THE CRUCIBLE

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE CONTEXT OF THIS FAMOUS PLAY

Firstly, what is a crucible?

Crucible: a vessel or melting pot A test of the most decisive kind, a severe trial

So who is this Arthur Miller bloke?

Introducing Arthur Miller

One

of Americas most renowned playwrights He was born in New York, and grew up in Brooklyn As a child, he played football and baseball and read adventure stories wasnt particularly literary

Arthur Miller cont.

Worked

in an auto parts factory so he could afford to go to college, where he decided to become a journalist Graduated from the University of Michigan in 1938, went back to New York and started writing for radio. Married his first of three wives, Mary, in 1940

Arthur Miller cont.

His first play on Broadway was The Man Who Had All The Luck it ran for only four performances He published a novel in 1945 Focus. In 1947, his next play All My Sons was much more successful In 1949, Death of a Salesman premiered, and this brought him worldwide fame

Arthur Miller cont.

In the 1950s, he was caught up in the furore surrounding Communist influence in all facets of American life, including the arts (MORE ON THIS LATER) His experiences during this time inspired The Crucible It wasnt initially a success on Broadway, but has since become his most produced play.

Arthur Miller cont.

In 1956 he married actress Marilyn Monroe. They split in 1961. He wrote some screenplays, but went back to writing for theatre in the mid 1960s. He married again in 1962. He was still writing in the 1990s, including the screenplay for the film adaptation of The Crucible Miller died in 2005

The Puritans
Okay, now you know a little bit about the author

So whats the deal with these Puritans?

Background
First, some background
THE MIDDLE AGES

A time of great change. Why?

Well

The plague swept through Europe, killing up to 40% of

the population

Lots of wars

Background
The authority of Kings
and the Church was being questioned

New ideas eg. the earth

isnt flat!

New inventions ie. the

printing press All of this leads to lots of instability. So Lets kill witches!

Background
In Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France and other parts
of Europe, hundreds of witches were killed.

In some instances, people were actually tied up and

thrown into water. If you floated, you were guilty (because Satan was helping you), and you would be killed. If you drowned, you were innocent.

The Puritans
So back to the Puritans

They were a religious group in England who had very

strict rules about how people should behave. Eventually, the English people got sick of them, and so many Puritans fled to the US to escape religious persecution.

They settled in North America in 1620.

The Puritans
They firmly believed:
in the Bible; they felt that it revealed the Lords word, and
only through it does he directly communicate to people. They believed man could do nothing to be saved salvation was a gift that could only come from God Your soul was predestined from birth you were either going to Heaven or Hell. They constantly searched for hints as to what path they were on.

The Puritans
Women were considered subservient to men, and
women were more likely to consort with the Devil than men

The church was the centre of society

They also wanted to purge evil from the world. One

way to do this confront and eradicate witchcraft.

The Salem Witch Trials

Map of the United States of America

Map of Massachusetts

The Witch Trials

This is one of the most infamous events in American history.
150 people were imprisoned, and 20 people died between 1692 and 1693.

The Witch Trials

2 kids, Elizabeth (Betty) Parris, and Abigail Williams, had fits a doctor suggested witchcraft as a cause The girls, under pressure from various members of the community, accused 3 women of witchcraft. Other accusations followed, people were arrested, imprisoned and sentenced to death.

The Witch Trials

Evidence was generally just testimony from those afflicted basically, one persons word against anothers. Almost all those who died were hung, although Giles Corey, an elderly farmer, was pressed to death large stones were placed on his body until he died.

The Witch Trials

The last trial took place in 1693. Theres no one reason why it ended. Today, in Salem, there are numerous museums and memorials dedicated to providing information about this unique period in history Check out www.salemweb.com

The Witch Trials

Numerous reasons have been offered since to explain the original symptoms the girls showed, including hysteria, hallucinations brought on by food poisoning, and various diseases. There is also no one reason as to why things got so out of control desire for land and power, strict religious beliefs, and a tightly controlled society are just some of the explanations.

Why do we care.
So Why did Arthur Miller, almost 400 years after these events took place, decide to write about them?

Why did he write the play?

Basically, he saw a strong parallel between the witch-hunts in Salem, and what was happening in America in the 1950s. However, this time, the hunt was for Communists.

The Cold War

Back in the 20th century, there were two world superpowers: the USA and the USSR. In 1946, the USSR acquired nuclear weapons. This was effectively the start of the Cold War between the USSR and the USA an undeclared war not of bloody fighting but of threat and counter threat.

Capitalism v Communism

America represented the ideology of capitalism, while the USSR represented communism. In 1949, China became a Communist country, and American paranoia about Communism reached crisis proportions.

Fear of Communism

In America, and in Australia to a lesser extent, the common perception was that the Communists were an empire of Evil. The struggle was for control of trouble spots. On one side were the good (the US, with its freedom loving, democratic traditions), while on the other, was the bad (the USSR and China, with repressive police states, human rights abuses and lack of freedom). This is how it was portrayed in the Western media.

McCarthy

Into an American society that was extremely paranoid that the Communists were going to take over the world, a Senator named Joseph McCarthy rose to prominence.

McCarthy

He made a speech in February 1950, where he claimed to have a list of more than 200 Communist party members who were working for the US State Department. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKWGoCqu57Y The attempt to weed out Communists had been going on before McCarthy, and continued after him, but he became symbolic of the era, and his involvement coined the term McCarthyism.

The Hunt for Communists

This whole period of United States history was characterised by suspicion, paranoia and hysteria. People were encouraged to turn on each other, and to name suspected Communists.

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

This committee was formed in 1938, and its focus soon shifted to identifying Communists. Its most notorious investigation was into the Hollywood film industry. Actors, writers, and directors were called to testify about the Communist beliefs of themselves and their colleagues.

The Hollywood Ten

Initially, ten guys refused to answer under the First Amendment. They were sentenced to prison for contempt of Congress.

Blacklists

All of this investigation and suspicion led to blacklists. No-one every really admitted that these lists existed, but what it meant was that hundreds of people working in the entertainment industry were denied work because they had been accused of being Communists, or refused to cooperate with inquiries.

Who was blacklisted?

Some of the people blacklisted include: Charlie Chaplin (actor) Orson Welles (actor, author, director) (Citizen Kane) Leonard Bernstein (composer) (West Side Story) And Arthur Miller

Consequences

Hundreds were imprisoned Tens of thousands lost their jobs Some of these people did have a past or present connection with the Communist Party, however, may not have meant any harm to the United States at all. For most, the evidence linking them to the Communist Party was dubious at best.

The Crucible

Arthur Miller was in the middle of all of this hysteria about Communism. He saw clear parallels between that and the hysteria over witches that had existed 4 centuries earlier. He wrote The Crucible as an allegory to illustrate how ridiculous the paranoia about Communism in the US was.

So
Its really two stories in one: One: a dramatisation of the real-life events of Salem, Massachusetts in the late 1690s and Two: a comment on how ludicrous the hunt for Communists in the 1950s was. Through this play, he makes clear comments about American government and society.