Hideous Crimes in Medical History Related to Tragic Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Nazis Experiments

In the year of 1932, the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) designed the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and tested it to men in Macon County, Alabama. The foremost of this investigation was to document the course of syphilis despite the truth was they received pseudotreatment and deluded by physicians of the USPHS. In fact, 399 poor black sharecroppers who suffered latent syphilis and 201 healthy men as controls were taken as subjects. Ironically, they were chosen because having the bad blood told earlier by the related physicians. They were left untreated and did not receive any therapy from other source for 40 years in time. On the other hand, odious crimes were conducted by the Hitlers regime which disguised as medical necessities during World War 2 (WW2). These included freezing, high altitude, sea water experiments and other sadistic human trials. The subjects were forced to participate in very perilous studies, endured unbelievable and indescribable tortures or pains, and they were carefully designed to produce significant outcomes but fatal to the subjects. Firstly, the SS doctors claimed their researches were for military, medical and ideological purposes. Their leaders orders were above all the ethics, qualities and mo rals as medical practitioners. For example, medico-military research was from direct orders of Heinreich Himmler, who wanted to obtain info for German Luftwaffe. Next, there was no implementation of law which defined informed consent was absolutely essential in human study. Furthermore, they were trained in race hygiene which zealously eliminating European, Polish, and Soviet prisoners, German citizens who suffered hereditary disease, the Jews and homosexuals to generate master race. The declaration of the Law for the Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary Diseases justified their experiments who believed these unworthy lives will be condemned to death anyway. They were brought to justice for their misdeeds at the International Military Tribunal in 1946 and the establishment of Nuremberg Code three years later acknowledged any clinical study was morally permissible if and only if it fulfilled ten criteria as agreed. The first and the foremost was the need for voluntary consent of human subjects and also other matters such as justification of a study which may beneficial or risky, avoiding any harm to the subjects and allowing them to withdraw if it was likely cause injuries. Unfortunately, some physicians within US medical community violated these guidelines through the Tuskegee and Willowbrook experiments. This described the racism in human research could not be denied just to strive career advancement or promotions. Specifically, Claude Bernard in 1865 had stressed the importance of science or society should not outweigh the safety of any human subjects. The properly informed consent principle arose in 1978 Belmont Report to re-

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