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Original article
2008. CEO. dit par / Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits rservs/All rights reserved
Rsum
La dure dun traitement dorthodontie est denviron deux ans, ce qui a conduit au dveloppement de nouvelles techniques, comme les corticotomies, qui permettent dacclrer le dplacement dentaire orthodontique. Cette technique consiste en une intervention chirurgicale sur la corticale osseuse autour des dents dplacer. Elle provoque une diminution de la densit de los mdullaire et une augmentation du remodelage osseux (turn-over). Ces processus biologiques sont lorigine de lacclration du dplacement dentaire, mais permettent aussi dobtenir des dplacements qui dpassent les limites classiques dun traitement dorthodontie, permettant parfois de surseoir la chirurgie orthognathique. Cette technique ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans le traitement orthodontique de ladulte.
Summary
Orthodontic treatment typically lasts about two years. This has led to the development of new techniques, such as corticotomies, which help speed up orthodontic tooth displacement. The corticotomy technique consists of a surgical procedure on the cortical bone surrounding the teeth needing to be moved. The result is decreased medullary bone density and increased bone turnover. These biological processes trigger acceleration of the bone displacement while also enabling displacements which exceed the usual limits of orthodontic treatment and even, on occasion, help avoid orthognathic surgery. Corticotomy opens up new prospects for adult orthodontic treatment.
Mots-cls
Corticotomie alvolaire. Dplacement dentaire. Acclration du traitement.
Key-words
Alveolar corticotomy. Displacement tooth. Treatment acceleration.
1 Facult de chirurgie dentaire Paris V, Dpartement dorthodontie, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge. 2 Service dORL et de Chirurgie de la face et du cou, CHU de Bictre, AP-HP, Universit Paris Sud-11.
Correspondance et tirs part / Correspondence and reprints: M THIERRY, Facult de chirurgie dentaire Paris V, Dpartement dorthodontie, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge. marc_thierry@hotmail.com
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Introduction
Les facteurs biologiques sont les principales limitations au temps de traitement en orthodontie. Il a t montr que le rythme biologique de dplacement dentaire dpend de plusieurs facteurs : le turn-over osseux [1, 2], la densit osseuse [3], la raction du ligament alvolo-dentaire et sa dure de hyalinisation [4]. La dure dun traitement orthodontique classique est denviron deux ans. Cette dure peut tre un obstacle chez les adultes, de plus en plus nombreux dsirer un traitement, sans compter lincidence des problmes carieux et parodontaux qui augmente avec la dure du traitement. Ds lors, diverses techniques ont t proposes pour acclrer le dplacement orthodontique.
Introduction
Biological factors are the main limitations on orthodontic treatment time. It has been demonstrated that the biological rate of tooth displacement is dependent upon several conditions: bone turnover [1, 2], bone density [3], the response of the periodontal ligament and its speed of hyalinization [4]. Orthodontic treatment typically lasts about two years. This duration can discourage adults, many more of whom are now seeking treatment. In addition, there is the incidence of caries- and periodontium-related problems which increases the longer treatment lasts. As a result, various techniques have been suggested to speed up orthodontic displacement.
Experiments have been performed with the administration of various drugs including prostaglandins [5-8], interleukins [9], leukotrienes [10], adenosin monophosphate [11], and vitamin D [12, 13]. These molecules trigger or exacerbate inflammation and can accelerate ligament regeneration by increasing the number of osteoclasts or by increasing capillary permeability. However, their use is limited by the advent ofgeneral side effects. Mechanical and physical forces involving, for instance, electrical or magnetic fields have been proposed. However, these have also been shown to have undesirable side effects [14-16].
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dent, que lon peut tirer. Le ligament peut se dchirer, mais il se rgnre par les mmes principes biologiques que pour la disjonction de la suture palatine mdiane. Les corticotomies consistent en la ralisation de traits ou de perforations concernant uniquement la corticale, autour des dents dplacer. Cette technique nest donc pas limite au recul canin, et peut concerner toute larcade ou au contraire tre segmentaire. Cest une technique gnralement rserve ladulte, qui permet de rendre le dplacement dentaire et le traitement orthodontique dans son ensemble deux quatre fois plus rapide quun traitement dorthodontie conventionnel. Les corticotomies peuvent tre employes uniquement dans un but dacclration du traitement, puisque les dures de traitement rapportes vont de quatre sept mois. Elles peuvent galement, dans certains cas de dcalage des bases modr, tre employes comme alternative la chirurgie orthognathique, puisque les corticotomies permettent dobtenir des dplacements dentaires qui permettent de dpasser les limites dun traitement orthodontique classique, et donc daugmenter les possibilits de traitement. Les techniques de distraction et les corticotomies font donc appel des processus physiologiques diffrents pour obtenir un dplacement dentaire acclr : Les distractions font appel des forces lourdes, appliques par le biais de vrins du type de ceux employs sur les disjoncteurs. Ces techniques permettent de saffranchir de la limitation physiologique du ligament dento-alvolaire, puisque dans un cas on dplace la totalit du bloc osseux alvolaire sans le solliciter, et dans lautre cas, le ligament est dchir. Les corticotomies mettent en jeu des mcanismes biologiques plus physiologiques.
and the tooth. The ligament may tear but will regenerate. The principle is the same as for disjunction of the mid-palatal suture. Corticotomies consist in creating bone-cuts or perforations exclusively in the cortical bone surrounding the teeth to be displaced. This technique, therefore, is not reserved for canine retraction alone and can involve the entire arch or can be performed in segments. The technique isgenerally performed only on adults and makes tooth displacement and the overall orthodontic treatment between two and four times shorter than conventional orthodontic treatment. Corticotomies can be used exclusively with a view to accelerating treatment as the treatment times reported in the literature range from four to seven months. They can also be used in some cases involving a moderate discrepancy of the base as an alternative to orthognathic results obtained using classic orthodontic treatment and thus broadens the range of treatment alternatives.
Distraction techniques and corticotomies thus call on different physiological processes in order to achieve accelerated tooth displacement. Distractions require high forces applied by jackscrews of the type used in palatal expansion screws. Using these techniques, it is possible to overcome the physiological limitations of the periodontal ligament since, in one instance, the entire alveolar bone block is displaced without applying a force and, in the other, the ligament is torn. Corticotomies involve more physiological biological mechanisms.
A background to corticotomies
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acclr, voire dentretenir ce phnomne. La priode postopratoire o il est possible dobtenir les dplacement dentaires les plus importants dbute la fin du premier mois.
nomenon. The post-operative phase when most tooth displacement can be achieved begins at the end of the first month.
Augmentation du turnover
On sait que le turnover osseux est augment par une fracture, une ostotomie, une greffe osseuse [31], ou par le simple fait de raliser un lambeau fibromuqueux avec un dcollement sous priost [32]. Il a t montr que le turnover cellulaire au niveau osseux a un impact sur la rapidit des mouvements dentaires [33, 34]. Exprimentalement, en augmentant pharmacologiquement chez lanimal le turnover cellulaire au niveau osseux, on constate un
Increased turnover
It is well known that bone turnover increases following a fracture, osteotomy or bonegraft [31], or by simply lifting a fibromucous flap with subperiosteal elevation [32]. It has been demonstrated that cell turnover at bone level impacts the speed of tooth movements [33, 34]. In experimental conditions in animals, pharmacologically increased cell turnover in the bone results in more rapid tooth displacement. In the clinical setting, in periodontal surgery,
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dplacement dentaire plus rapide. Cliniquement, en chirurgie parodontale, le simple fait de faire un lambeau daccs provoque une mobilit dentaire augmente pendant une certaine priode suivant lacte. Aprs une chirurgie dostotomie, les dents sont aussi plus faciles mobiliser. Les observations histologiques [35, 36] ont confirm que les corticotomies augmentaient le turnover osseux, mesur par le nombre dostoclastes activs. Du ct tmoin, deux semaines sont ncessaires pour que le nombre de cellules atteigne son niveau maximal, alors que le recrutement cellulaire atteint tout de suite un niveau lev qui se maintient du ct de la corticotomie.
the mere act of making an access flap triggersgreater tooth mobility over a limited period following the procedure. Following osteotomy surgery, teeth are also easier to move. Histological observations [35, 36] have confirmed that corticotomies increase bone turnover measured by the number of activated osteoclasts. In controls, it took two weeks for the cells to reach their maximum concentration whereas in subjects receiving corticotomies a high level was obtained immediately.
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de la corticotomie, et un ct tmoin qui nen bnficie pas. Les secondes prmolaires sont extraites, afin de laisser un espace pour msialer la troisime prmolaire, et un dlai de 16 semaines est respect pour obtenir une cicatrisation osseuse complte. Du ct exprimental, la troisime molaire est msiale sous laction dun ressort NiTi de 50 grammes immdiatement aprs la corticotomie. Du ct tmoin, la dent est dplace de la mme manire aprs la ralisation de simples lambeaux daccs. Les rsultats montrent que le dplacement dentaire est en moyenne deux fois plus rapide du ct exprimental que du ct tmoin (fig. 3). Il est surtout intressant de noter que le dplacement dentaire est linaire du ct de la corticotomie tout au long du dplacement. On ne retrouve pas larrt du dplacement dentaire caractristique de la phase de hyalinisation, qui est ici extrmement rapide et limite. Du ct exprimental, on constate lexistence de rsorption osseuse indirecte seulement pendant une priode trs limite, tandis que la rsorption directe est demble le processus majoritaire. On ne note microscopiquement aucun dbut de rsorption radiculaire. Classiquement, du ct tmoin, on relve la prsence de rsorption indirecte et de hyalinisation du desmodonte de la premire la quatrime semaine, pour laisser la place de la rsorption directe par la suite. Des plages de rsorption radiculaire sont retrouves sur les observations microscopiques de coupes histologiques la quatrime et la huitime semaine. Les corticotomies semblent donc tre une bonne technique pour limiter les risques de rsorption radiculaire, et pour obtenir des dplacements dentaires acclrs plus physiologiques. Selon nous, les botiers autoligaturants passifs trouvent ici un intrt particulier. Les techniques orthodontiques permettant de dlivrer de faibles niveaux de forces et les corticotomies relvent dun objectif commun, qui est un dplacement dentaire plus physiologique et plus rapide. Les deux techniques ne sopposent pas, mais sont selon nous complmentaires.
control side. The second premolars were extracted in order to leave space for third premolar mesialization. A period of 16 weeks was allowed to ensure complete bone healing. On the experimental side, the third molar was mesialized using a 50g NiTi spring placed immediately after the corticotomy. On the control side, the tooth was displaced in a similar manner after simply lifting access flaps.
The results showed that the mean rate of tooth displacement was twice as rapid on the experimental side as on the control side (fig. 3). Above all, it is interesting to note that tooth displacement was linear on the corticotomy side throughout the movement. Investigators observed none of the interrupted tooth displacement characteristic of the hyalinization phase, which in this case was extremely rapid and limited. On the experimental side, they observed indirect bone resorption for a short period only whereas direct resorption was immediately seen to be the main process. Microscopic observation showed no incipient root resorption. Classically, on the control side, one observes the presence of indirect resorption and hyalinization of the periodontal ligament between the first and fourth week, followed thereafter by direct resorption. Areas of root resorption were found under microscopic observation on histological sections at the fourth and eighth week. Corticotomies would therefore appear to offer agood technique for limiting the risks of root resorption and for achieving more physiological accelerated tooth displacements. In our opinion, passive self-ligating brackets are of particular interest in this context. The orthodontic techniques delivering low force levels and corticotomies share a common objective, which is to ensure faster and more physiological tooth movement. The two techniques are complementary rather than opposed.
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Treatment stability
It is still too early to say whether fewer relapses can be achieved using corticotomy treatment. The thickness of the cortical plate is thought to be one of the factors most strongly affecting relapse rate. Studies by Rothe have shown that patients with thin cortical bone are more inclined to relapse [38]. The impact of corticotomies on the thickness of cortical bone has not yet been established. In Sebaouns view, it is the bovine bonegraft associated with his corticotomy protocol which promotesgreater cortical bone thickness. However, work conducted on pigs (J.-B. Charrier, M. Steve, unpublished results) as well as several other studies point to the osteogenic potential of corticotomies [39-41]. In our view, the corticotomy technique alone may suffice to produce this osteogenic response and thus promote treatment stability.
Applications cliniques
Intrusion de molaires gresses
Lingression est probablement le mouvement dentaire le plus difficile obtenir. On ne peut pas corriger une gression molaire de faon satisfaisante avec un appareil multiattache seul, puisque leffet principal est davantage une gression des dents dappui quune intrusion des dents dplacer. Plusieurs tudes prsentent le cas de patients adultes prsentant une dentation dans un secteur mandibulaire [29, 42]. Lgression des premires et deuximes molaires antagonistes empche toute reconstruction prothtique. Une corticotomie sous anesthsie locale concernant les molaires maxillaires ingresser est alors ralise. Les traits passent en msial de la premire molaire, et 3 mm au-dessus des apex des premires et deuximes molaires. Une miniplaque en vestibulaire, et deux mini-implants en palatin constituent le moyen dancrage. Une intrusion denviron 3 mm au moyen de tractions lastiques de 100 150 grammes par ct est obtenue en deux mois de traitement, sans gression des dents voisines, ce qui permet de raliser la reconstruction prothtique. Cette intrusion semble stable onze mois aprs lintervention. Une autre tude sest intresse lingression des secteurs postrieurs, cette fois comme alternative la chirurgie orthognathique pour traiter une bance antrieure et latrale [43]. Dans les cas de bance svre, le traitement classique consiste en une chirurgie bimaxillaire, avec rotation antihoraire de la mandibule, et une impaction maxillaire postrieure. Dans ce cas, le traitement consiste en une impaction importante des secteurs postrieurs maxillaires laide de corticotomies et de miniplaques et de minivis. Ce mouvement ne serait pas possible dans de telles proportions dans un traitement orthodontique classique. La corticotomie des secteurs postrieurs maxillaires est ralise en deux temps (vestibulaire puis palatin) sous anesthsie locale. Les miniplaques et les minivis sont poses au cours de lintervention. Le rsultat obtenu est une ingression des sec-
Clinical applications
Intrusion of extruded molars
Intrusion is probably the most difficult tooth movement to achieve. Molar over-eruption cannot be adequately corrected with a multiattachment appliance alone since the main effect produced is extrusion of the adjacent teeth rather than intrusion of the teeth to be moved. Several studies have presented cases showing adult patients with edentulousness in a segment of the mandible [29, 42]. Over-eruption of the antagonist first and second molars ruled out prosthodontic reconstruction. Corticotomy under local anesthetic involving the maxillary molars requiring intrusion was then performed. The bone-cuts were made mesial to the first molar and 3mm above the apices of the first and second molars. A buccal mini-plate and two palatal mini-implants were used for anchorage. A 3mm intrusion was then obtained over two months using 100 to 150g of elastic traction on both sides, without extruding the neighboring teeth, thus permitting prosthodontic treatment to be performed. The intrusion had a stable appearance 11 months after the procedure. Another study investigated intrusion in the posterior segments, this time as an alternative to orthognathic surgery in order to treat anterior and lateral open bite [43]. In cases of severe open bite, conventional treatment consists of bimaxillary surgery with anticlockwise mandibular rotation and posterior maxillary impaction. In such cases, treatment involves a major impaction of the posterior maxillary segments by means of corticotomies, miniplates and miniscrews. Such a degree of movement would be unobtainable using conventional orthodontic treatment. Corticotomy of the posterior maxillary segments is performed in two steps, buccal then palatal, with local anesthetic. The miniplates and miniscrews are placed during the procedure. The achieved outcome is 7mm of intrusion of the posterior seg-
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ments within one month of traction, thus ensuring closure of the open bite.
Fischers team investigated the benefits of corticotomies in six patients presenting bilateral palatally impacted canines [45]. In each patient, the two crowns were surgically exposed during a single session. On one side, the standard protocol was used. On the other, a corticotomy was also performed involving a series of perforations spaced 2mm apart restricted to the cortical bone and surrounding the crown of the canine to be moved. Traction commenced simultaneously on the two teeth with the orthodontist unaware of the side on which the corticotomy had been performed. The corticotomized canines moved into place roughly 30% more quickly than the control teeth. The mean velocity of the canines on the control side was 0.75mm/month versus approximately 1.06mm/month for the corticotomized canines.
The authors consider that reduction of bone mass helps accelerate tooth displacement but that the decrease in density of the medullary bone triggered by the corticotomy is probably more responsible than the reduction of the cortical bone mass for the accelerated displacement. Other techniques designed to reduce bone mass have already been studied to enable quicker canine repositioning. However, they result, post-treatment, in a major loss of bone, which is not the case for corticotomy.
Incisor retraction
Germecs team [46] reported the case of an adult patient treated by extraction of the four premolars for a Class III with crowding. The patient had to return to his country of origin during incisor retraction and was offered a corticotomy to speed up the process.
Lquipe de Germe [46] rapporte le cas dune patiente adulte traite pour une Classe III avec encombrement par lextraction de quatre prmolaires. La patiente doit retourner dans son pays dorigine lors du recul incisif, et une corticotomie lui est propose
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pour acclrer le traitement. Dans ce cas, le protocole est allg puisque lquipe ne ralise quun abord vestibulaire, et ralise des corticotomies traversant la totalit de los spongieux et atteignant la corticale linguale. Le trait de corticotomie horizontal sous les apex nest ici pas ralis. Le rsultat est moins spectaculaire puisque les corticotomies ont t pratiques au milieu du recul incisif. La fin du recul obtenu aprs corticotomie a t obtenue en un mois et demi, portant la dure du traitement seize mois.
Distalisation des premires molaires maxillaires
In this instance, the protocol was slimmed down as the team only performed the procedure from the buccal side making bone cuts through the entire cancellous bone to reach the lingual cortical plate. Horizontal bone-cuts beneath the apices were not made in this case. The result was less spectacular as the corticotomies were made in the course of the incisor retraction process. Retraction after corticotomy was completed in a month and a half bringing total treatment time to 16 months.
Une tude rapporte le traitement dune patiente adulte chez qui le traitement de la Classe II dentaire est envisag par recul des premires molaires maxillaires, puis des secteurs antrieurs et latraux par traction intermaxillaire [47]. Des corticotomies sont ralises au niveau des premires molaires maxillaires pour effectuer une distalisation plus facile. Les dents antrieures qui nont pas reu de corticotomie sont plus difficiles mobiliser et constituent donc un ancrage plus important par rapport aux molaires qui ont bnfici dune corticotomie. Huit semaines aprs les corticotomies et le dbut de la distalisation, un recul denviron 3 mm peut tre constat cliniquement et sur les superpositions. Cependant, les auteurs constatent un retour la position dorigine de la premire molaire en fin de traitement, ce qui est plutt d la technique employe quaux corticotomies qui, dans ce cas, ont produit les rsultats escompts.
Traitement des dysharmonies dento-maxillaires
Plusieurs tudes ont dmontr lintrt des corticotomies pour acclrer les tapes dalignement-nivellement dans les cas dencombrement modr important. Les auteurs utilisent dans ce cas des corticotomies tendues toute larcade, de prmolaire prmolaire [25, 48]. Lextension des dcortications jusquaux prmolaires est prconise mme si la dysharmonie ne concerne que la zone antrieure, car cela permet dobtenir un certain degr dexpansion latrale.
Conclusion
De nombreuses tudes ont montr que les corticotomies avaient une place dans notre arsenal thrapeutique pour acclrer les traitements dorthodontie de ladulte, et pour augmenter lenveloppe des mouvements dentaires possibles. En modifiant le mtabolisme local, les corticotomies permettent une diminution de la dure de hyalinisation, et donc un dplacement dentaire continu, ainsi quune diminution des risques de rsorption radiculaire. Lacclration du turnover osseux a peut-tre aussi dautres implications qui nont pas encore t mises en vidence aujourdhui. Dautres tudes sont ncessaires, pour prciser les indications de cette technique, gagner en recul, et tenter de rpondre la question de la meilleure stabilit des traitements orthodontiques raliss en association des corticotomies.
Conclusion
Numerous studies have shown that corticotomies have their place in our armamentarium in order to accelerate adult orthodontic treatment and to increase the range of possible tooth movements. By modifying the local metabolism, corticotomies reduce hyalinization time and thus promote uninterrupted tooth displacement as well as a lower risk of root resorption. Speeding up bone turnover possibly offers other advantages which have not yet been highlighted. Further research is needed to define more precisely the indications of this technique, to provide further hindsight, and to provide a solution to the problem of how to obtain optimum stability for orthodontic treatments conducted in combination with corticotomies.
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