1. ng c in mt chiu kch thch song song
4.4.1.1. c tnh tc v c tnh c t nhin
c tnh tc t nhin v c tnh c t nhin ca ng c in kch thch
song song l ng thng (ng 1 hnh 4.12). Khi lm vic trn c tnh t nhin, s












Hnh 4.12. c tnh tc t nhin v c tnh c t nhin
ca ng c in mt chiu kch thch song song.

46
thay i tc quay An ng c in kch thch song song khi ti thay i t khng
ti (I

=I
0
) n ti nh mc (I

=I
.m
) l rt nh, bng (28)%n
m
. c tnh c s suy
gim tc nh nh vy c gi l c tnh cng. ng c in kch thch song song
c c tnh cng c s dng trong cc thit b yu cu tc quay duy tr gn nh
khng i khi ti thay i (my ct gt kim loi...).
4.4.1.2. iu chnh tc quay bng cch gim t thng:
Phng php iu chnh tc bng cch gim t thng u
o
l phng php
tin li, ph bin v kinh t nht. Tnh kinh t th hin ch: khi tin hnh iu chnh
mch kch thch (dng in kch thch ch bng (110)% dng in nh mc phn
ng) tn hao khi iu chnh rt nh, v vy hiu sut ng c khi iu chnh vn c
duy tr cao.
Cc ng c in c tnh ton lm vic ch nh mc c tr s u
o
l
ln nht, ngha l c tc quay n l nh nht. V vy, trn thc t ch c th iu
chnh tc bng cch gim t thng u
o
nh tng in tr iu chnh r
c
trong mch
kch thch.

Hnh 4.13. c tnh c v c tnh tc ca ng c in
mt chiu kch thch song song khi iu chnh tc
bng cch gim t thng u
o
.
Khi khng c in tr ph trong mch phn ng R
f
=0 v U=const, cc tr s
t thng u
o
<u
o.m
khc nhau nhn c cc c tnh tc I

=f(n) v c tnh c
M=f(n) c dng nh trn hnh 4.13. ng c tnh di cng 4 ng vi t thng
u
o
=u
o.m
, l c tnh c (hay c tnh tc ) t nhin ca ng c in. Khi cng
gim t thng, tc khng ti l tng n
0
cng ln v c tnh cng mm hn.
Tt c cc c tnh tc I

=f(n) ct trc honh (n=0) ti cng mt im c

dng in I

rt ln, bng: I

=U/R

. Cn cc c tnh c M=f(n) ct trc honh ti cc

im khc nhau.
Giao im ca cc c tnh ni trn vi c tnh mmen cn M
C
=f(n) (ng
nt t m nt trn hnh 4.13) s xc nh tr s tc quay n ch lm vic xc
lp ca ng c in. Do iu kin i chiu khng ch, cc ng c in kiu thng
thng cho php iu chnh tc bng cch gim t thng trong phm vi 1:2. Cng
c cc ng c in c ch to ra cho php iu chnh tc quay bng cch gim
t thng trong phm vi 1:5 hoc thm ch 1:8, nhng khi phi dng thm mt s
bin php hn ch in p cc i gia cc phin gp (tng khe h khng kh, dng
cun b..v.v...) lm cho ng c c ch to ra s t hn.
Giao im ca cc c tnh ni trn vi c tnh mmen cn lc khng ti
M
0
=f(n) s xc nh im lm vic khng ti ca ng c in [M=M
0
(I

=I
0
)] nm
bn phi gn st trc tung trn hnh .
47
ch lm vic khng ti ni trn, nh c mmen ngoi ng c in c th
chuyn sang lm vic ch my pht in trn gc phn t th hai.
- iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in tr ph R
f
trong mch phn ng.
Khi mc ni tip in tr ph R
f
vo mch phn ng (hnh 4.14a), ta c:
o o
u
+

u
=
e
u f u
e
C
I R R
C
U
n
) (
(4.14)

2
) (
o o
u
+

u
=
M e
f u
e
C C
M R R
C
U
n (4.15)
in tr ph R
f
c tnh chn lm vic ch di hn, v c th iu
chnh c.
Khi U=const, I
t
=const, vi cc tr s R
f
=const khc nhau s nhn c cc c
tnh M=f(n) v I

=f(n) nh trn hnh 4.14b. c tnh trn cng hnh 4.14b c R

f
=0, l
c tnh t nhin. Khi tr s R
f
cng ln, c tnh cng mm hn, tc thay i nhiu
hn khi ti thay i, nhng tc khng ti l tng n
0
vn gi nguyn. Mi c tnh
ct trc honh (n=0) ti mt im c:

f u
u
R R
U
I
+
=
(4.16)
f u
M
R R
U C
M
+
u
=
o
(4.17)


Hnh 4.14. S iu chnh tc quay ca ng c in kch
thch song song bng cch thay i in tr ph R
f
trong mch
phn ng (a); v cc c tnh tc , c tnh c tng ng (b).
Giao im ca cc ng c tnh ni trn vi c tnh mmen cn M
C
=f(n)
(ng nt t m nt trn hnh 4.14b) s xc nh tc quay n ch lm vic
xc lp ca ng c in ng vi mi tr s ca R
f
. Phng php iu chnh tc ny
ch cho php iu chnh tc v bn di tc nh mc v c phm vi iu chnh
tc ph thuc vo mmen ti M
C
bng qung 1:5.
Phn tip tc ca cc c tnh ni trn v bn di trc honh trn hnh 4.14b l
ch hm u ngc ca ng c in, n<0, s.. E

b i du v c cng
vi in p ca li in U, v vy:
f u
u
u
R R
E U
I
+
+
= (4.18)
48
cn mmen M ca ng c in tc dng ngc chiu quay, l mmen hm.
Nu ch khng ti (I

=I
0
) nh c mmen quay bn ngoi lm tng tc
ca ng c, th ban u t n ch I

=0, cn sau I

b i chiu, my chuyn
sang lm vic ch my pht in (gc phn t th hai trn hnh 4.14b).

Khi tr s R
f
cng ln, tc quay n cng nh, v hiu sut ng c in cng
thp.
4.4.2. ng c in mt chiu kch t ni tip
4.4.2.1. c tnh tc v c tnh c t nhin
ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip c I
t
=I

=I, nn c th vit
u
o
= k
|
I (4.19)
trong
k
|
- h s ph thuc vo ti, c gi tr khng i khi I<I
m
v bt u b gim i
mt t khi I>(0,80,9)I
m
do mch t bo ho.
i vi ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip ta c:

I k C
I R
I k C
U
n
e
u
e | |
= (4.20)
|
o
| o
k
C I k C I C M
M M M
2
2
u
= = u =
(4.21)

|
|
k C
R
M k C
U C
n
e
u
e
M
=
(4.22)
c tnh tc ca ng c in kch thch ni tip I=f(n) rt mm, c dng
hypebon nh trn hnh 4.15. Khi k
|
=const, c tnh I=f(n) c dng ng nt t. Khi
dng in I nh, tc ng c in tng ln rt ln, khng cho php. V vy, khng
cho php ng c in kch thch ni tip lm vic khng ti hoc c th ri vo
tnh trng lm vic khng ti (chng hn khng c dng b truyn ai hoc ly hp
ma st... truyn ng cho my cng tc t loi ng c in ny). Thng thng ch
cho php ng c in kch thch ni tip lm vic vi ti ti thiu P
2
=(0,20,25)P
m
.

Hnh 4.15. c tnh tc t nhin ca ng c in mt chiu
kch thch ni tip.
Ch nhng ng c in kch thch ni tip c cng sut rt nh (c vi chc
W) mi cho php chy khng ti.
c tnh c t nhin ca ng c in kch thch ni tip M=f(n) xc nh theo
biu thc (4.22) c biu din bng ng 1 trn hnh 4.15.
49
So vi ng c in kch thch song song, ng c in kch thch ni tip to
ra mmen m my ln hn ng k v khi b qu ti v mmen n t b nguy him hn
do cng sut P
2
thay i t hn
(*)
khi mmen ti M
C
=M thay i trong phm vi rng.
Cc ng c in kch thch ni tip c dng thch hp nhng ni c iu
kin m my nng n (yu cu phi c mmen m my M
mm
ln) v c mmen ti
thay i trong phm vi rng. Chng thng c s dng trong cc u tu in, vn
ti m hm l,...
Cn bit rng, khi tng tc quay, ng c in kch thch ni tip khng th
chuyn sang lm vic ch my pht in c. iu ny th hin ch, c tnh
I=f(n) trn hnh 4.15 khng ct trc tung.
4.4.2.2. iu chnh tc quay bng cch thay i t thng c th thc hin
bng hai cch:
+ Gim t thng u
o
bng cch ni sun dy qun kch thch vi in tr R
s.t
(hnh 4.16a) hoc gim s vng dy kch thch, thng qua cc u dy a ra t dy
qun ny.

Hnh 4.16. S iu chnh tc quay ng c
in mt chiu kch thch ni tip bng cch ni sun
dy qun kch thch (a), ni sun phn ng (b) v
mc ni tip in tr ph R
f
vo mch phn ng (c).
V in tr dy qun kch thch R
t
nh v ging p trn n nh, cho nn R
s.t

cng cn phi nh. V vy, tn hao trn in tr R
s.t
cng nh, v tng tn hao trn
mch kch thch khi ni sun thm ch b gim i, do hiu sut ng c in vn duy
tr cao. Phng php iu chnh tc ny c s dng rng ri trn thc t.
Khi iu chnh tc bng cch gim t thng, phi thay k
|
trong cc cng
thc (4.20) (4.21) bng k
|
.k
g.t
, vi k
g.t
l h s suy gim t thng kch thch. Trng
hp ni sun kch thch:

t s t
t s
t g
R R
R
k
.
.
.
+
=
(4.23)
cn trng hp gim s vng dy kch thch:

E
=
.
.
.
t
lv t
t g
W
W
k
(4.24)


50
trong :
W
t.lv
- s vng dy kch thch lm vic;
W
t.E
- tng s vng dy dy qun kch thch.
Trn hnh 4.17 cho cc c tnh c M=f(n) ng vi: k
g.t
=1 - ng 1, l c tnh
c t nhin; k
g.t
=0,6 - ng 2; k
g.t
=0,3 - ng 3.
Cc c tnh trn hnh 4.17 cho trong h n v tng i, ng vi khi k
|
=const
v R
*
=0,1.
+ Tng t thng u
o
bng cch ni sun dy qun phn ng vi in tr R
s.

(hnh 4.16b). V ging p R
t
I nh, nn c th ly R
t
~0, v thc t in tr R
s.
t di
in p ca li in, v vy tr s ca R
s.t
cn phi ln, lm cho tn hao trn n ln
v hiu sut ng c in b gim mnh.
Ngoi ra, ni sun phn ng ch mang li hiu qu khi mch t khng bo ho.
V nhng l trn, m trn thc t rt t khi s dng phng php iu chnh tc ny.
Trn hnh 4.17 ng 4 l c tnh c M=f(n) khi:

dm
u s
u s
I
R
U
I 5 , 0
.
.
= ~

4.4.2.3. iu chnh tc quay bng cch ni ni tip in tr R
f
vo mch
phn ng:
Phng php ny cho php iu chnh tc n v bn di tc nh mc
trn hnh 4.16c. Do c thm tn hao trn in tr ph R
f
lc iu chnh tc , lm cho
hiu sut ng c in b gim i ng k, v vy phng php iu chnh tc ny t
c s dng.
Khi iu chnh tc vi R
f*
=0,5, c tnh c M=f(n) c dng ng 5 trn
hnh 4.17.

Hnh 4.17. Cc c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu
kch thch ni tip cc phng php iu chnh tc quay khc nhau.
4.4.2.4. iu chnh tc quay bng cch thay i in p:
Phng php ny cho php iu chnh tc n v bn di tc nh mc, v
ng c in vn lm vic vi hiu sut cao. y l phng php iu chnh tc
c dng ph bin trong cc thit b vn ti, trong c vn ti tu in m hm l,
thc hin bng cch chuyn t cch ni song song cc ng c vi li in, sang ni
51
ni tip cc ng c (hnh 4.18). Trn hnh 4.17 ng 6 l c tnh c M=f(n) khi
iu chnh tc vi U=0,5U
m
.

Hnh 4.18. iu chnh tc quay ng c in mt chiu kch t ni tip
bng cch chuyn t cch ni song song cc ng c vi li in (a) sang cch
ni ni tip cc ng c (b).



Cu hi n tp chng 4
Cu 1. Cu to v nguyn l thun nghch ca my in mt chiu ? Vai tr ca my
in mt chiu trong cng nghip v dn dng ?.
Cu 2. S nguyn l v nguyn l lm vic ca my in mt chiu ch my
pht in v ng c in ?.
Cu 3. Cc yu cu khi m my ng c in mt chiu, gii thch ngha ca mi
yu cu ?
Cu 4. S v c im ca mi phng php m my ng c in mt chiu ?
Cu 5. c im ca cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c mt chiu kch thch
song song ?.
Cu 6. c im ca cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c mt chiu kch t ni
tip ?

PHN THAM KHO CC KIU DY QUN CA MY IN
A. DY QUN MY IN XOAY CHIU
I. Dy qun 1 pha
1. Dy qun ng khun

52
Dy qun ca my in xoay chiu c nhim v to ra sc in ng v ng
thi cng tham gia vo vic to nn t trng cn thit cho s bin i nng lng c
in trong my.
- Kt cu ca dy qun phi m bo
- Tit kim c dy ng (ch yu l phn u ni).
- Bn v c, in, nhit.
- Ch to n gin, lp rp, sa cha d dng.
tit kim kim loi v ci thin dng sng sc in ng, dy qun 1 pha
thng qun ri.
Cc kiu dy qun 1 pha ca my in c Z=12.
Dy qun ng tm v dy qun bc ngn


II. Dy qun ba pha
B dy 3 pha l t hp ca 3 b dy 1 pha t lch nhau mt gc 120
0
trong
khng gian.
1. Dy qun 3 pha mt lp
Dy qun 3 pha mt lp thng c dng trong cc ng c in c cng sut
di 75kW v trong cc my pht in tuabin nc. loi dy qun ny trong mi
rnh ch t mt cnh tc dng ca mt bi dy do s bi dy S=Z/2.
Xt dy qun mt lp vi s pha m=3; Z=24; 2p=4. V gc lch pha gia 2 rnh
lin tip l =
Z
p
0
360 .
=30
0
nn sc in ng ca cc cnh tc dng t 1-12 di i
cc th nht lm thnh hnh sao sc in ng c 12 tia nh hnh v bn di:
Do v tr ca cc cnh t 13-24 di i cc th 2 hon ton ging v tr cc
cnh 1-12 di i cc th nht nn sc in ng ca chng c th biu th bng hnh
sao sc in ng trng vi hnh sao sc in ng th nht.
53
S rnh ca mt pha di mt cc l: 2
2 . 3 . 2
24
2
= = =
mp
Z
q
Ta c vng pha =q.=2.30
0
=60
0
.
V 2 cnh tc dng ca mi phn t cch nhau y==m.q=2.3=6 rnh, nn pha A
gm 2 phn t to thnh bi cc cnh tc dng (1-7) v (2-8) di i cc th nht v
2 phn t (13-19); (14-20) di i cc th 2. Do cc pha lch nhau 120
0
nn pha B
gm cc phn t (5-11); (6-12); (17-23); (18-24). Pha C gm:(9-15); (10-16); (21-3);
(22-4).
Hnh sao sc in ng rnh hay hnh sao sc in ng phn t ca dy qun
c Z=24; m=3; 2p=4; q=2.

Cng tt c cc vc t sc in ng ca cc phn t thuc cng 1 pha ta s c
cc sc in ng E
A
E
B
E
C
. em ni cc phn t thuc cng 1 pha vi nhau ta s c
dy qun 3 pha.
S khai trin dy qun 3 pha ng khun c Z=24;2p=4;q=2 nh hnh di:
V mi pha c 2 nhm phn t c v tr di 2 i cc hon ton ging nhau
nn c th to thnh mt mch nhnh (nu ni cui ca nhm phn t trc vi u
ca nhm phn t sau) hay thnh 2 mch nhnh ghp song song (nu ni u ca 2
nhm phn t vi nhau v ni cui ca chng vi nhau). Tng qut, nu my c p i
cc th th s mch nhnh song song ca mi pha l k vi iu kin k chia ht cho p.


54
T hnh v trn ta thy sc in ng ca mi pha khng ph thuc vo th t
ni cc cnh tc dng, th d vi pha A chng hn ta c th ni cc cnh tc dng 1-8-
2-7 di i cc th nht v 13-20-14-19 di i cc th hai v ta c 2 nhm c
2 phn t kch thc khng ging nhau v gi l dy qun ng tm. dy qun ng
tm, kh thc hin cc nhnh song song hon ton ging nhau v chiu di ca cc
nhm bi dy trong tng pha khng bng nhau.
2. Dy qun 3 pha hai lp
Dy qun 2 lp l dy qun m trong mi rnh c t 2 cnh tc dng ca phn
t. Nh vy s phn t S bng s rnh Z. Dy qun 2 lp c u im l thc hin c
bc ngn, lm yu c sc in ng bc cao, do ci thin c sc in ng.
Nhc im ca n l vic vo dy qun hay sa cha dy qun kh khn hn.
Dy qun 2 lp ca my in xoay chiu c ch to theo 2 kiu: dy qun
xp v dy qun sng.
Dy qun xp thng c dng cn dy qun sng ch dng qun rotor dy
qun ca ng c khng ng b v my pht tuabin hi nc cng sut ln.
S khai trin ca dy qun 3 pha ng tm 2 mt vi Z=24, 2p=4, q=2


Dy qun 2 lp thng c thc hin vi vng pha =q.=60
0



55
Hnh trn trnh by cch trin khai ca dy qun xp c Z=24, 2p=4, m=3, vng pha
=q.=60
0
v bc ngn y=
6
5
. Do gc lch pha gia 2 rnh lin tip l
=
Z
p
0
360 .
=30
0
nn di mi cc t mi pha c q=/=2 bi dy.Th t ni cc bi
dy nh sau:
- Pha A: A-1-2-8-7-13-14-20-19-X
- Pha B: B-5-6-12-11-17-18-24-23-Y
- Pha C: C-9-10-16-15-21-22-4-3-Z
l dy qun xp 3 pha 2 lp vi (z=24,2p=4,q=2;y=5, )
6
5
= |
Cn dy qun sng 3 pha 2 lp vi (Z=24;2p=4;q=2;y=5; )
6
5
= | th nh sau:

V cc nhm phn t ca mt pha lin tip c t di cc cc t khc nhau
nn sc in ng cm ng ca chng c chiu ngc nhau (u cc nhm phn t, v
d pha A c ghi k kiu *). mi pha hnh thnh mt mch nhnh, ta phi ni cui
ca nhm phn t trc vi u ca nhm phn t tip theo nh hnh. Nu mun mi
pha c nhiu mch nhnh song song th phi ni u ca cc nhm bi dy ca pha
vi nhau v cui ca cc nhm bi dy vi nhau. Ni chung s nhnh song song
ca mt pha c th l k vi iu kin l k chia ht cho 2p.
B. DY QUN MY IN MT CHIU
I. Dy qun phn ng my in mt chiu
Dy qun phn ng l b phn quan trng nht ca my in v n tham gia
trc tip vo qu trnh bin i nng lng t in nng thnh c nng v ngc li.
Ngoi ra dy qun phn ng cn chim mt t l kh cao trong c cu gi thnh ca
my pht in mt chiu.
Cc yu cu t ra cho dy qun phn ng l:
- Sinh ra mt sc in ng cn thit, c th cho mt dng in nht nh chy qua
sinh ra mt m men cn thit m khng b nng qu nhit quy nh, ng thi m
bo i chiu tt.
- Kt cu n gin, tit kim vt liu, lm vic chc chn an ton.
- Dy qun phn ng chia lm dy qun xp n v xp phc tp v dy qun sng
n v sng phc tp. Mt s my in mt chiu c cng sut ln cn dng loi dy
qun hn hp, kt hp gia dy qun sng v xp.
1. Cu to:
56
Dy qun phn ng gm nhiu phn t dy qun ni vi nhau theo mt quy lut
nht nh. Phn t l mt bi dy gm mt hay nhiu vng dy m 2 u ca n ni
vo 2 phin gp. Cc phn t ni vi nhau thng qua cc phin gp v lm thnh
mch vng kn.
Mi phn t c 2 cnh tc dng, l phn t vo rnh ca li st. Phn ni 2
cnh tc dng nm ngoi li st gi l phn u ni.
d ch to, mt cnh tc dng ca phn t t lp di ca mt rnh cn
cnh tc dng kia t lp trn ca mt rnh khc. Cc phn t khc cng xp th t
nh vy vo cc rnh k bn cho n khi y cc rnh. Nu trong mt rnh phn ng
(gi l rnh thc) ch t 2 cnh tc dng (mt cnh nm lp trn v mt cnh nm
lp di rnh) th ta gi rnh l rnh nguyn t. Nu trong mt rnh thc c t
2u cnh tc dng (u=1,2,3,4n) th ta c th chia rnh thc thnh u rnh nguyn
t. V vy quan h gia s rnh thc Z ca phn ng vi s rnh nguyn t l: Z
nt
=uZ
Gia s phn t ca dy qun S, s rnh nguyn t Z
nt
v s phin gp G cng c mi
quan h nht nh. V mi phn t c 2 u ni v 2 phin gp, ng thi mi phin
gp li ni 2 u ca 2 phn t li vi nhau, nn s phn t S bng s phin gp G.
Tc l S=G.
V mi rnh nguyn t t 2 cnh tc dng m mi phn t cng c 2 cnh tc
dng nn Z
nt
=S=G. Rnh thc c 1,2,3 rnh nguyn t:

Tu theo kch thc ca cc phn t m ta chia dy qun thnh dy qun c
phn t ng u v dy qun theo cp.
- Dy qun c phn t ng u l dy qun m kch thc cc phn t hon ton
ging nhau.
- Dy qun theo cp l dy qun m khi cnh tc dng th nht ca cc phn t cng
nm trong mt rnh thc th cnh tc dng th 2 ca chng li nm trong rnh thc
khc nhau. V vy kch thc ca cc phn t khng bng nhau.


Dy qun c phn t ng u v theo cp
2. Cc bc dy qun
Cc bc dy qun xp v sng:
Quy lut ni cc phn t dy qun c th c xc nh theo bc dy qun sau:
57
- Bc dy qun th nht y
1
: l khong cch gia 2 cnh tc dng ca mt phn
t o bng s rnh nguyn t.
- Bc dy qun th hai y
2
: l khong cch gia cnh tc dng th 2 ca phn
t th nht vi cnh tc dng th nht ca phn t th hai ni tip ngay sau v o
bng s rnh nguyn t.


- Bc dy qun tng hp y: l khong cch gia 2 cnh tng ng ca 2
phn t lin tip nhau o bng rnh nguyn t.
- Bc trn vnh gp y
G
: l khong cch gia 2 phin gp c 2 cnh tc
dng ca cng mt phn t ni vo v o bng s phin gp.
Gi khong cch gia 2 cc t tnh theo chu vi phn ng l bc cc t, ta c:
p
Z
nt
2
= t
2.1. Dy qun xp n
Do c im v bc dy qun ca kiu dy ny l cc phn t ni ni tip
nhau u xp ln nhau nn ta gi l kiu dy qun xp.
2.1.1. Bc dy qun
a. Bc dy qun th nht y
1
:
Bc dy qun th nht phi c chn sao cho sc in ng cm ng trong
phn t ln nht. Mun vy th 2 cnh tc dng phi cch nhau mt bc cc, v lc
ny tr s tc thi ca sc in ng ca 2 cnh tc dng bng nhau v tr s v ngc
chiu nhau v do trong mt phn t ui ca 2 cnh tc dng ni vi nhau nn sc
in ng tng ca phn t bng tng s hc sc in ng ca 2 cnh tc dng.
Nu biu th sc in ng ca mi cnh tc dng bng 1 vc t th 2 sc in ng
ca 2 cnh ny cng phng v vc t sc in ng tng ca phn t bng 2 ln vc
t sc in ng ca mt cnh tc dng.
V s rnh nguyn t di mi bc cc bng
p
Z
nt
2
nn tt nht l
p
Z
y
nt
2
1
= . Nu
p
Z
y
nt
2
1
= khng phi l s nguyn th phi chn y
1
bng mt s nguyn gn bng
p
Z
nt
2
,
ta c: c =
p
Z
y
nt
2
1
= S nguyn. Khi:
-
p
Z
y
nt
2
1
= ta c dy qun bc
58
- c + =
p
Z
y
nt
2
1
ta c dy qun bc di
- c =
p
Z
y
nt
2
1
ta c dy qun bc ngn
Dy qun thng c thc hin theo bc ngn v tn ng hn. Nhng c
bc di v ngn th sc in ng tng u nh hn bc do 2 sc in ng ca
2 cnh tc dng khng cng phng.
Sc in ng ca phn t: bc , ngn, di

b. Bc dy qun th nht y v bc vnh gp y
G
:
c im ca dy qun xp n l 2 u dy ca mt phn t ni lin vo 2
phin gp k nhau nn y
G
=1. Vy ta c y=y
G
=1.
c. Bc dy qun th hai y
2
:
Ta c y
2
=y
1
-y
2.1.2. Gin khai trin ca dy qun
Ta dng gin khai trin phn tch cch u dy ca cc phn t. l
hnh v khai trin ca dy qun khi ct b mt phn ng theo chiu trc ri tri ra
thnh mt phng.
Ta xt v d sau: dy qun xp n c Z
nt
=S=G=16, 2p=4.
a. Cc bc dy qun: c =
p
Z
y
nt
2
1
=
4
16
= 4; y=y
G
=1; y
2
=y
1
-y=3
b. Th t ni cc phn t:
- Ta nh s rnh t 1 n 16.
- Phn t th nht c cnh tc dng th nht (coi nh t nm trong rnh) t vo rnh
nguyn t th nht th cnh tc dng th 2 ca n phi nm pha di ca rnh
nguyn t th 5.(y
1
=5-1=4). Hai u ca phn t ny ni vo phin i chiu 1 v 2.
- Cnh th nht ca phn t th 2 phi t rnh nguyn t th 2 v nm lp trn
(v y
2
=5-2=3) v c tip tc nh vy cho n khi khp kn mch.
Xem s sau:

c. Gin khai trin:
Ta quy c cc cnh ca phn t lp trn v bng nt lin cn lp di v
bng nt t.
59
V tr ca cc cc t phi i xng ngha l khong cch gia chng phi u
nhau, chiu rng cc t vo khong 0,7 bc cc. Theo cc tnh ca cc t v chiu
quay ca phn ng m chiu sc in ng cm ng nh hnh. V tr ca chi than trn
phin i chiu cng phi i xng, ngha l khong cch gia cc chi than phi bng
nhau. Chiu rng ca chi than c th ly bng mt phin i chiu. V tr tng i
gia chi than v cc t phi c mt mi quan h nht nh. Chi than phi t ch
sc in ng ly ra 2 u chi than l ln nht v dng in trong phn t khi b
chi than ni ngn mch l nh nht.

Dng in trong phn t khi b chi than ni ngn mch l nh nht khi 2 cnh
ca phn t nm v tr trng vi ng trung tnh hnh hc ca phn ng. Nh vy
th v tr ca chi than t trn vnh gp phi trng vi trc ca cc t.
thun li, c khi trong mt s hnh v ta quy c v tr ca cc chi than
ng trn ng trung tnh hnh hc ca phn ng.
Theo hnh v, khi chi than trn vnh gp t ng gia trc cc t th sc
in ng ca cc phn t gia 2 chi than u cng vi nhau nn sc in ng gia
2 chi than l ln nht. Khi chi than dch n v tr khc th sc in ng s gim i.
2.1.3. S i mch nhnh.
Ta gi s thi im no , dy qun quay n v tr nh trong gin khai
trin trn. Ta thy sc in ng ca cc phn t gia 2 chi than cng chiu v chi
than A
1
A
2
c cng cc tnh (cc +). Cc tnh ca cc chi than B
1
B
2
l ging nhau
(cc -). V vy ta thng ni A
1
vi A
2
v B
1
vi B
2
. T ngoi nhn vo ta c th biu
th s dy qun nh hnh. T hnh ta thy dy qun l mt mch in gm 4 mch
nhnh ghp song song hp li. Khi phn ng quay, v tr ca phn t thay i nhng
nhn t bn ngoi vo vn l 4 mch nhnh song song. Nu my in c s i cc l
2p th s i mch nhnh cng l 2p. V vy c im ca dy qun xp n l s
mch nhnh ghp song song ca dy qun phn ng bng s cc t: 2a=2p.
S k hiu dy qun xp n v dy qun xp tri:
60

Trong v d trn y
G
=1 nn dy qun c xp theo th t t tri sang phi, ta
gi l dy qun phi. nu y
G
=-1 th u cui ca phn t nm bn tri ca u phn t
ta c dy qun tri, cch ny tn ng hn t c s dng.
2.2. Dy qun sng n
2.2.1. Bc dy qun
c im ca dy qun sng l hai u ca phn t ni vi hai phin gp cch
rt xa nhau v hai phn t ni tip nhau cng cch xa nhau nn nhn cch u gn
ging nh ln sng. Cch xc nh bc dy qun y
1
ging nh dy qun xp n, ch
khc y
G
. Khi chn y
G
, trc ht yu cu sc in ng sinh ra trong hai phn t ni
tip nhau cng chiu, nh vy sc in ng mi c th cng s hc vi nhau c.
Mun th th hai phn t phi nm di cc cc t cng cc tnh, c v tr tng
i gn ging nhau trong t trng, ngha l cch nhau mt khong bng hai bc cc.
Mt khc cc phn t ni tip nhau sau khi qun vng quanh b mt phn ng phi tr
v bn cnh phn t u tin li tip tc ni vi cc phn t khc qun vng th
hai. Nh vy, nu my c p i cc th mun cho cc phn t ni tip nhau i mt
vng b mt phn ng, phi c p phn t. Hai phin i chiu ni vi hai u ca phn
t cch xa nhau y
G
phin, do mun cho khi qun xong vng th nht u cui ca
phn t phi k vi u u ca phn t u tin th s phin i chiu m cc phn t
vt qua phi bng: p.y
G
= G 1 v ta c:
p
G
y
G
1
=
T cc cng thc v bc dy qun trn ta thy, mc d 2 phn t ni tip nhau
di cc cc t cng cc tnh nhng v tr tng i trong t trng khng hon
ton nh nhau, v khong cch rnh gia hai phn t l:
p p
Z
p
Z
p
G
y y
nt nt
G
1 1 1
=

= =

2.2.2. Gin khai trin ca dy qun
V d c dy qun sng n vi 2p = 4, G = S = Z
nt
= 15.
a. Bc dy qun
- 3
4
3
4
15
2
1
= = c =
p
Z
y
nt
, chn dy qun bc ngn.
- 7
2
1 15 1
=

=
p
G
y
G
, chn dy qun tri.
- y = y
G
= 7; y
2
= y y
1
= 7 3 = 4.
b. Th t ni cc phn t
61

c. Gin khai trin dy qun
Cch v v tr cc t v chi than trong gin trin khai ging nh dy qun
xp. Theo th t ni cc phn t ta thy, phn t 1 ni vi phn t 8 ri vi phn t
15, cch nhau 7 phn t. Nhn trn gin khai trin ta thy, cc cnh tng ng ca
cc phn t y u nm di cc cc t cng cc tnh, v d cnh th nht ca cc
phn t 1,8,15 u nm di cc S. Nhng sau khi ni n phn t th 5 tr i th tt
c cc phn t s nm di cc N cho n khi ni thnh mch kn.

Nh vy d my c bao nhiu i cc th quy lut ni dy qun ny vn l:
trc ht ni ni tip tt c cc phn t di cc cc t c cng cc tnh li sau
ni cc phn t di cc cc t c cc tnh khc cho n khi ht.
d. S i mch nhnh
C th dng a gic sc in ng xc nh nhanh chng s i mch nhnh ca
dy qun sng n. Theo hnh tia sc in ng, gc in gia 2 phn t k nhau
l:
0
0
48
15
360 . 2 360 .
= = = o
S
p
.

62

Khi v hnh tia sc in ng ta khng thy vc t sc in ng no trng
nhau, do ta ch c 1 a gic sc in ng v do ch c mt i mch nhnh. Ta
c a=1.
V l lun ta thy ch cn 2 chi than cng (v ch c mt i mch nhnh)
nhng ta vn thng t s chi than bng s cc t nhm phn b dng in trn
nhiu chi than hn, lm gim kch thc chi than v chiu di ca vnh gp.
iu quan trng l phi m bo tnh i xng ca c 2 mch nhnh. Theo hnh
trn ta thy c 5 phn t b ngn mch v khp kn qua chi than (2,5,6,9,13) nn trong
mi mch nhnh ch cn li 5 phn t, ngha l chng i xng nhau.