Beam with Double DOI WEEK 2

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1-6 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures to the second Degree of Indeterminacy

If reactions at joint B and C are the redundant, calculate reactions at support A using the Flexibility
Method.



Solution

Determine the degree of indeterminacy
Determine the degree of indeterminacy of a given structure. This can be accomplished by calculating
the number of unknown reactions, r, minus the number of static equilibrium equations, e.
For example, considering the beam shown below (Figure 1.3), the number of unknown external
reactions, r, equals 5, (H
A
, V
A
, M
A
, V
B
, and V
C
). The number of static equilibrium equations, e, equals
3, ( F
x
= 0, F
y
= 0 and M = 0).
Checkiing for DOI.


Select redundants
Select a number of the support reactions equal to the degree of indeterminacy as redundants. The
choice of the redundants will vary since any of the unknown reactions can be utilized as a redundant.
In the example shown in Figure 1.3, the vertical reaction at support B and C can be selected as
redundants. Another alternative is to select the moment at A, M
A
and vertical reaction at B, V
B
as
redundants. The later choice was selected and utilized through the remainder of this procedure.
Remove restraints at the redundants
Remove the support reactions (restraints) corresponding to the selected redundants from the
indeterminate structure to obtain a primary determinate structure, or sometimes referred to as a
released structure. This determinate system must represent a stable and admissible system.

10 kN/m

C
A

B
6 m
8 m
Figure 1-3
DOI = r e
= 5 3
= 2
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Write the compatibility equation of the structure
The general equation is written by using the principle of superposition.


Sketch deflected shape
From the general equation, draw the beam based on the condition in the general equation.
Sketch the deflected shape of the primary determinate structure under the applied loads, and label
the deformations at the removed restraints, (see Figure 1-3a).

Actual beam

=
Primary beam

+
A
B
A
C
10 kN/m
C
A

B
Figure 1-3b
A
B
= 0
A
C
= 0
10 kN/m
C
A
B
Figure 1-3a
Actual beam = primary beam + redundant B
Y
applied + redundant C
Y
applied

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Redundant B
Y
applied

+
Redundant C
Y
applied


Compatibility Equation
The compatibility equation can be written according to deflection, A / rotation, u that happen in
the Figure 1-3a to Figure 1-3d.
At Figure 1-3a, there is no deflection happen at node B and C because of the support. So,
0 = A
B
and 0 = A
C


B
A is deflection at B and
C
A is deflection at C.
At Figure 1-3b, there are deflections that are happening because of an applied load on the beam. So,
the beam deflects
0 B
A at B and
CO
A at C.
BO
A and
CO
A are the deflections at the end B and C respectively, of the primary beam due to the
external load .
At Figure 1-3c, the beam deflects because there is a unit load at the location of the redundant B
Y
.
Deflections due to a unit load are known as
BB
f and
CB
f which is located at node B and C
respectively.
BB
f is the deflection at end B due to a unit value of the redundant
y
B .
CB
f is the deflection at end C due to a unit value of the redundant
y
B .
f
CC
f
BC
1
A
Figure 1-3d
B
C
f
CB
f
BB
1
A
Figure 1-3c
B
C
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At Figure 1-3d, the beam deflects because there is a unit load at the location of the redundant C
Y
.
Deflections due to a unit load are known as
BC
f and
CC
f which is located at node B and C
respectively.
BC
f is the deflection at end B due to a unit value of the redundant
y
C .
CC
f is the deflection at end C due to a unit value of the redundant
y
C .
Note that
BB
f ,
CB
f ,
BC
f and
CC
f are called as the flexibility coefficient.






The compatibility equations are as follows: -
0 = A + A + A
CB BB BO

0 = A + A + A
CC BC CO


Note that the force-displacement equation are as follows: -
Y BB BB
B f . = A
Y BC BC
C f . = A
Y CB CB
B f . = A
Y CC CC
C f . = A
So, from Figure 1-3a to Figure 1-3d, the compatibility equation for this beam can be written as: -
0 . . = + + A
Y CB Y BB BO
C f B f
0 . . = + + A
Y CC Y BC CO
C f B f
These two simultaneous equations can be written in matrix form as: -
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

A
A
0
0
Y
Y
CC CB
BC BB
CO
BO
C
B
f f
f f

Or, in general form, the compatibility equation can be written as: -
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

A
A
0
0
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
R
R
f f
f f
O
O

Where
(

22 21
12 11
f f
f f
are also called as flexibility matrix, F of the structure.
Tips:Remember that if we remove either horizontal or vertical forces, then
we have to apply a unit force at the location of the redundant and
deflection happens at the location of the redundant. However, if we
remove the applied moment, then we have to apply a unit moment at the
location of the redundant and rotation happens at the location of the
redundant.
...Eq. 2-3
...Eq. 2-4
Eq. 2-5
...Eq. 2-6
Beam with Double DOI WEEK 2

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Note that: -
dx
EI
m m
L
}
= A
0
0 1
10
dx
EI
m m
L
}
= A
0
0 2
20

dx
EI
m
f
L
}
=
0
2
1
11
dx
EI
m m
f
L
}
=
0
2 1
12

dx
EI
m m
f
L
}
=
0
1 2
21
dx
EI
m
f
L
}
=
0
2
2
22


Determine the support reactions
The compatibility equation can be written according to deflection, A / rotation, u that happen in
the Figure 1-3a to Figure 1-3d.
Solve compatibility equation
Solve Equations 2-5 and 2-6 in the previous step to obtain the unknown redundants B
Y
and C
Y
. Notice
that if the answers of B
Y
and C
Y
are positive, this means that the assumed directions of the applied
force in Figures 1-3c and 1-3d are correct.
Determine support reactions
Determine the remaining support reactions, i.e., V
A
, H
A
, and M
A
of the indeterminate structure by
imposing the calculated values of B
Y
and C
Y
in the correct directions and utilizing the three
equilibrium equations, ( F
x
= 0, F
y
= 0 and M = 0).
Draw SFD and BMD
Once all reactions have been evaluated, the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD) can be drawn.